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Section 1
The Origins of Progressivism Political, economic, and social change in late
19th century America leads to broad progressive
reforms.
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Four Goals of Progressivism
Concerns of Progressives • Early 1900s, middle-class reformers address
problems of 1890s
• Different reform efforts collectively called
progressive movement
• Reformers aim to restore economic opportunity,
correct injustice by:
- protecting social welfare, promoting moral
improvement
- creating economic reform, fostering efficiency
The Origins of Progressivism 1
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Continued . . .
Protecting Social Welfare • Social Gospel, settlement houses inspire other
reform groups
• Florence Kelley, political activist, advocate for
women, children
- helps pass law prohibiting child labor, limiting
women’s hours
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continued Four Goals of Progressivism
Promoting Moral Improvement • Some feel poor should uplift selves by improving
own behavior
• Prohibition—banning of alcoholic drinks
• Woman’s Christian Temperance Union spearheads
prohibition crusade
Image
Continued . . .
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continued Four Goals of Progressivism
Creating Economic Reform • 1893 panic prompts doubts about capitalism;
many become socialists
• Muckrakers—journalists who expose corruption
in politics, business
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Fostering Efficiency • Many use experts, science to make society,
workplace more efficient
• Louis D. Brandeis uses social scientists’ data in trial
• Scientific management—time and motion studies
applied to workplace
• Assembly lines speed up production, make people
work like machines
- cause high worker turnover
Cleaning Up Local Government
Reforming Local Government • Reformers try to make government efficient,
responsive to voters
• Some cities adopt government by commission
of experts
• Many use council-manager: people elect council
that appoints manager
1
SECTION
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Reform Mayors • Hazen Pingree of Detroit tackles taxes, transit
fares, corruption
• Socialist Tom Johnson of Cleveland fights
corrupt utility companies
Reform at the State Level
Reform Governors • Governors push states to pass laws to regulate
large businesses
• Robert M. La Follette is 3-term governor, then
senator of Wisconsin
- attacks big business
1
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Protecting Working Children • Child workers get lower wages, small hands handle
small parts better
- families need children’s wages
• National Child Labor Committee gathers evidence of
harsh conditions
• Labor unions argue children’s wages lower all wages
• Groups press government to ban child labor,
cut hours Continued . . .
Chart
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continued Reform at the State Level
Efforts to Limit Working Hours • Muller v. Oregon—Court upholds limiting women
to 10-hour workday
• Bunting v. Oregon—upholds 10-hour workday
for men
• Reformers win workers’ compensation for families
of injured, killed
1
SECTION
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Continued . . .
continued Reform at the State Level
Reforming Elections • Oregon adopts secret ballot, initiative,
referendum, recall
• Initiative—bill proposed by people, not
lawmakers, put on ballots
• Referendum—voters, not legislature, decide if
initiative becomes law
• Recall—voters remove elected official through
early election
• Primaries allow voters, not party machines, to
choose candidates
1
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Direct Election of Senators • Seventeenth Amendment permits popular
election of senators
Image
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The Origins of Progressivism
SMART
Assessment Mr. White’s US History 1
Question #1
Which of these was NOT a goal of the
Progressive movement?
A. Moral improvement
B. Social welfare
C. Manifest destiny
D. Economic reform
Question #2
Which of these organizations’ main goal
was to end the consumption of alchohol?
A. Women’s Christian Temperance Union
B. United States Sanitary Commission
C. Young Men’s Christian Association
D. Salvation Army
Question #3
Which of these describes when voters can
originate laws themselves?
A. Election primary
B. Recall
C. Referendum
D. Initiative
Question #4
Which of these describes when voters can
choose, by popular vote, to remove a person from public office?
A. Election primary
B. Recall
C. Referendum
D. Initiative
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10/11/2012
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Section 2
Women in Public Life As a result of social and economic change,
many women enter public life as workers and
reformers.
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Women in the Work Force
Changing Patterns of Living • Only middle-, upper-class women can devote
selves to home, family
• Poor women usually have to work for wages
outside home
Women in Public Life 2
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Farm Women • On Southern, Midwestern farms, women’s roles
same as before
• Perform household tasks, raise livestock, help
with crops
Continued . . .
Image
continued Women in the Work Force
Women in Industry • After 1900, 1 in 5 women hold jobs; 25% in
manufacturing
• 50% industrial workers in garment trade; earn half
of men’s wages
• Jobs in offices, stores, classrooms require high
school education
• Business schools train bookkeepers,
stenographers, typists
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Domestic Workers • In 1870, 70% of employed women do domestic
work
• Many African-American, immigrant women do
domestic labor
- married immigrants take in piecework, boarders
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Women Lead Reform
Women Get Involved • Many female industrial workers seek to reform
working conditions
• Women form cultural clubs, sometimes become
reform groups
2
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Women in Higher Education • Many women active in public life have attended
new women’s colleges
• 50% college-educated women never marry;
many work on social reforms
Continued . . .
Image
Map
continued Women Lead Reform
Women and Reform • Women reformers target workplace, housing,
education, food, drugs
• National Association of Colored Women (NACW)—
child care, education
• Susan B. Anthony of National American Woman
Suffrage Assoc. (NAWSA)
- works for woman suffrage, or right to vote
2
SECTION
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A Three-Part Strategy for Suffrage • Convince state legislatures to give women right
to vote
• Test 14th Amendment—states lose representation
if deny men vote
• Push for constitutional amendment to give women
the vote
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Women in Public Life
SMART
Assessment Mr. White’s US History 1 Class
Question #1
Which of these groups of women would
be most likely to work in a factory or industrial job to provide income for their
families in this time?
A. Upper-class (wealthy)
B. Middle-class
C. Lower-class (poor)
D. Farm
Question #2
Women who worked in industrial
jobs were most likely to fill jobs in
which of these trades?
A. Manufacturing
B. Management
C. Finance
D. Legal services
Question #3
Susan B. Anthony is most famous
for:
A. Discovering a new comet
B. Leading the woman’s suffrage
movement
C. Being the first American woman to earn a professional degree
D. Being the first American woman elected to national political office
Question #4
NACW stands for:
A. National Alliance of College Women
B. National Association for Colored Women
C. National Association of Clubs for Women
D. National Association of Childcare Workers
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OBJECTIVE – TEDDY
ROOSEVELT’S SQUARE
DEAL
• After this lesson, we should
be able to:
• Relate the creation of African
American advocacy organizations to
United States Supreme Court
decisions and state and local
governmental policies.
AND…
• Compare and contrast issues
involved in the struggle between
the unregulated development of
natural resources and efforts to
conserve and protect natural
resources during the period of
industrial expansion.
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NEXT
Section 3
Teddy Roosevelt’s Square Deal As president, Theodore Roosevelt works to give
citizens a Square Deal through progressive reforms.
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A Rough-Riding President
Roosevelt’s Rise • Theodore Roosevelt has sickly childhood, drives
self in athletics
• Is ambitious, rises through New York politics to
become governor
• NY political bosses cannot control him, urge run for
vice-president
Teddy Roosevelt’s Square Deal 3
SECTION
The Modern Presidency • President McKinley shot; Roosevelt becomes
president at 42
• His leadership, publicity campaigns help create
modern presidency
• Supports federal government role when states do not
solve problems
- Square Deal—Roosevelt’s progressive reforms
Image
NEXT
Using Federal Power
Trustbusting • By 1900, trusts control about 4/5 of U.S. industries
• Roosevelt wants to curb trusts that hurt public interest
- breaks up some trusts under Sherman Antitrust Act
3
SECTION
1902 Coal Strike • Coal reserves low; forces miners, operators to
accept arbitration
• Sets principle of federal intervention when strike
threatens public
Continued . . .
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NEXT
3
SECTION
Railroad Regulation • Roosevelt pushes for federal regulation to control
abuses
- Elkins Act—stops rebates, sudden rate changes
- Hepburn Act—limits passes, ICC to set
maximum rates
continued Using Federal Power
NEXT
Health and the Environment
Regulating Foods and Drugs • Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle—unsanitary
conditions in meatpacking
• Roosevelt commission investigates, backs up
Sinclair’s account
• Roosevelt pushes for Meat Inspection Act:
- dictates sanitary requirements
- creates federal meat inspection program
3
SECTION
Pure Food and Drug Act • Food, drug advertisements make false claims;
medicines often unsafe
• Pure Food and Drug Act halts sale of
contaminated food, medicine
- requires truth in labeling Continued . . .
NEXT
continued Health and the Environment
Conservation and Natural Resources • 1887, U.S. Forest Bureau established, manages
45 million acres
• Private interests exploit natural environment
3
SECTION
Conservation Measures • Roosevelt sets aside forest reserves, sanctuaries,
national parks
• Believes conservation part preservation, part
development for public
Map
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NEXT
Roosevelt and Civil Rights
Civil Rights at the Turn of the 20th Century • Roosevelt does not support civil rights for African
Americans
• Supports individual African Americans in civil
service
- invites Booker T. Washington to White House
• NAACP—National Association for the
Advancement of Colored People
- goal is full equality among races
• Founded 1909 by W. E. B. Du Bois and black,
white reformers
3
SECTION
Image
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Teddy Roosevelt’s
Square Deal
SMART
Assessment Mr. White’s US History 1
Question #1
Which of these best describes how Teddy Roosevelt affected the role of the President in the United States? A. He strengthened it.
B. He weakened it.
C. He kept it generally the same.
D. None of the above.
Question #2 What did Teddy Roosevelt do to help the 1902
Coal Miner Strike?
A. He didn’t do anything; he didn’t think the President should step in.
B. He called out the army to put down the strike.
C. He threatened to have the government take over the coal mines; the strikers and owners then sat down and worked out an agreement.
D. He fired the owners of the mine and made the mine government property.
Question #3 Which of these was NOT something that
Teddy Roosevelt did to help the country’s health?
A. Set up a commission to investigate the meat-packing industry.
B. Supported the Meat Inspection Act to have meat inspected for safety.
C. Supported the Pure Food and Drug Act to make medicines and foods safe.
D. Pushed for universal health care for everyone in the country.
Question #4 Which of these was NOT something that
Teddy Roosevelt did to protect the country’s environment?
A. Set aside 148 million acres of land as federally protected.
B. Pushed Congress to pass a law requiring more fuel-efficient cars.
C. Established 50 wildlife sanctuaries and national parks.
D. None of the above.
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Question #1
In what state was Teddy Roosevelt a
member of the legislature?
A. Delaware
B. Pennsylvania
C. New Jersey
D. New York
Question #2
Which event(s) spurred Teddy Roosevelt
to go west?
A. His failure to be elected to the state
assembly
B. The death of his mother and wife
C. His victory at the battle of San Juan Hill
D. His decision to run for president
Question #3
What was Teddy Roosevelt’s first job in the federal
government?
A. Assistant Secretary of the Navy
B. Secretary of State
C. Vice President
D. President
Question #4
How did Roosevelt encourage the creation of the
Panama Canal?
A. He encouraged a Panamanian revolution against the
Colombian government
B. He raised taxes on Americans to fund the creation of
the canal
C. He used the United States Army to invade Panama
D. He encouraged Americans to vote for a constitutional
amendment to create the canal
Question #5
A. Which of these was NOT a goal of the
Bull-Moose or Progressive party under
Teddy Roosevelt?
A. Limiting working hours
B. Abolishing child labor
C. Women’s suffrage
D. Expansion of national defense spending
OBJECTIVE – PROGRESSIVISM
UNDER TAFT AND WILSON’S NEW
FREEDOM
After this lesson, we should
be able to:
•Evaluate the effectiveness of
Progressive reforms in preventing
unfair business practices and
political corruption and in
promoting social justice.
10/11/2012
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NEXT
Section 4
Progressivism Under Taft Taft’s ambivalent approach to progressive reform
leads to a split in the Republican Party and the loss
of the presidency to the Democrats.
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Taft Becomes President
Taft Stumbles • 1908, Republican William Howard Taft wins with
Roosevelt’s support
• Has cautiously progressive agenda; gets little credit
for successes
• Does not use presidential bully pulpit to arouse public
opinion
Progressivism under Taft 4
SECTION
Continued . . .
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4
SECTION
The Payne-Aldrich Tariff • Taft signs Payne-Aldrich Tariff—compromise bill,
moderate tariffs
• Progressives angry, think he abandoned low tariffs,
progressivism
continued Taft Becomes President
Disputing Public Lands • Conservationists angry Richard A. Ballinger named
interior secretary
- Ballinger puts reserved lands in public domain
• Interior official protests action, is fired, writes
magazine exposé
• Gifford Pinchot head of U.S. Forest Service
- testifies against Ballinger
- is fired by Taft
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NEXT
4
SECTION
Problems within the Party • Republicans split over Taft’s support of House
Speaker Joseph Cannon
• Cannon weakens progressive agenda; progressives
ally with Democrats
• 1910 midterm elections, Democrats get control of
House
The Republican Party Splits
Continued . . .
NEXT
4
SECTION
The Bull Moose Party • 1912 convention, Taft people outmaneuver
Roosevelt’s for nomination
• Progressives form Bull Moose Party; nominate
Roosevelt, call for:
- more voter participation in government
- woman suffrage
- labor legislation, business controls
• Runs against Democrat Woodrow Wilson, reform
governor of NJ
continued The Republican Party Splits
NEXT
4
SECTION
The Election • Wilson endorses progressive platform called the
New Freedom
- wants stronger antitrust laws, banking reform,
lower tariffs
- calls all monopolies evil
• Roosevelt wants oversight of big business; not all
monopolies bad
• Socialist Party candidate Eugene V. Debs wants to
end capitalism
• Wilson wins great electoral victory; gets majority in
Congress
Democrats Win in 1912
Chart
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NEXT
Section 5
Wilson’s New Freedom Woodrow Wilson establishes a strong reform
agenda as a progressive leader.
Wilson Wins Financial Reforms
Wilson’s Background • Wilson was lawyer, professor, president of Princeton,
NJ governor
• As president, focuses on trusts, tariffs, high finance
Wilson’s New Freedom 5
SECTION
NEXT
Two Key Antitrust Measures • Clayton Antitrust Act stops companies buying
stock to form monopoly
• Ends injunctions against strikers unless threaten
irreparable damage
• Federal Trade Commission (FTC)—new
“watchdog” agency
- investigates regulatory violations
- ends unfair business practices Continued . . .
Image
A New Tax System • Wilson pushes for Underwood Act to substantially
reduce tariffs
• Sets precedent of giving State of the Union
message in person
• His use of bully pulpit leads to passage
5
SECTION
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continued Wilson Wins Financial Reforms
Federal Income Tax • Sixteenth Amendment legalizes graduated federal
income tax
Federal Reserve System • Federal Reserve System—private banking
system under federal control
• Nation divided into 12 districts; central bank in
each district
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Local Suffrage Battles • College-educated women spread suffrage
message to working-class
• Go door-to-door, take trolley tours, give speeches
at stops
- some adopt bold tactics of British suffragists
5
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Women Win Suffrage
Catt and the National Movement • Carrie Chapman Catt, head of NAWSA,
stresses organization, lobbying
• National Woman’s Party aggressively pressures
for suffrage amendment
• Work of patriotic women in war effort influences
politicians
• 1920 Nineteenth Amendment grants women
right to vote
Image
Wilson and Civil Rights • As candidate, wins support of NAACP for favoring
civil rights
• As president, opposes antilynching legislation
• Appoints fellow white Southerners to cabinet who
extend segregation
• NAACP feels betrayed; Wilson self-defense
widens rift
5
SECTION
NEXT
The Limits of Progressivism
The Twilight of Progressivism • Outbreak of World War I distracts Americans;
reform efforts stall
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10/12/2012
1
Mr. White’s US History 1
Question #1 Taft mainly chose to run for President
because he was supported by:
A. Franklin Roosevelt
B. Woodrow Wilson
C. Teddy Roosevelt
D. Grover Cleveland
Question #2 Which of these best describes Taft’s leadership style?
A. Aggressive – he used the power of the Presidency to accomplish his goals
B. Abusive – he went too far many times in using his power as president
C. Limited power – he stayed within what he believed were the limits on the president’s power
D. Micro-managing – he oversaw every detail of his presidency
Question #3 Which of these was the main reason that Teddy
Roosevelt chose to run against Taft in the election of 1912?
A. He believed that Taft was allowing many progressive reforms to fail or go away
B. He believed that Taft was abusing his presidential power
C. He disagreed with Taft’s support for Cuban rebels in the Spanish-American war
D. He disagreed with Taft’s proposal for a League of Nations to solve international disputes
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Question #4 Which of these best describes Woodrow Wilson’s
approach toward tariffs?
A. He supported strong protective tariffs for American industry
B. He supported tariffs in order to raise money for the government
C. He opposed tariffs and supported free international trade
D. He was indifferent, and didn’t pay much attention to tariffs during his Presidency
Question #5 This was put in place by Woodrow
Wilson as a way of helping to regulate business:
A. Income tax
B. Federal Trade Commission
C. Stock Market Commission
D. Federal Trade Regulators
Question #6 The 16th amendment to the United
States Constitution provided for:
A. The direct election of senators
B. The right to vote for women
C. The prohibition of alcoholic beverages
D. The federal income tax
Question #7 The 19th Amendment to the United
States Constitution provided for:
A. The direct election of senators
B. The right to vote for women
C. The prohibition of alcoholic beverages
D. The federal income tax