Progress ICP Vegetation 2014/15

Harry Harmens, Gina Mills, Felicity Hayes, Katrina Sharps

ICP Vegetation Programme Coordination Centre

Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bangor, UK

* Supported by Defra (UK), NERC (UK) & UNECE

http://icpvegetation.ceh.ac.uk

28th Task Force meeting

3 – 5 February, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy

80 participants from 22 countries CCE, ICP Forests

Presentation achievements last year, new research and developments

Workplan 2016 – 2018

Joint session at CCE/ICP M&M meeting

29th Meeting, 29 Feb – 4 March 2016, Dubna, Russian Federation http://jinr.ru/news_article.asp?n_id=2686&language=eng

First Joint Session EMEP/WGE, 14 – 18 Sept. 2015, Geneva

Smart phone App (or online recording)

Recording presence/absence of leaf ozone injury

Location on interactive map

2014: Test phase successful, but limited submissions, due to e.g. low stomatal ozone fluxes (wet and cold, hot and dry – short growing season) 2015: Protocol developed for recording ozone injury http://icpvegetation.ceh.ac.uk/manuals/experimental_protocol.html

Records expected from ICP Forests ozone leaf injury survey

USA Ozone Bio-indicator Gardens

St. Louis University NASA Goddard Research Station, Maryland

Boulder, Colorado Penn State University

http://science-edu.larc.nasa.gov/ozonegarden/ pdf/Bio-guide-final-3_15_11.pdf

Species include: - Snap bean - Cutleaf coneflower - Common or Tall milkweed

ICP Vegetation protocol species: - Snap bean - White clover - Wheat - Local sensitive species

Further field-based evidence ozone impacts

Post 2006 data collected so far

Red dots: data ozone App 2014

Orange dots: data ozone biomonitoring experiments

Blue dots: data literature

2016: Update evidence report

Chapter 3 Mapping Manual

http://icpvegetation.ceh.ac.uk

Minor updates:

Update critical levels for tomato yield and quality (González-Fernández et al., 2014. Environmental Pollution).

Simple soil moisture index included in EMEP modelling and mapping (Simpson et al., 2012)

Autumn 2016, Spain: ozone CL workshop.

Five working groups to prepare background documents:

Methodology; Evidence; Crops; Trees; Grasslands

End November 2015: preparatory workshop

back to back with epidemiology workshop, Sweden

Wheat losses due to ozone

Annual economic loss (averaged for 2007 – 2011) for rain-fed wheat, based on POD3IAM

EMEP region EU28+CH+NO SEE EECCA

Total production loss (million t) 23.7 15.4 2.8 6.7

Economic loss (billion Euros) 4.6 3.0 0.5 1.3

Percentage yield loss 13.2 14.6 10.7 12.0

Changing ozone profiles (1999 – 2010)

Ozone concentration

European trend

Sites showing European trend

0-19 ppb Decline Tervuren (BE), Seibersdorf (AT)

20-39 ppb Increase Östad (SE), Ascot (GB), Tervuren (BE), Giessen (DE)

40-59 ppb None All, except increase in Seibersdorf (AT)

≥60 ppb Decline Ljubljana (SI)

Country Site 24 hr mean

Daylight mean

Night mean

Daily max

Daily min

AOT40a POD3 IAMb

Belgium Tervuren None None Increase None Increase None None

Slovenia Ljubljana None None None Decline None Decline None

European mean None None Increase None Increase None None

Few trends, longer time series needed (>20 years?)

Background concentrations rising, peak concentration declining (but site specific)

Abatement of precursors at global scale needed

No significant

trends in

reduced wheat

yield

(POD3IAM)*

* Assuming no soil

water limitation

EMEP stations (Torseth et al., 2012. Simpson et al., 2014)

Decrease highest ozone levels and a corresponding increase low levels in the UK, the Netherlands and some other sites

No trends in Switzerland or Austria

Cause rise background ozone not fully understood, neither is the lack of trends

Change mean annual percentiles 1990-1999 to 2000-2009

First Joint Session EMEP/WGE, 14 – 18 Sept. 2015, Geneva

N and CC as modifiers of ozone impacts

Key messages

• Climatic conditions, rising carbon dioxide and other pollutants modify the responses of vegetation to ozone.

• As well as directly impacting on plant growth, these modifiers influence the amount of ozone flux into the leaf by causing changes in the opening or closing of leaf pores.

• In so doing, the Phytotoxic Ozone Dose (POD) is altered leading to changes in the magnitude of effects on growth, crop yield and ecosystem services.

• Responses to gradual long-term changes in background ozone, reactive nitrogen and climate will differ from responses to extreme pollution and climate events, likely to become more frequent in the coming decades.

Mills et al., submitted. Environmental Pollution.

First Joint Session EMEP/WGE, 14 – 18 Sept. 2015, Geneva

N and ozone interactions in changing climate

O3 alters N cycling (e.g. higher N leaf litter)

Growth stimulating effect N lost at higher O3

Combined effect of O3 and N on ecosystems cannot simply be predicted by the sum of the two effects

Aerosols damage stomatal functioning

Climate change will modify stomatal uptake of O3,

thereby changing the magnitude of effect

Climate change and O3 modify release VOCs from vegetation, with implications for air quality

Models now being developed that can predict combined impacts

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 20 40 60 80 100

Ro

ot b

iom

ass

(g)

Ozone - 24 hr mean (ppb)

Low nitrogen

High nitrogen

Modified from Wyness et al., 2011.

y = -0.0077x + 1R² = 0.76

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

0 20 40 60 80

Rel

ativ

e N

re

sorp

tio

n

Daylight mean ozone, ppb

Uddling et al, 2006

solardomes, ECLAIRE

Lindroth et al., 2001

N resorption leaves prior to leaf fall (Karlsson, Hayes et al., unpublished)

Cooperation outside region

Asian Air Pollution workshop, Tokyo, Japan, 31 Oct – 2 Nov 2015

Contribution to Tropospheric Ozone Assessment Report (TOAR): Global metrics for climate change, human health and crop/ ecosystem research’ http://www.igacproject.org/TOAR - International Global Atmospheric Chemistry Project (IGAC) - Goals: i) Produce first TOAR (peer-reviewed literature, new analysis); ii) At hundreds of measurement sites around the world (urban and non-urban) generate freely accessible ozone metrics (including ozone flux)

First Joint Session EMEP/WGE, 14 – 18 Sept. 2015, Geneva

Participation moss survey 2015/16

EECCA SEE

Azerbaijan Albania N

Belarus Bulgaria N

Georgia Croatia N

Kazakhstan Greece

Moldova Macedonia N

Russian Federation Romania N

Uzbekistan SerbiaPOPs

Confirmed participation:

HM: 40 countries

N: nitrogen – 15 countries

POPs: POPs – 4 countries

Several countries will also conduct radionuclide analyses in collaboration with Moss Survey Coordination Centre

EECCA: Eastern Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia SEE: South-eastern Europe

First Joint Session EMEP/WGE, 14 – 18 Sept. 2015, Geneva

Moss Survey Coordination Centre, JINR, Dubna, Russian Federation Head: Marina Frontasyeva

Rest Europe Rest Europe Asia + Africa

Austria N Norway N, POPs China

Czech Republic Poland N India

Denmark (Faroer Isl.) Slovakia N Mongolia

Estonia N Spain N Pakistan

Hungary Sweden South Korea

Ireland N, POPs Switzerland N, POPs Thailand

Iceland Turkey Vietnam

Italy N Ukraine

Latvia N UK (London area) South Africa

Participation moss survey 2015/16

Negotiations ongoing in for example Germany to participate in 2016

First Joint Session EMEP/WGE, 14 – 18 Sept. 2015, Geneva

Medium-term workplan (2016 – 2018)

Ongoing annual activities – report on:

Supporting evidence for ozone impacts on vegetation

Progress with the moss survey 2015/16

Contribute to common workplan items WGE

Specific activities – Report on:

2016: - Updated report on field-based evidence of ozone impacts on vegetation

- Ozone impacts on biodiversity

- Ozone critical levels workshop (November 2016, Spain)

2017: - Revised ozone risk assessment methodologies

- Revision Chapter 3 of Modelling and Mapping Manual

2018: - Report European moss survey 2015/16

First Joint Session EMEP/WGE, 14 – 18 Sept. 2015, Geneva

Thank you very much

for your attention!

http://icpvegetation.ceh.ac.uk

First Joint Session EMEP/WGE, 14 – 18 Sept. 2015, Geneva