prof. francien herlen tomasowa, ph.d.. clause as exchange interpersonal meaning
TRANSCRIPT
prof. francien herlen tomasowa, ph.d.
CLAUSE AS EXCHANGE
INTERPERSONAL MEANING
Simultaneously with its organization as a message, the clause is also organized as an interactive event involving speaker/ writer, and audience.
Types of speech role: GIVING [inviting to receive] DEMANDING [inviting to give]
Thus an act of speaking might ppropriately be called AN INTERACT in which ”giving” implies receiving and “demanding” implies giving in response.
TWO VARIABLESDEFINING THE FOUR PRIMARY SPEECH FUNCTIONS
OFFER, COMMAND, STATEMENT, QUESTION
If you say something with the aim of getting someone to do something for you, the exchange commodity is strictly NON VERBAL.What is being demanded is an OBJECT or an ACTION, and language is brought in to help the process along.
If you say something with the aim of getting someone to tell you something, what is being demanded is INFORMATION
GOODS & SERVICES INFORMATION
PRIMARY SPEECH FUNCTIONS
commodity exchangedrole in goods & services informationexchange
“offer” “statement”giving would you like he’s giving her the this teapot? teapot
“command” “question”demanding give me that teapot! what is he giving her?
SPEECH FUNCTIONS & RESPONSES
initiation expected discretionary
response alternative
goods & services
give offer acceptance rejection
demand command undertaking refusal
information:
give statement acknowledgement contradiction
demand question answer disclaimer
SEMANTIC FUNCTION OF A CLAUSE
IN THE EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION
IN THE EXCHANGE OF GOODS & SERVICES
PROPOSITION
PROPOSAL
One of a small number of verbal operators expressing TENSE or MODALITY.In some instances, the Finite element and the lexical verb are “fused” into a single word.This happens when the verb is in simple past or simple present (tense), active (voice), positive (polarity) and neutral (contrast).
May be any nominal group. If it is a personal pronoun, it is simply repeated each time. If it is anything else, then after the first occurence it is replaced by the personal pronoun corresponding to it.
MOOD
ELEMENTS
SUBJECT FINITE
SUBJECT and FINITEIN THE BODY OF THE CLAUSE AND THE TAG
example
Subject
Finite
the duke has given away that teapot hasn’t hethe duke is giving away that teapot isn’t hethe duke did give away that teapot didn’t hethe duke didn’t give away that teapot did he
the duke has given that teapot away
Subject Finite
Mood Residue
MOOD STRUCTURE
DECLARATIVE
has the duke given that teapot away
Finite Subject
Mood Residue
MOOD STRUCTUREYES / NO INTERROGATIVE
LOW
can, may
could, might
MEDIAN
will,would, should
is to, was to
HIGH
must, ought to
need, has to, had to
PAST
did, was
had, used to
PRESENT
does, is
has
FUTURE
will, shall
would, should
TEMPORALMODAL
FINITE VERBAL OPERATORS
the duke has given my aunt that teapot hasn’t hemy aunt has been given that teapot by the duke hasn’t shethat teapot has been given my aunt by the duke hasn’t it
Subject Finite Finite Subject
Mood Residue Mood tag
VARIATION of SUBJECT
in DECLARATIVE CLAUSES
Sister Susie ‘s sewing shirts for soldiers.
Subject Finite Predicator Complement Adjunct
Mood Residue
STRUCTURE OF
THE RESIDUE
The function of the Predicator is fourfold. It specifies:
1. time reference2. various other aspects and phases like seeming, trying,
hoping3. the voice (active/ passive)4. the process (action, event, material, mental, relation)
PREDICATOR
A Complement is an element within the Residue that has the potential of being Subject but is not.It is typically realized by a nominal group.
the duke gave my aunt that teapot
Predicator Complement 1 Complement 2
Mood Residue
COMPLEMENT
An Adjunct is an element that has not got thepotential of being Subject.It is typically realized by an adverbial group or a prepositionalphrase.e.g.:my aunt was given that teapot yesterday by the duke
adverbial prepositional group phrase
Adjunct
ADJUNCT
A Conjunctive Adjunct tendsto occur at points in the clause which are significant for textual organization , which means at some boundary or other:
1. clause initial [part of the textual theme]:However, such men don’t make good husbands.
2. clause final [afterthought]:Such men don’t make good husbands, however.
3. between Theme and Rheme:Such men, however, don’t make good husbands.
4. between Mood and Residue:Such men don’t, however, make good husbands.
Conjunctive Adjuncts have no function in the ckause as exchange.
CONJUNCTIVE ADJUNCT
There are 2 groups of Modal Adjuncts in terms of their place in the mood structure:
1. MOOD ADJUNCTS specifically relating to the finite verbal operators, expressing probability, usuality, obligation, inclination or time, and intensity.
2. COMMENT ADJUNCTS which tend to occur thematically, finally, between the Theme and Rheme, or between Mood and Residue; and when medial, they are typically associated with a boundary between information units.
MODAL ADJUNCTS
They typically occur: a. next to the Finite. b. before the Finite. c. after the Finite.
Examples:
She probably hasn’t arrived. He doesn’t always hear.
You certainly must go.I’d gladly help.She’s already arrived.
MOOD ADJUNCTS
certainly, surely, probably, perhaps, maybe, possibly, definitely, positively
always, often, usually, regularly, typically, occasionally, seldom, rarely, ever, never, onceevidently, apparently, presumably, clearly, no doubt, obviously, of course
gladly, willingly, readilyyet, still, already, once, soon, justquite, almost, nearly, totally, entirely, utterly, completely, literally, absolutely, scarcely, hardlyjust, simply, ever, only, really, actually
probability/
obligation
usuality
presumption
inclination
time
degree
intensityPrin
cipa
l Ite
ms
Func
tioni
ng a
s M
ood
Adj
unct
s
unfortunately however he can’t usually Comment Conjunctive Subject Finite Mood Adjunct Adjunct Adjunct
Mood
hear clearly on the telephone presumption prep.phrase
Predicator Adjunct Adjunct Residue
CLAUSE WITH CIRCUMSTANTIAL, MODAL
AND CONJUNCTIVE ADJUNCTS
who killed Cock Robin
Subject/ WH- (past) kill ComplementFinite Predicator
Mood Residue
WH- INTERROGATIVE CLAUSE
WH- element
conflated with
Subject
whose little boy are you
Complement / WH- Finite Subject
Residue Mood
WH- INTERROGATIVE CLAUSE
WH- element
conflated with
Complement
what have the elephants done to the pier
Complement/ WH- Finite Subject Predicator Adjunct
Residue Mood
WH- INTERROGATIVE CLAUSE
WH- clause having
question related to
the process
how neatly he spreads his claws
Adjunct / WH- Subject ‘[present] spread’ Complement Finite Predicator
Residue Mood
EXCLAMATIVE CLAUSE
come into my parlour will you
Predicator Adjunct Finite Subject
Residue Mood tag
don’t you believe it
Finite Subject Predicator Complement
Mood Residue
IMPERATIVE CLAUSES
POLARITY
the choice between
positive and negative:
is – isn’t
do – don’t
does – doesn’t
can – can’t
has – hasn’t
etc.
PROPOSAL
goods & services:
offer
command
MODALITYPROPOSITION
information:statement
question
POLARITY AND MODALITY
God Bless you !