programma setevoi academii cisco ccna 1 and 2 vspomogatelnoe rukovodstvo
DESCRIPTION
Programma-Setevoi-Academii-CISCO-CCNA-1-and-2-Vspomogatelnoe-RukovodstvoTRANSCRIPT
Cisco CCNA 1 2
,
Cisco_title.indd 1
11.04.2007 13:27:26
Cisco Networking Academy Program
CCNA 1 and 2 Companion GuideRevised Third Edition
Cisco Press201 West 103rd Street Indianapolis, IN 46290 USA
Cisco_title.indd 2
11.04.2007 13:27:26
Cisco CCNA 1 2
,
2008
Cisco_title.indd 3
11.04.2007 13:27:27
, , . . , . ,
2004 , ,
,
., 2004
I. CCNA 1: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. LAN WAN 6. Ethernet 7. Ethernet 8. Ethernet 9. TCP/IP IP 10. 11. TCP/IP II. CCNA 2: 12. 13. 14. 15.
27 29
3739 79 157 229 259 303 355 405 437 489
547
581583 631 665 697
. 5
6 16. Cisco IOS 17. 18. 19. TCP/IP 20. 21. TCP/IP 22. III. . . .
723 757 797
845 869 905 933
973975 1095 1109 1145
. 6
Cisco Systems I. CCNA 1: 1. Internet Internet TCP/IP ping Web Internet ,
23 23 25 26 27 29 29 29 30 31 35 36 36
3739 41 41 42 47 49 51 51 52 53 55 56 56 56 59 60
. 7
8
32 IP 2. OSI OSI TCP/IP
62 64 66 66 69 70 71 72 76 79 81 81 85 87 102 110 111 112 114 115 117 119 120 120 122 124 124 126 128 129 130 130 132 132 134 136 138 139 143 146 150
. 8
3. (STP) , 4.
9157 159 160 163 164 165 166 169 172 175 176 177 180 181 183 184 185 187 191 192 194 197 199 208 209 210 213 214 216 217 218 220 223 225 229 230 231 231 233 234 236 236
. 9
10
5. LAN WAN Ethernet Ethernet UTP WAN BRI ISDN DSL 237 239 240 240 243 244 248 250 251 252 252 253 255 257 259 261 261 263 264 265 268 272 272 274 275 278 279 281 283 286 286 287 289 292 294 295 297 298 299 300
. 10
6. Ethernet Ethernet Ethernet IEEE Ethernet Ethernet OSI MAC Ethernet Ethernet Ethernet MAC Ethernet Ethernet FCS Ethernet 7. Ethernet Ethernet 10 100 / 10 Ethernet 10BASE5 10BASE2 10BASE T 10BASE T Ethernet 100 / 100BASE TX 100BASE FX Fast Ethernet 10 Ethernet Ethernet 1000 / 1000BASE T 1000BASE SX 1000BASE LX Gigabit Ethernet Ethernet 10 / , 10GbE Ethernet
11303 305 305 307 309 312 313 316 318 320 321 323 327 329 332 334 337 339 341 344 347 348 351 355 356 357 361 363 364 367 369 371 374 377 380 380 382 386 389 391 394 398
. 11
12 8. Ethernet Ethernet 9. TCP/IP IP TCP/IP TCP/IP Internet OSI TCP/IP Internet Internet IP IPv4 IP : A, B, C, D E IP IP 4 IP 6 IP Internet
399 400 402 405 407 407 408 411 412 412 414 418 418 420 423 424 428 429 430 432 433 434 437 438 439 440 442 443 445 446 447 450 450 453 455 458 461 464 466 468 470 470
. 12
IP IP RARP IP BOOTP DHCP (ARP) 10. IP IP IP IP A B AND
13471 472 474 476 478 479 483 484 485 489 491 491 494 495 497 499 500 501 503 507 509 512 514 516 518 521 523 524 524 527 529 533 534 536 539 542
. 13
14 11. TCP/IP TCP/IP TCP/IP , TCP UDP TCP UDP DNS FTP TFTP HTTP SMTP SNMP Telnet II. CCNA 2: 12. , WAN
547 548 548 550 551 553 554 556 557 559 559 562 562 566 567 568 570 571 571 572 573 575
581583 584 584 587 588 591 592 605 607 609 609 614 615 616 617 619 620
. 14
13. Cisco IOS Cisco IOS Cisco IOS Cisco IOS , Cisco IOS show version 14. show Ethernet ,
15623 624 625 631 632 632 632 633 634 638 639 639 645 646 648 650 652 656 657 659 660 660 661 661 665 666 666 674 674 676 678 679 680 681 681 682 682 683 684 684
. 15
16
685 686 692 693 693 697 698 698 699 702 704 704 705 706 706 707 708 709 710 716 717 717 718 723 724 725 726 727 729 730 733 733 736 737 740 742 744 747
15. CDP , CDP , CDP CDP CDP Telnet telnet telnet Telnet , IP 16. Cisco IOS Cisco IOS boot system Cisco IOS Cisco IOS Cisco IOS TFTP Cisco TFTP Cisco IOS Xmodem
. 16
17. IGP EGP 18.
17749 750 751 752 757 758 758 759 762 766 767 768 769 772 774 774 775 775 778 783 786 787 789 790 791 792 793 797 799 799 800 801 803 804 805 806
. 17
18
RIP RIP RIP ip classless RIP RIP RIP RIP RIP IGRP IGRP IGRP IGRP IGRP IGRP RIP IGRP IGRP IGRP 19. TCP/IP TCP/IP Internet (ICMP) ICMP ping TCP/IP ICMP / 807 808 808 810 811 814 816 819 819 821 823 826 826 828 829 830 832 833 835 837 839 840 842
845 846 847 847 848 849 850 853 855 856 857 858 858 859 860 862
. 18
20. show ip route OSI ping telnet show interfaces show interfaces show cdp traceroute show ip route show ip protocol show controllers debug
19862 864 865 865 866 867 867 869 870 870 872 873 874 874 875 877 877 879 879 879 880 881 883 884 887 888 888 892 892 893 895 897 898
. 19
20 21. TCP/IP TCP , UDP , , MAC , IP 22. any host ACL
901 901 902 905 911 912 913 914 916 919 919 921 921 924 924 925 925 926 928 928 929 933 934 936 939 940 943 946 947 947 948 948 952 960 963 965 966 968 969 970
. 20
III. . , ,
21 973975 977 977 978 980 981 983 985 989 996 997 1000 1001 1001 1003 1005 1006 1009 1013 1013 1014 1015 1016 1017 1019 1019 1021 1021 1023 1024 1024 1026 1026 1026 1028 1029 1034 1036 1037
. 21
22
: FARB Software Development FARB . . 1037 1037 1038 1039 1042 1044 1047 1051 1052 1055 1056 1062 1063 1064 1068 1070 1070 1072 1074 1074 1074 1076 1077 1077 1078 1080 1080 1082 1082 1083 1084 1084 1087 1088 1088 1088 1090 1095 1109 1145
. 22
Cisco Press , . . , . . , , , [email protected]. , , ISBN. Cisco .
(Bill Chapman) (Arcadia). , ++ Java, , CCNA CompTIA A+. (Academic Mentor Planning Committee), (Emergency Planning Committee), (Certified District Technology Instructor) . (Pasadena) , Cisco CompTIA A+ (Los Angeles County Regional Occupational Program). Cisco , . Cisco CCNA CompTIA A+, Network+ I Net+. (Allan Johnson) 10 . 1999 . A&M Corpus Christi : . (Mary Carroll High School) (Del Mar) Corpus Christi . , CCNA/CCNP Cisco.
. 23
24
(Rick Graziani) 20 . (Cabrillo) (Aptos), . (Loyola Marymount) (California State University Monterey Bay). , , OSPF 3, MANET. CCNP CCAI. (Mark Boolootian), (Dave Barnett), (Jim Warner) (Fred Baker) (Teri) . (Elanie Horn) Cisco (CATC), 1998 . , . 27 . Tri Rivers ( CATC, Cisco Academy Training Centre) Cisco , , . CCNA, CCDA CCAI. (Andrew Large) 1998 . , . 13 Cisco . Cisco . CCNA, CCNP CCAI. . (Antoon W. Rufi) , 2000 . 20 , II . ECPI . . , (Maryland) . CCNA, CompTIA Network+ , CCNP.
. 24
Cisco Systems Cisco Systems, Inc . , .
DSU/CSU DSU/CSU
Catalyst
ISDN/ Frame Relay
Sun
Macintosh
Web CiscoWorks
IBM
Token Ring Token Ring
FDDI FDDI
Ethernet
. 25
, IOS (IOS Command Reference). : (|) , ; [ ] ; { } ; , , ; ( ) , (, show).
. 26
Internet , . . , , . , , . . , , , , , , , , . , . . , , . , Cisco Systems (Cisco Networking Academy Program CNAP). , Internet . , Web , , , , . Cisco . , Web , , . , Cisco . , , , Cisco
. 27
28
Systems . . Cisco (Cisco Global Learning Network) Cisco . : Internet , , . Cisco . . Worldwide Education ( ) Cisco Press Cisco, Web . Cisco Systems , , . , , , Cisco Systems Internet . , , . , Cisco, , , . Cisco, , (Cisco Learning Partners) . , (e lrarning), (self paced) . , , Cisco , . , , Learning & Events ( ) Web , . , Cisco. (Kevin Warner) , , Cisco Systems, Inc.
. 28
, Cisco. , . , , , , CCNA (Cisco Certified Network Associate). , , . , (Local Area networks LAN). , , , , IP , . OSI, , , . ( ), Ethernet Ethernet. , IOS, TCP/IP (ACL Access Control List). CCNA, CompTIA Network+.
Cisco , , Cisco. , Cisco.
, . , , . .
. 29
30
. , , .
, . : ... , . ; . , . ; , , . , , , , . , , , ; . . ; . , , ; . , , . , , . :
. , , : (e Lab), , (PhotoZoom).
. 30
31
, . :
22 , 3 : CCNA1 CCNA2.
I, CCNA 1: 1, , Internet. . 2, . , OSI , OSI. . 3, , . , OSI. , ; , , , . 4, . , (Local Area Networks LANs). . . , , , , , , , . , , . 5, LAN WAN, WAN LAN. LAN , . Ethernet, Ethernet . WAN :
. 31
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. , . . 6, Ethernet. Ethernet, Ether net (framing), Ethernet. , , . , . 7, Ethernet, OSI. STP (Spanning Tree Protocol ), . Ethernet, . 10 Ethernet, , . 8, Ethernet , Ethernet. , , . Ethernet . ; , , . 9, TCP/IP IP , TCP/IP, , . TCP/IP OSI; TCP/IP . 10, , , IP. , . : (distance vector), (link state) , , .
. 32
33
11, TCP/IP, , . , OSI, , , , . , .
II, CCNA2: 12, , , . . 13, , , , . (setup dialog), Cisco IOS. 14, . ; , , , Cisco IOS. , . 15, , Cisco (Cisco Discovery Protocol CDP), , . 16, Cisco IOS, , Cisco IOS, . . TFTP . 17, .
. 33
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(OSI) . . , , , . 18, , RIP IGRP; . 19, TCP/IP. ICMP, ICMP, , ICMP. ICMP, , . 20, , . , , . 21, TCP/IP. TCP/IP , TCP/IP: , , . . ARP RARP. 22, , , , (ACL), , . , .
. 34
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III, A, , , , ; , , , , . , , . CCNA, , . , , , . , , .
, , . , , , CCNA, , , , . . Packet Tracer 3.1, , , CCNA. , . , .
. 35
, , 3.1 Cisco (Cisco Networking Academy Pro gram). Cisco Systems , . CCNA; , , : . , . Cisco Systems, , , , CCNA. CCNA Cisco (Cisco Certified Network Associate). , , . , , . .
, , . , , . , . . Web . , , , , . , , . . : E mail: WWW: [email protected] http://www.williamspublishing.com
: :
115419, , / 783 03150, , / 152
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I CCNA 1:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.
LAN WAN Ethernet Ethernet Ethernet- TCP/IP IP- TCP/IP
. 37
. 38
1
... , Internet; , ; , Ethernet , ; (NIC); , ; ping; Web ; , ; , ; , ; , ; , ; , , ; IP ; ; .
, . Internet, . 41, , . 42, , . 42, , . 42, Web , . 42, , . 42,
. 39
40
I. CCNA 1: , . 43, , . 43, , . 53, , . 53, , . 56, , . 57, , . 57, , . 58, , . 58, , . 58, , . 58, , . 58, , . 58, , . 58, , . 58, , . 58, , . 58, , . 58, , . 58, , . 60, , . 66, MAC , . 66, , . 67, , . 69, IP , . 70, , . 70.
, . 42, / Internet, . 42, , . 43, , . 43, , . 44, , . 44, , . 44, , . 44, USB , . 44, , . 45, , . 45, , . 45, , . 45, , . 45, , . 46, , . 46, , . 46, , . 46, , . 46, , . 47, , . 47, , . 47, PCMCIA, . 47, , . 49, ping, . 52,
. 40
1.
41
, Internet. . , , : (e Lab), , (PhotoZoom). , .
Internet Internet , , . , Internet, . , , . , , , . . , Internet; Web . , .
Internet , Internet. Internet . , Internet. Internet, Internet . , . , . : , . , , Web . Internet DSL (Digital Subscriber Line ) , . Internet ;
. 41
42
I. CCNA 1:
, . Internet . , . . Internet : , , , . Internet; , . , , . Internet . TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol / Internet) Internet. TCP/IP , . TCP/IP 9, TCP/IP IP ; , ; . Internet: Web (HyperText Markup Language HTML) Web , (File Trans fer Protocol FTP) Internet. Web , , , . , Internet , , , , Internet .
, .
. 42
1.
43
, . . , , , , , . , . ( ), .!
. , IT Essentials .
. , .. . , ; .!
, , .
(backplane) , . . (Network Interface Card NIC) , . Ethernet. . . , . , . , , .
. 43
44
I. CCNA 1: , , . , . , , . . . . (Universal Serial Bus port USB port) , , , , , , . USB , , . 1.1.2. . , . . Windows .
, . , . . , . . , . . , , . , . , .
. 44
1.
45
, , : (COM), (LPT), USB (Universal Serial Bus ) . (Light Emitting Diode LED) , , . . : , . , , , . . (Printed circuit board PCB) , . . - (CD-ROM) , -. - (CD-R, CD-RW) DVD-, . (Central Processing Unit CPU) , (. 1.1). (Floppy Disk Drive FDD) , (. 1.2). (Hard Disk Drive HDD) .
. 1.1.
. 1.2.
. 45
46
I. CCNA 1:
, . , . (. 1.3). , .. . ; , . , . . , (Industry-Standard Architecture ISA), (Peripheral Component Interconnect PCI) . (Random-Access Memory RAM), , . RAM , . , . , , , , . . (Read-Only Memory ROM, ) , . . , , (Electronically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory EEPROM) . Flash-. - (Basic Input/Output System BIOS) .
1.3.
. 46
1.
47
, , (. 1.4). . , , , , () , , , ( , -, ..) -. , , . . () . , , , , , , . , (Personal Computer Memory Card International Association card PCMCIA card), PC card. , , ( ), PCMCIA. . 1.5 (WLAN Wireless LAN) PCMCIA-.
. 1.4.
. 1.5. PCMCIA
. 1.6 Ethernet, (LAN adapter). , .
. 47
48
I. CCNA 1:
. 1.6. !
, IT Essentials . , (Interrupt ReQuest IRQ), (I/O), , .
( ), . (IRQ) , (, Windows Linux), , . , , . . . , , . (I/O) , . : . , , Ethernet Ethernet. Ethernet, Token Ring Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI ), Ethernet ;
. 48
1.
49
, , : , , . ; . , , PCI ISA. .. PCI , ISA, . : . .
Internet : . , . (Public Switched Telephone Network PSTN). . 1.7 . . , , . . , .
. 1.7.
, . /. :
. 49
50
I. CCNA 1:
USB. , Internet (Internet Service Provider ISP). , 56 /, 53 /. DSL , , . . . PCMCIA . . , , . . . 10 / 100 /. (. . 1.8) . , . (plug and play), . , . ( ). , IRQ, , (Direct Memory Address DMA), .
. 50
1.
51
1.8.
1960 . , . 300 (/), .. 30 . 1970 , (Bulletin Board Systems BBS), . 300 / , . 1980 , . 300 / , . 1990 . 9600 / 56000 /, 1998 . , , , , (Digital Subscriber Line DSL) . . , , , . Internet .
TCP/IPTCP/IP , . Internet,
. 51
52
I. CCNA 1:
, TCP/IP. TCP/IP . IP , , (Domain Name Server DNS). (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol DHCP). , TCP/IP, Internet. : Windows, Apple Macintosh, Unix. TCP/IP, DHCP DNS . 1.1.6. TCP/IP . , , MAC ( ) ( ).
pingPing , TCP/IP. (), . Ping Packet Internet Groper Internet. ping IP , . ping . , . ping , TCP/IP, . ping. ping 127.0.0.1 ( ) TCP/IP (. 1.9). ping IP- TCP/IP . ping IP- .
. 52
1. ping IP- .
53
. 1.9. ping 127.0.0.1 1.1.7. ping tracert. ping traceroute . IP .
Web Web , , : Web ; ; ; . (HyperText Markup Language HTML), , Web . , , SGML) 1 (Standard Generalized Markup Language (Extensible Markup Language XML), Web HTML. HTML , , . , 1
, ISO.
. .
. 53
54
I. CCNA 1:
HTML Web . Internet Explorer (IE) Netscape Web . , . Web , . . 1.1 . 1.1. Internet Explorer Microsoft Netscape Communicator Internet Explorer Microsoft HTML , ,
Netscape Communicator HTML , ,
Web . (plug in). . . Flash Shockwave (Flash player, Shockwave player) , , Macromedia Flash. Adobe Acrobat Reader , PDF (Adobe Portable Document Format Adobe). Windows Media , . Quicktime , Apple, . Real Player , .
. 54
1.
55
1.1.8. Web . Internet Internet, (Uniform Resource Locator URL). Web , Web . : . , , , Microsoft Office Lotus Smart Suite. : , . ; , . , ; , , , , . , , , ; , , ; , , , .
Internet . 1. . 2. . 3. . 4. . 5. . 6. . 7. . 8. .
. 55
56
I. CCNA 1: 1.1.9. . , , .
, . , .
, , . , . , : ( 1 0). , : . ( ). , 0 . , . (American standard code for information interchange ASCII) . , . , , : 1 0. .
, , 0 1. (/) / , . 0 (). +5 .
. 56
1.
57
, 8 . 8 . 1 . , , ASCII . 256 ( 28). 0 255. , (. 1.2). KB Kb, MB Mb ( , ). , . , (, 45 /, 45 bps). . , 45 / 5,6 /. , . , , (/) (/). 8, . 1.2. (b, ) (B, ) (KB, ) (MB, ) (GB, ) (TB, )
1/8 1 1024 ( 1000 ) 1 1 1
1 8 8096 ( 8000 ) 8 8 8
. . 1 0 , , . , ; , . 1 8 .
. 57
58
I. CCNA 1: () 1024 , 1000 . () 1024 , 1000 . () 1 . () 1 048 576 , 1 . . . . () 1 . . . () 1 . . (/) . . (/) . . (/) . . Ethernet 10 /. (/) . . (/) . . 10 / Ethernet 10 /. (/) . . Internet 1 /. () . , , , 1 , ().
. 58
1.
59
() . , , . , (, 900 ). () , (1 000 000 000) . , , . (, 802.11b 2,4 ).!
. , 1980 , 10 ( IBM 4,77 ). 3 . . .
, . , , . , . . , .
. , , 10. 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8 9. (. . 1.3). 1.3. : 2 134 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9 103 1000 2103
102 100 1102
101 10 3101
100 1 4100
. 59
60
I. CCNA 1:
10. 10 ( ), ( ). , 10, . , () 100 (1), 102 (1010 = 100). , , 101 (10), 106 (101010101010 = 1 000 000), . ., . 2134: 2134 = (2103) + (1102) + (3101) + (4100). 4 , 3 , 1 2 . , , , . , , . IP , 4 , , , , 172.16.14.188. , IP 32 , .. , 8 . .
, , 2. (0 1) , ( 10). 2 ( ), ( ) (20, 21, 22, 23, 24, ..), . 1.4. 1.4. : 10110 0,1 27 128 0 26 64 0 25 32 0 24 16 1 23 8 0 22 4 1 21 2 1 20 1 0
. 60
1. . 10110 = (124 = 16) + (023 = 0) + (122 = 4) + (121 = 2) + (020 = 0) = = (16 + 0 + 4 + 2 + 0) = 22.
61
(10110) , 1 16, 0 8, 1 4, 2 0 1. , 22. IP 32 (4 ). : 16 (, hexadecimal, hex) , .. . , , . 16 . . 10 (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9), , : A, B, C, D, E F. 10, B 11, 12, D 13, E 14 F 15 (. . 1.5). () 16, . , 160 ( 1), 161 ( 16), 162 ( 256), .. , . 1.5.
: 1A2C
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F 163 65536 1 162 256 A 161 16 2 160 1 C
. 1A2C = (1163 = 65536) + (10(A)162 = 2560) + (2161 = 32) + (12() 160 = 12) = = (65536 + 2560 + 32 + 12) = 68144.
. 61
62
I. CCNA 1:
. . 1.10. , . , . , . . 168 . 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 128 , 168, , 1. 168 128 = 40. 64 , 40, , 0. 32 , 40, , 1. 40 32 = 8. 16 , 8, , 0. 8 8 (, ); 1. 8 8 = 0, , 0. 10101000 168.
6.
255. 11111111. , . 1.10, 255 . , IP . , 2, . , 650 29 = 512, . 1.2.5. . .
. 62
1.
63
0
128
1
0
64
1
0
32
1
0
16
1
0
8
1
0
4
1
0
2
1
0
1
1
. 1.10.
. 63
64
I. CCNA 1:
, . , . 1.11, . , .!
, . , 0 , 1, , 2 = 1.
01110000 . 02 = 0 + 1 02 = 0 + 2 02 = 0 + 3 02 = 0 + 4 12 = 16 + 5 12 = 32 + 6 12 = 64 + 7 02 = 0 112 ( 2, 1.) , (. . 1.10), . 1.11 255 , . 2. , , 10 , 512, 9 256, 1. 1.2.6. . .0
. 64
1.
65
0
128
1
0
64
1
0
32
1
0
16
1
0
8
1
0
4
1
0
2
1
0
1
1
. 1.11.
. 65
66
I. CCNA 1:
32 , Internet (IP ), 32 . 32 , : 8 . . , , 10.15.129.201. 32 . 32 , , . , , ( ) , . 128, , . , , 10.15.129.201 00001010.00001111.10000001.11001001: 10 = 00001010, 15 = 00001111, 129 = 10000001, 201 = 11001001.
. Cisco Systems 16 . , , 0010000100000010 2102 . MAC (Media Access Control addresses OSI) .!
MAC . .
. 66
1.
67
Ethernet Token Ring 48 , 6 ( ). (Oct .) 6 , 12 . 4 4 (2 = 16), . 1.6. 10101010.11110000.11000001.11100010.01110111.01010001 : AA.F0.C1.E2.77.51. A = 1010, A = 1010, F = 1111, 0 = 0000, C = 1100, 1 = 0001, E = 1110, 2 = 0010, 7 = 0111, 7 = 0111, 5 = 0101, 1 = 0001. MAC 4 , AAF0.C1E2.7751. 0x . , , , , 0x1234 , 1234. (, ..), (16), . , , 0 9 A F. . 1.6 . , 4 . AC (.. 0xAC) A 1010,
. 67
68
I. CCNA 1:
C 1100 . AC 10101100. , 4 ; , 4 , . 8 ( : 4 ). , , . , , 00011111 115. ? 11 5 1 15? 11 5, 10110101, . 1F, 00011111. 1.6. 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
. 8 , , . , 0x, , 5D 0x5D.
. 68
1.
69
. 1.2.8. . .
, . , , , . , . ( ) (AND), (OR) (NOT). , . (0 1) . ( ), , . (. 1.7) . 1, 0, 0 1. 1.7. (NOT) 0 1
1 0
(. 1.8) . , , . , . IP . (. 1.9) . 1, , . , , , , , .
. 69
70
I. CCNA 1:
1.8. (AND) 0 1 00 0
10 1
1.9. (OR) 0 1 00 1
11 1
, . , .
IP Internet 32 IP (Internet Protocol address, IP address). IP . 9, TCP/IP IP . IP IP , . IP . , , (host). , IP , . IP , 32 , . , . 1; , , 0. , 0, . . 1: 11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000, 255.0.0.0.
. 70
1.
71
2: 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000, 255.255.0.0. , 24 . 16 , 16 . IP 10.34.23.134 , 00001010.00100010.00010111.10000110. IP , IP , . IP 0 0. 0 1 0. . . 3: (255.0.0.0). 00001010.00100010.00010111.10000110 IP . 11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000 .
00001010.00000000.00000000.00000000 . 10.0.0.0. 4: (255.255.0.0). 00001010.00100010.00010111.10000110 IP . 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000 .
00001010.00100010.00000000.00000000 . 10.24.0.0. IP . IP .
: . , ; ; TCP/IP Internet; ping ;
. 71
72
I. CCNA 1: . Web ; ; . ; . ; , . 0 1; . : 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, F; , . , ; IP 32 , Internet.
.
MAC (Media Access Control address OSI). , , . , . MAC 6 , IEEE. ping. Packet Internet Groper, Internet. , IP . Web . , Web Internet, , Internet Explorer Netscape Navigator. (American standard code for information interchange ASCII). , , .
. 72
1.
73
. , , , , . 1 8 . . . 1 0 , , . (/) / , . . , . . ( ) ( ). , . , . , , . (). 1 . . . (/). . . 10G Ethernet 10 /. . , HTML Web . . . 0 1, ( ). . , . (). 1024 , 1000 . (/). . . (). 1024 , 1000 . (/). . . . , .
. 73
74
I. CCNA 1:
. . (). 1 048 576 , 1 . . . . (/). . . (). 1 . (/). . . Ethernet 10 /. (Personal Computer Memory Card International Association PCMCIA). , , PCMCIA ( PC ). , , . . , . (modem). , . , . . . , , . (backplane). , . . 8 . , .. 8 . (Random access memory RAM). , . . . , . , , . (Printed circuit board PCB). , . . , Web .
. 74
1.
75
. IP , . , , . . . . . (Universal Serial Bus port USB port). , , , , , , . . , , . (Read only memory ROM). , . (CD ROM). , . (Floppy disk drive FDD). , . (Hard disk drive HDD). , . . , , . Internet. Internet (Internet Protocol IP). TCP/IP; . (File Transfer Protocol FTP). , TCP/IP, . / Internet (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol TCP/IP). , 1970 . TCP IP . . , , . . , , .
. 75
76
I. CCNA 1:
(NIC). , . Internet. , . Internet , , . . . (). 1 . . (/). . . Internet 1 /. . 32 , 8 , , 8 . IP Internet, , 192.67.67.20. . , , , . (Central processing unit CPU). , . (Bus). , . . . (HyperText Markup Language HTML). , ( ) , , Web .
, , , . , . 1. Internet?a) . ) . ) . ) .
. 76
1. 2. ?) . ) . ) . ) .
77
3. PCMCIA?) , . ) , . ) . ) .
4. ?) . ) , . ) , Ethernet. ) OSI.
5. ?) , . ) . ) . ) .
6. 2?) . ) . ) . ) ASCII.
7. , . . . /. .) . ) . ) ; , .
. 77
78
I. CCNA 1: ) , , , .
8. 1 ?) 254. ) 256. ) 255. ) 257.
9. 151?) 10100111. ) 10010111. ) 10101011. ) 10010011.
10. 11011010?) 186. ) 202. ) 218. ) 222.
11. 0010000100000000?) 0x2100. ) 0x2142. ) 0x0082. ) 0x0012.
12. 0x2101?) 0010 0001 0000 0001. ) 0001 0000 0001 0010. ) 0100 1000 0000 1000. ) 1000 0000 1000 0100.
13. ping ? ) ping .) Ping packet Internet groper. ) ping 127.0.0.1 TCP/IP . ) .
. 78
2
... ; , OSI ; , , , , ; ; ; LAN, WAN, MAN, SAN ; , VPN; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; OSI; OSI; OSI; TCP/IP; ; , , , , ; , DSLAM, CMTS ; , VPN ; ,
. 79
80
I. CCNA 1: ; ; , .
, . , . 84, , . 85, , . 87, , . 88, , . 89, ., . 90, , . 90, MAC , . 90, , . 91, , . 92, , . 93, , . 93, , . 93, , . 94, , . 95, , . 98, , . 104, , . 105, , . 106, , . 106, , . 107, , . 109, , . 109, , , . 109, , . 110, , . 110, , . 115, , . 116, , . 117, Intranet, . 119, Extranet, . 119, , . 120, , . 126, OSI, . 132, , . 135, , . 135, , . 135, , . 135, , . 136, , . 136, , . 136, , . 136, , . 137, , . 137, , . 137, , . 139, , . 141.
. 80
2.
81
, . , . , OSI , OSI. OSI, , . , . , , : (e Lab), , (PhotoZoom). , .
. : (Local Area Networks LAN); (Wide Area Networks WAN); (Metropolitan Area Networks (Storage Area Networks SAN); (Data center); (Intranet ); (Extranet ); (Virtual Private Networks VPN).
MAN);
, . , , . . 2.1 , , .
. 81
82
I. CCNA 1:
. 2.1. !
, , , ; . , , , , , , . (sneakernet 1). . 2.2.
, . . , . :1 Sneakernet () . (floppy), . . .
. 82
2. ? ? ?
83
, . , , . 80 XX .
. 2.2.
, 80 , . , , , . . , , ; , . (Local Area Network LAN). , LAN. . 2.3 . , , , . LAN , . 2.4. LAN ,
. 83
84
I. CCNA 1:
. (Metropolitan Area Network MAN) (Wide Area Network WAN). WAN , , , , . 2.5. , , , .. Internet
2 G E0 L E1 1 K FDDI F0
T0
Token Ring J
H
D E F
I
M
N A B C
O
P
. 2.3.
. 2.4. (LAN)
. 84
2.
85
. 2.5. (WAN)
; 35 . . 2.1 Internet. , . 40 XX , . 1946 . 50 , , . 50 . , , . 60 , . 60 70 , ( ). 1977 Apple Computer , (Personal Computer PC). 1981 IBM PC.
. 85
86
I. CCNA 1:
Apple Macintosh, IBM PC PC , . 2.1. 40 XX . 1947
, . , ( ) , , Apple Computer , (Personal Computer PC) IBM , , , () , . ,
50
60
60 70 XX . 1977 1981 80
80 , , () , . , . , . 2 (bulletin board). , , , . 2 BBS Bulletin Board System, , , ( ) Internet. . . .
. 86
2.
87
, . , , . , , , . , . , , 500 ! 60 90 XX (U.S. Department of Defense DoD) WAN . , . . , . , , . Internet.
, , (device). : . , , , , ; . , . , , (host). . 2.6 . , . , . (Network Interface Card NIC), . , , , . NIC , ()
. 87
88
I. CCNA 1:
. NIC PCMCIA.
. 2.6.
NIC , MAC . MAC . , NIC . . , , . , . , . , , , , , . .
(repeater) , () OSI. , , , , , . (signals). , . , . , .
. 88
2.
89
(repeater) . . OSI , .
(hub) . . . 2.7, . LAN. . , LAN .
. 2.7.
, (multiport repeater). , . , 4 20 , . 2.8. : ; ; ;
. 89
90
I. CCNA 1: ; .
. 2.8.
, 10BASE T 100BASE T ( Ethernet 7, Ethernet). . , . , ( ). , ( ). Ethernet . , , . (collision) , . , , (collision domain). , (bandwidth domain). 6, Ethernet. , . , , . , , .
( ) (Network Interface Card NIC), , , , (Media Access Control MAC), MAC . LAN. NIC . . 2.9 NIC.
. 90
2.
91
. 2.9.
(bridge) , LAN, . , . LAN , () LAN . NIC MAC . , () MAC , MAC . MAC . . , , , MAC . . , . , ( ) . LAN . 3, , . MAC . . 2.10 . .3
.
. .
. 91
92
I. CCNA 1:
1
2
. 2.10.
. MAC , , . . 1. , MAC . , MAC MAC , . , MAC , , . (filtering). , . , MAC , , . MAC , , , . (flooding). . ( ), MAC
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
. 92
2.
93
. MAC , , , . , ( ) , , MAC , , , . , .!
, . , .
(broadcast) , . (broadcast domain) , , , . ( FF.FF.FF.FF.FF.FF) , . , , . , , (switch) , . .
, (LAN), ; . . 2.11 . , LAN , MAC , , . , . , . , MAC .
. 93
94
I. CCNA 1:
. 2.11.
, , , 4. . . . (microsegmentation) , , . , . , . , , . , , . , , . , Cisco 6500 8500 . . 2.12 Cisco Catalyst 8500 ATM , ATM , . Catalyst 8500 ( , ..) MAN, , Intranet , . ATM , , Catalyst 8500 ATM Gigabit Ethernet . CCNA, .
4 , , . . .
. 94
2.
95
. 2.12. Catalyst 8500
(router) , (. 2.13). . , MAC . , , Ethernet, Token Ring Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI ). , ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM) . , Internet IP.
. 2.13.
. 95
96
I. CCNA 1:
( , ), . , . . .
, DSL-, : , ; DSLAM, DSL ; (Cable Modem Termination System CMTS), ; , . . : (gateway) , . Cisco AS5400 , , , . . 2.14 Cisco AS5400, , , . DSLAM (Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer DSLAM) , DSL-. DSLAM . . 2.15 DSL Cisco 6100.
. 96
2.
97
. 2.14. Cisco AS5400
. 2.15. DSLAM Cisco 6100 CMTS (Cable Modem Termination System CMTS) Internet, . (Universal Broadband Router) CMTS uBR7100 MTU (multitenant units ), , . , uBR10012, . 2.16, .
. 97
98
I. CCNA 1:
. 2.16. CMTS Cisco uBR1001 , , . . 2.17 (Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing DWDM) Cisco ONS 15454. . Internet- Extranet- , , . , AAA- VPN-. (firewall) , , . . , , ,
. 98
2. . , , . . 2.18 Cisco PIX 535, .
99
. 2.17. Cisco ONS 15454 DWDM
. 2.18. Cisco PIX AAA AAA (AAA server) , . , . - , , ( ), , ( ), , ( ). - . - , , , (). , , (), (). . 2.19 -.
. 99
100
I. CCNA 1:
(HQ) (HQ)
(HQ) AAA
(HQ)
. 2.19. VPN (Virtual Private Network VPN) VPN-, VPN-. VPN- Cisco 3000 VPN- , , , , . . 2.20 VPN- Cisco 3000.
. 2.20. VPN Cisco 3000 (Wireless LAN WLAN) LAN, , Ethernet, . NIC, . . NIC, . PCMCIA PCI
. 100
2.
101
, . PC NIC , . PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect 32- ) ISA (Industry-Standard Architecture , ) LAN , . . : PCMCIA , PCI- . , . . 2.21 .
. 2.21. (Access Point AP), (. 2.22), LAN, , .. , . AP (roaming), , . (. 2.23) (11 /) 5 ( 25 ) Ethernet. Cisco ( ).
5
.
. .
. 101
102
I. CCNA 1:
. 2.22.
. 2.23. : Cisco 1503 Micro Hub. Cisco 1503 Micro Hub. : Cisco Catalyst 1924. Cisco. : Cisco 2621. Cisco 2162.
, , . , , , . .
. 102
2.
103
, . . : ; ; ; ; ; . . 2.24 .
. 2.24.
, . . . 2.25 , . , . .
. 103
104
I. CCNA 1:
2 G FDDI E0 L E1 1 K F0
Internet
T0
Token Ring J
H
D E F
I
M
N A B C
O
P
. 2.25.
(linear bus) (bus topology) (. 2.26). , , 6.
. 2.26.
6
. . .
bus topology
. 104
2.
105
, , . , , , .
(star topology), . 2.27, Ethernet , . . , , , , . , , . , . , , LAN Ethernet . , . , .
. 2.27.
. 105
106
I. CCNA 1:
, ( ), (extended star topology). . 2.28.
. 2.28.
.
(ring topology). , , . , . , . , . , . , , . .
. 106
2. : ; .
107
, . 2.29, , . . , .
. 2.29.
, . 2.30. , .. . (wrap) , .. .
(hierarchical topology) . . (trunk node), (branches) , . 2.31. () : ; , .
. 107
108
I. CCNA 1:
. 2.30.
. 2.31.
. 108
2.
109
- (full mesh topology) () , ( ) , . 2.32. . , , . , , . , , , . , , . WAN.
. 2.32.
(partial mesh topology) ( ) ; , , . .2.33. . , , . , Internet.
. , . , NIC . . ,
. 109
110
I. CCNA 1:
(First come, first served). , Ethernet. . . , . , , , , . , , Token Ring FDDI, .
.2.33.
, . , . , , . . . , , . : (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers IEEE);
. 110
2.
111
(American National Standards Institute ANSI); (Telecommunications Industry Association TIA); (Electronic Industries Alliance EIA); (International Telecommunications Union ITU), (Consultative Committee for International Telephone and Telegraphy CCITT).
(Local Area Network LAN) , (network interface cards), , . . 2.34 LAN. , . , .
. 2.34. (LAN)
. 111
112
I. CCNA 1:
, : ; ; , ; . : Ethernet; Token Ring; FDDI.
(Wide Area Networks WAN) LAN, LAN , . WAN , , (. 2.35).
. 2.35. (WAN)
. 112
2.
113
, LAN . WAN . (Instant Message IM) , , . , . (telecommuters), , . WAN : , ; ; ; , World Wide Web, Internet. : ; (Integrated Services Digital Net work ISDN); (Digital Subscriber Line DSL); , Frame Relay; T () E () T1, E1, T3, E3 ..; (Synchronous Optical Network SONET) 1 (STS 1) ( [OC] 1), STS 3 (OC 3) .. : Internet-, Ethernet. , , , , , . , , , , Internet. (Local Exchange Carrier LEC)
. 113
114
I. CCNA 1:
, , DSL , . Internet, . Cisco , DSL. , , , . , Internet, IP (Voice over IP VoIP), Internet , , .
(Metropolitan Area Network MAN) , , . MAN LAN, , , . 2.36. , MAN , . LAN , . MAN . , , MAN , . MAN LAN WAN : MAN , , LAN , , WAN ; MAN ( WAN ); MAN LAN . : , , LAN . , . Intranet- Extranet-, VPN. .
. 114
2. POP 1 POP 2
115
SAN
. 2.36.
(Storage Area Network SAN) , . , (. 2.37). SAN , . , , . SAN . . SAN , . . SAN , SAN 10 7. . LAN/WAN, SAN . , .
7
6,2 .
. .
. 115
116
I. CCNA 1:
Internet
IP
. 2.37. : . 2.38, (data center) , , Internet. IP- , , , . . , . Web- , . , Internet- (Internet Service Provider ISP) , , , Internet- , .
. 116
2.
117
Web
L2/L3
, , 2 3
DSL
/ATM/FR
ISDN/
. 2.38.
(Virtual Private Network VPN) , , , , Internet. VPN , Internet VPN . Cisco VPN . , , , Internet. VPN , . . VPN , . 2.39. VPN (Access VPN) / (Small Office/Home Office SOHO) (Intranet Extranet) . VPN , ISDN, DSL, IP
. 117
118
I. CCNA 1: , . VPN Intranet ( ) . VPN (Intranet) VPN (Extranet) , . VPN Extranet ( ) . VPN (Extranet) VPN (Intranet) , , .
, Cisco
V PN
VPN VPN
N VP POP
VP N PIX Cisco
, Cisco
VPN
, PIX
, VPN
SOHO, Cisco ISDN/DSL
. 2.39. VPN
VPN : VPN TCP/IP. , ;
. 118
2.
119
TCP/IP VPN . . , ; VPN .
LAN Intranet ( ). Web (Intranet) Web , Intranet . (Intranet) , , . Web , , , . Extranet ( ) (Intranet), . (Intranet) , Extranet . (Extranet) , ; (Extranet). (Extranet) , Intranet , . , (ID) . , (Extranet) (Intranet) (Intranet). (Extranet) (Intranet) . , , , (Intranet) . . 2.40 (Intranet Extranet).
. 119
120
I. CCNA 1:
. 2.40. Intranet Extranet
LAN WAN ( bandwidth). , , . . , , .
(bandwidth) , . , . ? . , , , . , , . , 56 /, , .
. 120
2.
121
DSL , DSL , . ( ), DSL, , ( ). , DSL . . , , . . LAN , . WAN . , . . , Internet. . , . Internet , , . , Internet . . , , , . , , . IP , . .
. 121
122
I. CCNA 1:
() , . , . , (. 2.41). . 2 , 2 . . , , , . , (put in bigger pipes), .
, ,
. 2.41.
(. 2.42). . ( highways) ,
. 122
2.
123
. , . , . , , , . , , , . ; , . , , ( ).
8
STOP
, , ,
. 2.42.
, , . , .
. 123
124
I. CCNA 1:
. , , . , . , , . , . , , T3 45 / , T1 1,544 /. , , , , . , T3 , T1. . 2.2 . 2.2.
/ / / /
1 / 1 / = 1000 / = 103 / 1 / = 1 000 000 / = 106 / 1 / = 1 000 000 000 / = 109 /
, LAN WAN. . , , . , . , , (Unshielded Twisted Pair UTP), , 1 /,
. 124
2.
125
, , 10BASE T, 100BASE TX 1000BASE TX Ethernet. , , , , , .. , , , , , NIC . . 2.3 , . 2.3. 50 (10BASE2 Ethernet, Thinnet) 50 (10BASE5 Ethernet, Thicknet) UTP 5 (10BASE T Ethernet) UTP 5 (100BASE TX Ethernet) UTP 5 (1000BASE TX Ethernet) (62.5/125 ) (100BASE FX Ethernet) (62.5/125 ) (1000BASE SX Ethernet) (50/125 ) (1000BASE SX Ethernet) (9/125 ) (1000BASE LX Ethernet)
(/)10 10 10 100 1000 100
()185 500 100 100 100 2000
1000
220
1000
550
1000
5000
. 2.4 WAN .
. 125
126
I. CCNA 1:
2.4. WAN WAN DSL
, , , () , , ,
56 / = 0,056 / 12 / 6,1 / = 0,128 / 6,1 /
ISDN Frame Relay
128 / = 0,128 / 56 / 44,736 / () 34,368 / () = 0,056 / 44,736 / () 34,368 / () 1,544 / 44,736 / 51,840 /
T1 T3 STS 1 (OC 1)
STS 3 (OC 3)
155,251 /
STS 48 (OC 48)
2,488 /
, . . LAN , 100 /, , 100 /. . , . (throughput) , Internet . ,
. 126
2.
127
, . , : ; ; ; ; ; , ; ; . , , , . . 2.43 , . , . , . . .
. 633
634
II. CCNA2:
. , . . . #. enable , >. , . Cisco . , #, EXEC . ? , ; .
Cisco IOS Cisco Cisco IOS . Cisco IOS. , , . Cisco . . , Cisco, . : , ; , ; , , . 16, Cisco IOS. Cisco IOS, .
. 634
13.
635
Cisco IOS Flash . , , , , , , . Flash show version, 13.1. Web Cisco , Flash , . , , Cisco IOS, . Cisco Product Documentation ( Cisco) . Cisco Software Advisor ( Cisco) Web . Cisco IOS . show version, 13.1. 13.1.
show version
Cisco> show version Cisco Internetwork Operating System Software --- --image file is "flash:/c2500-i-l.121-16.bin" Cisco 2600 (68030) processor (revision N) with 6144K/2048K bytes of memory.
. . , , Cisco IOS . Flash 1, show flash, 13.2.
1 , ( Read ONLY ). , Flash , , . . .
. 635
636
II. CCNA2:
13.2. show
flash
Cisco> show flash System flash directory: File Length Name/status 1 8022152 /c2500-i-l.121-16.bin [8022216 bytes used, 366392 available, 8388608 total] 8192K bytes of processor board System flash (Read ONLY)
Cisco IOS : boot system ; ; Flash ; . boot system. , Flash . show version, 13.3. 13.3.
Cisco> show version --- --ROM: System Bootstrap, Version 11.0(10c), SOFTWARE BOOTLDR: 3000 Bootstrap Software (IGS-BOOT-R), Version 11.0(10c), RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)
Cisco IOS . , . show version, 13.4.
. 636
13. 13.4.
637
Cisco> show version --- --Configuration register is 0x2102
. Cisco IOS show version. , Web Cisco.com. . , , , , Flash . , , :open: read error...requested 0x4 bytes, got 0x0 trouble reading device magic number boot: cannot open "flash:" boot: cannot determine first file name on device "flash:"
Flash , . , , , . Cisco. , , . . 13.1 . show , show, ?. 13.1. show version
, , , , . ( ) , Flash
show processes show protocols show memory show stacks show buffers show flash
. 637
638
II. CCNA2: . 13.1
show running-config (write term Cisco IOS Software 10.3 ) show startup-config (show config Cisco IOS Software 10.3 )
show interface
Cisco IOS Cisco IOS : ROM ; (Boot ROM); Cisco IOS. (RAM) . , . ROM . , . ROM , . , , . Flash ; Cisco IOS, Flash . copy tftp flash, , TFTP , Flash , . Cisco IOS, Flash . Flash , .
. 638
13.
639
Flash () . Cisco IOS Flash . show version, . show flash , 13.5, , Flash , , , Flash , IOS. 13.5. Flash- Cisco IOS
Cisco> show flash System flash directory: File Length Name/status 1 8022152 /c2500-i-l.121-16.bin [8022216 bytes used, 366392 available, 8388608 total] 8192K bytes of processor board System flash (Read ONLY)
, , . , , , .
(bootstrap), . , (setup mode). , , (NonVolatile Random Access Memory NVRAM). Cisco (POST Power On Self Test). (Read Only Memory ROM). : , . , :
. 639
640
II. CCNA2: ; , , .
Cisco IOS. . : 1. , ; 2. Cisco IOS; 3. , , .
. 1. , (ROM). , , . , . 2. . . Flash , boot system . , , NVRAM , . , Cisco IOS, Flash . 3. Cisco IOS. , . 4. , (NVRAM). , , ..
. 640
13.
641
5. NVRAM , , . . 13.1 . ROM
Flash TFTP ROM
Cisco IOS
NVRAM TFTP
. 13.1. : . , , . . Cisco IOS. ([]) , , . , ( ). , . NVRAM-, erase stratup-config. reload . , , -. - , , , ? . +, . (shutdown). 13.6 , setup.
. 641
642
II. CCNA2:
13.6. setup
# setup -- System Configuration Dialog -At any point you may enter a question mark '?' for help. Use ctrl-c to abort configuration dialog at any prompt. Default settings are in square brackets '[]'. Basic management setup configures only enough connectivity for management of the system, extended setup will ask you to configure each interface on the system Would you like to enter basic management setup? [yes/no]: no First, would you like to see the current interface summary? [yes]: yes Interface Ethernet0 Serial0 Serial1 IP-Address 198.133.219.1 unassigned unassigned OK? YES YES YES Method NVRAM NVRAM NVRAM Status Protocol up down administratively down down administratively down down
. , , yes (), NVRAM-. no (), , . -- More --, . , 13.7. , . , . . Cisco IOS Software . , [Router]. , . , . , , Cisco, . , .
. 642
13. 13.7.
643
Configuring global parameters: Enter host name [Router]: Cisco The enable secret is a password used to protect access to privileged EXEC and configuration modes. This password, after entered, becomes encrypted in the configuration. Enter enable secret: cougars The enable password is used when you do not specify an enable secret password, with some older software versions, and some boot images. Enter enable password: lumberjacks The virtual terminal password is used to protect access to the router over a network interface. Enter virtual terminal password: matadors Configure SNMP Network Management? [yes]: no , , (enable password) (enable secret word). . , . , , . . , . . 13.8 line console 0, login password, . , . . console 0 , login , . 13.8.
Router(config)# line console 0 Router(config-line)# login Router(config-line)# password Cisco
13.9, line vty 0 4, login password, Telnet-.
. 643
644
II. CCNA2:
13.9.
Router(config)# line vty 0 4 Router(config-line)# login Router(config-line)# password sanjose , , , 13.10. , . - (yes), , . 13.10.
Configure IP? [yes]: Configure IGRP routing? [yes]: 200 % Please answer 'yes' or 'no'. Configure IGRP routing? [yes]: yes Your IGRP autonomous system number [1]: 200 Configuring interface parameters: Do you want to configure Ethernet0 interface? [yes]: yes Configure IP on this interface? [yes]: yes IP address for this interface: 10.10.10.1 Subnet mask for this interface [255.0.0.0] : Class A network is 10.0.0.0, 8 subnet bits; mask is /8 Do you want to configure Serial0 interface? [yes]: n Do you want to configure Serial1 interface? [yes]: n The following configuration command script was created: hostname Cisco enable secret 5 $1$37Kq$vA6UckClKEBzOIWGIF54U/ enable password lumberjacks line vty 0 4 password sanjose no snmp-server ! no bridge 1 ip routing ! interface Ethernet0 ip address 10.10.10.1 255.0.0.0 ! ! --- ---
. 644
13.
645
13.2.1. .
(LED ). Cisco. 1 . WAN BRI. . 13.2 13.3 . . , , . , . (WAN) . WAN (60 Token Ring D ) (RJ 45) (RJ 45)
AUX
SER0
SER1
TR
BRI
WAN (60 D ) BRI (RJ 45)
. 13.2. 2500
. 645
646
II. CCNA2: WIC 2 OK ASDL WIC
ISDN BRI WIC
LAN 10/100 Ethernet
MOD OK
WIC 1 OK
. 13.3. 1721
, . 1. , POST. 2. , Cisco IOS ( ). , Cisco IOS, Flash TFTP , . 0x2102. , Flash , boot system. , , Cisco IOS. boot system (.. NVRAM), , .. IOS Flash . 3. Flash , , , ( ROM). Cisco IOS. 4. , .
. 646
13.
647
5. NVRAM , TFTP , . , . 13.11 13.12 , Cisco IOS. 13.11. NVRAM-
System Bootstrap, Version X.X(XXXX) [XXXXX XX], RELEASE SOFTWARE Copyright (c) 1986-199X by Cisco Systems 1721 processor with 4096 Kbytes of main memory Notice: NVRAM invalid, possibly due to write erase. --- ---
13.12. Cisco IOS
--- --IOS (tm) 1721 Software (XXX-X-X), Version [XXXXX XXX] Copyright (c) 1986-199X by Cisco Systems, Inc.!
NVRAM erase start write erase.
NVRAM , 13.11. , . , . , 13.12, Cisco IOS, . , . , , 13.13 : ; ;
. 647
648
II. CCNA2: NVRAM ; Flash .
13.13. , Cisco
Processor board ID 10226279 R4700 CPU at 100Mhz, Implementation 33, Rev 1.0 MICA-6DM Firmware: CP ver 2730 - 5/23/2001, SP ver 2730 - 5/23/2001. Bridging software. X.25 software, Version 3.0.0. SuperLAT software (copyright 1990 by Meridian Technology Corp). TN3270 Emulation software. Primary Rate ISDN software, Version 1.1. 2 Ethernet/IEEE 802.3 interface(s) 24 Serial network interface(s) 4 Low-speed serial(sync/async) network interface(s) 6 terminal line(s) 1 Channelized T1/PRI port(s) DRAM configuration is 64 bits wide with parity disabled. 125K bytes of non-volatile configuration memory. 32768K bytes of processor board System flash (Read/Write) Configuration register is 0x2102
Cisco (RJ 45) EIA/TIA 232. (ASCII ) . , , RJ 45 RJ 45 DB 9 RJ 45 DB 25 ( ). 9600 , , , , . . 1. RJ 45 RJ 45 DB 9 RJ 45 DB 25. 2. 9600 , 8 , , .
. 648
13.
649
. 13.4 HyperTerminal .
(RJ 45)
RJ 45
RJ 45 DB 25
. 13.4.
. 649
650
II. CCNA2:
. 13.2 , . 13.2. Windows 9x, NT, 2000 XP Windows 3.1 Macintosh
HyperTerminal ( Windows), ProComm Plus Terminal ( Windows) ProComm, VersaTerm, ZTerm
13.2.4. HyperTerminal , HyperTerminal .
Cisco . , . , 13.14. EXEC . . . EXEC . . , EXEC . , , . . 13.14.
Router> --------------- Router>enable Password: Router# ---------------- Router>disable Router>
. 650
13.
651
. > enable. , enable secret. #. , : (router(config-if)#); (router(config-subif)#); (router(config-line)#); (router(config-router)#); (router(config-map-class)#). , disable. exit. Cisco IOS . : Cisco IOS Cisco Internetwork Operation System (IOS ) , . Cisco. Cisco IOS Software : ; ; ; ; . (CLI Command Line Interface) Cisco IOS Telnet-. , EXEC-.
. 651
652
II. CCNA2:
13.15, . -- More --, . 22 . -- More -- , . . , . .!
, .. . , , , .
13.15.
? Exec commands: access-enable access-profile access-template archive bfe cd clear clock configure connect copy debug delete dir disable disconnect elog enable erase exit help --More isdn lock
Create a temporary Access-List entry Apply user-profile to interface Create a temporary Access-List entry manage archive files For manual emergency modes setting Change current directory Reset functions Manage the system clock Enter configuration mode Open a terminal connection Copy from one file to another Debugging functions (see also 'undebug') Delete a file List files on a filesystem Turn off privileged commands Disconnect an existing network connection Event-logging control commands Turn on privileged commands Erase a filesystem Exit from the EXEC Description of the interactive help system Make/disconnect an isdn data call on a BRI interface Lock the terminal
. 652
13. login logout more mrinfo mrm mstat mtrace name-connection no pad ping ppp pwd reload resume rlogin rsh send setup show --More slip start-chat systat telnet terminal test traceroute tunnel udptn undebug verify where write x28 x3 Log in as a particular user Exit from the EXEC Display the contents of a file Request neighbor and version information from a multicast router IP Multicast Routing Monitor Test Show statistics after multiple multicast traceroutes Trace reverse multicast path from destination to source Name an existing network connection Disable debugging functions Open a X.29 PAD connection Send echo messages Start IETF Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) Display current working directory Halt and perform a cold restart Resume an active network connection Open an rlogin connection Execute a remote command Send a message to other tty lines Run the SETUP command facility Show running system information Start Serial-line IP (SLIP) Start a chat-script on a line Display information about terminal lines Open a telnet connection Set terminal line parameters Test subsystems, memory, and interfaces Trace route to destination Open a tunnel connection Open an udptn connection Disable debugging functions (see also 'debug') Verify a file List active connections Write running configuration to memory, network, or terminal Become an X.28 PAD Set X.3 parameters on PAD
653
enable ena. . ( 13.16).
. 653
654
II. CCNA2:
13.16.
Cisco# ? Exec commands: access-enable access-profile access-template archive bfe cd clear clock configure connect copy debug delete dir disable disconnect elog enable erase exit help --More
Create a temporary Access-List entry Apply user-profile to interface Create a temporary Access-List entry manage archive files For manual emergency modes setting Change current directory Reset functions Manage the system clock Enter configuration mode Open a terminal connection Copy from one file to another Debugging functions (see also 'undebug') Delete a file List files on a filesystem Turn off privileged commands Disconnect an existing network connection Event-logging control commands Turn on privileged commands Erase a filesystem Exit from the EXEC Description of the interactive help system
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, . , . . , . , , , . 1. , ?. clock. 2. .
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. 654
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3. : , . (clock) , (% Incomplete command.) , . , set ( 13.17). 13.17. clock
set
Cisco# clok Translating "clok"...domain server (255.255.255.255) % Unknown command or computer name, or unable to find computer address Cisco# cl? clear clock Cisco# clock % Incomplete command. Cisco# clock ? set Set the time and date Cisco# clock set % Incomplete command. Cisco# clock set ? hh:mm:ss Current Time
4. . , ( 13.18). 13.18.
Cisco# clock set 19:50:00 % Incomplete command. Cisco# clock set 19:50:00 ? Day of the month MONTH Month of the year Cisco# clock set 19:50:00 14 7 ^ % Invalid input detected at '^' marker. Cisco# clock set 19:50:00 14 July % Incomplete command.
. 655
656
II. CCNA2:
Cisco# clock set 19:50:00 14 July ? Year Cisco# clock set 19:50:00 14 July 2003 Cisco#
1. , + ( ). ?. . 2. ^ , . ^ . , , ?. 3. , , . , ^. , . .
Cisco IOS , , , . , , . 13.3. , , , . terminal no editing . , . , . , . +. . , +.. 656 13. 13.3. + + + + + + !657 . 13.3 13.4 . , : , , Telnet DOS; CCNA , . , . 13.19 , . , . $ , , . , , . 13.19. , Cisco>$ value for our customers, employees, investors, and partners Cisco IOS , . +. EXEC . , , . . :. 657658 II. CCNA2: ; ; . , , . , , terminal history size history size. , , 256. . 13.4 . 13.4. + , ( ), () , ( ), + show history terminal history [size _] terminal no editing terminal editing , , , +. , . + +. . , . (.. ), . . , .. 658 13. 659 2.2.9. . . , , . : , . . , ^. , , . .router#clock set 13:32:00 23 February 04 ^ % Invalid input detected at '^' marker. ^ , 04. , , , (?).router#clock set 13:32:00 23 February ? Year router#clock set 13:32:00 23 February ( , ).router#clock set 13:32:00 23 February 2004 , .. 659660 II. CCNA2: show version show version IOS, . . : Cisco IOS ; ; ; ; ; ; ; . : HyperTerminal; ; ; ; ; Cisco IOS; ROM , Cisco IOS; show version show flash Cisco IOS, Flash ; , , (CLI). , , : (e Lab), , (PhotoZoom). , .. 660 13. 661 Cisco IOS (Internetwork Operating System, Cisco IOS Cisco). Cisco , . Flash , . (Command Line Interface CLI) , . (daughter card) , ( ) . Flash (flash memory) , , . Flash Intel . BIOS, . Flash , , . (Light Emitting Diode LED) , . . NVRAM (NonVolatile RAM ) , . (Power On Self Test POST) , . , , , . , .. 661662 II. CCNA2: 1. ? ) NVRAM, . ) , . ) , , . 2. ? ) +. ) +. ) +. 3. , HyperTerminal . ) BAUD None. ) DATA BITS 1. ) PARITY 8. ) STOP BITS 9600. ) FLOW CONTROL None. 4. , ? ) Cisco IOS . ) Cisco IOS . 5. , ? ) Flash . ) Flash . 6. ? ) + . ) + . ) + . ) + . ) + . ) + .. 662 13. 6637. ? ) . ) + . ) + . ) show history . ) terminal history size # . ) terminal editing . ) no terminal editing . 8. Cisco IOS? ) , . ) Cisco IOS . ) . ) . 9. , ? ) Cisco IOS ROM . ) Cisco IOS . ) Cisco IOS Web . ) NVRAM boot system. 10. Cisco IOS show version? ) . ) . ) Flash . ) . 11. Cisco IOS? ) . ) Flash .. 663664 II. CCNA2: ) TFTP . ) .12. ? ) exit. ) no config mode. ) +. ) +. 13. ? ) router(config)#. ) router(config in)#. ) router(config intf)#. ) router(config if)#. 14. Cisco IOS? ) CLI. ) TCP/IP. ) OSPF. ) OSI. 15. Cisco ? ) . ) . ) . ) . 16. Cisco? ) . ) . ) . ) Root.. 664 14 ..., ; , ; , show; ; Ethernet ; , ; , ; , ; ; , ; , ; . , : , . 667, , . 667, , . 670, NVRAM, . 671, , . 683.. 665666 II. CCNA2: , Cisco IOS , . , . , , : (e Lab), , (PhotoZoom). , . , . , . , , . IOS : ; . , . : - . . . 14.1 . . . . , ( ). ! , . , , .. 666 14. 14.1. 667access-enable atmsig d clear connect dir disable disconnect enable exit help lat lock login logout mrinfo mstat mtrace name-connection pad ping ppp pwd resume rlogin ATM ( ) LAT () X.29 PAD IETF (PPP) rlogin . 667668 II. CCNA2: . 14.1show slip systat telnet terminal tn3270 traceroute tunnel where x3 xremote SLIP telnet TN3270 X.3 / (PAD) Xremote (privileged mode) EXEC- enable ( en):Router>enable Password: Router>en Password: . ?, . . 14.2 . , . 14.2. access-enable access-template appn atmsig bfe APPN ATM . 668 14. 669 . 14.2calendar cd clear clock cmt configure connect copy debug delete dir disable disconnect enable erase exit format help lat lock login logout mbranch mrbranch mrinfo FDDI (. undebug) Flash EXEC LAT EXEC . 669670 II. CCNA2: . 14.2mstat mtrace name-connection ncia pad ping ppp pwd reload resume rlogin rsh sdlc send setup show slip squeeze start-chat systat tarp telnet terminal test tn3270 NCIA X.29 PAD IETF (PPP) rlogin SDLC tty setup SLIP (Target ID Resolution Process) telnet , TN3270. 670 14. 671 . 14.2traceroute tunnel undebug undelete verify where which route write x3 xremote (. debug) Flash OSI , X.3 PAD Xremote , , . configure. : , . . . , . . 14.3 , . exit. +, EXEC . 14.1 .. 671672 II. CCNA2: 14.3. IPX Router(config if)# Router(config subif)# Router(config controller)# Router(config map list)# Router(config map class)# Router(config line)# Router(config router)# Router(config ipx router)# Router(config route map)# 14.1. , Router# configure terminal Router(config)# ! Router(config)# exit Router# Router#configure terminal Router(config)# router protocol Router(config-router)# ! Router(config-router)# exit Router(config)#interface type port Router(config-if)# ! Router(config-if)# exit Router(config)# exit Router# : telnet- . . (ROM monitor) . : , (IOS). , . : Rommon>. (setup mode) , . 672 14. 673. , , , . . , . , setup . , , ( NVRAM) . RXBoot , . RXBoot Cisco IOS, (streamlined setup mode). , . , . , , Flash- Cisco IOS Software. : . . 14.4 , . 14.4. , configure terminal configure memory copy tftp running config show running config copy running config startup config copy running config tftp show startup config erase startup config (NVRAM) TFTP , TFTP , Cisco IOS 11.0 , . 14.1.. 673674 II. CCNA2: config term show running configshow startup config erase startup config config memoryNVRAM copy tftp startup configcopy running config startup configOcopy tftp running config copy running config tftp TFTP ( IP). 14.1. , , , 14.2. 14.2. Router(config)#hostname SunDevils SunDevils(config)# . (global configuration mode), (hostname) . , Router. 14.1.2. . . . . . 674 14. 675 . EXEC . enable password. . , , enable secret. , , enable password. . line console 0. , . . telnet . . 0 4 . , telnet. . , . . telnet line vty 0 4. 14.3 . , enable secret, ; , , , , , , . service password-encryption. . , , enable secret, . service password-encryption : , , , . 14.3. ! Router(config)# line console 0 Router(config-line)# login Router(config-line)# password Cisco ! Router(config)# line vty 0 4. 675676 II. CCNA2: Router(config-line)# login Router(config-line)# password Cisco ! Router(config)# enable password san fran ! Router(config)# enable secret [] ! Router(config)# service password encryption ! Router(config)# no service password encryption 14.1.3. , . show show, ; . show ? . . 14.5 show. 14.5. show show interfaces . , show interfaces . :Router# show interfaces serial 1show controllers serial show clock show hosts show users show history show flash show version , , Flash Cisco IOS, Cisco IOS Software, (RAM). 676 14. 677 . 14.5show arp show protocol show startup configuration show running configuration ARP , (NVRAM) , (RAM) 14.4 14.6 show protocol, show version show interfaces. 14.4. showprotocolRouter# show protocols Global values: Internet Protocol routing is enabled DECnet routing is enabled XNS routing is enabled Vines routing is enabled AppleTalk routing is enabled Novell routing is enabled --More-Ethernet0 is up, line protocol is up Internet address is 183.8.126.2, subnet mask is 255.255.255.128 DECnet cost is 5 XNS address is 3010.aa00.0400.0284 CLNS enabled Vines metric is 32 AppleTalk address is 3012.93, zone ld-e0 Novell address is 3010.aa00.0400.0284 --More 14.5. showversionRouter# show version Cisco Internetwork Operating System Software IOS (tm) 4500 Software (C4500-J-M). Version 12.1.5 Copyright (c) 1986-1996 by Cisco Systems, Inc. Compiled Fri 28-Jun-96 16:32 by rbeach Image text-base: 0x600088A0, data-base: 0x6076E000 ROM: System Bootstrap, Version 5.1(1) RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1) ROM: 4500-XBOOT Bootstrap Software, Version 10.1(1) RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1) router uptime is 1 week, 3 days, 32 minutes System restarted by reload System image file is c4500-j-mz, booted via tftp from 171.69.1.129 --More--. 677678 II. CCNA2: interfaces 14.6. showRouter# show interfaces Serial0 is up, line protocol is up Hardware is MK5025 Internet address is 183.8.64.129, subnet mask is 255.255.255.128 MTU 1500 bytes, BW 56 kbit, DLY 20000 usec, rely 255/255. load 9/255 Encapsulation HDLC, loopback not set, keepalive set (10 sec) Last input 0:00:00, output 0:00:01, output hang never Last clearing of show interfaces counters never Output queue 0/40, 0 drops, input queue 0/75, 0 drops Five minute input rate 1000 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec 331885 packets input, 62400237 bytes, no buffer Received 230457 broadcasts, 0 runts, 0 giants 3 input errors, 3 CRC, 0 frame, 0 overrun, 0ignored, 0 abort 403591 packets output, 66717279 bytes, 0 underruns 0 output errors, 0 collisions, 8 interface resets, 0 restarts 45 carrier transitions 14.1.4. show show. show . . . (DCE), , (CSU) , (DSU). Cisco (DTE), DCE . DCE (.. ) . clockrate. : 1200, 2400, 9600, 19 200, 38 400, 56 000, 64 000, 72 000, 125 000, 148 000, 500 000, 800 000, 1 000 000, 1 300 000, 2 000 000 4 000 000. , , . , ( 14.7).. 678 14. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. . . IP . ( ) (DCE) ( DTE ). .679 6. 14.7. Router# configure terminal Router(config)# interface serial 1/0 Router(config-if)# ip address 10.0.0.1 255.255.255.0 Router(config-if)# bandwidth 56 Router(config-if)# clockrate 56000 Router(config-if)# no shutdown . no shutdown. , , . shutdown. :Router(config-if)# shutdown .Router(config-if)# no shutdown :Router(config-if)# exit 14.1.6. , . . , , . 679680 II. CCNA2: , no shutdown. show running-config. . , : no; ; erase startup-configuration, . :Router# copy running configuration startup configuration . 14.6 , Cisco IOS 11. . 14.6. , Cisco IOS 11. configure memory erase startup config copy running config startup config (NVRAM) (NVRAM) , ( ) ( ) , show startup config 14.1.6. . , . Ethernet-Ethernet . Ethernet IP .. 680 14. 681 Ethernet , ( 14.8): 1. 2. 3. 4. . . IP . . 14.8. Ethernet-Router# configure terminal Router(config)# interface e0 Router(config-if)# ip address 192.168.1.150 255.255.255.128 Router(config-if)# no shutdown . no shutdown. , , . shutdown. 14.1.7. Ethernet Ethernet FastEthernet . , . , , . . . , . MOTD . . . . , .. 681682 II. CCNA2: , . , , . . , . , , . , , , , . , , . . , . , , , . . , ( 14.9). 1. 2. , configure terminal. (, Ethernet 0), interface ethernet 0. description, (, XYZ Network, Building 10). , +. , copy running-config startup-config. 3. 4. 5.. 682 14. 14.9. - 683Router(config)# interface ethernet 0 Router(config-if)# description SkyDome LAN Communication Building Router(config-if)# exit ! Ethernet0 show: description SkyDome LAN Communication Building ip address 198.133.215.1 255.255.255.0 14.2.3. ., , (login banner), , . , , , . , , . . , , , . , This is a secure system, authorized access only! ( , !) , . 14.10 , . 14.10. , Tokyo con0 is now available Press RETURN to get started. This is a secure system. Authorized Access ONLY!!! User Access Verification Password: Tokyo>enable Password: Tokyo#. 683684 II. CCNA2: (Message Of The Day MOTD) , , . MOTD . banner motd, , #, 14.11. . 1. 2. 3. , configure terminal. banner motd # The message of the day goes here # . , copy running-configuration startup-configuration copy run start. 14.11. Tokyo(config)# banner motd # You have entered a secure system, authorized access ONLY! # 14.2.5. , , . . , . , , , telnet ping , . , , IP , , , IP . IP (host table). . IP . Cisco IOS EXEC . . (DNS ), ,