Programming for Programming for ArtistsArtists

ART 315ART 315

Dr J R ParkerDr J R Parker

ArtDigital Media LabArtDigital Media Lab

Lec 02 Fall 2010Lec 02 Fall 2010

2

Instructor (ME)Dr Jim ParkerSpecialty Digital media video games

animationOffice AB606 LAB AB611

jparkerucalgaryca

httpwwwucalgaryca~jparker315

2

Instructor (ME)Dr Jim ParkerSpecialty Digital media video games

animationOffice AB606 LAB AB611

jparkerucalgaryca

httpwwwucalgaryca~jparker315

3

Programming

[W]e do science when we reconstruct in the language of logic what we have seen and experienced We do art when we communicate through forms whose connections are not accessible to the conscious mind yet we intuitively recognise them as something meaningful

After a certain level of technological skill is achieved science and art tend to coalesce in aesthetic plasticity and form The greater scientists are artists as well

4

Programming

Albert Einstein

Many programmers believe themselves to be artists and believe that programming is an art

This seems a stretch

5

Programming

I would describe programming as a craft which is a kind of art but not a fine art Craft means making useful objects with perhaps decorative touches Fine art means making things purely for their beauty

Richard Stallman (founder of the GNU Project

and the Free Software Foundation)

6

Assignment

Read

Computer Programming as an ArtDon Knuth 1974 (link on web page)

So Is computer programming an art

7

Who CaresA computer is a tool

We can make cool things with good tools and a properly configured computer is a good tool

To make a computer do your bidding you need to know how to program it

8

Programmers Make Mediocre Tools

First I am a programmer I am willing to accept the criticism here

Tools for artists include paint photoshop illustrator and maya

Are these good tools (or simply what there is)

9

Mediocre Tools hellipArtists used to make their own tools their own

paints mix their own colours

hellip because the paints are our tools and we know about them

Photoshop is built by programmers and uses their paradigms for manipulating images They build OK tools for using computers not for drawing or for composing music

10

Tools

So we (some of us) need to make better tools for the rest

Next We can add or create functionality to our computer that is unique to our work and that requires us to make the computer do new things

11

Generative ArtArt that has been generated

composed or constructed in an algorithmic manner through the use of systems defined by computer software algorithms or similar mathematical or mechanical or randomised autonomous processes (Wikipedia)

12

Casey Reas Process 6 2005 httpwwwreascom

4

Programming

Albert Einstein

Many programmers believe themselves to be artists and believe that programming is an art

This seems a stretch

5

Programming

I would describe programming as a craft which is a kind of art but not a fine art Craft means making useful objects with perhaps decorative touches Fine art means making things purely for their beauty

Richard Stallman (founder of the GNU Project

and the Free Software Foundation)

6

Assignment

Read

Computer Programming as an ArtDon Knuth 1974 (link on web page)

So Is computer programming an art

7

Who CaresA computer is a tool

We can make cool things with good tools and a properly configured computer is a good tool

To make a computer do your bidding you need to know how to program it

8

Programmers Make Mediocre Tools

First I am a programmer I am willing to accept the criticism here

Tools for artists include paint photoshop illustrator and maya

Are these good tools (or simply what there is)

9

Mediocre Tools hellipArtists used to make their own tools their own

paints mix their own colours

hellip because the paints are our tools and we know about them

Photoshop is built by programmers and uses their paradigms for manipulating images They build OK tools for using computers not for drawing or for composing music

10

Tools

So we (some of us) need to make better tools for the rest

Next We can add or create functionality to our computer that is unique to our work and that requires us to make the computer do new things

11

Generative ArtArt that has been generated

composed or constructed in an algorithmic manner through the use of systems defined by computer software algorithms or similar mathematical or mechanical or randomised autonomous processes (Wikipedia)

12

Casey Reas Process 6 2005 httpwwwreascom

5

Programming

I would describe programming as a craft which is a kind of art but not a fine art Craft means making useful objects with perhaps decorative touches Fine art means making things purely for their beauty

Richard Stallman (founder of the GNU Project

and the Free Software Foundation)

6

Assignment

Read

Computer Programming as an ArtDon Knuth 1974 (link on web page)

So Is computer programming an art

7

Who CaresA computer is a tool

We can make cool things with good tools and a properly configured computer is a good tool

To make a computer do your bidding you need to know how to program it

8

Programmers Make Mediocre Tools

First I am a programmer I am willing to accept the criticism here

Tools for artists include paint photoshop illustrator and maya

Are these good tools (or simply what there is)

9

Mediocre Tools hellipArtists used to make their own tools their own

paints mix their own colours

hellip because the paints are our tools and we know about them

Photoshop is built by programmers and uses their paradigms for manipulating images They build OK tools for using computers not for drawing or for composing music

10

Tools

So we (some of us) need to make better tools for the rest

Next We can add or create functionality to our computer that is unique to our work and that requires us to make the computer do new things

11

Generative ArtArt that has been generated

composed or constructed in an algorithmic manner through the use of systems defined by computer software algorithms or similar mathematical or mechanical or randomised autonomous processes (Wikipedia)

12

Casey Reas Process 6 2005 httpwwwreascom

6

Assignment

Read

Computer Programming as an ArtDon Knuth 1974 (link on web page)

So Is computer programming an art

7

Who CaresA computer is a tool

We can make cool things with good tools and a properly configured computer is a good tool

To make a computer do your bidding you need to know how to program it

8

Programmers Make Mediocre Tools

First I am a programmer I am willing to accept the criticism here

Tools for artists include paint photoshop illustrator and maya

Are these good tools (or simply what there is)

9

Mediocre Tools hellipArtists used to make their own tools their own

paints mix their own colours

hellip because the paints are our tools and we know about them

Photoshop is built by programmers and uses their paradigms for manipulating images They build OK tools for using computers not for drawing or for composing music

10

Tools

So we (some of us) need to make better tools for the rest

Next We can add or create functionality to our computer that is unique to our work and that requires us to make the computer do new things

11

Generative ArtArt that has been generated

composed or constructed in an algorithmic manner through the use of systems defined by computer software algorithms or similar mathematical or mechanical or randomised autonomous processes (Wikipedia)

12

Casey Reas Process 6 2005 httpwwwreascom

7

Who CaresA computer is a tool

We can make cool things with good tools and a properly configured computer is a good tool

To make a computer do your bidding you need to know how to program it

8

Programmers Make Mediocre Tools

First I am a programmer I am willing to accept the criticism here

Tools for artists include paint photoshop illustrator and maya

Are these good tools (or simply what there is)

9

Mediocre Tools hellipArtists used to make their own tools their own

paints mix their own colours

hellip because the paints are our tools and we know about them

Photoshop is built by programmers and uses their paradigms for manipulating images They build OK tools for using computers not for drawing or for composing music

10

Tools

So we (some of us) need to make better tools for the rest

Next We can add or create functionality to our computer that is unique to our work and that requires us to make the computer do new things

11

Generative ArtArt that has been generated

composed or constructed in an algorithmic manner through the use of systems defined by computer software algorithms or similar mathematical or mechanical or randomised autonomous processes (Wikipedia)

12

Casey Reas Process 6 2005 httpwwwreascom

8

Programmers Make Mediocre Tools

First I am a programmer I am willing to accept the criticism here

Tools for artists include paint photoshop illustrator and maya

Are these good tools (or simply what there is)

9

Mediocre Tools hellipArtists used to make their own tools their own

paints mix their own colours

hellip because the paints are our tools and we know about them

Photoshop is built by programmers and uses their paradigms for manipulating images They build OK tools for using computers not for drawing or for composing music

10

Tools

So we (some of us) need to make better tools for the rest

Next We can add or create functionality to our computer that is unique to our work and that requires us to make the computer do new things

11

Generative ArtArt that has been generated

composed or constructed in an algorithmic manner through the use of systems defined by computer software algorithms or similar mathematical or mechanical or randomised autonomous processes (Wikipedia)

12

Casey Reas Process 6 2005 httpwwwreascom

9

Mediocre Tools hellipArtists used to make their own tools their own

paints mix their own colours

hellip because the paints are our tools and we know about them

Photoshop is built by programmers and uses their paradigms for manipulating images They build OK tools for using computers not for drawing or for composing music

10

Tools

So we (some of us) need to make better tools for the rest

Next We can add or create functionality to our computer that is unique to our work and that requires us to make the computer do new things

11

Generative ArtArt that has been generated

composed or constructed in an algorithmic manner through the use of systems defined by computer software algorithms or similar mathematical or mechanical or randomised autonomous processes (Wikipedia)

12

Casey Reas Process 6 2005 httpwwwreascom

10

Tools

So we (some of us) need to make better tools for the rest

Next We can add or create functionality to our computer that is unique to our work and that requires us to make the computer do new things

11

Generative ArtArt that has been generated

composed or constructed in an algorithmic manner through the use of systems defined by computer software algorithms or similar mathematical or mechanical or randomised autonomous processes (Wikipedia)

12

Casey Reas Process 6 2005 httpwwwreascom

11

Generative ArtArt that has been generated

composed or constructed in an algorithmic manner through the use of systems defined by computer software algorithms or similar mathematical or mechanical or randomised autonomous processes (Wikipedia)

12

Casey Reas Process 6 2005 httpwwwreascom

12

Casey Reas Process 6 2005 httpwwwreascom

13

Marius Watz System_C 2004 httpsystemcunlekkernet

14

Lia re-moveorg

15

Ben Fry Anemone

16

Golan Levin AVES

17

Martin Wattenberg Shape of Song

18

MethodsWersquoll look at more artists and

images later

meanwhile

Howrsquod they make these What is generative art and how does it differ from what Iwe do now

19

PaintingCan be rendering a real object

20

Painting

Can be creation of a more pure emotion

21

Key Question

The important issue for this class is How does one do it

For many artists a lot of time is spent on doing some on planning not much on thinking how

In generative art how is critical

22

AlgorithmAn interesting word sometimes scary

for those who know it (because of how you were taught)

Named after al Khwarizmi (the [man] of Khwarizm) a nickname of the 9th century Persian astronomer and mathematician Abu Jafar Muhammand ibn Musa who authored many texts on arithmetic and algebra He worked in Baghdad and his nickname alludes to his place of origin in present-day Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan

23

AlgorithmBorn 780 died about 850 The treatise Hisab al-jabr wal-muqabala is the first book

to be written on algebra (and gives us the word)

24

AlgorithmldquoA step-by-step problem-solving procedure

especially an established recursive computational procedure for solving a problem in a finite number of stepsrdquo helliphelliphellip poor

ldquoan algorithm is an effective method for solving a problem expressed as a finite sequence of instructions ldquo hellip better

ldquoAn algorithm is a specific set of instructions for carrying out a procedure or solving a problem usually with the requirement that the procedure terminate at some pointrdquo hellip best so far

25

AlgorithmSo when I asked how I was

requesting an algorithm

Generative art and much other computer mediated artwork requires a deal of prior thought on how the work is to be created

One wants an algorithm

26

Algorithms

The connotation of algorithm is mathematical but it need not be

It does require precision mostly At least in the statement of the algorithm A setof instructions is to be followed and so should be written so that they can be implemented

27

Algorithmfunction divide(x y)Input Two n-bit integers x and y where y 1Output The quotient and remainder of x divided by yif x = 0 return (q r) = (0 0)(q r) = divide(bx=2c y)q = 2 q r = 2 rif x is odd r = r + 1if r y r = r 1048576 y q = q + 1return (q r)

This is not how we will do things

28

AlgorithmSadly some formal way of specifying the algorithm is needed The machine doing the work canrsquot read your mind

window (0100)-(0100) for n=1 to 4 p(n)=(rnd100) next nline(p1p2)-(p3p4)

(1)Identify two random points on a 100 unit square plane

(2)Draw a line connecting these two points

More on this later

29

Algorithm

The algorithm is a basic specification in a human language

To make it do something the algorithm must be expressed in such a way that a machine can actually Executeimplementcarry out each step

The most common way to do this is as a special lsquolanguagersquo a collection of symbols in which each symbol is unambiguous and in which it is possible to express intentions clearly and unambiguously

English is bad for this

30

PrecisionFidelityIn art precision is not of great

importance

High fidelity VS low fidelity

31

What is important is that the work that results conveys the artistrsquos intention

In technical computer work the result must accurately represent the algorithm which in turn must represent a process to be studied or emulated

32

The precision needed for an algorithm to be specified and to be successfully translated into an implementable description can interfere with the artistrsquos intention

Does an artist ever want to draw a line between (1010) and (9090)

hellip and what does this mean anyhow

33

HistoryLook at

httpwwwslidesharenetvisualrinsehistory-of-generative-and-computer-art

There is really no definitive history and what I show here is the briefest of summaries

34

HistoryThe use of algorithms dates from prehistoric

times Study of the stone circles at Stonehenge (c 2000 BC) reveals an algorithmic arrangement based on phases of the moon and the annual movement of the sun

35

History

Architectural plans musical scores and dance notations bear one feature in common - they are all recipes for carrying out a task From this perspective a broad range of notational systems can be viewed and studied as algorithmic procedure

httpwwwverostkocomalgorithmhtml

36

1960s

George Brecht 1961

GB published a set of 50 cards to be given to each participant Each card held an instruction to be performed with a vehicle Vehicles with drivers were instructed to assemble at sundown in a parking lot and randomly park their vehicles Then each driver with a shuffled deck of instructions performed 50 events such as turn on lights start engine stop engine open window This work was performed at St Vincent College under the direction of Stephen Joy in 1963

37

1950s

Ben LaposkyFirst () graphic images generated by an electronic machine Laposky (a mathematician and artist from Cherokee Iowa) manipulated electronic beams across the face of an oscilloscope and then recorded the patterns using hihg-speed film color filters and special camera lensesHe called his oscillographic artworks oscillons and electronic abstractions

38

1960s

Manfred Mohr The fundamental view that machines should not be considered as a challenge to humanity but like McLuhan predicted as an extension of ourselves is the basic philosophy when becoming involved with technology httpwwwatariarchivesorgartistsec27php

39

1960s

Frieder Nake Along with George Nees Max Bensersquos student Frieder Nake was in 1965 among the first programmers to give the general public an opportunity of scrutinizing freely designed computer graphics produced on digital computers The graphics were based on the interplay between a macro-aesthetic structure a micro-aesthetic details and mediating random numbers Hommage agrave Paul Klee 13965 Nr21965

40

1960s

Georg Nees Georg Nees was arguably the first world-wide to show his digital art Studied mathematics physics and philosophy in Erlangen and Stuttgart (D) He has been producing computer graphics sculptures and films since 1964

41

1960s

A Michael Noll A Michael Noll is one of the earliest pioneers to use a digital computer to create patterns and animations solely for their artistic and aesthetic value His first computer art was created at Bell Labs in Murray Hill New Jersey during the Summer of 1962

httpwwwciticolumbiaeduamnollCompArtExampleshtml

42

1960s

Manfred R Schroeder My interest in computer graphics was

awakened by the late Leon Harmon and Ken Knowlton Our aim then (in the early 1960s) was to use computers for creating images that could not otherwise be drawn or painted More specifically we wanted to generate pictures that would be perceived as totally different depending on the viewing distance Thus my prize-winning One Picture is Worth a Thousand Words would just look like printed letters and English text from nearby But at intermediate viewing distances One Picture appeared to be a weaving pattern and finally from afar it would look like a human eye looking at you

43

1970s

Harold Cohen The Robot as an ArtistldquoAaron began its existence some time in the mid-seventies in my attempt to answer what seemed then but turned out not to be a simple question What are the minimum conditions under which a set of marks functions as an image httpwwwaaaiorgAITopicspmwikipmwikiphpAITopicsArthistory-art

44

1970sDavid Em - JPL artist-in-residence leading to

the first ever artists monograph published on digital art ( The Art of David Em published by Harry N Abrams)

45

1970s

Larry Cuba is widely recognized as a pioneer in the use of computers in animation art and was one of the hybrid artisttechnologists Producing his first computer animation in 1974 Cuba was at the forefront of the computer-animation artists

46

1980sThe first algorithmic brush strokes executed with an oriental brush mounted on a pen plotter were achieved in 1987 with an HI DMP52 pen plotter

This is one of a series attempting to achieve spontaneity and expressive energy as found in Chinese Shufa

47

1990s

Charles Csuri The fundamental view that machines should not be considered as a challenge to humanity but like McLuhan predicted as an extension of ourselves is the basic Lines in Space 1966

48

1990s

Yoichiro Kawaguchi was born on Tanegashima Island in 1952 He received his Master of Fine Arts from Tokyo University of Education in 1978 Currently he is Associate Professor of Computer Graphics Art at Art amp Science Lab Department of Art Nippon Electronics College Tokyo

49

2000s

Kenneth Knowlton

A pentomino consists of five squares joined along edges there are 12 This picture contains 27 of each kind Since Golomb introduced them in 1953 he has been committed to their care and feeding They have led to thousands of puzzles and problems

50

A turning pointWhen computer power becomes

easily available to all including artists and musicians then the convergence of informatics and the arts really begins

There is a democratization that occurs at about 1984

19

PaintingCan be rendering a real object

20

Painting

Can be creation of a more pure emotion

21

Key Question

The important issue for this class is How does one do it

For many artists a lot of time is spent on doing some on planning not much on thinking how

In generative art how is critical

22

AlgorithmAn interesting word sometimes scary

for those who know it (because of how you were taught)

Named after al Khwarizmi (the [man] of Khwarizm) a nickname of the 9th century Persian astronomer and mathematician Abu Jafar Muhammand ibn Musa who authored many texts on arithmetic and algebra He worked in Baghdad and his nickname alludes to his place of origin in present-day Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan

23

AlgorithmBorn 780 died about 850 The treatise Hisab al-jabr wal-muqabala is the first book

to be written on algebra (and gives us the word)

24

AlgorithmldquoA step-by-step problem-solving procedure

especially an established recursive computational procedure for solving a problem in a finite number of stepsrdquo helliphelliphellip poor

ldquoan algorithm is an effective method for solving a problem expressed as a finite sequence of instructions ldquo hellip better

ldquoAn algorithm is a specific set of instructions for carrying out a procedure or solving a problem usually with the requirement that the procedure terminate at some pointrdquo hellip best so far

25

AlgorithmSo when I asked how I was

requesting an algorithm

Generative art and much other computer mediated artwork requires a deal of prior thought on how the work is to be created

One wants an algorithm

26

Algorithms

The connotation of algorithm is mathematical but it need not be

It does require precision mostly At least in the statement of the algorithm A setof instructions is to be followed and so should be written so that they can be implemented

27

Algorithmfunction divide(x y)Input Two n-bit integers x and y where y 1Output The quotient and remainder of x divided by yif x = 0 return (q r) = (0 0)(q r) = divide(bx=2c y)q = 2 q r = 2 rif x is odd r = r + 1if r y r = r 1048576 y q = q + 1return (q r)

This is not how we will do things

28

AlgorithmSadly some formal way of specifying the algorithm is needed The machine doing the work canrsquot read your mind

window (0100)-(0100) for n=1 to 4 p(n)=(rnd100) next nline(p1p2)-(p3p4)

(1)Identify two random points on a 100 unit square plane

(2)Draw a line connecting these two points

More on this later

29

Algorithm

The algorithm is a basic specification in a human language

To make it do something the algorithm must be expressed in such a way that a machine can actually Executeimplementcarry out each step

The most common way to do this is as a special lsquolanguagersquo a collection of symbols in which each symbol is unambiguous and in which it is possible to express intentions clearly and unambiguously

English is bad for this

30

PrecisionFidelityIn art precision is not of great

importance

High fidelity VS low fidelity

31

What is important is that the work that results conveys the artistrsquos intention

In technical computer work the result must accurately represent the algorithm which in turn must represent a process to be studied or emulated

32

The precision needed for an algorithm to be specified and to be successfully translated into an implementable description can interfere with the artistrsquos intention

Does an artist ever want to draw a line between (1010) and (9090)

hellip and what does this mean anyhow

33

HistoryLook at

httpwwwslidesharenetvisualrinsehistory-of-generative-and-computer-art

There is really no definitive history and what I show here is the briefest of summaries

34

HistoryThe use of algorithms dates from prehistoric

times Study of the stone circles at Stonehenge (c 2000 BC) reveals an algorithmic arrangement based on phases of the moon and the annual movement of the sun

35

History

Architectural plans musical scores and dance notations bear one feature in common - they are all recipes for carrying out a task From this perspective a broad range of notational systems can be viewed and studied as algorithmic procedure

httpwwwverostkocomalgorithmhtml

36

1960s

George Brecht 1961

GB published a set of 50 cards to be given to each participant Each card held an instruction to be performed with a vehicle Vehicles with drivers were instructed to assemble at sundown in a parking lot and randomly park their vehicles Then each driver with a shuffled deck of instructions performed 50 events such as turn on lights start engine stop engine open window This work was performed at St Vincent College under the direction of Stephen Joy in 1963

37

1950s

Ben LaposkyFirst () graphic images generated by an electronic machine Laposky (a mathematician and artist from Cherokee Iowa) manipulated electronic beams across the face of an oscilloscope and then recorded the patterns using hihg-speed film color filters and special camera lensesHe called his oscillographic artworks oscillons and electronic abstractions

38

1960s

Manfred Mohr The fundamental view that machines should not be considered as a challenge to humanity but like McLuhan predicted as an extension of ourselves is the basic philosophy when becoming involved with technology httpwwwatariarchivesorgartistsec27php

39

1960s

Frieder Nake Along with George Nees Max Bensersquos student Frieder Nake was in 1965 among the first programmers to give the general public an opportunity of scrutinizing freely designed computer graphics produced on digital computers The graphics were based on the interplay between a macro-aesthetic structure a micro-aesthetic details and mediating random numbers Hommage agrave Paul Klee 13965 Nr21965

40

1960s

Georg Nees Georg Nees was arguably the first world-wide to show his digital art Studied mathematics physics and philosophy in Erlangen and Stuttgart (D) He has been producing computer graphics sculptures and films since 1964

41

1960s

A Michael Noll A Michael Noll is one of the earliest pioneers to use a digital computer to create patterns and animations solely for their artistic and aesthetic value His first computer art was created at Bell Labs in Murray Hill New Jersey during the Summer of 1962

httpwwwciticolumbiaeduamnollCompArtExampleshtml

42

1960s

Manfred R Schroeder My interest in computer graphics was

awakened by the late Leon Harmon and Ken Knowlton Our aim then (in the early 1960s) was to use computers for creating images that could not otherwise be drawn or painted More specifically we wanted to generate pictures that would be perceived as totally different depending on the viewing distance Thus my prize-winning One Picture is Worth a Thousand Words would just look like printed letters and English text from nearby But at intermediate viewing distances One Picture appeared to be a weaving pattern and finally from afar it would look like a human eye looking at you

43

1970s

Harold Cohen The Robot as an ArtistldquoAaron began its existence some time in the mid-seventies in my attempt to answer what seemed then but turned out not to be a simple question What are the minimum conditions under which a set of marks functions as an image httpwwwaaaiorgAITopicspmwikipmwikiphpAITopicsArthistory-art

44

1970sDavid Em - JPL artist-in-residence leading to

the first ever artists monograph published on digital art ( The Art of David Em published by Harry N Abrams)

45

1970s

Larry Cuba is widely recognized as a pioneer in the use of computers in animation art and was one of the hybrid artisttechnologists Producing his first computer animation in 1974 Cuba was at the forefront of the computer-animation artists

46

1980sThe first algorithmic brush strokes executed with an oriental brush mounted on a pen plotter were achieved in 1987 with an HI DMP52 pen plotter

This is one of a series attempting to achieve spontaneity and expressive energy as found in Chinese Shufa

47

1990s

Charles Csuri The fundamental view that machines should not be considered as a challenge to humanity but like McLuhan predicted as an extension of ourselves is the basic Lines in Space 1966

48

1990s

Yoichiro Kawaguchi was born on Tanegashima Island in 1952 He received his Master of Fine Arts from Tokyo University of Education in 1978 Currently he is Associate Professor of Computer Graphics Art at Art amp Science Lab Department of Art Nippon Electronics College Tokyo

49

2000s

Kenneth Knowlton

A pentomino consists of five squares joined along edges there are 12 This picture contains 27 of each kind Since Golomb introduced them in 1953 he has been committed to their care and feeding They have led to thousands of puzzles and problems

50

A turning pointWhen computer power becomes

easily available to all including artists and musicians then the convergence of informatics and the arts really begins

There is a democratization that occurs at about 1984

20

Painting

Can be creation of a more pure emotion

21

Key Question

The important issue for this class is How does one do it

For many artists a lot of time is spent on doing some on planning not much on thinking how

In generative art how is critical

22

AlgorithmAn interesting word sometimes scary

for those who know it (because of how you were taught)

Named after al Khwarizmi (the [man] of Khwarizm) a nickname of the 9th century Persian astronomer and mathematician Abu Jafar Muhammand ibn Musa who authored many texts on arithmetic and algebra He worked in Baghdad and his nickname alludes to his place of origin in present-day Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan

23

AlgorithmBorn 780 died about 850 The treatise Hisab al-jabr wal-muqabala is the first book

to be written on algebra (and gives us the word)

24

AlgorithmldquoA step-by-step problem-solving procedure

especially an established recursive computational procedure for solving a problem in a finite number of stepsrdquo helliphelliphellip poor

ldquoan algorithm is an effective method for solving a problem expressed as a finite sequence of instructions ldquo hellip better

ldquoAn algorithm is a specific set of instructions for carrying out a procedure or solving a problem usually with the requirement that the procedure terminate at some pointrdquo hellip best so far

25

AlgorithmSo when I asked how I was

requesting an algorithm

Generative art and much other computer mediated artwork requires a deal of prior thought on how the work is to be created

One wants an algorithm

26

Algorithms

The connotation of algorithm is mathematical but it need not be

It does require precision mostly At least in the statement of the algorithm A setof instructions is to be followed and so should be written so that they can be implemented

27

Algorithmfunction divide(x y)Input Two n-bit integers x and y where y 1Output The quotient and remainder of x divided by yif x = 0 return (q r) = (0 0)(q r) = divide(bx=2c y)q = 2 q r = 2 rif x is odd r = r + 1if r y r = r 1048576 y q = q + 1return (q r)

This is not how we will do things

28

AlgorithmSadly some formal way of specifying the algorithm is needed The machine doing the work canrsquot read your mind

window (0100)-(0100) for n=1 to 4 p(n)=(rnd100) next nline(p1p2)-(p3p4)

(1)Identify two random points on a 100 unit square plane

(2)Draw a line connecting these two points

More on this later

29

Algorithm

The algorithm is a basic specification in a human language

To make it do something the algorithm must be expressed in such a way that a machine can actually Executeimplementcarry out each step

The most common way to do this is as a special lsquolanguagersquo a collection of symbols in which each symbol is unambiguous and in which it is possible to express intentions clearly and unambiguously

English is bad for this

30

PrecisionFidelityIn art precision is not of great

importance

High fidelity VS low fidelity

31

What is important is that the work that results conveys the artistrsquos intention

In technical computer work the result must accurately represent the algorithm which in turn must represent a process to be studied or emulated

32

The precision needed for an algorithm to be specified and to be successfully translated into an implementable description can interfere with the artistrsquos intention

Does an artist ever want to draw a line between (1010) and (9090)

hellip and what does this mean anyhow

33

HistoryLook at

httpwwwslidesharenetvisualrinsehistory-of-generative-and-computer-art

There is really no definitive history and what I show here is the briefest of summaries

34

HistoryThe use of algorithms dates from prehistoric

times Study of the stone circles at Stonehenge (c 2000 BC) reveals an algorithmic arrangement based on phases of the moon and the annual movement of the sun

35

History

Architectural plans musical scores and dance notations bear one feature in common - they are all recipes for carrying out a task From this perspective a broad range of notational systems can be viewed and studied as algorithmic procedure

httpwwwverostkocomalgorithmhtml

36

1960s

George Brecht 1961

GB published a set of 50 cards to be given to each participant Each card held an instruction to be performed with a vehicle Vehicles with drivers were instructed to assemble at sundown in a parking lot and randomly park their vehicles Then each driver with a shuffled deck of instructions performed 50 events such as turn on lights start engine stop engine open window This work was performed at St Vincent College under the direction of Stephen Joy in 1963

37

1950s

Ben LaposkyFirst () graphic images generated by an electronic machine Laposky (a mathematician and artist from Cherokee Iowa) manipulated electronic beams across the face of an oscilloscope and then recorded the patterns using hihg-speed film color filters and special camera lensesHe called his oscillographic artworks oscillons and electronic abstractions

38

1960s

Manfred Mohr The fundamental view that machines should not be considered as a challenge to humanity but like McLuhan predicted as an extension of ourselves is the basic philosophy when becoming involved with technology httpwwwatariarchivesorgartistsec27php

39

1960s

Frieder Nake Along with George Nees Max Bensersquos student Frieder Nake was in 1965 among the first programmers to give the general public an opportunity of scrutinizing freely designed computer graphics produced on digital computers The graphics were based on the interplay between a macro-aesthetic structure a micro-aesthetic details and mediating random numbers Hommage agrave Paul Klee 13965 Nr21965

40

1960s

Georg Nees Georg Nees was arguably the first world-wide to show his digital art Studied mathematics physics and philosophy in Erlangen and Stuttgart (D) He has been producing computer graphics sculptures and films since 1964

41

1960s

A Michael Noll A Michael Noll is one of the earliest pioneers to use a digital computer to create patterns and animations solely for their artistic and aesthetic value His first computer art was created at Bell Labs in Murray Hill New Jersey during the Summer of 1962

httpwwwciticolumbiaeduamnollCompArtExampleshtml

42

1960s

Manfred R Schroeder My interest in computer graphics was

awakened by the late Leon Harmon and Ken Knowlton Our aim then (in the early 1960s) was to use computers for creating images that could not otherwise be drawn or painted More specifically we wanted to generate pictures that would be perceived as totally different depending on the viewing distance Thus my prize-winning One Picture is Worth a Thousand Words would just look like printed letters and English text from nearby But at intermediate viewing distances One Picture appeared to be a weaving pattern and finally from afar it would look like a human eye looking at you

43

1970s

Harold Cohen The Robot as an ArtistldquoAaron began its existence some time in the mid-seventies in my attempt to answer what seemed then but turned out not to be a simple question What are the minimum conditions under which a set of marks functions as an image httpwwwaaaiorgAITopicspmwikipmwikiphpAITopicsArthistory-art

44

1970sDavid Em - JPL artist-in-residence leading to

the first ever artists monograph published on digital art ( The Art of David Em published by Harry N Abrams)

45

1970s

Larry Cuba is widely recognized as a pioneer in the use of computers in animation art and was one of the hybrid artisttechnologists Producing his first computer animation in 1974 Cuba was at the forefront of the computer-animation artists

46

1980sThe first algorithmic brush strokes executed with an oriental brush mounted on a pen plotter were achieved in 1987 with an HI DMP52 pen plotter

This is one of a series attempting to achieve spontaneity and expressive energy as found in Chinese Shufa

47

1990s

Charles Csuri The fundamental view that machines should not be considered as a challenge to humanity but like McLuhan predicted as an extension of ourselves is the basic Lines in Space 1966

48

1990s

Yoichiro Kawaguchi was born on Tanegashima Island in 1952 He received his Master of Fine Arts from Tokyo University of Education in 1978 Currently he is Associate Professor of Computer Graphics Art at Art amp Science Lab Department of Art Nippon Electronics College Tokyo

49

2000s

Kenneth Knowlton

A pentomino consists of five squares joined along edges there are 12 This picture contains 27 of each kind Since Golomb introduced them in 1953 he has been committed to their care and feeding They have led to thousands of puzzles and problems

50

A turning pointWhen computer power becomes

easily available to all including artists and musicians then the convergence of informatics and the arts really begins

There is a democratization that occurs at about 1984

21

Key Question

The important issue for this class is How does one do it

For many artists a lot of time is spent on doing some on planning not much on thinking how

In generative art how is critical

22

AlgorithmAn interesting word sometimes scary

for those who know it (because of how you were taught)

Named after al Khwarizmi (the [man] of Khwarizm) a nickname of the 9th century Persian astronomer and mathematician Abu Jafar Muhammand ibn Musa who authored many texts on arithmetic and algebra He worked in Baghdad and his nickname alludes to his place of origin in present-day Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan

23

AlgorithmBorn 780 died about 850 The treatise Hisab al-jabr wal-muqabala is the first book

to be written on algebra (and gives us the word)

24

AlgorithmldquoA step-by-step problem-solving procedure

especially an established recursive computational procedure for solving a problem in a finite number of stepsrdquo helliphelliphellip poor

ldquoan algorithm is an effective method for solving a problem expressed as a finite sequence of instructions ldquo hellip better

ldquoAn algorithm is a specific set of instructions for carrying out a procedure or solving a problem usually with the requirement that the procedure terminate at some pointrdquo hellip best so far

25

AlgorithmSo when I asked how I was

requesting an algorithm

Generative art and much other computer mediated artwork requires a deal of prior thought on how the work is to be created

One wants an algorithm

26

Algorithms

The connotation of algorithm is mathematical but it need not be

It does require precision mostly At least in the statement of the algorithm A setof instructions is to be followed and so should be written so that they can be implemented

27

Algorithmfunction divide(x y)Input Two n-bit integers x and y where y 1Output The quotient and remainder of x divided by yif x = 0 return (q r) = (0 0)(q r) = divide(bx=2c y)q = 2 q r = 2 rif x is odd r = r + 1if r y r = r 1048576 y q = q + 1return (q r)

This is not how we will do things

28

AlgorithmSadly some formal way of specifying the algorithm is needed The machine doing the work canrsquot read your mind

window (0100)-(0100) for n=1 to 4 p(n)=(rnd100) next nline(p1p2)-(p3p4)

(1)Identify two random points on a 100 unit square plane

(2)Draw a line connecting these two points

More on this later

29

Algorithm

The algorithm is a basic specification in a human language

To make it do something the algorithm must be expressed in such a way that a machine can actually Executeimplementcarry out each step

The most common way to do this is as a special lsquolanguagersquo a collection of symbols in which each symbol is unambiguous and in which it is possible to express intentions clearly and unambiguously

English is bad for this

30

PrecisionFidelityIn art precision is not of great

importance

High fidelity VS low fidelity

31

What is important is that the work that results conveys the artistrsquos intention

In technical computer work the result must accurately represent the algorithm which in turn must represent a process to be studied or emulated

32

The precision needed for an algorithm to be specified and to be successfully translated into an implementable description can interfere with the artistrsquos intention

Does an artist ever want to draw a line between (1010) and (9090)

hellip and what does this mean anyhow

33

HistoryLook at

httpwwwslidesharenetvisualrinsehistory-of-generative-and-computer-art

There is really no definitive history and what I show here is the briefest of summaries

34

HistoryThe use of algorithms dates from prehistoric

times Study of the stone circles at Stonehenge (c 2000 BC) reveals an algorithmic arrangement based on phases of the moon and the annual movement of the sun

35

History

Architectural plans musical scores and dance notations bear one feature in common - they are all recipes for carrying out a task From this perspective a broad range of notational systems can be viewed and studied as algorithmic procedure

httpwwwverostkocomalgorithmhtml

36

1960s

George Brecht 1961

GB published a set of 50 cards to be given to each participant Each card held an instruction to be performed with a vehicle Vehicles with drivers were instructed to assemble at sundown in a parking lot and randomly park their vehicles Then each driver with a shuffled deck of instructions performed 50 events such as turn on lights start engine stop engine open window This work was performed at St Vincent College under the direction of Stephen Joy in 1963

37

1950s

Ben LaposkyFirst () graphic images generated by an electronic machine Laposky (a mathematician and artist from Cherokee Iowa) manipulated electronic beams across the face of an oscilloscope and then recorded the patterns using hihg-speed film color filters and special camera lensesHe called his oscillographic artworks oscillons and electronic abstractions

38

1960s

Manfred Mohr The fundamental view that machines should not be considered as a challenge to humanity but like McLuhan predicted as an extension of ourselves is the basic philosophy when becoming involved with technology httpwwwatariarchivesorgartistsec27php

39

1960s

Frieder Nake Along with George Nees Max Bensersquos student Frieder Nake was in 1965 among the first programmers to give the general public an opportunity of scrutinizing freely designed computer graphics produced on digital computers The graphics were based on the interplay between a macro-aesthetic structure a micro-aesthetic details and mediating random numbers Hommage agrave Paul Klee 13965 Nr21965

40

1960s

Georg Nees Georg Nees was arguably the first world-wide to show his digital art Studied mathematics physics and philosophy in Erlangen and Stuttgart (D) He has been producing computer graphics sculptures and films since 1964

41

1960s

A Michael Noll A Michael Noll is one of the earliest pioneers to use a digital computer to create patterns and animations solely for their artistic and aesthetic value His first computer art was created at Bell Labs in Murray Hill New Jersey during the Summer of 1962

httpwwwciticolumbiaeduamnollCompArtExampleshtml

42

1960s

Manfred R Schroeder My interest in computer graphics was

awakened by the late Leon Harmon and Ken Knowlton Our aim then (in the early 1960s) was to use computers for creating images that could not otherwise be drawn or painted More specifically we wanted to generate pictures that would be perceived as totally different depending on the viewing distance Thus my prize-winning One Picture is Worth a Thousand Words would just look like printed letters and English text from nearby But at intermediate viewing distances One Picture appeared to be a weaving pattern and finally from afar it would look like a human eye looking at you

43

1970s

Harold Cohen The Robot as an ArtistldquoAaron began its existence some time in the mid-seventies in my attempt to answer what seemed then but turned out not to be a simple question What are the minimum conditions under which a set of marks functions as an image httpwwwaaaiorgAITopicspmwikipmwikiphpAITopicsArthistory-art

44

1970sDavid Em - JPL artist-in-residence leading to

the first ever artists monograph published on digital art ( The Art of David Em published by Harry N Abrams)

45

1970s

Larry Cuba is widely recognized as a pioneer in the use of computers in animation art and was one of the hybrid artisttechnologists Producing his first computer animation in 1974 Cuba was at the forefront of the computer-animation artists

46

1980sThe first algorithmic brush strokes executed with an oriental brush mounted on a pen plotter were achieved in 1987 with an HI DMP52 pen plotter

This is one of a series attempting to achieve spontaneity and expressive energy as found in Chinese Shufa

47

1990s

Charles Csuri The fundamental view that machines should not be considered as a challenge to humanity but like McLuhan predicted as an extension of ourselves is the basic Lines in Space 1966

48

1990s

Yoichiro Kawaguchi was born on Tanegashima Island in 1952 He received his Master of Fine Arts from Tokyo University of Education in 1978 Currently he is Associate Professor of Computer Graphics Art at Art amp Science Lab Department of Art Nippon Electronics College Tokyo

49

2000s

Kenneth Knowlton

A pentomino consists of five squares joined along edges there are 12 This picture contains 27 of each kind Since Golomb introduced them in 1953 he has been committed to their care and feeding They have led to thousands of puzzles and problems

50

A turning pointWhen computer power becomes

easily available to all including artists and musicians then the convergence of informatics and the arts really begins

There is a democratization that occurs at about 1984

22

AlgorithmAn interesting word sometimes scary

for those who know it (because of how you were taught)

Named after al Khwarizmi (the [man] of Khwarizm) a nickname of the 9th century Persian astronomer and mathematician Abu Jafar Muhammand ibn Musa who authored many texts on arithmetic and algebra He worked in Baghdad and his nickname alludes to his place of origin in present-day Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan

23

AlgorithmBorn 780 died about 850 The treatise Hisab al-jabr wal-muqabala is the first book

to be written on algebra (and gives us the word)

24

AlgorithmldquoA step-by-step problem-solving procedure

especially an established recursive computational procedure for solving a problem in a finite number of stepsrdquo helliphelliphellip poor

ldquoan algorithm is an effective method for solving a problem expressed as a finite sequence of instructions ldquo hellip better

ldquoAn algorithm is a specific set of instructions for carrying out a procedure or solving a problem usually with the requirement that the procedure terminate at some pointrdquo hellip best so far

25

AlgorithmSo when I asked how I was

requesting an algorithm

Generative art and much other computer mediated artwork requires a deal of prior thought on how the work is to be created

One wants an algorithm

26

Algorithms

The connotation of algorithm is mathematical but it need not be

It does require precision mostly At least in the statement of the algorithm A setof instructions is to be followed and so should be written so that they can be implemented

27

Algorithmfunction divide(x y)Input Two n-bit integers x and y where y 1Output The quotient and remainder of x divided by yif x = 0 return (q r) = (0 0)(q r) = divide(bx=2c y)q = 2 q r = 2 rif x is odd r = r + 1if r y r = r 1048576 y q = q + 1return (q r)

This is not how we will do things

28

AlgorithmSadly some formal way of specifying the algorithm is needed The machine doing the work canrsquot read your mind

window (0100)-(0100) for n=1 to 4 p(n)=(rnd100) next nline(p1p2)-(p3p4)

(1)Identify two random points on a 100 unit square plane

(2)Draw a line connecting these two points

More on this later

29

Algorithm

The algorithm is a basic specification in a human language

To make it do something the algorithm must be expressed in such a way that a machine can actually Executeimplementcarry out each step

The most common way to do this is as a special lsquolanguagersquo a collection of symbols in which each symbol is unambiguous and in which it is possible to express intentions clearly and unambiguously

English is bad for this

30

PrecisionFidelityIn art precision is not of great

importance

High fidelity VS low fidelity

31

What is important is that the work that results conveys the artistrsquos intention

In technical computer work the result must accurately represent the algorithm which in turn must represent a process to be studied or emulated

32

The precision needed for an algorithm to be specified and to be successfully translated into an implementable description can interfere with the artistrsquos intention

Does an artist ever want to draw a line between (1010) and (9090)

hellip and what does this mean anyhow

33

HistoryLook at

httpwwwslidesharenetvisualrinsehistory-of-generative-and-computer-art

There is really no definitive history and what I show here is the briefest of summaries

34

HistoryThe use of algorithms dates from prehistoric

times Study of the stone circles at Stonehenge (c 2000 BC) reveals an algorithmic arrangement based on phases of the moon and the annual movement of the sun

35

History

Architectural plans musical scores and dance notations bear one feature in common - they are all recipes for carrying out a task From this perspective a broad range of notational systems can be viewed and studied as algorithmic procedure

httpwwwverostkocomalgorithmhtml

36

1960s

George Brecht 1961

GB published a set of 50 cards to be given to each participant Each card held an instruction to be performed with a vehicle Vehicles with drivers were instructed to assemble at sundown in a parking lot and randomly park their vehicles Then each driver with a shuffled deck of instructions performed 50 events such as turn on lights start engine stop engine open window This work was performed at St Vincent College under the direction of Stephen Joy in 1963

37

1950s

Ben LaposkyFirst () graphic images generated by an electronic machine Laposky (a mathematician and artist from Cherokee Iowa) manipulated electronic beams across the face of an oscilloscope and then recorded the patterns using hihg-speed film color filters and special camera lensesHe called his oscillographic artworks oscillons and electronic abstractions

38

1960s

Manfred Mohr The fundamental view that machines should not be considered as a challenge to humanity but like McLuhan predicted as an extension of ourselves is the basic philosophy when becoming involved with technology httpwwwatariarchivesorgartistsec27php

39

1960s

Frieder Nake Along with George Nees Max Bensersquos student Frieder Nake was in 1965 among the first programmers to give the general public an opportunity of scrutinizing freely designed computer graphics produced on digital computers The graphics were based on the interplay between a macro-aesthetic structure a micro-aesthetic details and mediating random numbers Hommage agrave Paul Klee 13965 Nr21965

40

1960s

Georg Nees Georg Nees was arguably the first world-wide to show his digital art Studied mathematics physics and philosophy in Erlangen and Stuttgart (D) He has been producing computer graphics sculptures and films since 1964

41

1960s

A Michael Noll A Michael Noll is one of the earliest pioneers to use a digital computer to create patterns and animations solely for their artistic and aesthetic value His first computer art was created at Bell Labs in Murray Hill New Jersey during the Summer of 1962

httpwwwciticolumbiaeduamnollCompArtExampleshtml

42

1960s

Manfred R Schroeder My interest in computer graphics was

awakened by the late Leon Harmon and Ken Knowlton Our aim then (in the early 1960s) was to use computers for creating images that could not otherwise be drawn or painted More specifically we wanted to generate pictures that would be perceived as totally different depending on the viewing distance Thus my prize-winning One Picture is Worth a Thousand Words would just look like printed letters and English text from nearby But at intermediate viewing distances One Picture appeared to be a weaving pattern and finally from afar it would look like a human eye looking at you

43

1970s

Harold Cohen The Robot as an ArtistldquoAaron began its existence some time in the mid-seventies in my attempt to answer what seemed then but turned out not to be a simple question What are the minimum conditions under which a set of marks functions as an image httpwwwaaaiorgAITopicspmwikipmwikiphpAITopicsArthistory-art

44

1970sDavid Em - JPL artist-in-residence leading to

the first ever artists monograph published on digital art ( The Art of David Em published by Harry N Abrams)

45

1970s

Larry Cuba is widely recognized as a pioneer in the use of computers in animation art and was one of the hybrid artisttechnologists Producing his first computer animation in 1974 Cuba was at the forefront of the computer-animation artists

46

1980sThe first algorithmic brush strokes executed with an oriental brush mounted on a pen plotter were achieved in 1987 with an HI DMP52 pen plotter

This is one of a series attempting to achieve spontaneity and expressive energy as found in Chinese Shufa

47

1990s

Charles Csuri The fundamental view that machines should not be considered as a challenge to humanity but like McLuhan predicted as an extension of ourselves is the basic Lines in Space 1966

48

1990s

Yoichiro Kawaguchi was born on Tanegashima Island in 1952 He received his Master of Fine Arts from Tokyo University of Education in 1978 Currently he is Associate Professor of Computer Graphics Art at Art amp Science Lab Department of Art Nippon Electronics College Tokyo

49

2000s

Kenneth Knowlton

A pentomino consists of five squares joined along edges there are 12 This picture contains 27 of each kind Since Golomb introduced them in 1953 he has been committed to their care and feeding They have led to thousands of puzzles and problems

50

A turning pointWhen computer power becomes

easily available to all including artists and musicians then the convergence of informatics and the arts really begins

There is a democratization that occurs at about 1984

23

AlgorithmBorn 780 died about 850 The treatise Hisab al-jabr wal-muqabala is the first book

to be written on algebra (and gives us the word)

24

AlgorithmldquoA step-by-step problem-solving procedure

especially an established recursive computational procedure for solving a problem in a finite number of stepsrdquo helliphelliphellip poor

ldquoan algorithm is an effective method for solving a problem expressed as a finite sequence of instructions ldquo hellip better

ldquoAn algorithm is a specific set of instructions for carrying out a procedure or solving a problem usually with the requirement that the procedure terminate at some pointrdquo hellip best so far

25

AlgorithmSo when I asked how I was

requesting an algorithm

Generative art and much other computer mediated artwork requires a deal of prior thought on how the work is to be created

One wants an algorithm

26

Algorithms

The connotation of algorithm is mathematical but it need not be

It does require precision mostly At least in the statement of the algorithm A setof instructions is to be followed and so should be written so that they can be implemented

27

Algorithmfunction divide(x y)Input Two n-bit integers x and y where y 1Output The quotient and remainder of x divided by yif x = 0 return (q r) = (0 0)(q r) = divide(bx=2c y)q = 2 q r = 2 rif x is odd r = r + 1if r y r = r 1048576 y q = q + 1return (q r)

This is not how we will do things

28

AlgorithmSadly some formal way of specifying the algorithm is needed The machine doing the work canrsquot read your mind

window (0100)-(0100) for n=1 to 4 p(n)=(rnd100) next nline(p1p2)-(p3p4)

(1)Identify two random points on a 100 unit square plane

(2)Draw a line connecting these two points

More on this later

29

Algorithm

The algorithm is a basic specification in a human language

To make it do something the algorithm must be expressed in such a way that a machine can actually Executeimplementcarry out each step

The most common way to do this is as a special lsquolanguagersquo a collection of symbols in which each symbol is unambiguous and in which it is possible to express intentions clearly and unambiguously

English is bad for this

30

PrecisionFidelityIn art precision is not of great

importance

High fidelity VS low fidelity

31

What is important is that the work that results conveys the artistrsquos intention

In technical computer work the result must accurately represent the algorithm which in turn must represent a process to be studied or emulated

32

The precision needed for an algorithm to be specified and to be successfully translated into an implementable description can interfere with the artistrsquos intention

Does an artist ever want to draw a line between (1010) and (9090)

hellip and what does this mean anyhow

33

HistoryLook at

httpwwwslidesharenetvisualrinsehistory-of-generative-and-computer-art

There is really no definitive history and what I show here is the briefest of summaries

34

HistoryThe use of algorithms dates from prehistoric

times Study of the stone circles at Stonehenge (c 2000 BC) reveals an algorithmic arrangement based on phases of the moon and the annual movement of the sun

35

History

Architectural plans musical scores and dance notations bear one feature in common - they are all recipes for carrying out a task From this perspective a broad range of notational systems can be viewed and studied as algorithmic procedure

httpwwwverostkocomalgorithmhtml

36

1960s

George Brecht 1961

GB published a set of 50 cards to be given to each participant Each card held an instruction to be performed with a vehicle Vehicles with drivers were instructed to assemble at sundown in a parking lot and randomly park their vehicles Then each driver with a shuffled deck of instructions performed 50 events such as turn on lights start engine stop engine open window This work was performed at St Vincent College under the direction of Stephen Joy in 1963

37

1950s

Ben LaposkyFirst () graphic images generated by an electronic machine Laposky (a mathematician and artist from Cherokee Iowa) manipulated electronic beams across the face of an oscilloscope and then recorded the patterns using hihg-speed film color filters and special camera lensesHe called his oscillographic artworks oscillons and electronic abstractions

38

1960s

Manfred Mohr The fundamental view that machines should not be considered as a challenge to humanity but like McLuhan predicted as an extension of ourselves is the basic philosophy when becoming involved with technology httpwwwatariarchivesorgartistsec27php

39

1960s

Frieder Nake Along with George Nees Max Bensersquos student Frieder Nake was in 1965 among the first programmers to give the general public an opportunity of scrutinizing freely designed computer graphics produced on digital computers The graphics were based on the interplay between a macro-aesthetic structure a micro-aesthetic details and mediating random numbers Hommage agrave Paul Klee 13965 Nr21965

40

1960s

Georg Nees Georg Nees was arguably the first world-wide to show his digital art Studied mathematics physics and philosophy in Erlangen and Stuttgart (D) He has been producing computer graphics sculptures and films since 1964

41

1960s

A Michael Noll A Michael Noll is one of the earliest pioneers to use a digital computer to create patterns and animations solely for their artistic and aesthetic value His first computer art was created at Bell Labs in Murray Hill New Jersey during the Summer of 1962

httpwwwciticolumbiaeduamnollCompArtExampleshtml

42

1960s

Manfred R Schroeder My interest in computer graphics was

awakened by the late Leon Harmon and Ken Knowlton Our aim then (in the early 1960s) was to use computers for creating images that could not otherwise be drawn or painted More specifically we wanted to generate pictures that would be perceived as totally different depending on the viewing distance Thus my prize-winning One Picture is Worth a Thousand Words would just look like printed letters and English text from nearby But at intermediate viewing distances One Picture appeared to be a weaving pattern and finally from afar it would look like a human eye looking at you

43

1970s

Harold Cohen The Robot as an ArtistldquoAaron began its existence some time in the mid-seventies in my attempt to answer what seemed then but turned out not to be a simple question What are the minimum conditions under which a set of marks functions as an image httpwwwaaaiorgAITopicspmwikipmwikiphpAITopicsArthistory-art

44

1970sDavid Em - JPL artist-in-residence leading to

the first ever artists monograph published on digital art ( The Art of David Em published by Harry N Abrams)

45

1970s

Larry Cuba is widely recognized as a pioneer in the use of computers in animation art and was one of the hybrid artisttechnologists Producing his first computer animation in 1974 Cuba was at the forefront of the computer-animation artists

46

1980sThe first algorithmic brush strokes executed with an oriental brush mounted on a pen plotter were achieved in 1987 with an HI DMP52 pen plotter

This is one of a series attempting to achieve spontaneity and expressive energy as found in Chinese Shufa

47

1990s

Charles Csuri The fundamental view that machines should not be considered as a challenge to humanity but like McLuhan predicted as an extension of ourselves is the basic Lines in Space 1966

48

1990s

Yoichiro Kawaguchi was born on Tanegashima Island in 1952 He received his Master of Fine Arts from Tokyo University of Education in 1978 Currently he is Associate Professor of Computer Graphics Art at Art amp Science Lab Department of Art Nippon Electronics College Tokyo

49

2000s

Kenneth Knowlton

A pentomino consists of five squares joined along edges there are 12 This picture contains 27 of each kind Since Golomb introduced them in 1953 he has been committed to their care and feeding They have led to thousands of puzzles and problems

50

A turning pointWhen computer power becomes

easily available to all including artists and musicians then the convergence of informatics and the arts really begins

There is a democratization that occurs at about 1984

24

AlgorithmldquoA step-by-step problem-solving procedure

especially an established recursive computational procedure for solving a problem in a finite number of stepsrdquo helliphelliphellip poor

ldquoan algorithm is an effective method for solving a problem expressed as a finite sequence of instructions ldquo hellip better

ldquoAn algorithm is a specific set of instructions for carrying out a procedure or solving a problem usually with the requirement that the procedure terminate at some pointrdquo hellip best so far

25

AlgorithmSo when I asked how I was

requesting an algorithm

Generative art and much other computer mediated artwork requires a deal of prior thought on how the work is to be created

One wants an algorithm

26

Algorithms

The connotation of algorithm is mathematical but it need not be

It does require precision mostly At least in the statement of the algorithm A setof instructions is to be followed and so should be written so that they can be implemented

27

Algorithmfunction divide(x y)Input Two n-bit integers x and y where y 1Output The quotient and remainder of x divided by yif x = 0 return (q r) = (0 0)(q r) = divide(bx=2c y)q = 2 q r = 2 rif x is odd r = r + 1if r y r = r 1048576 y q = q + 1return (q r)

This is not how we will do things

28

AlgorithmSadly some formal way of specifying the algorithm is needed The machine doing the work canrsquot read your mind

window (0100)-(0100) for n=1 to 4 p(n)=(rnd100) next nline(p1p2)-(p3p4)

(1)Identify two random points on a 100 unit square plane

(2)Draw a line connecting these two points

More on this later

29

Algorithm

The algorithm is a basic specification in a human language

To make it do something the algorithm must be expressed in such a way that a machine can actually Executeimplementcarry out each step

The most common way to do this is as a special lsquolanguagersquo a collection of symbols in which each symbol is unambiguous and in which it is possible to express intentions clearly and unambiguously

English is bad for this

30

PrecisionFidelityIn art precision is not of great

importance

High fidelity VS low fidelity

31

What is important is that the work that results conveys the artistrsquos intention

In technical computer work the result must accurately represent the algorithm which in turn must represent a process to be studied or emulated

32

The precision needed for an algorithm to be specified and to be successfully translated into an implementable description can interfere with the artistrsquos intention

Does an artist ever want to draw a line between (1010) and (9090)

hellip and what does this mean anyhow

33

HistoryLook at

httpwwwslidesharenetvisualrinsehistory-of-generative-and-computer-art

There is really no definitive history and what I show here is the briefest of summaries

34

HistoryThe use of algorithms dates from prehistoric

times Study of the stone circles at Stonehenge (c 2000 BC) reveals an algorithmic arrangement based on phases of the moon and the annual movement of the sun

35

History

Architectural plans musical scores and dance notations bear one feature in common - they are all recipes for carrying out a task From this perspective a broad range of notational systems can be viewed and studied as algorithmic procedure

httpwwwverostkocomalgorithmhtml

36

1960s

George Brecht 1961

GB published a set of 50 cards to be given to each participant Each card held an instruction to be performed with a vehicle Vehicles with drivers were instructed to assemble at sundown in a parking lot and randomly park their vehicles Then each driver with a shuffled deck of instructions performed 50 events such as turn on lights start engine stop engine open window This work was performed at St Vincent College under the direction of Stephen Joy in 1963

37

1950s

Ben LaposkyFirst () graphic images generated by an electronic machine Laposky (a mathematician and artist from Cherokee Iowa) manipulated electronic beams across the face of an oscilloscope and then recorded the patterns using hihg-speed film color filters and special camera lensesHe called his oscillographic artworks oscillons and electronic abstractions

38

1960s

Manfred Mohr The fundamental view that machines should not be considered as a challenge to humanity but like McLuhan predicted as an extension of ourselves is the basic philosophy when becoming involved with technology httpwwwatariarchivesorgartistsec27php

39

1960s

Frieder Nake Along with George Nees Max Bensersquos student Frieder Nake was in 1965 among the first programmers to give the general public an opportunity of scrutinizing freely designed computer graphics produced on digital computers The graphics were based on the interplay between a macro-aesthetic structure a micro-aesthetic details and mediating random numbers Hommage agrave Paul Klee 13965 Nr21965

40

1960s

Georg Nees Georg Nees was arguably the first world-wide to show his digital art Studied mathematics physics and philosophy in Erlangen and Stuttgart (D) He has been producing computer graphics sculptures and films since 1964

41

1960s

A Michael Noll A Michael Noll is one of the earliest pioneers to use a digital computer to create patterns and animations solely for their artistic and aesthetic value His first computer art was created at Bell Labs in Murray Hill New Jersey during the Summer of 1962

httpwwwciticolumbiaeduamnollCompArtExampleshtml

42

1960s

Manfred R Schroeder My interest in computer graphics was

awakened by the late Leon Harmon and Ken Knowlton Our aim then (in the early 1960s) was to use computers for creating images that could not otherwise be drawn or painted More specifically we wanted to generate pictures that would be perceived as totally different depending on the viewing distance Thus my prize-winning One Picture is Worth a Thousand Words would just look like printed letters and English text from nearby But at intermediate viewing distances One Picture appeared to be a weaving pattern and finally from afar it would look like a human eye looking at you

43

1970s

Harold Cohen The Robot as an ArtistldquoAaron began its existence some time in the mid-seventies in my attempt to answer what seemed then but turned out not to be a simple question What are the minimum conditions under which a set of marks functions as an image httpwwwaaaiorgAITopicspmwikipmwikiphpAITopicsArthistory-art

44

1970sDavid Em - JPL artist-in-residence leading to

the first ever artists monograph published on digital art ( The Art of David Em published by Harry N Abrams)

45

1970s

Larry Cuba is widely recognized as a pioneer in the use of computers in animation art and was one of the hybrid artisttechnologists Producing his first computer animation in 1974 Cuba was at the forefront of the computer-animation artists

46

1980sThe first algorithmic brush strokes executed with an oriental brush mounted on a pen plotter were achieved in 1987 with an HI DMP52 pen plotter

This is one of a series attempting to achieve spontaneity and expressive energy as found in Chinese Shufa

47

1990s

Charles Csuri The fundamental view that machines should not be considered as a challenge to humanity but like McLuhan predicted as an extension of ourselves is the basic Lines in Space 1966

48

1990s

Yoichiro Kawaguchi was born on Tanegashima Island in 1952 He received his Master of Fine Arts from Tokyo University of Education in 1978 Currently he is Associate Professor of Computer Graphics Art at Art amp Science Lab Department of Art Nippon Electronics College Tokyo

49

2000s

Kenneth Knowlton

A pentomino consists of five squares joined along edges there are 12 This picture contains 27 of each kind Since Golomb introduced them in 1953 he has been committed to their care and feeding They have led to thousands of puzzles and problems

50

A turning pointWhen computer power becomes

easily available to all including artists and musicians then the convergence of informatics and the arts really begins

There is a democratization that occurs at about 1984

25

AlgorithmSo when I asked how I was

requesting an algorithm

Generative art and much other computer mediated artwork requires a deal of prior thought on how the work is to be created

One wants an algorithm

26

Algorithms

The connotation of algorithm is mathematical but it need not be

It does require precision mostly At least in the statement of the algorithm A setof instructions is to be followed and so should be written so that they can be implemented

27

Algorithmfunction divide(x y)Input Two n-bit integers x and y where y 1Output The quotient and remainder of x divided by yif x = 0 return (q r) = (0 0)(q r) = divide(bx=2c y)q = 2 q r = 2 rif x is odd r = r + 1if r y r = r 1048576 y q = q + 1return (q r)

This is not how we will do things

28

AlgorithmSadly some formal way of specifying the algorithm is needed The machine doing the work canrsquot read your mind

window (0100)-(0100) for n=1 to 4 p(n)=(rnd100) next nline(p1p2)-(p3p4)

(1)Identify two random points on a 100 unit square plane

(2)Draw a line connecting these two points

More on this later

29

Algorithm

The algorithm is a basic specification in a human language

To make it do something the algorithm must be expressed in such a way that a machine can actually Executeimplementcarry out each step

The most common way to do this is as a special lsquolanguagersquo a collection of symbols in which each symbol is unambiguous and in which it is possible to express intentions clearly and unambiguously

English is bad for this

30

PrecisionFidelityIn art precision is not of great

importance

High fidelity VS low fidelity

31

What is important is that the work that results conveys the artistrsquos intention

In technical computer work the result must accurately represent the algorithm which in turn must represent a process to be studied or emulated

32

The precision needed for an algorithm to be specified and to be successfully translated into an implementable description can interfere with the artistrsquos intention

Does an artist ever want to draw a line between (1010) and (9090)

hellip and what does this mean anyhow

33

HistoryLook at

httpwwwslidesharenetvisualrinsehistory-of-generative-and-computer-art

There is really no definitive history and what I show here is the briefest of summaries

34

HistoryThe use of algorithms dates from prehistoric

times Study of the stone circles at Stonehenge (c 2000 BC) reveals an algorithmic arrangement based on phases of the moon and the annual movement of the sun

35

History

Architectural plans musical scores and dance notations bear one feature in common - they are all recipes for carrying out a task From this perspective a broad range of notational systems can be viewed and studied as algorithmic procedure

httpwwwverostkocomalgorithmhtml

36

1960s

George Brecht 1961

GB published a set of 50 cards to be given to each participant Each card held an instruction to be performed with a vehicle Vehicles with drivers were instructed to assemble at sundown in a parking lot and randomly park their vehicles Then each driver with a shuffled deck of instructions performed 50 events such as turn on lights start engine stop engine open window This work was performed at St Vincent College under the direction of Stephen Joy in 1963

37

1950s

Ben LaposkyFirst () graphic images generated by an electronic machine Laposky (a mathematician and artist from Cherokee Iowa) manipulated electronic beams across the face of an oscilloscope and then recorded the patterns using hihg-speed film color filters and special camera lensesHe called his oscillographic artworks oscillons and electronic abstractions

38

1960s

Manfred Mohr The fundamental view that machines should not be considered as a challenge to humanity but like McLuhan predicted as an extension of ourselves is the basic philosophy when becoming involved with technology httpwwwatariarchivesorgartistsec27php

39

1960s

Frieder Nake Along with George Nees Max Bensersquos student Frieder Nake was in 1965 among the first programmers to give the general public an opportunity of scrutinizing freely designed computer graphics produced on digital computers The graphics were based on the interplay between a macro-aesthetic structure a micro-aesthetic details and mediating random numbers Hommage agrave Paul Klee 13965 Nr21965

40

1960s

Georg Nees Georg Nees was arguably the first world-wide to show his digital art Studied mathematics physics and philosophy in Erlangen and Stuttgart (D) He has been producing computer graphics sculptures and films since 1964

41

1960s

A Michael Noll A Michael Noll is one of the earliest pioneers to use a digital computer to create patterns and animations solely for their artistic and aesthetic value His first computer art was created at Bell Labs in Murray Hill New Jersey during the Summer of 1962

httpwwwciticolumbiaeduamnollCompArtExampleshtml

42

1960s

Manfred R Schroeder My interest in computer graphics was

awakened by the late Leon Harmon and Ken Knowlton Our aim then (in the early 1960s) was to use computers for creating images that could not otherwise be drawn or painted More specifically we wanted to generate pictures that would be perceived as totally different depending on the viewing distance Thus my prize-winning One Picture is Worth a Thousand Words would just look like printed letters and English text from nearby But at intermediate viewing distances One Picture appeared to be a weaving pattern and finally from afar it would look like a human eye looking at you

43

1970s

Harold Cohen The Robot as an ArtistldquoAaron began its existence some time in the mid-seventies in my attempt to answer what seemed then but turned out not to be a simple question What are the minimum conditions under which a set of marks functions as an image httpwwwaaaiorgAITopicspmwikipmwikiphpAITopicsArthistory-art

44

1970sDavid Em - JPL artist-in-residence leading to

the first ever artists monograph published on digital art ( The Art of David Em published by Harry N Abrams)

45

1970s

Larry Cuba is widely recognized as a pioneer in the use of computers in animation art and was one of the hybrid artisttechnologists Producing his first computer animation in 1974 Cuba was at the forefront of the computer-animation artists

46

1980sThe first algorithmic brush strokes executed with an oriental brush mounted on a pen plotter were achieved in 1987 with an HI DMP52 pen plotter

This is one of a series attempting to achieve spontaneity and expressive energy as found in Chinese Shufa

47

1990s

Charles Csuri The fundamental view that machines should not be considered as a challenge to humanity but like McLuhan predicted as an extension of ourselves is the basic Lines in Space 1966

48

1990s

Yoichiro Kawaguchi was born on Tanegashima Island in 1952 He received his Master of Fine Arts from Tokyo University of Education in 1978 Currently he is Associate Professor of Computer Graphics Art at Art amp Science Lab Department of Art Nippon Electronics College Tokyo

49

2000s

Kenneth Knowlton

A pentomino consists of five squares joined along edges there are 12 This picture contains 27 of each kind Since Golomb introduced them in 1953 he has been committed to their care and feeding They have led to thousands of puzzles and problems

50

A turning pointWhen computer power becomes

easily available to all including artists and musicians then the convergence of informatics and the arts really begins

There is a democratization that occurs at about 1984

26

Algorithms

The connotation of algorithm is mathematical but it need not be

It does require precision mostly At least in the statement of the algorithm A setof instructions is to be followed and so should be written so that they can be implemented

27

Algorithmfunction divide(x y)Input Two n-bit integers x and y where y 1Output The quotient and remainder of x divided by yif x = 0 return (q r) = (0 0)(q r) = divide(bx=2c y)q = 2 q r = 2 rif x is odd r = r + 1if r y r = r 1048576 y q = q + 1return (q r)

This is not how we will do things

28

AlgorithmSadly some formal way of specifying the algorithm is needed The machine doing the work canrsquot read your mind

window (0100)-(0100) for n=1 to 4 p(n)=(rnd100) next nline(p1p2)-(p3p4)

(1)Identify two random points on a 100 unit square plane

(2)Draw a line connecting these two points

More on this later

29

Algorithm

The algorithm is a basic specification in a human language

To make it do something the algorithm must be expressed in such a way that a machine can actually Executeimplementcarry out each step

The most common way to do this is as a special lsquolanguagersquo a collection of symbols in which each symbol is unambiguous and in which it is possible to express intentions clearly and unambiguously

English is bad for this

30

PrecisionFidelityIn art precision is not of great

importance

High fidelity VS low fidelity

31

What is important is that the work that results conveys the artistrsquos intention

In technical computer work the result must accurately represent the algorithm which in turn must represent a process to be studied or emulated

32

The precision needed for an algorithm to be specified and to be successfully translated into an implementable description can interfere with the artistrsquos intention

Does an artist ever want to draw a line between (1010) and (9090)

hellip and what does this mean anyhow

33

HistoryLook at

httpwwwslidesharenetvisualrinsehistory-of-generative-and-computer-art

There is really no definitive history and what I show here is the briefest of summaries

34

HistoryThe use of algorithms dates from prehistoric

times Study of the stone circles at Stonehenge (c 2000 BC) reveals an algorithmic arrangement based on phases of the moon and the annual movement of the sun

35

History

Architectural plans musical scores and dance notations bear one feature in common - they are all recipes for carrying out a task From this perspective a broad range of notational systems can be viewed and studied as algorithmic procedure

httpwwwverostkocomalgorithmhtml

36

1960s

George Brecht 1961

GB published a set of 50 cards to be given to each participant Each card held an instruction to be performed with a vehicle Vehicles with drivers were instructed to assemble at sundown in a parking lot and randomly park their vehicles Then each driver with a shuffled deck of instructions performed 50 events such as turn on lights start engine stop engine open window This work was performed at St Vincent College under the direction of Stephen Joy in 1963

37

1950s

Ben LaposkyFirst () graphic images generated by an electronic machine Laposky (a mathematician and artist from Cherokee Iowa) manipulated electronic beams across the face of an oscilloscope and then recorded the patterns using hihg-speed film color filters and special camera lensesHe called his oscillographic artworks oscillons and electronic abstractions

38

1960s

Manfred Mohr The fundamental view that machines should not be considered as a challenge to humanity but like McLuhan predicted as an extension of ourselves is the basic philosophy when becoming involved with technology httpwwwatariarchivesorgartistsec27php

39

1960s

Frieder Nake Along with George Nees Max Bensersquos student Frieder Nake was in 1965 among the first programmers to give the general public an opportunity of scrutinizing freely designed computer graphics produced on digital computers The graphics were based on the interplay between a macro-aesthetic structure a micro-aesthetic details and mediating random numbers Hommage agrave Paul Klee 13965 Nr21965

40

1960s

Georg Nees Georg Nees was arguably the first world-wide to show his digital art Studied mathematics physics and philosophy in Erlangen and Stuttgart (D) He has been producing computer graphics sculptures and films since 1964

41

1960s

A Michael Noll A Michael Noll is one of the earliest pioneers to use a digital computer to create patterns and animations solely for their artistic and aesthetic value His first computer art was created at Bell Labs in Murray Hill New Jersey during the Summer of 1962

httpwwwciticolumbiaeduamnollCompArtExampleshtml

42

1960s

Manfred R Schroeder My interest in computer graphics was

awakened by the late Leon Harmon and Ken Knowlton Our aim then (in the early 1960s) was to use computers for creating images that could not otherwise be drawn or painted More specifically we wanted to generate pictures that would be perceived as totally different depending on the viewing distance Thus my prize-winning One Picture is Worth a Thousand Words would just look like printed letters and English text from nearby But at intermediate viewing distances One Picture appeared to be a weaving pattern and finally from afar it would look like a human eye looking at you

43

1970s

Harold Cohen The Robot as an ArtistldquoAaron began its existence some time in the mid-seventies in my attempt to answer what seemed then but turned out not to be a simple question What are the minimum conditions under which a set of marks functions as an image httpwwwaaaiorgAITopicspmwikipmwikiphpAITopicsArthistory-art

44

1970sDavid Em - JPL artist-in-residence leading to

the first ever artists monograph published on digital art ( The Art of David Em published by Harry N Abrams)

45

1970s

Larry Cuba is widely recognized as a pioneer in the use of computers in animation art and was one of the hybrid artisttechnologists Producing his first computer animation in 1974 Cuba was at the forefront of the computer-animation artists

46

1980sThe first algorithmic brush strokes executed with an oriental brush mounted on a pen plotter were achieved in 1987 with an HI DMP52 pen plotter

This is one of a series attempting to achieve spontaneity and expressive energy as found in Chinese Shufa

47

1990s

Charles Csuri The fundamental view that machines should not be considered as a challenge to humanity but like McLuhan predicted as an extension of ourselves is the basic Lines in Space 1966

48

1990s

Yoichiro Kawaguchi was born on Tanegashima Island in 1952 He received his Master of Fine Arts from Tokyo University of Education in 1978 Currently he is Associate Professor of Computer Graphics Art at Art amp Science Lab Department of Art Nippon Electronics College Tokyo

49

2000s

Kenneth Knowlton

A pentomino consists of five squares joined along edges there are 12 This picture contains 27 of each kind Since Golomb introduced them in 1953 he has been committed to their care and feeding They have led to thousands of puzzles and problems

50

A turning pointWhen computer power becomes

easily available to all including artists and musicians then the convergence of informatics and the arts really begins

There is a democratization that occurs at about 1984

27

Algorithmfunction divide(x y)Input Two n-bit integers x and y where y 1Output The quotient and remainder of x divided by yif x = 0 return (q r) = (0 0)(q r) = divide(bx=2c y)q = 2 q r = 2 rif x is odd r = r + 1if r y r = r 1048576 y q = q + 1return (q r)

This is not how we will do things

28

AlgorithmSadly some formal way of specifying the algorithm is needed The machine doing the work canrsquot read your mind

window (0100)-(0100) for n=1 to 4 p(n)=(rnd100) next nline(p1p2)-(p3p4)

(1)Identify two random points on a 100 unit square plane

(2)Draw a line connecting these two points

More on this later

29

Algorithm

The algorithm is a basic specification in a human language

To make it do something the algorithm must be expressed in such a way that a machine can actually Executeimplementcarry out each step

The most common way to do this is as a special lsquolanguagersquo a collection of symbols in which each symbol is unambiguous and in which it is possible to express intentions clearly and unambiguously

English is bad for this

30

PrecisionFidelityIn art precision is not of great

importance

High fidelity VS low fidelity

31

What is important is that the work that results conveys the artistrsquos intention

In technical computer work the result must accurately represent the algorithm which in turn must represent a process to be studied or emulated

32

The precision needed for an algorithm to be specified and to be successfully translated into an implementable description can interfere with the artistrsquos intention

Does an artist ever want to draw a line between (1010) and (9090)

hellip and what does this mean anyhow

33

HistoryLook at

httpwwwslidesharenetvisualrinsehistory-of-generative-and-computer-art

There is really no definitive history and what I show here is the briefest of summaries

34

HistoryThe use of algorithms dates from prehistoric

times Study of the stone circles at Stonehenge (c 2000 BC) reveals an algorithmic arrangement based on phases of the moon and the annual movement of the sun

35

History

Architectural plans musical scores and dance notations bear one feature in common - they are all recipes for carrying out a task From this perspective a broad range of notational systems can be viewed and studied as algorithmic procedure

httpwwwverostkocomalgorithmhtml

36

1960s

George Brecht 1961

GB published a set of 50 cards to be given to each participant Each card held an instruction to be performed with a vehicle Vehicles with drivers were instructed to assemble at sundown in a parking lot and randomly park their vehicles Then each driver with a shuffled deck of instructions performed 50 events such as turn on lights start engine stop engine open window This work was performed at St Vincent College under the direction of Stephen Joy in 1963

37

1950s

Ben LaposkyFirst () graphic images generated by an electronic machine Laposky (a mathematician and artist from Cherokee Iowa) manipulated electronic beams across the face of an oscilloscope and then recorded the patterns using hihg-speed film color filters and special camera lensesHe called his oscillographic artworks oscillons and electronic abstractions

38

1960s

Manfred Mohr The fundamental view that machines should not be considered as a challenge to humanity but like McLuhan predicted as an extension of ourselves is the basic philosophy when becoming involved with technology httpwwwatariarchivesorgartistsec27php

39

1960s

Frieder Nake Along with George Nees Max Bensersquos student Frieder Nake was in 1965 among the first programmers to give the general public an opportunity of scrutinizing freely designed computer graphics produced on digital computers The graphics were based on the interplay between a macro-aesthetic structure a micro-aesthetic details and mediating random numbers Hommage agrave Paul Klee 13965 Nr21965

40

1960s

Georg Nees Georg Nees was arguably the first world-wide to show his digital art Studied mathematics physics and philosophy in Erlangen and Stuttgart (D) He has been producing computer graphics sculptures and films since 1964

41

1960s

A Michael Noll A Michael Noll is one of the earliest pioneers to use a digital computer to create patterns and animations solely for their artistic and aesthetic value His first computer art was created at Bell Labs in Murray Hill New Jersey during the Summer of 1962

httpwwwciticolumbiaeduamnollCompArtExampleshtml

42

1960s

Manfred R Schroeder My interest in computer graphics was

awakened by the late Leon Harmon and Ken Knowlton Our aim then (in the early 1960s) was to use computers for creating images that could not otherwise be drawn or painted More specifically we wanted to generate pictures that would be perceived as totally different depending on the viewing distance Thus my prize-winning One Picture is Worth a Thousand Words would just look like printed letters and English text from nearby But at intermediate viewing distances One Picture appeared to be a weaving pattern and finally from afar it would look like a human eye looking at you

43

1970s

Harold Cohen The Robot as an ArtistldquoAaron began its existence some time in the mid-seventies in my attempt to answer what seemed then but turned out not to be a simple question What are the minimum conditions under which a set of marks functions as an image httpwwwaaaiorgAITopicspmwikipmwikiphpAITopicsArthistory-art

44

1970sDavid Em - JPL artist-in-residence leading to

the first ever artists monograph published on digital art ( The Art of David Em published by Harry N Abrams)

45

1970s

Larry Cuba is widely recognized as a pioneer in the use of computers in animation art and was one of the hybrid artisttechnologists Producing his first computer animation in 1974 Cuba was at the forefront of the computer-animation artists

46

1980sThe first algorithmic brush strokes executed with an oriental brush mounted on a pen plotter were achieved in 1987 with an HI DMP52 pen plotter

This is one of a series attempting to achieve spontaneity and expressive energy as found in Chinese Shufa

47

1990s

Charles Csuri The fundamental view that machines should not be considered as a challenge to humanity but like McLuhan predicted as an extension of ourselves is the basic Lines in Space 1966

48

1990s

Yoichiro Kawaguchi was born on Tanegashima Island in 1952 He received his Master of Fine Arts from Tokyo University of Education in 1978 Currently he is Associate Professor of Computer Graphics Art at Art amp Science Lab Department of Art Nippon Electronics College Tokyo

49

2000s

Kenneth Knowlton

A pentomino consists of five squares joined along edges there are 12 This picture contains 27 of each kind Since Golomb introduced them in 1953 he has been committed to their care and feeding They have led to thousands of puzzles and problems

50

A turning pointWhen computer power becomes

easily available to all including artists and musicians then the convergence of informatics and the arts really begins

There is a democratization that occurs at about 1984

28

AlgorithmSadly some formal way of specifying the algorithm is needed The machine doing the work canrsquot read your mind

window (0100)-(0100) for n=1 to 4 p(n)=(rnd100) next nline(p1p2)-(p3p4)

(1)Identify two random points on a 100 unit square plane

(2)Draw a line connecting these two points

More on this later

29

Algorithm

The algorithm is a basic specification in a human language

To make it do something the algorithm must be expressed in such a way that a machine can actually Executeimplementcarry out each step

The most common way to do this is as a special lsquolanguagersquo a collection of symbols in which each symbol is unambiguous and in which it is possible to express intentions clearly and unambiguously

English is bad for this

30

PrecisionFidelityIn art precision is not of great

importance

High fidelity VS low fidelity

31

What is important is that the work that results conveys the artistrsquos intention

In technical computer work the result must accurately represent the algorithm which in turn must represent a process to be studied or emulated

32

The precision needed for an algorithm to be specified and to be successfully translated into an implementable description can interfere with the artistrsquos intention

Does an artist ever want to draw a line between (1010) and (9090)

hellip and what does this mean anyhow

33

HistoryLook at

httpwwwslidesharenetvisualrinsehistory-of-generative-and-computer-art

There is really no definitive history and what I show here is the briefest of summaries

34

HistoryThe use of algorithms dates from prehistoric

times Study of the stone circles at Stonehenge (c 2000 BC) reveals an algorithmic arrangement based on phases of the moon and the annual movement of the sun

35

History

Architectural plans musical scores and dance notations bear one feature in common - they are all recipes for carrying out a task From this perspective a broad range of notational systems can be viewed and studied as algorithmic procedure

httpwwwverostkocomalgorithmhtml

36

1960s

George Brecht 1961

GB published a set of 50 cards to be given to each participant Each card held an instruction to be performed with a vehicle Vehicles with drivers were instructed to assemble at sundown in a parking lot and randomly park their vehicles Then each driver with a shuffled deck of instructions performed 50 events such as turn on lights start engine stop engine open window This work was performed at St Vincent College under the direction of Stephen Joy in 1963

37

1950s

Ben LaposkyFirst () graphic images generated by an electronic machine Laposky (a mathematician and artist from Cherokee Iowa) manipulated electronic beams across the face of an oscilloscope and then recorded the patterns using hihg-speed film color filters and special camera lensesHe called his oscillographic artworks oscillons and electronic abstractions

38

1960s

Manfred Mohr The fundamental view that machines should not be considered as a challenge to humanity but like McLuhan predicted as an extension of ourselves is the basic philosophy when becoming involved with technology httpwwwatariarchivesorgartistsec27php

39

1960s

Frieder Nake Along with George Nees Max Bensersquos student Frieder Nake was in 1965 among the first programmers to give the general public an opportunity of scrutinizing freely designed computer graphics produced on digital computers The graphics were based on the interplay between a macro-aesthetic structure a micro-aesthetic details and mediating random numbers Hommage agrave Paul Klee 13965 Nr21965

40

1960s

Georg Nees Georg Nees was arguably the first world-wide to show his digital art Studied mathematics physics and philosophy in Erlangen and Stuttgart (D) He has been producing computer graphics sculptures and films since 1964

41

1960s

A Michael Noll A Michael Noll is one of the earliest pioneers to use a digital computer to create patterns and animations solely for their artistic and aesthetic value His first computer art was created at Bell Labs in Murray Hill New Jersey during the Summer of 1962

httpwwwciticolumbiaeduamnollCompArtExampleshtml

42

1960s

Manfred R Schroeder My interest in computer graphics was

awakened by the late Leon Harmon and Ken Knowlton Our aim then (in the early 1960s) was to use computers for creating images that could not otherwise be drawn or painted More specifically we wanted to generate pictures that would be perceived as totally different depending on the viewing distance Thus my prize-winning One Picture is Worth a Thousand Words would just look like printed letters and English text from nearby But at intermediate viewing distances One Picture appeared to be a weaving pattern and finally from afar it would look like a human eye looking at you

43

1970s

Harold Cohen The Robot as an ArtistldquoAaron began its existence some time in the mid-seventies in my attempt to answer what seemed then but turned out not to be a simple question What are the minimum conditions under which a set of marks functions as an image httpwwwaaaiorgAITopicspmwikipmwikiphpAITopicsArthistory-art

44

1970sDavid Em - JPL artist-in-residence leading to

the first ever artists monograph published on digital art ( The Art of David Em published by Harry N Abrams)

45

1970s

Larry Cuba is widely recognized as a pioneer in the use of computers in animation art and was one of the hybrid artisttechnologists Producing his first computer animation in 1974 Cuba was at the forefront of the computer-animation artists

46

1980sThe first algorithmic brush strokes executed with an oriental brush mounted on a pen plotter were achieved in 1987 with an HI DMP52 pen plotter

This is one of a series attempting to achieve spontaneity and expressive energy as found in Chinese Shufa

47

1990s

Charles Csuri The fundamental view that machines should not be considered as a challenge to humanity but like McLuhan predicted as an extension of ourselves is the basic Lines in Space 1966

48

1990s

Yoichiro Kawaguchi was born on Tanegashima Island in 1952 He received his Master of Fine Arts from Tokyo University of Education in 1978 Currently he is Associate Professor of Computer Graphics Art at Art amp Science Lab Department of Art Nippon Electronics College Tokyo

49

2000s

Kenneth Knowlton

A pentomino consists of five squares joined along edges there are 12 This picture contains 27 of each kind Since Golomb introduced them in 1953 he has been committed to their care and feeding They have led to thousands of puzzles and problems

50

A turning pointWhen computer power becomes

easily available to all including artists and musicians then the convergence of informatics and the arts really begins

There is a democratization that occurs at about 1984

29

Algorithm

The algorithm is a basic specification in a human language

To make it do something the algorithm must be expressed in such a way that a machine can actually Executeimplementcarry out each step

The most common way to do this is as a special lsquolanguagersquo a collection of symbols in which each symbol is unambiguous and in which it is possible to express intentions clearly and unambiguously

English is bad for this

30

PrecisionFidelityIn art precision is not of great

importance

High fidelity VS low fidelity

31

What is important is that the work that results conveys the artistrsquos intention

In technical computer work the result must accurately represent the algorithm which in turn must represent a process to be studied or emulated

32

The precision needed for an algorithm to be specified and to be successfully translated into an implementable description can interfere with the artistrsquos intention

Does an artist ever want to draw a line between (1010) and (9090)

hellip and what does this mean anyhow

33

HistoryLook at

httpwwwslidesharenetvisualrinsehistory-of-generative-and-computer-art

There is really no definitive history and what I show here is the briefest of summaries

34

HistoryThe use of algorithms dates from prehistoric

times Study of the stone circles at Stonehenge (c 2000 BC) reveals an algorithmic arrangement based on phases of the moon and the annual movement of the sun

35

History

Architectural plans musical scores and dance notations bear one feature in common - they are all recipes for carrying out a task From this perspective a broad range of notational systems can be viewed and studied as algorithmic procedure

httpwwwverostkocomalgorithmhtml

36

1960s

George Brecht 1961

GB published a set of 50 cards to be given to each participant Each card held an instruction to be performed with a vehicle Vehicles with drivers were instructed to assemble at sundown in a parking lot and randomly park their vehicles Then each driver with a shuffled deck of instructions performed 50 events such as turn on lights start engine stop engine open window This work was performed at St Vincent College under the direction of Stephen Joy in 1963

37

1950s

Ben LaposkyFirst () graphic images generated by an electronic machine Laposky (a mathematician and artist from Cherokee Iowa) manipulated electronic beams across the face of an oscilloscope and then recorded the patterns using hihg-speed film color filters and special camera lensesHe called his oscillographic artworks oscillons and electronic abstractions

38

1960s

Manfred Mohr The fundamental view that machines should not be considered as a challenge to humanity but like McLuhan predicted as an extension of ourselves is the basic philosophy when becoming involved with technology httpwwwatariarchivesorgartistsec27php

39

1960s

Frieder Nake Along with George Nees Max Bensersquos student Frieder Nake was in 1965 among the first programmers to give the general public an opportunity of scrutinizing freely designed computer graphics produced on digital computers The graphics were based on the interplay between a macro-aesthetic structure a micro-aesthetic details and mediating random numbers Hommage agrave Paul Klee 13965 Nr21965

40

1960s

Georg Nees Georg Nees was arguably the first world-wide to show his digital art Studied mathematics physics and philosophy in Erlangen and Stuttgart (D) He has been producing computer graphics sculptures and films since 1964

41

1960s

A Michael Noll A Michael Noll is one of the earliest pioneers to use a digital computer to create patterns and animations solely for their artistic and aesthetic value His first computer art was created at Bell Labs in Murray Hill New Jersey during the Summer of 1962

httpwwwciticolumbiaeduamnollCompArtExampleshtml

42

1960s

Manfred R Schroeder My interest in computer graphics was

awakened by the late Leon Harmon and Ken Knowlton Our aim then (in the early 1960s) was to use computers for creating images that could not otherwise be drawn or painted More specifically we wanted to generate pictures that would be perceived as totally different depending on the viewing distance Thus my prize-winning One Picture is Worth a Thousand Words would just look like printed letters and English text from nearby But at intermediate viewing distances One Picture appeared to be a weaving pattern and finally from afar it would look like a human eye looking at you

43

1970s

Harold Cohen The Robot as an ArtistldquoAaron began its existence some time in the mid-seventies in my attempt to answer what seemed then but turned out not to be a simple question What are the minimum conditions under which a set of marks functions as an image httpwwwaaaiorgAITopicspmwikipmwikiphpAITopicsArthistory-art

44

1970sDavid Em - JPL artist-in-residence leading to

the first ever artists monograph published on digital art ( The Art of David Em published by Harry N Abrams)

45

1970s

Larry Cuba is widely recognized as a pioneer in the use of computers in animation art and was one of the hybrid artisttechnologists Producing his first computer animation in 1974 Cuba was at the forefront of the computer-animation artists

46

1980sThe first algorithmic brush strokes executed with an oriental brush mounted on a pen plotter were achieved in 1987 with an HI DMP52 pen plotter

This is one of a series attempting to achieve spontaneity and expressive energy as found in Chinese Shufa

47

1990s

Charles Csuri The fundamental view that machines should not be considered as a challenge to humanity but like McLuhan predicted as an extension of ourselves is the basic Lines in Space 1966

48

1990s

Yoichiro Kawaguchi was born on Tanegashima Island in 1952 He received his Master of Fine Arts from Tokyo University of Education in 1978 Currently he is Associate Professor of Computer Graphics Art at Art amp Science Lab Department of Art Nippon Electronics College Tokyo

49

2000s

Kenneth Knowlton

A pentomino consists of five squares joined along edges there are 12 This picture contains 27 of each kind Since Golomb introduced them in 1953 he has been committed to their care and feeding They have led to thousands of puzzles and problems

50

A turning pointWhen computer power becomes

easily available to all including artists and musicians then the convergence of informatics and the arts really begins

There is a democratization that occurs at about 1984

30

PrecisionFidelityIn art precision is not of great

importance

High fidelity VS low fidelity

31

What is important is that the work that results conveys the artistrsquos intention

In technical computer work the result must accurately represent the algorithm which in turn must represent a process to be studied or emulated

32

The precision needed for an algorithm to be specified and to be successfully translated into an implementable description can interfere with the artistrsquos intention

Does an artist ever want to draw a line between (1010) and (9090)

hellip and what does this mean anyhow

33

HistoryLook at

httpwwwslidesharenetvisualrinsehistory-of-generative-and-computer-art

There is really no definitive history and what I show here is the briefest of summaries

34

HistoryThe use of algorithms dates from prehistoric

times Study of the stone circles at Stonehenge (c 2000 BC) reveals an algorithmic arrangement based on phases of the moon and the annual movement of the sun

35

History

Architectural plans musical scores and dance notations bear one feature in common - they are all recipes for carrying out a task From this perspective a broad range of notational systems can be viewed and studied as algorithmic procedure

httpwwwverostkocomalgorithmhtml

36

1960s

George Brecht 1961

GB published a set of 50 cards to be given to each participant Each card held an instruction to be performed with a vehicle Vehicles with drivers were instructed to assemble at sundown in a parking lot and randomly park their vehicles Then each driver with a shuffled deck of instructions performed 50 events such as turn on lights start engine stop engine open window This work was performed at St Vincent College under the direction of Stephen Joy in 1963

37

1950s

Ben LaposkyFirst () graphic images generated by an electronic machine Laposky (a mathematician and artist from Cherokee Iowa) manipulated electronic beams across the face of an oscilloscope and then recorded the patterns using hihg-speed film color filters and special camera lensesHe called his oscillographic artworks oscillons and electronic abstractions

38

1960s

Manfred Mohr The fundamental view that machines should not be considered as a challenge to humanity but like McLuhan predicted as an extension of ourselves is the basic philosophy when becoming involved with technology httpwwwatariarchivesorgartistsec27php

39

1960s

Frieder Nake Along with George Nees Max Bensersquos student Frieder Nake was in 1965 among the first programmers to give the general public an opportunity of scrutinizing freely designed computer graphics produced on digital computers The graphics were based on the interplay between a macro-aesthetic structure a micro-aesthetic details and mediating random numbers Hommage agrave Paul Klee 13965 Nr21965

40

1960s

Georg Nees Georg Nees was arguably the first world-wide to show his digital art Studied mathematics physics and philosophy in Erlangen and Stuttgart (D) He has been producing computer graphics sculptures and films since 1964

41

1960s

A Michael Noll A Michael Noll is one of the earliest pioneers to use a digital computer to create patterns and animations solely for their artistic and aesthetic value His first computer art was created at Bell Labs in Murray Hill New Jersey during the Summer of 1962

httpwwwciticolumbiaeduamnollCompArtExampleshtml

42

1960s

Manfred R Schroeder My interest in computer graphics was

awakened by the late Leon Harmon and Ken Knowlton Our aim then (in the early 1960s) was to use computers for creating images that could not otherwise be drawn or painted More specifically we wanted to generate pictures that would be perceived as totally different depending on the viewing distance Thus my prize-winning One Picture is Worth a Thousand Words would just look like printed letters and English text from nearby But at intermediate viewing distances One Picture appeared to be a weaving pattern and finally from afar it would look like a human eye looking at you

43

1970s

Harold Cohen The Robot as an ArtistldquoAaron began its existence some time in the mid-seventies in my attempt to answer what seemed then but turned out not to be a simple question What are the minimum conditions under which a set of marks functions as an image httpwwwaaaiorgAITopicspmwikipmwikiphpAITopicsArthistory-art

44

1970sDavid Em - JPL artist-in-residence leading to

the first ever artists monograph published on digital art ( The Art of David Em published by Harry N Abrams)

45

1970s

Larry Cuba is widely recognized as a pioneer in the use of computers in animation art and was one of the hybrid artisttechnologists Producing his first computer animation in 1974 Cuba was at the forefront of the computer-animation artists

46

1980sThe first algorithmic brush strokes executed with an oriental brush mounted on a pen plotter were achieved in 1987 with an HI DMP52 pen plotter

This is one of a series attempting to achieve spontaneity and expressive energy as found in Chinese Shufa

47

1990s

Charles Csuri The fundamental view that machines should not be considered as a challenge to humanity but like McLuhan predicted as an extension of ourselves is the basic Lines in Space 1966

48

1990s

Yoichiro Kawaguchi was born on Tanegashima Island in 1952 He received his Master of Fine Arts from Tokyo University of Education in 1978 Currently he is Associate Professor of Computer Graphics Art at Art amp Science Lab Department of Art Nippon Electronics College Tokyo

49

2000s

Kenneth Knowlton

A pentomino consists of five squares joined along edges there are 12 This picture contains 27 of each kind Since Golomb introduced them in 1953 he has been committed to their care and feeding They have led to thousands of puzzles and problems

50

A turning pointWhen computer power becomes

easily available to all including artists and musicians then the convergence of informatics and the arts really begins

There is a democratization that occurs at about 1984

31

What is important is that the work that results conveys the artistrsquos intention

In technical computer work the result must accurately represent the algorithm which in turn must represent a process to be studied or emulated

32

The precision needed for an algorithm to be specified and to be successfully translated into an implementable description can interfere with the artistrsquos intention

Does an artist ever want to draw a line between (1010) and (9090)

hellip and what does this mean anyhow

33

HistoryLook at

httpwwwslidesharenetvisualrinsehistory-of-generative-and-computer-art

There is really no definitive history and what I show here is the briefest of summaries

34

HistoryThe use of algorithms dates from prehistoric

times Study of the stone circles at Stonehenge (c 2000 BC) reveals an algorithmic arrangement based on phases of the moon and the annual movement of the sun

35

History

Architectural plans musical scores and dance notations bear one feature in common - they are all recipes for carrying out a task From this perspective a broad range of notational systems can be viewed and studied as algorithmic procedure

httpwwwverostkocomalgorithmhtml

36

1960s

George Brecht 1961

GB published a set of 50 cards to be given to each participant Each card held an instruction to be performed with a vehicle Vehicles with drivers were instructed to assemble at sundown in a parking lot and randomly park their vehicles Then each driver with a shuffled deck of instructions performed 50 events such as turn on lights start engine stop engine open window This work was performed at St Vincent College under the direction of Stephen Joy in 1963

37

1950s

Ben LaposkyFirst () graphic images generated by an electronic machine Laposky (a mathematician and artist from Cherokee Iowa) manipulated electronic beams across the face of an oscilloscope and then recorded the patterns using hihg-speed film color filters and special camera lensesHe called his oscillographic artworks oscillons and electronic abstractions

38

1960s

Manfred Mohr The fundamental view that machines should not be considered as a challenge to humanity but like McLuhan predicted as an extension of ourselves is the basic philosophy when becoming involved with technology httpwwwatariarchivesorgartistsec27php

39

1960s

Frieder Nake Along with George Nees Max Bensersquos student Frieder Nake was in 1965 among the first programmers to give the general public an opportunity of scrutinizing freely designed computer graphics produced on digital computers The graphics were based on the interplay between a macro-aesthetic structure a micro-aesthetic details and mediating random numbers Hommage agrave Paul Klee 13965 Nr21965

40

1960s

Georg Nees Georg Nees was arguably the first world-wide to show his digital art Studied mathematics physics and philosophy in Erlangen and Stuttgart (D) He has been producing computer graphics sculptures and films since 1964

41

1960s

A Michael Noll A Michael Noll is one of the earliest pioneers to use a digital computer to create patterns and animations solely for their artistic and aesthetic value His first computer art was created at Bell Labs in Murray Hill New Jersey during the Summer of 1962

httpwwwciticolumbiaeduamnollCompArtExampleshtml

42

1960s

Manfred R Schroeder My interest in computer graphics was

awakened by the late Leon Harmon and Ken Knowlton Our aim then (in the early 1960s) was to use computers for creating images that could not otherwise be drawn or painted More specifically we wanted to generate pictures that would be perceived as totally different depending on the viewing distance Thus my prize-winning One Picture is Worth a Thousand Words would just look like printed letters and English text from nearby But at intermediate viewing distances One Picture appeared to be a weaving pattern and finally from afar it would look like a human eye looking at you

43

1970s

Harold Cohen The Robot as an ArtistldquoAaron began its existence some time in the mid-seventies in my attempt to answer what seemed then but turned out not to be a simple question What are the minimum conditions under which a set of marks functions as an image httpwwwaaaiorgAITopicspmwikipmwikiphpAITopicsArthistory-art

44

1970sDavid Em - JPL artist-in-residence leading to

the first ever artists monograph published on digital art ( The Art of David Em published by Harry N Abrams)

45

1970s

Larry Cuba is widely recognized as a pioneer in the use of computers in animation art and was one of the hybrid artisttechnologists Producing his first computer animation in 1974 Cuba was at the forefront of the computer-animation artists

46

1980sThe first algorithmic brush strokes executed with an oriental brush mounted on a pen plotter were achieved in 1987 with an HI DMP52 pen plotter

This is one of a series attempting to achieve spontaneity and expressive energy as found in Chinese Shufa

47

1990s

Charles Csuri The fundamental view that machines should not be considered as a challenge to humanity but like McLuhan predicted as an extension of ourselves is the basic Lines in Space 1966

48

1990s

Yoichiro Kawaguchi was born on Tanegashima Island in 1952 He received his Master of Fine Arts from Tokyo University of Education in 1978 Currently he is Associate Professor of Computer Graphics Art at Art amp Science Lab Department of Art Nippon Electronics College Tokyo

49

2000s

Kenneth Knowlton

A pentomino consists of five squares joined along edges there are 12 This picture contains 27 of each kind Since Golomb introduced them in 1953 he has been committed to their care and feeding They have led to thousands of puzzles and problems

50

A turning pointWhen computer power becomes

easily available to all including artists and musicians then the convergence of informatics and the arts really begins

There is a democratization that occurs at about 1984

32

The precision needed for an algorithm to be specified and to be successfully translated into an implementable description can interfere with the artistrsquos intention

Does an artist ever want to draw a line between (1010) and (9090)

hellip and what does this mean anyhow

33

HistoryLook at

httpwwwslidesharenetvisualrinsehistory-of-generative-and-computer-art

There is really no definitive history and what I show here is the briefest of summaries

34

HistoryThe use of algorithms dates from prehistoric

times Study of the stone circles at Stonehenge (c 2000 BC) reveals an algorithmic arrangement based on phases of the moon and the annual movement of the sun

35

History

Architectural plans musical scores and dance notations bear one feature in common - they are all recipes for carrying out a task From this perspective a broad range of notational systems can be viewed and studied as algorithmic procedure

httpwwwverostkocomalgorithmhtml

36

1960s

George Brecht 1961

GB published a set of 50 cards to be given to each participant Each card held an instruction to be performed with a vehicle Vehicles with drivers were instructed to assemble at sundown in a parking lot and randomly park their vehicles Then each driver with a shuffled deck of instructions performed 50 events such as turn on lights start engine stop engine open window This work was performed at St Vincent College under the direction of Stephen Joy in 1963

37

1950s

Ben LaposkyFirst () graphic images generated by an electronic machine Laposky (a mathematician and artist from Cherokee Iowa) manipulated electronic beams across the face of an oscilloscope and then recorded the patterns using hihg-speed film color filters and special camera lensesHe called his oscillographic artworks oscillons and electronic abstractions

38

1960s

Manfred Mohr The fundamental view that machines should not be considered as a challenge to humanity but like McLuhan predicted as an extension of ourselves is the basic philosophy when becoming involved with technology httpwwwatariarchivesorgartistsec27php

39

1960s

Frieder Nake Along with George Nees Max Bensersquos student Frieder Nake was in 1965 among the first programmers to give the general public an opportunity of scrutinizing freely designed computer graphics produced on digital computers The graphics were based on the interplay between a macro-aesthetic structure a micro-aesthetic details and mediating random numbers Hommage agrave Paul Klee 13965 Nr21965

40

1960s

Georg Nees Georg Nees was arguably the first world-wide to show his digital art Studied mathematics physics and philosophy in Erlangen and Stuttgart (D) He has been producing computer graphics sculptures and films since 1964

41

1960s

A Michael Noll A Michael Noll is one of the earliest pioneers to use a digital computer to create patterns and animations solely for their artistic and aesthetic value His first computer art was created at Bell Labs in Murray Hill New Jersey during the Summer of 1962

httpwwwciticolumbiaeduamnollCompArtExampleshtml

42

1960s

Manfred R Schroeder My interest in computer graphics was

awakened by the late Leon Harmon and Ken Knowlton Our aim then (in the early 1960s) was to use computers for creating images that could not otherwise be drawn or painted More specifically we wanted to generate pictures that would be perceived as totally different depending on the viewing distance Thus my prize-winning One Picture is Worth a Thousand Words would just look like printed letters and English text from nearby But at intermediate viewing distances One Picture appeared to be a weaving pattern and finally from afar it would look like a human eye looking at you

43

1970s

Harold Cohen The Robot as an ArtistldquoAaron began its existence some time in the mid-seventies in my attempt to answer what seemed then but turned out not to be a simple question What are the minimum conditions under which a set of marks functions as an image httpwwwaaaiorgAITopicspmwikipmwikiphpAITopicsArthistory-art

44

1970sDavid Em - JPL artist-in-residence leading to

the first ever artists monograph published on digital art ( The Art of David Em published by Harry N Abrams)

45

1970s

Larry Cuba is widely recognized as a pioneer in the use of computers in animation art and was one of the hybrid artisttechnologists Producing his first computer animation in 1974 Cuba was at the forefront of the computer-animation artists

46

1980sThe first algorithmic brush strokes executed with an oriental brush mounted on a pen plotter were achieved in 1987 with an HI DMP52 pen plotter

This is one of a series attempting to achieve spontaneity and expressive energy as found in Chinese Shufa

47

1990s

Charles Csuri The fundamental view that machines should not be considered as a challenge to humanity but like McLuhan predicted as an extension of ourselves is the basic Lines in Space 1966

48

1990s

Yoichiro Kawaguchi was born on Tanegashima Island in 1952 He received his Master of Fine Arts from Tokyo University of Education in 1978 Currently he is Associate Professor of Computer Graphics Art at Art amp Science Lab Department of Art Nippon Electronics College Tokyo

49

2000s

Kenneth Knowlton

A pentomino consists of five squares joined along edges there are 12 This picture contains 27 of each kind Since Golomb introduced them in 1953 he has been committed to their care and feeding They have led to thousands of puzzles and problems

50

A turning pointWhen computer power becomes

easily available to all including artists and musicians then the convergence of informatics and the arts really begins

There is a democratization that occurs at about 1984

33

HistoryLook at

httpwwwslidesharenetvisualrinsehistory-of-generative-and-computer-art

There is really no definitive history and what I show here is the briefest of summaries

34

HistoryThe use of algorithms dates from prehistoric

times Study of the stone circles at Stonehenge (c 2000 BC) reveals an algorithmic arrangement based on phases of the moon and the annual movement of the sun

35

History

Architectural plans musical scores and dance notations bear one feature in common - they are all recipes for carrying out a task From this perspective a broad range of notational systems can be viewed and studied as algorithmic procedure

httpwwwverostkocomalgorithmhtml

36

1960s

George Brecht 1961

GB published a set of 50 cards to be given to each participant Each card held an instruction to be performed with a vehicle Vehicles with drivers were instructed to assemble at sundown in a parking lot and randomly park their vehicles Then each driver with a shuffled deck of instructions performed 50 events such as turn on lights start engine stop engine open window This work was performed at St Vincent College under the direction of Stephen Joy in 1963

37

1950s

Ben LaposkyFirst () graphic images generated by an electronic machine Laposky (a mathematician and artist from Cherokee Iowa) manipulated electronic beams across the face of an oscilloscope and then recorded the patterns using hihg-speed film color filters and special camera lensesHe called his oscillographic artworks oscillons and electronic abstractions

38

1960s

Manfred Mohr The fundamental view that machines should not be considered as a challenge to humanity but like McLuhan predicted as an extension of ourselves is the basic philosophy when becoming involved with technology httpwwwatariarchivesorgartistsec27php

39

1960s

Frieder Nake Along with George Nees Max Bensersquos student Frieder Nake was in 1965 among the first programmers to give the general public an opportunity of scrutinizing freely designed computer graphics produced on digital computers The graphics were based on the interplay between a macro-aesthetic structure a micro-aesthetic details and mediating random numbers Hommage agrave Paul Klee 13965 Nr21965

40

1960s

Georg Nees Georg Nees was arguably the first world-wide to show his digital art Studied mathematics physics and philosophy in Erlangen and Stuttgart (D) He has been producing computer graphics sculptures and films since 1964

41

1960s

A Michael Noll A Michael Noll is one of the earliest pioneers to use a digital computer to create patterns and animations solely for their artistic and aesthetic value His first computer art was created at Bell Labs in Murray Hill New Jersey during the Summer of 1962

httpwwwciticolumbiaeduamnollCompArtExampleshtml

42

1960s

Manfred R Schroeder My interest in computer graphics was

awakened by the late Leon Harmon and Ken Knowlton Our aim then (in the early 1960s) was to use computers for creating images that could not otherwise be drawn or painted More specifically we wanted to generate pictures that would be perceived as totally different depending on the viewing distance Thus my prize-winning One Picture is Worth a Thousand Words would just look like printed letters and English text from nearby But at intermediate viewing distances One Picture appeared to be a weaving pattern and finally from afar it would look like a human eye looking at you

43

1970s

Harold Cohen The Robot as an ArtistldquoAaron began its existence some time in the mid-seventies in my attempt to answer what seemed then but turned out not to be a simple question What are the minimum conditions under which a set of marks functions as an image httpwwwaaaiorgAITopicspmwikipmwikiphpAITopicsArthistory-art

44

1970sDavid Em - JPL artist-in-residence leading to

the first ever artists monograph published on digital art ( The Art of David Em published by Harry N Abrams)

45

1970s

Larry Cuba is widely recognized as a pioneer in the use of computers in animation art and was one of the hybrid artisttechnologists Producing his first computer animation in 1974 Cuba was at the forefront of the computer-animation artists

46

1980sThe first algorithmic brush strokes executed with an oriental brush mounted on a pen plotter were achieved in 1987 with an HI DMP52 pen plotter

This is one of a series attempting to achieve spontaneity and expressive energy as found in Chinese Shufa

47

1990s

Charles Csuri The fundamental view that machines should not be considered as a challenge to humanity but like McLuhan predicted as an extension of ourselves is the basic Lines in Space 1966

48

1990s

Yoichiro Kawaguchi was born on Tanegashima Island in 1952 He received his Master of Fine Arts from Tokyo University of Education in 1978 Currently he is Associate Professor of Computer Graphics Art at Art amp Science Lab Department of Art Nippon Electronics College Tokyo

49

2000s

Kenneth Knowlton

A pentomino consists of five squares joined along edges there are 12 This picture contains 27 of each kind Since Golomb introduced them in 1953 he has been committed to their care and feeding They have led to thousands of puzzles and problems

50

A turning pointWhen computer power becomes

easily available to all including artists and musicians then the convergence of informatics and the arts really begins

There is a democratization that occurs at about 1984

34

HistoryThe use of algorithms dates from prehistoric

times Study of the stone circles at Stonehenge (c 2000 BC) reveals an algorithmic arrangement based on phases of the moon and the annual movement of the sun

35

History

Architectural plans musical scores and dance notations bear one feature in common - they are all recipes for carrying out a task From this perspective a broad range of notational systems can be viewed and studied as algorithmic procedure

httpwwwverostkocomalgorithmhtml

36

1960s

George Brecht 1961

GB published a set of 50 cards to be given to each participant Each card held an instruction to be performed with a vehicle Vehicles with drivers were instructed to assemble at sundown in a parking lot and randomly park their vehicles Then each driver with a shuffled deck of instructions performed 50 events such as turn on lights start engine stop engine open window This work was performed at St Vincent College under the direction of Stephen Joy in 1963

37

1950s

Ben LaposkyFirst () graphic images generated by an electronic machine Laposky (a mathematician and artist from Cherokee Iowa) manipulated electronic beams across the face of an oscilloscope and then recorded the patterns using hihg-speed film color filters and special camera lensesHe called his oscillographic artworks oscillons and electronic abstractions

38

1960s

Manfred Mohr The fundamental view that machines should not be considered as a challenge to humanity but like McLuhan predicted as an extension of ourselves is the basic philosophy when becoming involved with technology httpwwwatariarchivesorgartistsec27php

39

1960s

Frieder Nake Along with George Nees Max Bensersquos student Frieder Nake was in 1965 among the first programmers to give the general public an opportunity of scrutinizing freely designed computer graphics produced on digital computers The graphics were based on the interplay between a macro-aesthetic structure a micro-aesthetic details and mediating random numbers Hommage agrave Paul Klee 13965 Nr21965

40

1960s

Georg Nees Georg Nees was arguably the first world-wide to show his digital art Studied mathematics physics and philosophy in Erlangen and Stuttgart (D) He has been producing computer graphics sculptures and films since 1964

41

1960s

A Michael Noll A Michael Noll is one of the earliest pioneers to use a digital computer to create patterns and animations solely for their artistic and aesthetic value His first computer art was created at Bell Labs in Murray Hill New Jersey during the Summer of 1962

httpwwwciticolumbiaeduamnollCompArtExampleshtml

42

1960s

Manfred R Schroeder My interest in computer graphics was

awakened by the late Leon Harmon and Ken Knowlton Our aim then (in the early 1960s) was to use computers for creating images that could not otherwise be drawn or painted More specifically we wanted to generate pictures that would be perceived as totally different depending on the viewing distance Thus my prize-winning One Picture is Worth a Thousand Words would just look like printed letters and English text from nearby But at intermediate viewing distances One Picture appeared to be a weaving pattern and finally from afar it would look like a human eye looking at you

43

1970s

Harold Cohen The Robot as an ArtistldquoAaron began its existence some time in the mid-seventies in my attempt to answer what seemed then but turned out not to be a simple question What are the minimum conditions under which a set of marks functions as an image httpwwwaaaiorgAITopicspmwikipmwikiphpAITopicsArthistory-art

44

1970sDavid Em - JPL artist-in-residence leading to

the first ever artists monograph published on digital art ( The Art of David Em published by Harry N Abrams)

45

1970s

Larry Cuba is widely recognized as a pioneer in the use of computers in animation art and was one of the hybrid artisttechnologists Producing his first computer animation in 1974 Cuba was at the forefront of the computer-animation artists

46

1980sThe first algorithmic brush strokes executed with an oriental brush mounted on a pen plotter were achieved in 1987 with an HI DMP52 pen plotter

This is one of a series attempting to achieve spontaneity and expressive energy as found in Chinese Shufa

47

1990s

Charles Csuri The fundamental view that machines should not be considered as a challenge to humanity but like McLuhan predicted as an extension of ourselves is the basic Lines in Space 1966

48

1990s

Yoichiro Kawaguchi was born on Tanegashima Island in 1952 He received his Master of Fine Arts from Tokyo University of Education in 1978 Currently he is Associate Professor of Computer Graphics Art at Art amp Science Lab Department of Art Nippon Electronics College Tokyo

49

2000s

Kenneth Knowlton

A pentomino consists of five squares joined along edges there are 12 This picture contains 27 of each kind Since Golomb introduced them in 1953 he has been committed to their care and feeding They have led to thousands of puzzles and problems

50

A turning pointWhen computer power becomes

easily available to all including artists and musicians then the convergence of informatics and the arts really begins

There is a democratization that occurs at about 1984

35

History

Architectural plans musical scores and dance notations bear one feature in common - they are all recipes for carrying out a task From this perspective a broad range of notational systems can be viewed and studied as algorithmic procedure

httpwwwverostkocomalgorithmhtml

36

1960s

George Brecht 1961

GB published a set of 50 cards to be given to each participant Each card held an instruction to be performed with a vehicle Vehicles with drivers were instructed to assemble at sundown in a parking lot and randomly park their vehicles Then each driver with a shuffled deck of instructions performed 50 events such as turn on lights start engine stop engine open window This work was performed at St Vincent College under the direction of Stephen Joy in 1963

37

1950s

Ben LaposkyFirst () graphic images generated by an electronic machine Laposky (a mathematician and artist from Cherokee Iowa) manipulated electronic beams across the face of an oscilloscope and then recorded the patterns using hihg-speed film color filters and special camera lensesHe called his oscillographic artworks oscillons and electronic abstractions

38

1960s

Manfred Mohr The fundamental view that machines should not be considered as a challenge to humanity but like McLuhan predicted as an extension of ourselves is the basic philosophy when becoming involved with technology httpwwwatariarchivesorgartistsec27php

39

1960s

Frieder Nake Along with George Nees Max Bensersquos student Frieder Nake was in 1965 among the first programmers to give the general public an opportunity of scrutinizing freely designed computer graphics produced on digital computers The graphics were based on the interplay between a macro-aesthetic structure a micro-aesthetic details and mediating random numbers Hommage agrave Paul Klee 13965 Nr21965

40

1960s

Georg Nees Georg Nees was arguably the first world-wide to show his digital art Studied mathematics physics and philosophy in Erlangen and Stuttgart (D) He has been producing computer graphics sculptures and films since 1964

41

1960s

A Michael Noll A Michael Noll is one of the earliest pioneers to use a digital computer to create patterns and animations solely for their artistic and aesthetic value His first computer art was created at Bell Labs in Murray Hill New Jersey during the Summer of 1962

httpwwwciticolumbiaeduamnollCompArtExampleshtml

42

1960s

Manfred R Schroeder My interest in computer graphics was

awakened by the late Leon Harmon and Ken Knowlton Our aim then (in the early 1960s) was to use computers for creating images that could not otherwise be drawn or painted More specifically we wanted to generate pictures that would be perceived as totally different depending on the viewing distance Thus my prize-winning One Picture is Worth a Thousand Words would just look like printed letters and English text from nearby But at intermediate viewing distances One Picture appeared to be a weaving pattern and finally from afar it would look like a human eye looking at you

43

1970s

Harold Cohen The Robot as an ArtistldquoAaron began its existence some time in the mid-seventies in my attempt to answer what seemed then but turned out not to be a simple question What are the minimum conditions under which a set of marks functions as an image httpwwwaaaiorgAITopicspmwikipmwikiphpAITopicsArthistory-art

44

1970sDavid Em - JPL artist-in-residence leading to

the first ever artists monograph published on digital art ( The Art of David Em published by Harry N Abrams)

45

1970s

Larry Cuba is widely recognized as a pioneer in the use of computers in animation art and was one of the hybrid artisttechnologists Producing his first computer animation in 1974 Cuba was at the forefront of the computer-animation artists

46

1980sThe first algorithmic brush strokes executed with an oriental brush mounted on a pen plotter were achieved in 1987 with an HI DMP52 pen plotter

This is one of a series attempting to achieve spontaneity and expressive energy as found in Chinese Shufa

47

1990s

Charles Csuri The fundamental view that machines should not be considered as a challenge to humanity but like McLuhan predicted as an extension of ourselves is the basic Lines in Space 1966

48

1990s

Yoichiro Kawaguchi was born on Tanegashima Island in 1952 He received his Master of Fine Arts from Tokyo University of Education in 1978 Currently he is Associate Professor of Computer Graphics Art at Art amp Science Lab Department of Art Nippon Electronics College Tokyo

49

2000s

Kenneth Knowlton

A pentomino consists of five squares joined along edges there are 12 This picture contains 27 of each kind Since Golomb introduced them in 1953 he has been committed to their care and feeding They have led to thousands of puzzles and problems

50

A turning pointWhen computer power becomes

easily available to all including artists and musicians then the convergence of informatics and the arts really begins

There is a democratization that occurs at about 1984

36

1960s

George Brecht 1961

GB published a set of 50 cards to be given to each participant Each card held an instruction to be performed with a vehicle Vehicles with drivers were instructed to assemble at sundown in a parking lot and randomly park their vehicles Then each driver with a shuffled deck of instructions performed 50 events such as turn on lights start engine stop engine open window This work was performed at St Vincent College under the direction of Stephen Joy in 1963

37

1950s

Ben LaposkyFirst () graphic images generated by an electronic machine Laposky (a mathematician and artist from Cherokee Iowa) manipulated electronic beams across the face of an oscilloscope and then recorded the patterns using hihg-speed film color filters and special camera lensesHe called his oscillographic artworks oscillons and electronic abstractions

38

1960s

Manfred Mohr The fundamental view that machines should not be considered as a challenge to humanity but like McLuhan predicted as an extension of ourselves is the basic philosophy when becoming involved with technology httpwwwatariarchivesorgartistsec27php

39

1960s

Frieder Nake Along with George Nees Max Bensersquos student Frieder Nake was in 1965 among the first programmers to give the general public an opportunity of scrutinizing freely designed computer graphics produced on digital computers The graphics were based on the interplay between a macro-aesthetic structure a micro-aesthetic details and mediating random numbers Hommage agrave Paul Klee 13965 Nr21965

40

1960s

Georg Nees Georg Nees was arguably the first world-wide to show his digital art Studied mathematics physics and philosophy in Erlangen and Stuttgart (D) He has been producing computer graphics sculptures and films since 1964

41

1960s

A Michael Noll A Michael Noll is one of the earliest pioneers to use a digital computer to create patterns and animations solely for their artistic and aesthetic value His first computer art was created at Bell Labs in Murray Hill New Jersey during the Summer of 1962

httpwwwciticolumbiaeduamnollCompArtExampleshtml

42

1960s

Manfred R Schroeder My interest in computer graphics was

awakened by the late Leon Harmon and Ken Knowlton Our aim then (in the early 1960s) was to use computers for creating images that could not otherwise be drawn or painted More specifically we wanted to generate pictures that would be perceived as totally different depending on the viewing distance Thus my prize-winning One Picture is Worth a Thousand Words would just look like printed letters and English text from nearby But at intermediate viewing distances One Picture appeared to be a weaving pattern and finally from afar it would look like a human eye looking at you

43

1970s

Harold Cohen The Robot as an ArtistldquoAaron began its existence some time in the mid-seventies in my attempt to answer what seemed then but turned out not to be a simple question What are the minimum conditions under which a set of marks functions as an image httpwwwaaaiorgAITopicspmwikipmwikiphpAITopicsArthistory-art

44

1970sDavid Em - JPL artist-in-residence leading to

the first ever artists monograph published on digital art ( The Art of David Em published by Harry N Abrams)

45

1970s

Larry Cuba is widely recognized as a pioneer in the use of computers in animation art and was one of the hybrid artisttechnologists Producing his first computer animation in 1974 Cuba was at the forefront of the computer-animation artists

46

1980sThe first algorithmic brush strokes executed with an oriental brush mounted on a pen plotter were achieved in 1987 with an HI DMP52 pen plotter

This is one of a series attempting to achieve spontaneity and expressive energy as found in Chinese Shufa

47

1990s

Charles Csuri The fundamental view that machines should not be considered as a challenge to humanity but like McLuhan predicted as an extension of ourselves is the basic Lines in Space 1966

48

1990s

Yoichiro Kawaguchi was born on Tanegashima Island in 1952 He received his Master of Fine Arts from Tokyo University of Education in 1978 Currently he is Associate Professor of Computer Graphics Art at Art amp Science Lab Department of Art Nippon Electronics College Tokyo

49

2000s

Kenneth Knowlton

A pentomino consists of five squares joined along edges there are 12 This picture contains 27 of each kind Since Golomb introduced them in 1953 he has been committed to their care and feeding They have led to thousands of puzzles and problems

50

A turning pointWhen computer power becomes

easily available to all including artists and musicians then the convergence of informatics and the arts really begins

There is a democratization that occurs at about 1984

37

1950s

Ben LaposkyFirst () graphic images generated by an electronic machine Laposky (a mathematician and artist from Cherokee Iowa) manipulated electronic beams across the face of an oscilloscope and then recorded the patterns using hihg-speed film color filters and special camera lensesHe called his oscillographic artworks oscillons and electronic abstractions

38

1960s

Manfred Mohr The fundamental view that machines should not be considered as a challenge to humanity but like McLuhan predicted as an extension of ourselves is the basic philosophy when becoming involved with technology httpwwwatariarchivesorgartistsec27php

39

1960s

Frieder Nake Along with George Nees Max Bensersquos student Frieder Nake was in 1965 among the first programmers to give the general public an opportunity of scrutinizing freely designed computer graphics produced on digital computers The graphics were based on the interplay between a macro-aesthetic structure a micro-aesthetic details and mediating random numbers Hommage agrave Paul Klee 13965 Nr21965

40

1960s

Georg Nees Georg Nees was arguably the first world-wide to show his digital art Studied mathematics physics and philosophy in Erlangen and Stuttgart (D) He has been producing computer graphics sculptures and films since 1964

41

1960s

A Michael Noll A Michael Noll is one of the earliest pioneers to use a digital computer to create patterns and animations solely for their artistic and aesthetic value His first computer art was created at Bell Labs in Murray Hill New Jersey during the Summer of 1962

httpwwwciticolumbiaeduamnollCompArtExampleshtml

42

1960s

Manfred R Schroeder My interest in computer graphics was

awakened by the late Leon Harmon and Ken Knowlton Our aim then (in the early 1960s) was to use computers for creating images that could not otherwise be drawn or painted More specifically we wanted to generate pictures that would be perceived as totally different depending on the viewing distance Thus my prize-winning One Picture is Worth a Thousand Words would just look like printed letters and English text from nearby But at intermediate viewing distances One Picture appeared to be a weaving pattern and finally from afar it would look like a human eye looking at you

43

1970s

Harold Cohen The Robot as an ArtistldquoAaron began its existence some time in the mid-seventies in my attempt to answer what seemed then but turned out not to be a simple question What are the minimum conditions under which a set of marks functions as an image httpwwwaaaiorgAITopicspmwikipmwikiphpAITopicsArthistory-art

44

1970sDavid Em - JPL artist-in-residence leading to

the first ever artists monograph published on digital art ( The Art of David Em published by Harry N Abrams)

45

1970s

Larry Cuba is widely recognized as a pioneer in the use of computers in animation art and was one of the hybrid artisttechnologists Producing his first computer animation in 1974 Cuba was at the forefront of the computer-animation artists

46

1980sThe first algorithmic brush strokes executed with an oriental brush mounted on a pen plotter were achieved in 1987 with an HI DMP52 pen plotter

This is one of a series attempting to achieve spontaneity and expressive energy as found in Chinese Shufa

47

1990s

Charles Csuri The fundamental view that machines should not be considered as a challenge to humanity but like McLuhan predicted as an extension of ourselves is the basic Lines in Space 1966

48

1990s

Yoichiro Kawaguchi was born on Tanegashima Island in 1952 He received his Master of Fine Arts from Tokyo University of Education in 1978 Currently he is Associate Professor of Computer Graphics Art at Art amp Science Lab Department of Art Nippon Electronics College Tokyo

49

2000s

Kenneth Knowlton

A pentomino consists of five squares joined along edges there are 12 This picture contains 27 of each kind Since Golomb introduced them in 1953 he has been committed to their care and feeding They have led to thousands of puzzles and problems

50

A turning pointWhen computer power becomes

easily available to all including artists and musicians then the convergence of informatics and the arts really begins

There is a democratization that occurs at about 1984

38

1960s

Manfred Mohr The fundamental view that machines should not be considered as a challenge to humanity but like McLuhan predicted as an extension of ourselves is the basic philosophy when becoming involved with technology httpwwwatariarchivesorgartistsec27php

39

1960s

Frieder Nake Along with George Nees Max Bensersquos student Frieder Nake was in 1965 among the first programmers to give the general public an opportunity of scrutinizing freely designed computer graphics produced on digital computers The graphics were based on the interplay between a macro-aesthetic structure a micro-aesthetic details and mediating random numbers Hommage agrave Paul Klee 13965 Nr21965

40

1960s

Georg Nees Georg Nees was arguably the first world-wide to show his digital art Studied mathematics physics and philosophy in Erlangen and Stuttgart (D) He has been producing computer graphics sculptures and films since 1964

41

1960s

A Michael Noll A Michael Noll is one of the earliest pioneers to use a digital computer to create patterns and animations solely for their artistic and aesthetic value His first computer art was created at Bell Labs in Murray Hill New Jersey during the Summer of 1962

httpwwwciticolumbiaeduamnollCompArtExampleshtml

42

1960s

Manfred R Schroeder My interest in computer graphics was

awakened by the late Leon Harmon and Ken Knowlton Our aim then (in the early 1960s) was to use computers for creating images that could not otherwise be drawn or painted More specifically we wanted to generate pictures that would be perceived as totally different depending on the viewing distance Thus my prize-winning One Picture is Worth a Thousand Words would just look like printed letters and English text from nearby But at intermediate viewing distances One Picture appeared to be a weaving pattern and finally from afar it would look like a human eye looking at you

43

1970s

Harold Cohen The Robot as an ArtistldquoAaron began its existence some time in the mid-seventies in my attempt to answer what seemed then but turned out not to be a simple question What are the minimum conditions under which a set of marks functions as an image httpwwwaaaiorgAITopicspmwikipmwikiphpAITopicsArthistory-art

44

1970sDavid Em - JPL artist-in-residence leading to

the first ever artists monograph published on digital art ( The Art of David Em published by Harry N Abrams)

45

1970s

Larry Cuba is widely recognized as a pioneer in the use of computers in animation art and was one of the hybrid artisttechnologists Producing his first computer animation in 1974 Cuba was at the forefront of the computer-animation artists

46

1980sThe first algorithmic brush strokes executed with an oriental brush mounted on a pen plotter were achieved in 1987 with an HI DMP52 pen plotter

This is one of a series attempting to achieve spontaneity and expressive energy as found in Chinese Shufa

47

1990s

Charles Csuri The fundamental view that machines should not be considered as a challenge to humanity but like McLuhan predicted as an extension of ourselves is the basic Lines in Space 1966

48

1990s

Yoichiro Kawaguchi was born on Tanegashima Island in 1952 He received his Master of Fine Arts from Tokyo University of Education in 1978 Currently he is Associate Professor of Computer Graphics Art at Art amp Science Lab Department of Art Nippon Electronics College Tokyo

49

2000s

Kenneth Knowlton

A pentomino consists of five squares joined along edges there are 12 This picture contains 27 of each kind Since Golomb introduced them in 1953 he has been committed to their care and feeding They have led to thousands of puzzles and problems

50

A turning pointWhen computer power becomes

easily available to all including artists and musicians then the convergence of informatics and the arts really begins

There is a democratization that occurs at about 1984

39

1960s

Frieder Nake Along with George Nees Max Bensersquos student Frieder Nake was in 1965 among the first programmers to give the general public an opportunity of scrutinizing freely designed computer graphics produced on digital computers The graphics were based on the interplay between a macro-aesthetic structure a micro-aesthetic details and mediating random numbers Hommage agrave Paul Klee 13965 Nr21965

40

1960s

Georg Nees Georg Nees was arguably the first world-wide to show his digital art Studied mathematics physics and philosophy in Erlangen and Stuttgart (D) He has been producing computer graphics sculptures and films since 1964

41

1960s

A Michael Noll A Michael Noll is one of the earliest pioneers to use a digital computer to create patterns and animations solely for their artistic and aesthetic value His first computer art was created at Bell Labs in Murray Hill New Jersey during the Summer of 1962

httpwwwciticolumbiaeduamnollCompArtExampleshtml

42

1960s

Manfred R Schroeder My interest in computer graphics was

awakened by the late Leon Harmon and Ken Knowlton Our aim then (in the early 1960s) was to use computers for creating images that could not otherwise be drawn or painted More specifically we wanted to generate pictures that would be perceived as totally different depending on the viewing distance Thus my prize-winning One Picture is Worth a Thousand Words would just look like printed letters and English text from nearby But at intermediate viewing distances One Picture appeared to be a weaving pattern and finally from afar it would look like a human eye looking at you

43

1970s

Harold Cohen The Robot as an ArtistldquoAaron began its existence some time in the mid-seventies in my attempt to answer what seemed then but turned out not to be a simple question What are the minimum conditions under which a set of marks functions as an image httpwwwaaaiorgAITopicspmwikipmwikiphpAITopicsArthistory-art

44

1970sDavid Em - JPL artist-in-residence leading to

the first ever artists monograph published on digital art ( The Art of David Em published by Harry N Abrams)

45

1970s

Larry Cuba is widely recognized as a pioneer in the use of computers in animation art and was one of the hybrid artisttechnologists Producing his first computer animation in 1974 Cuba was at the forefront of the computer-animation artists

46

1980sThe first algorithmic brush strokes executed with an oriental brush mounted on a pen plotter were achieved in 1987 with an HI DMP52 pen plotter

This is one of a series attempting to achieve spontaneity and expressive energy as found in Chinese Shufa

47

1990s

Charles Csuri The fundamental view that machines should not be considered as a challenge to humanity but like McLuhan predicted as an extension of ourselves is the basic Lines in Space 1966

48

1990s

Yoichiro Kawaguchi was born on Tanegashima Island in 1952 He received his Master of Fine Arts from Tokyo University of Education in 1978 Currently he is Associate Professor of Computer Graphics Art at Art amp Science Lab Department of Art Nippon Electronics College Tokyo

49

2000s

Kenneth Knowlton

A pentomino consists of five squares joined along edges there are 12 This picture contains 27 of each kind Since Golomb introduced them in 1953 he has been committed to their care and feeding They have led to thousands of puzzles and problems

50

A turning pointWhen computer power becomes

easily available to all including artists and musicians then the convergence of informatics and the arts really begins

There is a democratization that occurs at about 1984

40

1960s

Georg Nees Georg Nees was arguably the first world-wide to show his digital art Studied mathematics physics and philosophy in Erlangen and Stuttgart (D) He has been producing computer graphics sculptures and films since 1964

41

1960s

A Michael Noll A Michael Noll is one of the earliest pioneers to use a digital computer to create patterns and animations solely for their artistic and aesthetic value His first computer art was created at Bell Labs in Murray Hill New Jersey during the Summer of 1962

httpwwwciticolumbiaeduamnollCompArtExampleshtml

42

1960s

Manfred R Schroeder My interest in computer graphics was

awakened by the late Leon Harmon and Ken Knowlton Our aim then (in the early 1960s) was to use computers for creating images that could not otherwise be drawn or painted More specifically we wanted to generate pictures that would be perceived as totally different depending on the viewing distance Thus my prize-winning One Picture is Worth a Thousand Words would just look like printed letters and English text from nearby But at intermediate viewing distances One Picture appeared to be a weaving pattern and finally from afar it would look like a human eye looking at you

43

1970s

Harold Cohen The Robot as an ArtistldquoAaron began its existence some time in the mid-seventies in my attempt to answer what seemed then but turned out not to be a simple question What are the minimum conditions under which a set of marks functions as an image httpwwwaaaiorgAITopicspmwikipmwikiphpAITopicsArthistory-art

44

1970sDavid Em - JPL artist-in-residence leading to

the first ever artists monograph published on digital art ( The Art of David Em published by Harry N Abrams)

45

1970s

Larry Cuba is widely recognized as a pioneer in the use of computers in animation art and was one of the hybrid artisttechnologists Producing his first computer animation in 1974 Cuba was at the forefront of the computer-animation artists

46

1980sThe first algorithmic brush strokes executed with an oriental brush mounted on a pen plotter were achieved in 1987 with an HI DMP52 pen plotter

This is one of a series attempting to achieve spontaneity and expressive energy as found in Chinese Shufa

47

1990s

Charles Csuri The fundamental view that machines should not be considered as a challenge to humanity but like McLuhan predicted as an extension of ourselves is the basic Lines in Space 1966

48

1990s

Yoichiro Kawaguchi was born on Tanegashima Island in 1952 He received his Master of Fine Arts from Tokyo University of Education in 1978 Currently he is Associate Professor of Computer Graphics Art at Art amp Science Lab Department of Art Nippon Electronics College Tokyo

49

2000s

Kenneth Knowlton

A pentomino consists of five squares joined along edges there are 12 This picture contains 27 of each kind Since Golomb introduced them in 1953 he has been committed to their care and feeding They have led to thousands of puzzles and problems

50

A turning pointWhen computer power becomes

easily available to all including artists and musicians then the convergence of informatics and the arts really begins

There is a democratization that occurs at about 1984

41

1960s

A Michael Noll A Michael Noll is one of the earliest pioneers to use a digital computer to create patterns and animations solely for their artistic and aesthetic value His first computer art was created at Bell Labs in Murray Hill New Jersey during the Summer of 1962

httpwwwciticolumbiaeduamnollCompArtExampleshtml

42

1960s

Manfred R Schroeder My interest in computer graphics was

awakened by the late Leon Harmon and Ken Knowlton Our aim then (in the early 1960s) was to use computers for creating images that could not otherwise be drawn or painted More specifically we wanted to generate pictures that would be perceived as totally different depending on the viewing distance Thus my prize-winning One Picture is Worth a Thousand Words would just look like printed letters and English text from nearby But at intermediate viewing distances One Picture appeared to be a weaving pattern and finally from afar it would look like a human eye looking at you

43

1970s

Harold Cohen The Robot as an ArtistldquoAaron began its existence some time in the mid-seventies in my attempt to answer what seemed then but turned out not to be a simple question What are the minimum conditions under which a set of marks functions as an image httpwwwaaaiorgAITopicspmwikipmwikiphpAITopicsArthistory-art

44

1970sDavid Em - JPL artist-in-residence leading to

the first ever artists monograph published on digital art ( The Art of David Em published by Harry N Abrams)

45

1970s

Larry Cuba is widely recognized as a pioneer in the use of computers in animation art and was one of the hybrid artisttechnologists Producing his first computer animation in 1974 Cuba was at the forefront of the computer-animation artists

46

1980sThe first algorithmic brush strokes executed with an oriental brush mounted on a pen plotter were achieved in 1987 with an HI DMP52 pen plotter

This is one of a series attempting to achieve spontaneity and expressive energy as found in Chinese Shufa

47

1990s

Charles Csuri The fundamental view that machines should not be considered as a challenge to humanity but like McLuhan predicted as an extension of ourselves is the basic Lines in Space 1966

48

1990s

Yoichiro Kawaguchi was born on Tanegashima Island in 1952 He received his Master of Fine Arts from Tokyo University of Education in 1978 Currently he is Associate Professor of Computer Graphics Art at Art amp Science Lab Department of Art Nippon Electronics College Tokyo

49

2000s

Kenneth Knowlton

A pentomino consists of five squares joined along edges there are 12 This picture contains 27 of each kind Since Golomb introduced them in 1953 he has been committed to their care and feeding They have led to thousands of puzzles and problems

50

A turning pointWhen computer power becomes

easily available to all including artists and musicians then the convergence of informatics and the arts really begins

There is a democratization that occurs at about 1984

42

1960s

Manfred R Schroeder My interest in computer graphics was

awakened by the late Leon Harmon and Ken Knowlton Our aim then (in the early 1960s) was to use computers for creating images that could not otherwise be drawn or painted More specifically we wanted to generate pictures that would be perceived as totally different depending on the viewing distance Thus my prize-winning One Picture is Worth a Thousand Words would just look like printed letters and English text from nearby But at intermediate viewing distances One Picture appeared to be a weaving pattern and finally from afar it would look like a human eye looking at you

43

1970s

Harold Cohen The Robot as an ArtistldquoAaron began its existence some time in the mid-seventies in my attempt to answer what seemed then but turned out not to be a simple question What are the minimum conditions under which a set of marks functions as an image httpwwwaaaiorgAITopicspmwikipmwikiphpAITopicsArthistory-art

44

1970sDavid Em - JPL artist-in-residence leading to

the first ever artists monograph published on digital art ( The Art of David Em published by Harry N Abrams)

45

1970s

Larry Cuba is widely recognized as a pioneer in the use of computers in animation art and was one of the hybrid artisttechnologists Producing his first computer animation in 1974 Cuba was at the forefront of the computer-animation artists

46

1980sThe first algorithmic brush strokes executed with an oriental brush mounted on a pen plotter were achieved in 1987 with an HI DMP52 pen plotter

This is one of a series attempting to achieve spontaneity and expressive energy as found in Chinese Shufa

47

1990s

Charles Csuri The fundamental view that machines should not be considered as a challenge to humanity but like McLuhan predicted as an extension of ourselves is the basic Lines in Space 1966

48

1990s

Yoichiro Kawaguchi was born on Tanegashima Island in 1952 He received his Master of Fine Arts from Tokyo University of Education in 1978 Currently he is Associate Professor of Computer Graphics Art at Art amp Science Lab Department of Art Nippon Electronics College Tokyo

49

2000s

Kenneth Knowlton

A pentomino consists of five squares joined along edges there are 12 This picture contains 27 of each kind Since Golomb introduced them in 1953 he has been committed to their care and feeding They have led to thousands of puzzles and problems

50

A turning pointWhen computer power becomes

easily available to all including artists and musicians then the convergence of informatics and the arts really begins

There is a democratization that occurs at about 1984

43

1970s

Harold Cohen The Robot as an ArtistldquoAaron began its existence some time in the mid-seventies in my attempt to answer what seemed then but turned out not to be a simple question What are the minimum conditions under which a set of marks functions as an image httpwwwaaaiorgAITopicspmwikipmwikiphpAITopicsArthistory-art

44

1970sDavid Em - JPL artist-in-residence leading to

the first ever artists monograph published on digital art ( The Art of David Em published by Harry N Abrams)

45

1970s

Larry Cuba is widely recognized as a pioneer in the use of computers in animation art and was one of the hybrid artisttechnologists Producing his first computer animation in 1974 Cuba was at the forefront of the computer-animation artists

46

1980sThe first algorithmic brush strokes executed with an oriental brush mounted on a pen plotter were achieved in 1987 with an HI DMP52 pen plotter

This is one of a series attempting to achieve spontaneity and expressive energy as found in Chinese Shufa

47

1990s

Charles Csuri The fundamental view that machines should not be considered as a challenge to humanity but like McLuhan predicted as an extension of ourselves is the basic Lines in Space 1966

48

1990s

Yoichiro Kawaguchi was born on Tanegashima Island in 1952 He received his Master of Fine Arts from Tokyo University of Education in 1978 Currently he is Associate Professor of Computer Graphics Art at Art amp Science Lab Department of Art Nippon Electronics College Tokyo

49

2000s

Kenneth Knowlton

A pentomino consists of five squares joined along edges there are 12 This picture contains 27 of each kind Since Golomb introduced them in 1953 he has been committed to their care and feeding They have led to thousands of puzzles and problems

50

A turning pointWhen computer power becomes

easily available to all including artists and musicians then the convergence of informatics and the arts really begins

There is a democratization that occurs at about 1984

44

1970sDavid Em - JPL artist-in-residence leading to

the first ever artists monograph published on digital art ( The Art of David Em published by Harry N Abrams)

45

1970s

Larry Cuba is widely recognized as a pioneer in the use of computers in animation art and was one of the hybrid artisttechnologists Producing his first computer animation in 1974 Cuba was at the forefront of the computer-animation artists

46

1980sThe first algorithmic brush strokes executed with an oriental brush mounted on a pen plotter were achieved in 1987 with an HI DMP52 pen plotter

This is one of a series attempting to achieve spontaneity and expressive energy as found in Chinese Shufa

47

1990s

Charles Csuri The fundamental view that machines should not be considered as a challenge to humanity but like McLuhan predicted as an extension of ourselves is the basic Lines in Space 1966

48

1990s

Yoichiro Kawaguchi was born on Tanegashima Island in 1952 He received his Master of Fine Arts from Tokyo University of Education in 1978 Currently he is Associate Professor of Computer Graphics Art at Art amp Science Lab Department of Art Nippon Electronics College Tokyo

49

2000s

Kenneth Knowlton

A pentomino consists of five squares joined along edges there are 12 This picture contains 27 of each kind Since Golomb introduced them in 1953 he has been committed to their care and feeding They have led to thousands of puzzles and problems

50

A turning pointWhen computer power becomes

easily available to all including artists and musicians then the convergence of informatics and the arts really begins

There is a democratization that occurs at about 1984

45

1970s

Larry Cuba is widely recognized as a pioneer in the use of computers in animation art and was one of the hybrid artisttechnologists Producing his first computer animation in 1974 Cuba was at the forefront of the computer-animation artists

46

1980sThe first algorithmic brush strokes executed with an oriental brush mounted on a pen plotter were achieved in 1987 with an HI DMP52 pen plotter

This is one of a series attempting to achieve spontaneity and expressive energy as found in Chinese Shufa

47

1990s

Charles Csuri The fundamental view that machines should not be considered as a challenge to humanity but like McLuhan predicted as an extension of ourselves is the basic Lines in Space 1966

48

1990s

Yoichiro Kawaguchi was born on Tanegashima Island in 1952 He received his Master of Fine Arts from Tokyo University of Education in 1978 Currently he is Associate Professor of Computer Graphics Art at Art amp Science Lab Department of Art Nippon Electronics College Tokyo

49

2000s

Kenneth Knowlton

A pentomino consists of five squares joined along edges there are 12 This picture contains 27 of each kind Since Golomb introduced them in 1953 he has been committed to their care and feeding They have led to thousands of puzzles and problems

50

A turning pointWhen computer power becomes

easily available to all including artists and musicians then the convergence of informatics and the arts really begins

There is a democratization that occurs at about 1984

46

1980sThe first algorithmic brush strokes executed with an oriental brush mounted on a pen plotter were achieved in 1987 with an HI DMP52 pen plotter

This is one of a series attempting to achieve spontaneity and expressive energy as found in Chinese Shufa

47

1990s

Charles Csuri The fundamental view that machines should not be considered as a challenge to humanity but like McLuhan predicted as an extension of ourselves is the basic Lines in Space 1966

48

1990s

Yoichiro Kawaguchi was born on Tanegashima Island in 1952 He received his Master of Fine Arts from Tokyo University of Education in 1978 Currently he is Associate Professor of Computer Graphics Art at Art amp Science Lab Department of Art Nippon Electronics College Tokyo

49

2000s

Kenneth Knowlton

A pentomino consists of five squares joined along edges there are 12 This picture contains 27 of each kind Since Golomb introduced them in 1953 he has been committed to their care and feeding They have led to thousands of puzzles and problems

50

A turning pointWhen computer power becomes

easily available to all including artists and musicians then the convergence of informatics and the arts really begins

There is a democratization that occurs at about 1984

47

1990s

Charles Csuri The fundamental view that machines should not be considered as a challenge to humanity but like McLuhan predicted as an extension of ourselves is the basic Lines in Space 1966

48

1990s

Yoichiro Kawaguchi was born on Tanegashima Island in 1952 He received his Master of Fine Arts from Tokyo University of Education in 1978 Currently he is Associate Professor of Computer Graphics Art at Art amp Science Lab Department of Art Nippon Electronics College Tokyo

49

2000s

Kenneth Knowlton

A pentomino consists of five squares joined along edges there are 12 This picture contains 27 of each kind Since Golomb introduced them in 1953 he has been committed to their care and feeding They have led to thousands of puzzles and problems

50

A turning pointWhen computer power becomes

easily available to all including artists and musicians then the convergence of informatics and the arts really begins

There is a democratization that occurs at about 1984

48

1990s

Yoichiro Kawaguchi was born on Tanegashima Island in 1952 He received his Master of Fine Arts from Tokyo University of Education in 1978 Currently he is Associate Professor of Computer Graphics Art at Art amp Science Lab Department of Art Nippon Electronics College Tokyo

49

2000s

Kenneth Knowlton

A pentomino consists of five squares joined along edges there are 12 This picture contains 27 of each kind Since Golomb introduced them in 1953 he has been committed to their care and feeding They have led to thousands of puzzles and problems

50

A turning pointWhen computer power becomes

easily available to all including artists and musicians then the convergence of informatics and the arts really begins

There is a democratization that occurs at about 1984

49

2000s

Kenneth Knowlton

A pentomino consists of five squares joined along edges there are 12 This picture contains 27 of each kind Since Golomb introduced them in 1953 he has been committed to their care and feeding They have led to thousands of puzzles and problems

50

A turning pointWhen computer power becomes

easily available to all including artists and musicians then the convergence of informatics and the arts really begins

There is a democratization that occurs at about 1984

50

A turning pointWhen computer power becomes

easily available to all including artists and musicians then the convergence of informatics and the arts really begins

There is a democratization that occurs at about 1984