professional organization in nursing

8/2/2019 Professional Organization in nursing

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SEMINARON

PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS & UNIONS

SUBMITTED TO :- MRS. PRIYA D

LECTURER

SUBMITTED ON :- 17/09/2011

SUBMITTED BY :- MR. SWAPNIL A MAHAPURE

M.Sc. NURSING 1ST YEAR

GENERAL OBJECTIVE:

At the end of the seminar student will able to gain in depth knowledge about ROLE OF PROFESSIONAL

ASSOCIATION & COUNCILS.

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE:


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1) Introduction & definition about Professional association and council.2) Classification of Professional association.

(Include Aims, Activities, Membership)

a. National Professional association.i. Trained Nurses Association of India. (TNAI)

ii. Student Nurses Association (SNA)b. International Professional association.

i. International red cross societyii. World Health Organization

iii. UNICEF3) Classification of Council.

(Include Aims, Activities, Membership)

a. International council of India.b. Indian nursing councilc.

State Nursing council.

4) Recent modalities5) Conclusions.6) References.


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DEFINITION:-

Professional organization is of profit to our and to the profession. The profession provides a

means through which united efforts can be made to elevate standards of nursing education and

practice. It also offer a means voicing your opinions, developing your abilities and keeping informed of

new trends.

Definition of organization

A socialunitof people, systematicallystructuredand managedtomeetaneedor to pursue collectivegoalson a continuingbasis. All organizationshave amanagement structure thatdetermines relationshipsbetweenfunctionsandpositions, and subdivides and delegatesroles, responsibilities, andauthoritytocarry out definedtasks. Organizations areopen systemsin that theyaffectand areaffected by theenvironmentbeyond theirboundaries.Definition of professional

CLASSIFICATION OF NATIONAL PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATION

THE TRAINED NURSES ASSOCIATION OF INDIA (TNAI)

The TNAI is a national professional association of nurses. The present name & organization

were established in 1922; but its history of development goes back to 1905.

The TNAI had its banging me the association of Nursing superintendent Which was

founded at Lucknow in 1905. Nine European Nurses who were holding administrative post in India at

that time organized for the following purposes:-

1. Upholding the dignity and honor of Nursing profession.2. Promoting a sense of esprit de corps among all Nurses.3. Enabling members to take counsel together on matter relating to their profession.

Other Nurses gradually become member of the association of Nursing superintendent until a decision

was made to establish a trained Nurses association in 1908. The association was inaugurated in 1909.

In 1922 the two organizations were brought together as the TNAI.
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The organization of TNAI makes it possible for all nurses t0 participate at some level. Beginning

with the local unit, which is usually made-up of personnel in a specific institution, the level of

organization moves to the district and national level.

Active members have an opportunity to participate on the state level also through service on the

executive committee of the state branch. The Interest group is one way in which the individual nurse

can participate. This is done on a state level with groups for such areas as nursing education, nursing

administration, public health and psychiatric nursing.

The governing body of the TNAI is the council which is assist by standing committees for

economic welfare, Nursing research and finance. A full time salaried secretary was first appointed in

1935. a salaried assistant secretary, who also serve as the adviser to the student nurses association, was

appointed in 1983.

Various activities of the TNAI:-

1. TNAI was active in helping to setup basic nursing curriculum when it first organized.2. More recently, it has promoted the development of course in higher education for nurses.3. This includes all of the colleges of nursing active today.4. The TNAI gives Scholarship for nurses who wish to go on for advance study either here or

abroad.

5. It has also stimulated action to organize the state nurses and midwives registration councils.6. Help to remove discrimination against male nurses.7. Initiated much needed study and improvement for economy condition for nurses.

Membership of TNAI:-

Membership in the TNAI is obtained y application and submission of a copy of our state

registration certificate. We may transfer membership from the student nurses association by having A

certificate sent from the institution in which we have studied within 6 month after completing the

course. Membership fees are required. A reduced fee is offered to those who transfer membership

directly from the SNA. A part of these fees is used to pay affiliation fees to the international council of

nurses. It is possible to apply for a life membership.

The official organ of the TNAI is THE NURSING JOURNAL OF INDIA which is publishing

monthly. The cost of this is included in the annual subscription for membership in the association.

Another impressive publication is THE INDIAN NURSING YEAR BOOK which has been published 5

times since 1982. This contains important reports, discussion of trends and statistics which are

available for the nursing profession in India. The TNAI Had initially planned to make this an annual

publication.


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Our membership in the TNAI means our personal support in the aims and objectives of

the organization. We are encouraged to become a member of TNAI. You are as a professional nurse, will

also befit from membership in TNAI. It gives us a feeling of belonging and security because of the

number of nurses who are united through the organization. Professional activity gives us ample

opportunity to develop leadership ability and professional poise, keep abreast of changes and share and

solve the professional problem. The journal helps us to be informed current events in nursing and offers

opportunity to publish articles and voice our opinion. The TNAI can help us to apply for a career

position, if desires. It is also of help economically by providing scholarship for advance study.

STUDENT NURSES ASSOCIATION (SNA)

The SNA, organized in 1920, is associated with and under the jurisdiction of the TNAI. In addition to

providing a means of personal and professional development for the nursing students, it serves as a

source of membership for the parent organization. The assistant secretary of The TNAI serves as

advisor for the SNA.

Purpose & Function of the SNA:-

1. To help student nurses learn how the professional organization serves to up hold the dignity& ideals of the nursing profession.

2. To promote a close rapport with other student nurses.3. To furnish student nurses advise in their courses of study leading up to professional

qualification.

4. To encourage leadership ability and help students to gain a wide knowledge of the nursingprofession in all of its different branches and aspect.

5.

To increases the student nurses social contacts and general knowledge in order to help themwith their total personal & professional development.

6. To encourage both professional & recreational meeting, games & sports.7. To provide a special section in THE NURSING JOURNAL OF INDIA for the benefit of students.8. To encourage students to complete for prizes in the student nurses exhibition and to attained

national & regional conference.

9. To help student nurses develop a cooperative spirit with other student nurses which will helpthem in future professional relationship.

10. To provide a means of having a voice in what the association stands for and does.


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Organization of activities:-

Organization of activity in the SNA is similar to that of the TNAI. The beginning level of

organization is the local unit established in teaching institution. It them moves on to the national

levels as in the TNAI. Members of the local unit are led by a unit executive committee which is made

up of the president, SNA advisor and the remaining officers who are students. The President is a

professional nurse, member of The TNAI and serves only as an advisor. The Vice-president, who

presides at all meetings and the secretary of unit of, must be students.

State level advisor are active members of the TNAI elected by the state branches. There is a

full time secretary on the national level at the national headquarters located in New Delhi.

Activities of the SNA:-

It includes the SNA exhibit which has develops high standard:Fund Raising for the TNAI

Fine arts & sports competition and conferences

Special prizes are given for outstanding achievement in specific areas of nursing education.

Nursing students are given opportunity to contribute the articles to THE NURSING JOURNAL OF

INDIA. Through a regular section reserved for SNA.

Unit activities includes maintaining the diary of unit activities, giving quarterly reports, preparing

articles for publication & distributing application forms for the membership in the TNAI.

The unit also celebrates the national & International holidays and plans other activities which

promote the objectives of the SNA.

Membership for the SNA:-

1. Membership fees are minimal in the SNA and easily met by the Nursing student.2. The arrangement for transfer of membership of TNAI has made it convenient for the new

professional nurse to establish a life membership in the parent organization at a lower cost.

3. This special offer foe life membership is good for 6 month after graduation.


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CLASSIFICATION OF INTERNATIONAL PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATION

INTERNATIONAL RED CROSS SOCIETY

The 1st to be established was THE INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF RED CROSS also called the ICRC. It

follows direction of the Geneva conventions in an effort to protect victims of armed conflict. Its

headquarters are in Geneva, Switzerland.

It was established in 1920 & has 400 branches in India and 6189 branches in world.

Activities of ICRC:-

1. Relief work when disaster strikes in any part of the country in shape of earthquake, floods,droughts, epidemics etc. the red cross society immediately mobilizes all its resources and goes to

the rescue of the affected people.

2. Milk & medical supply A no. of hospitals, dispensaries, maternity

Some countries prefer to call this same national organization the Red Crescent. The international league

of Red Cross and Red Crescent society was formed in 1919 after the First World War. It works closely

with national society during times of natural disaster, providing experts and seminars to help this

societies improve their administration and services.

A super global body made up of the above league and national societies is the international conference

of the Red Cross which is also based in Geneva. The body meets only once in four years. It supports

unity in the work of all of this organization and promotes government support of Red Cross society.

UNITED NATIONAL INTERNATIONAL CHILDREN EMERGENCY FUNDS


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It is currently well known fro its declaration of working towards health for all 2000AD. This

declaration has given a tremendous push to developing primary health care and recognizing the very

essential role of nursing in the health care system.

CLASSIFICATION OF COUNCIL

THE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL OF NURSES

The I.C.N. founded in 1899 by Mrs. BED FORD FENWICK. The I.C.N. is a federation is a non political &

self governing national nurses association. The head quarter is in GENEVA, SWITZERLAND.

The main purpose of the I.C.N. is to provide a means through which the national association can

share there interest in the promotion of the health & care of the sick.

OBJECTIVES OF THE I.C.N.:-

1. To promote the development of strong national nurses association2. To assist the national nurses association to improve the standard of nursing & the competence of

nurses.

3. To assist National nurses association to improve the status within their countries.4. To serve as the authoritative voice for nurses & nursing internationally.

The international council of nurses is the global voice of nursing. Among its many activities &

accomplish meant are the publication of the code for nurses,

The world wide accepted definition of a nurse & The Nurses Dilemma.

It also makes policy statements on health & social issues & offers a great variety of seminars &

statements aimed at maintaining & improving the status of the nurse& the standards of nursing around

the world.

ORGANIZATION OF I.C.N.:-


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The governing body of the I.C.N. is the Council of National Representatives,

Which is made up of the I.C.N. honorary officers & the president of the national member of association?

The council meat at least every other year & once every four years at the time of the I.C.N. congress.

Current administration is executive by the honorary officers. Work at headquarter is carried on by a

staff of clerical & expert nursing advisor personnel.

I.C.N. publishes the INTERNATIONAL NURSING REVIEW on a quarterly basis. The news letter,

which is published ten time year, gives news of the I.C.N. & the national member association.

MEMBERSHIP OF I.C.N.:-

All nurses can become members of the I.C.N. but not as individual. The individual nurse becomes a

member if her/ his national nurses association is a member of I.C.N.

Nurses in India become member of the I.C.N. when they become the members of T.N.A.I.

Affiliation fees for this membership are paid from a proportion of the membership fees paid to the

T.N.A.I.

Membership in the I.C.N. through the T.N.A.I. offers various benefits to you as an individual nurse.

INDIAN NURSING COUNCIL

The Indian nursing council, which was authorized by the Indian nursing council act of 1947, was

established in 1949

PURPOSE:-

1. Providing uniform standards in nursing education & reciprocity in nursing registration.2. To regulate the rules& regulation for the institution.

Authority Function:-


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1. The INC was given authority to prescribe curriculum for nursing Education to the all state.2. It was also given authority to recognize programmes of nursing education or to refuse recognition

of a programmed if it did not meet the standard required by the council.

3. The INC was asked to provide for registration of foreign nurses & for the maintenance of the Indiannurses registration.

4. The INC authorized state nurses registration council and examining board to issue qualifyingcertificates.

5. This recognition is given, however, only after those bodies have been recognized by their stategovernment.

6. The INC has been given heavy responsibilities for nursing practice & nursing education but it hasnot been able to exert enough power to support high standard in nursing.

7. Private diploma & degree program which have no approval of the INC or state council are growingin number.

MEDICAL COUNCIL OF INDIA

The Medical Council of India (MCI) was the statutory body for maintenance of uniform and high

standards of medical education in India. The Council grants recognition of medical qualifications, gives

accreditation to medical colleges, grants registration to medical practitioners, and monitors medical

practice in India. The current chairman of MCI is Professor K K Talwar.

History

The Medical Council of India was first established in 1934 under the Indian Medical Council Act of 1933.

The Council was later reconstituted under the Indian Medical Council Act of 1956.

The below article gives authority to MCI to recognize and derecognize degrees from recognized colleges

at will leading to disruption in the lives of previous graduates. The council has been engulfed with

corruption since the chairman Ketan Desai took over during the tenure ofArjun Singh as HRD

minister. Ketan Desai has been on the boards of several medical universities and has been questioned

by Indian media for his role in making the MCI a den of corruption.

Functions of the council

The main functions of the Medical Council of India are the following: Recognition of medical qualifications granted by medical institutions of India. Recognition of foreign medical qualifications in India. Accreditation of medical colleges (medical schools). Maintenance of uniform standards for undergraduate medical education. Regulation of postgraduate medical education in medical colleges accredited by it. (The National

Board of Examinations is another statutory body for postgraduate medical education in India).
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Registration of doctors with recognised medical qualifications. (Registration of doctors and theirqualifications is usually done by state medical councils).

Keeping a directory of all registered doctors, called the Indian Medical Register.

Awards

Dr. B. C. Roy Awards: Dr. B.C. Roy National Award Fund was instituted in 1962 to perpetuate hismemory. The Award is presented to distinguished medical person in each of the categories of

Statesmanship of the Highest Order in our country, Medical man-cum-Statesman, Eminent Medical

Person, Eminent person in Philosophy and Eminent person in Arts.

Hari Om Ashram Award: Hari Om Ashram Alembic Research Award Fund has decided to invite thenomination for Hari Om Ashram Alembic Research Awards under the categories of Basic Research

in Medical Sciences, Clinical Research and Operational Research.Silver Jubilee Award: Silver Jubilee Research Award Fund was given under the categories to give

award to person for his original and outstanding work in the field of medical and allied science done in

India, to give aid or assistance to project in medical colleges/medical institutions/organizations

engaged in the development of medical education and to help medical research and to Grant Travel

Fellowship.

STATE NURSING COUNCIL

A register of names of professional nurses is maintained by each STATE NURSES REGISTRATION

COUNCIL. These names will also be put into Indian nurses register which is maintained by the INC.

Nurses, midwives, ANM & Health visitors are register. Other Para-nursing health workers will be

registered as they are developing.

The state nurses registration council faction independently of each other in all areas before the

establishment of the INC. Some of these functions were given to the INC after 1949.These includes

prescribing regulations and syllabus for the various training courses, recognizing examining bodies.

Function of the state nurses registration council:-

1. Accredit and inspect school of nursing in their states.2. Direct examination.3. Prescribe rules of conduct, a disciplinary action etc.4. Maintain registers of professional nurses & other nursing personnel.Procedure for registration:-
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The Procedure the registration is usually initiated by the nursing administration of our institution. We

have to qualify to register when we have completed the recognized programme of nursing education &

passed the qualifying board / university examination. The examining authority will issue a diploma or

degree to us which must then be sent with copies & properly field out application form to the registrar

for the state nurses registration council in our state council. This is usually done by our nursing

administration who will also ask us for the required phase. When our named and correct data have

been entered in the state registered, the diploma / degree will be returned to us. We will also be given

state registration certificate with our no. of registration. This letter certificate is our legal proof of

registry and should be kept with copies in safe place. Application for registration in foreign country is

also a channeled through State nurses registration council.

NATIONAL BOARD OF EXAMINATION

National Board of Examinations (NBE) is an autonomous body under the Ministry of

Health, Government of India, and established in 1975 at New Delhi to standardizing postgraduate

medical education and examination in India.

The National Board of Examinations conducts the following examinations:

a) Centralized Entrance Test for admission to DNB Broad Specialties.

b) Centralised Entrance Test for admission to DNB Super Specialties.

c) DNB final (exit) examinations.

d) Screening test for Indian Nationals with foreign medical graduate qualifications.

The National Council for Human Resource in Health

in India

There will be new regulatory agency in India to regulate health education by enforcement of

new Bill being tabled in theParliament of Indiain the monsoon session of August 2010 for the

formation of an agency called the "National Council for Human Resource in Health in India NCHRH.

TheMinistry of Health and Family Welfarehas approved the revised draft for the proposed NCHRH

Bill which will be an overarching body for the health sector.

Becoming a doctor in India will be tougher once the said regulatory authority starts functioning,

which is expected to be at any time from August 2010 onwards, but will also bring about overall
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transparency, eliminating the present corrupt admission formalities in the field of medical education.

From the next academic year, i.e. 2011, onwards there will be a commonMBBSentrance test (single

PMT) replacing the over 17All India Pre Medical Test(PMTs) conducted all over the country for over

35,000 undergraduate seats. But Tamil Nadu has moved the Supreme Court challenging this decision of

single common test for all India. The second major change will be the National Exit Examination

(Screening Test) for students graduating from Indian medical colleges.

The new draft proposes a National Committee for Accreditation and a National Medical

Education and Training Board that will register and accredit medical colleges and prepare curricula for

all streams of education in the health sector. The powers of the existing councils, including theMedical

Council of India, will be substantially reduced and they will deal only with licensing, continuing

education and ethics. These bodies, though under the general supervision of the NCHRH, will be entirely

independent in their structure and functioning, and will consist of senior professional, selected or

nominated through a rigorous process. The NCHRH will be a 15-member body. The original NCHRH Bill

was re-drafted after several States raised objections on the ground that the body was highly centralized

and would usurp the powers of the States. The re-constituted task force on NCHRH held several rounds

of consultations inNew-Delhi, Chennai, KolkataandMumbaibefore coming up with the revised

version.

JOINT COMMISSION ON ACCREDITATION OF HEALTHCARE

ORGANIZATIONS (JCAHO)

It is aUnited States-based not-for-profit organization that accredits over 19,000 health care

organizations and programs in the United States. A majority of state governments have come to

recognize Joint Commission accreditation as a condition of licensure and the receipt

ofMedicaidreimbursement. Surveys (inspections) typically follow a triennial cycle, with findings made

available to the public in an accreditation quality report on the Quality Check Web site.

The declared mission of the organization is "To continuously improve health care for the public, in

collaboration with other stakeholders, by evaluating health care organizations and inspiring them to excel

in providing safe and effective care of the highest quality and value".[3]

Although The Joint Commission was renamed Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals in

1951, it was not granted deeming power for hospitals until 1965,[4]when it was deemed that a hospital

that met Joint Commission accreditation met theMedicareConditions of Participation. Recently, Section

125 of the Medicare Improvement for Patients and Providers Act of 2008 (MIPPA) removed The Joint

Commissions statutorily-guaranteed accreditation authority for hospitals, to be effective July 15, 2010.

At that time, The Joint Commissions hospital accreditation program will be subject to Centers for

Medicare & Medicaid (CMS) requirements for accrediting organizations seeking deeming authority. To

avoid a lapse in deeming authority, The Joint Commission must submit an application for hospital

deeming authority consistent with these requirements and within a time frame that will enable CMS to
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NAACThe NATIONAL ASSESSMENT AND ACCREDITATION COUNCIL (NAAC) is an autonomous body

established by the University Grants Commission (UGC) of India to assess and accredit institutions

of higher education in the country. It is an outcome of the recommendations of the National Policy

in Education (1986) that laid special emphasis on upholding the quality of higher education in India.

The system of higher education in India has expanded rapidly during the last fifty years. In spite of

the built-in regulatory mechanisms that ensure satisfactory levels of quality in the functioning of

higher education institutions, there have been criticisms that the country has permitted the

mushrooming of institutions of higher education with fancy programme and substandard facilities

and consequent dilution of standards.To address the issues of deterioration in quality, the National

Policy on Education (1986) and the Plan of Action (POA-1992) that spelt out the strategic plans for

the policies, advocated the establishment of an independent national accreditation body.

Consequently, the NAAC was established in 1994 with its headquarters at Bangalore.

Governance

The NAAC functions through its General Council (GC) and Executive Committee (EC) where

educational administrators, policy makers and senior academicians from a cross-section of the

system of higher education are represented. The Chairperson of the UGC is the President of the GC

of the NAAC, the Chairperson of the EC is an eminent academician in the area of relevance to the

NAAC. The Director of the NAAC is its academic and administrative head, and is the member-

secretary of both the GC and EC. The NAAC also has many advisory and consultative committees to

guide its practices, in addition to the statutory bodies that steer its policies. The NAAC has a core

staff and consultants to support its activities. It also receives assistance from a large number of

external resource persons from across the country who

are not full time staff of the NAAC.

Vision and MissionThe activities and future plans of the NAAC are guided by its vision and mission that focus on

making quality assurance an integral part of the functioning of higher education institutions.

The vision of the NAAC is:

To make quality the defining element of higher education in India through a combination ofself and external quality evaluation, promotion and sustenance initiatives.

The mission statements of the NAAC aim at translating the NAAC's vision into reality,defining the following key tasks of the organisation:


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To arrange for periodic assessment and accreditation of institutions of higher education orunits thereof, or specific academic programme or projects.

To stimulate the academic environment for promotion of quality of teaching-learning andresearch in higher education institutions.

To encourage self-evaluation, accountability, autonomy and innovations in highereducation.

To undertake quality-related research studies,consultancy and training programme. To collaborate with other stakeholders of higher education for quality evaluation, promotion

and sustenance.

Guided by its vision and striving to achieve its mission, the NAAC primarily assesses thequality of institutions of higher education that volunteer for the process, through an

internationally accepted methodology.

The Methodology For the assessment of a unit, the NAAC follows a three-stage process which is a

combination of self-study and peer review. The three stages are:

The preparation and submission of a self-study report by the unit of assessment. The on-site visit of the peer team for validation of the self-study report and for

recommending the assessment outcome to the NAAC.

The final decision by the Executive Committee of the NAAC.The self-study report to be validated by peers is the backbone of the whole exercise. Manuals have

been developed to suit different units of higher education, with detailed guidelines on the

preparation of the self-study report and the other aspects of assessment and accreditation

National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and

Control (NAFDAC)

Ministry of Health is responsible for regulating and controlling the manufacture, importation,

exportation, advertisement, distribution, sale and use offood, drugs, cosmetics, medical

devices, chemicals and prepackaged water

Functions of NAFDAC

NAFDAC has various basic functions. According to the requirements of its enabling decree, the Agencywas authorized to:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Ministry_of_Health_(Nigeria)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drugshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmeticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_deviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_deviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemicalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemicalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_deviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_deviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmeticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drugshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Ministry_of_Health_(Nigeria)


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Regulate and control the importation, exportation, manufacture, advertisement, distribution, saleand use of drugs, cosmetics, medical devices, bottled water and chemicals

Conduct appropriate tests and ensure compliance with standard specifications designated andapproved by the council for the effective control of quality of food, drugs, cosmetics, medical

devices, bottled water, and chemicals.

Undertake appropriate investigation into the production premises and raw materials for food,drugs, cosmetics, medical devices, bottled water and chemicals and establish a relevant quality

assurance system, including certification of the production sites and of the regulated products

Undertake inspection of imported foods, drugs, cosmetics, medical devices, bottled water, andchemicals and establish a relevant quality assurance system, including certification of the

production sites and of the regulated products.

Compile standard specifications, regulations, and guidelines for the production, importation,exportation, sale and distribution of food, drugs, cosmetics, medical devices, bottled water, and

chemicals

Undertake the registration of food, drugs, medical devices, bottled water and chemicals Control the exportation and issue quality certification of food, drugs, medical devices, bottled water

and chemicals intended for export

Establish and maintain relevant laboratories or other institutions in strategic areas of Nigeria asmay be necessary for the performance of its functions.

NAFDAC envisions that by making these functions known, thatits actions will be apparent in all sectors

that deal with food, cosmetics, medical devices, bottled water, and chemicals to the extent of instilling

extra need for caution and compulsion to respect and obey existing regulations both for healthy, living

and knowledge of certain sanctions or default."S. Despite the establishment of NAFDAC, the sale and use

of fake drugs did not end.


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REFERENCES

1. BASWANTHAPPA B.T., NURSING EDUCATION, 2ND EDITION 2004, NEW DELHI, JAYPEEBROTHERS, Pp 593-927.

2. KELLY LUCIE YOUNG, DIMENSION OF PROFESSIONAL NURSING, 8TH EDITION, 1999, NEWDELHI. MCGRAW HILL, Pp. 186-188.

3. NIRJA KP, TEXT BOOK OF NURSING EDUCATION, 5TH EDITION 2007, NEW DELHI, JAYPEEBROTHERS, Pp 447-493.

4. ANNJ.ZWEMER, PROFESSIONAL ADJUSTMENT & ETHICS, 6TH EDITION 1995, KV METHEW,Pp 248-255.

5. http://google.co.in/images?hl=en&q=professionalagencies&btnG=Search+Images&gbv=26. http://google.co.in/images?gbv=2&ndsp=20&hl=en&q=council&start=60&sa=N
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