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Prof. Chan King MingProf. Chan King MingAssociate ProfessorAssociate Professor

Dept. of Biochemistry and Dept. of Biochemistry and Environmental Science Environmental Science

ProgramProgramChinese UniversityChinese University

email: email: kingchan@cuhk.edu.hkkingchan@cuhk.edu.hk

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CONTENTS CONTENTS 內容內容 ::

1.1. Carbon Cycle and Greenhouse Carbon Cycle and Greenhouse Effect Effect 碳循環及温室效應碳循環及温室效應

2.2. The Impacts of Global WarmingThe Impacts of Global Warming全球暖化的影响全球暖化的影响

3. Kyoto Protocol 3. Kyoto Protocol 京都協定京都協定

4. Act now ! 4. Act now ! 立即行動立即行動 !!An Inconvenient Truth

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0XMn_Ry3z6M

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http://www.ucar.edu/learn/1_3_1.htm

Q1 What factors have contributed to surface temperatures of planets?

1.1. Carbon Cycle & Carbon Cycle & Green House Green House

Effects Effects 碳循環碳循環及温室效應及温室效應

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Atmospheric

CO2

大氣中的二氧化碳 Sinks (Carbon Sinks (Carbon Fixation) Fixation) 碳 固 定 碳 固 定 ::

1.1. Photosynthesis Photosynthesis

光合作用光合作用

2.2. Uptake by oceanUptake by ocean

海洋吸收海洋吸收

Sources Sources 排 放 來 源 排 放 來 源 ::

1.1. Burning of fossil Burning of fossil fuels and fuels and organic mattersorganic matters

燃燒化石燃料和燃燒化石燃料和有機物質有機物質

2.2. RespirationRespiration

呼吸作用呼吸作用Other forms of carbon deposits, e.g. coral, cellulose. 碳存在於珊瑚及纤維中

1. Carbon Cycle and Greenhouse Effect碳循環及温室效應碳循環及温室效應

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Major sources of greenhouse gases: burning of fossil fuels, e.g. vehicle and power plant emissions.

温室氣體主要來自燃烷化石燃料 : 汽車及發電廠排放。

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Reference:http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/default.aspx?id=516&terms=carbon+emission+and+coalDownloaded on Nov 24, 2009.

Green House Gas温室氣體

Concentration 濃度AD 1800- 2000

Anthropogenic sources人造來源

GWP,Global Warming Potential暖化潛能

Proportion of total (%)佔總量比例

Carbon dioxide 二氧化碳

280 – 370 ppm

Fossil fuel化石燃料

1 60 %

Methane甲烷

0.75 – 1.75 ppm

Agriculture & fuel leakage 農業及燃料洩漏

21 20 %

Halocarbons鹵化碳

0 – 0.7 ppb Refrigerants雪種

3400+ 14 %

Nitrous oxide氧化氮

275-310 ppb Agriculture combustion 農作物燃燒

310 6 %

Ozone臭氧

15 (?)– 20/30 ppb

Urban pollution城市污染

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Reference: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_carbon_dioxide_emissions Downloaded on Nov 26, 2009, according to International Energy data.

Rank, country 2006 Annual Emission, billion metric tons(tons per capita) 年排放 , 十仡 公 噸 ( 人均噸數 )

% total in 2006

World 全球 28.43 billion metric tons (4.2 tons per capita)

100 %

1.China 中國 6.10 bmt (4.6 tpc, 6.0 tpc for HK) 21.5

2. US 美國 5.75 bmt (19.0 tpc) 20.2

European Union 歐盟

13.91 bmt (7.8 tpc) 13.8

3. Russia 俄國 1.56 bmt (11.0 tpc) 5.5

4. India 印度 1.51 bmt (1.3 tpc) 5.3

5. Japan 日本 1.29 bmt (10.1 tpc) 4.6

6. Germany 德國 0.81 bmt (9.8 tpc) 2.8

7. United Kingdom 英國

0.56 bmt (9.2 tpc) 2.0

8. Canada 加拿大 0.54 bmt (16.1 tpc) 1.9

9. South Korea 南韓 0.47 bmt (9.8 tpc) 1.7

10. Italy 意大利 0.47 bmt (7.9 tpc) 1.7

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4 ℃℃ – 8 ℃℃surge in this century

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2. The Impacts of global Warming2. The Impacts of global Warming全球暖化的影响全球暖化的影响

北極 Arctic 1979

北極 Arctic 2003

Arctic perennial sea ice has been diminishing at a rate of 9% per decade. The ice of frozen freshwater on Greenland melts to dilute and lower the salinity of the arctic ocean. This would have significant effects (slower or stop) on the ocean conveyor.

Ice from land could raise sea level

Reduced ice from ocean changes currents

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How would the climate change if the Gulf Stream shut down? A shut down of the Gulf Stream would suddenly decrease the amount of heat in the North

Atlantic, leading to much colder temperatures in Europe and North America.

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The Impacts of global WarmingThe Impacts of global Warming

Reduction of Biodiversity 生物物種多樣性減少 失 去 生 境 Losing Habitats due to temperature rises 山 區 缺 水 Reduction of freshwater supply trapped in mountains

More Diseases 疾病增加 Endemic diseases increasing health risks

Extreme Weathers 極端氣候more storms, floods, droughts… 暴風、洪水、乾旱Unpredictable climate change 氣候改變難測

Buffering power of planet earth is lowered, leading to unforeseeable climate change

leading to fluctuating economy, e.g. Hurricanes in Mexico Bay are threatening oil prices to surge, drought lead to depletion of resources supply, etc………

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.. today‘s atmospheric carbon dioxide levels are the highest in 650,000 years.  今天大氣中二氧化碳水平為六十五萬年內最高

Antarctic climate and concentrations of the greenhouse gases carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) were tightly coupled.

南極氣候改變和温室氣體相關 … CO2 seemed to be confined between bounds of

about 180 ppmv (parts per million by volume) in glacial periods and 280 ppmv in inter-glacials; …… Today is 380 ppmy and is rising….

今天大氣中二氧化碳水平為 380 ppmv 而且正在上升

全球暖化會議摘要Abstract from the 17th Global Warming Conference,

April, 2006.

2. The Impacts of global Warming2. The Impacts of global Warming

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Took effect in February, 2005. Obligates countries to observe target figures for green house gas reduction. 05 年生效， 各國宜制定減排目標。

Advanced nations should reduce emissions of 6 gases by an average of 6-8% (relative to 1990 levels) over the five year period from 2008 to 2012. 先進國應排少 90 年水平的 8%

Kyoto Mechanisms : Scheme for Trading Green House Gas Emissions Rights and encourage international co-operations to achieve carbon neutral 京都機制 : 排放貿易及鼓勵國際合作達致碳中和。

3. Kyoto Protocol

3. Kyoto Protocol 京都協定

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3. Kyoto Protocol

Kyoto Mechanisms 京 都 機 制 :1. Joint Implementation (JI):

international cooperation 合同協作

2. Clean Development Mechanism (CDM): new technology to cut emissions 清潔發展機制

3. Emission Trading (ET): set ceiling to trade 排放貿易

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Carbon Market for Carbon dioxide emission trading

3. Kyoto Protocol

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http://en.cop15.dk/

In the US, the American Clean Energy & Security Act (July 7, 2009; 219>212 in House of Commons) would charge carbon tax for all imports to US in 2010. Beginning in 2012, emissions would be capped at 3 % below 2005 levels increasing to 17 % below 2005 levels in 2020 and 83 % below 2005 levels in2050.In EU, the target is 20 or even 30 % reduction in 2020 of 1990 level !! Renewable energy targets at 20% share in 2020.In France, carbon tax of 14 euro per kg carbon dioxide to be charged in 1/1/2010.Low carbon business had expanded 75% in 2008 during the economic tsunami.

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Leung et al., 2004. Climate Change in Hong Kong. Hong Kong Observatory Technical Note No.107. HKSAR Government. 41 p.

Hong Kong is hotter than global trend in recent years (since

90’s)!

香港增温比全球多 !

為什麼 ?

Why??

HK

global

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http://www.epd.gov.hk/epd/tc_chi/climate_change/files/GHG_Emission_Trend_1990_2007.pdf

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PLEASE HELP ! 請幫手 !!

REDUCE CITY HEAT 減 少 城 市 發 熱 : Use public transports, build less road and urban area, etc, to reduce heat island effect.

LOW CARBON LIVING 低 碳 生 活 : Live a low-carbon life and practice carbon neutral. Set targets for emission reduction to cut energy consumption (e.g. Stop using tungsten light bulb, etc). Start your carbon audit NOW.

PLANT MORE TREES 多 種 樹 : Conserve rural area and Plant more trees.

Wedge Strategies:

Nuclear energy Renewables (e.g.

solar, wind, hydrogen)

Biostorage (e.g. forest and soil storage)

Efficiency (reduced miles traveled, increased building and electricity efficiency)

Conservation (reduced transport with mass transit systems)

Fossil-Fuel-Based fuel switching (natural gas), biogas, and carbon capture

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http://www.ctenergyeducation.com/images/Wedges_Concept_Game_Materials_July05.pdf

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Summary 撮要 Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide emissionemission exceeds the normal exceeds the normal

range and is range and is risingrising, together with global , together with global temperature temperature 異常高的碳排放與全球增温同時出現異常高的碳排放與全球增温同時出現。。

The The impacts are impacts are visible and the situation is visible and the situation is getting worse getting worse 其影响明顯且正在惡化其影响明顯且正在惡化。。

We are causing global warming and we have We are causing global warming and we have to act on saving our planet earth! to act on saving our planet earth! 我們在形成我們在形成暖化並須以行動拯救地球。暖化並須以行動拯救地球。

Fossil fuels are NOT unlimited, Fossil fuels are NOT unlimited, we need a we need a sustainable sustainable energy policy: carbon tax, carbon energy policy: carbon tax, carbon trading, nuclear energy, and renewable trading, nuclear energy, and renewable energy.energy. 化石燃料非無窮盡， 須發展可持續性的能化石燃料非無窮盡， 須發展可持續性的能源政策 源政策 :: 碳稅、 排放貿易、 核能和可再生能源。碳稅、 排放貿易、 核能和可再生能源。

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Discussions 討 論 :1. What’s Carbon neutral 何謂碳中和 ? 2. What can we do to achieve Carbon

neutral or carbon compensation 如何達致碳補償 ?

3. Practicing wedge strategies (auditing) and low carbon living in your school/firm/organization/ at home! ? 如何實踐碳審訂 ?

4. Is carbon tax better than carbon trading? 碳稅還是碳交易較佳 ?