SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE BUILDING AND DESIGN

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONS) IN ARCHITECTURE

BUILDING SCIENCE 2 [BLD 61303 / ARC 3413]

PROJECT 02: INTEGRATION PROJECT

NAME: KIMBERLEY EE SZE ANN

ID: 0315319

TUTOR: MR SIVARAMAN KUPPUSAMY

CONTENTS

Title Page number

1.0 Introduction 1

1.1 Objectives 1

1.2 Project Description 1

1.3 1.3 Chosen Community Library Spaces 1

2.0 Lighting 2

2.1 Cafe 2

2.1.1 Daylighting Analysis 2

2.1.2 Artificial Lighting Proposal 4

2.1.3 PSALI (Permanent Supplementary Artificial Lighting of Interiors) 7

2.2 Library Reading Area 8

2.2.1 Daylighting Analysis 8

2.2.2 Artificial Lighting Proposal 10

2.2.3 PSALI (Permanent Supplementary Artificial Lighting of Interiors) 13

3.0 References 14

1.0 Introduction

1.1 Objectives

This project aims to integrate the understanding of the principles of lighting in the context of the final

design project of Studio 5. This project will encompass artificial and daylighting systems as well as

implementation of the PSALI design strategies.

1.2 Project Description

Located along Petaling Street, Chinatown, Kuala Lumpur, the new community library will be a vibrant

and interesting place for the whole community, welcoming people of all ages and backgrounds. The role

of the library is to generate community interaction with the intention of reactivating the site by creating

a universal gathering space for the community.

1.3 Chosen Community Library Spaces

The chosen spaces for this project are the cafe on the ground floor of the community library and the

library reading area on the first floor of the community library. The café is highlighted in red (Figure 1.1)

and the library reading area is highlighted in blue (Figure 1.2).

Figure 1.1: Ground floor plan indicating the location of

the cafe

Figure 1.2: First floor plan indicating the location of

the library reading area

2.0 Lighting

2.1 Cafe

2.1.1 Daylighting Analysis

The selected area of study is the cafe on the ground floor of the community library, on the right hand

side of the community library building. Openings at the front and side of the cafe allow for plenty of

natural light to diffuse into the space.

Figure 2.1: Ground floor plan indicating the location of the cafe

Figure 2.2: Revit generated daylight contour diagram of the cafe

According to MS 1525, daylighting factor distribution is as below:

Zone Daylight Factor (%) Distribution

Very bright >6 Too bright with thermal and glare problems

Bright 3-6 Good

Average 1-3 Fair

Dark 0-1 Poor

DAYLIGHTING FACTOR CALCULATION:

Floor area (𝒎𝟐) 16.17 x 5.88 = 95.08𝒎𝟐

Area of opening exposed to sunlight (𝒎𝟐)

Perimeter 16.17 + 5.88 = 22.05 Height = 4.5 Area = 99.23 𝑚2

Daylight factor

99.23

95.08 x 100%

=104.36% x0.1 =10.4%

NATURAL ILLUMINACE CALCULATION:

ILLUMINANCE EXAMPLE

120 000 lux Very bright sunlight

110 000 lux Bright sunlight

20 000 lux Clear sky

1000-2000 lux Overcast day

400 Sunrise/ Sunset on clear day

200 Midday

40 Fully overcast

<1 Sunset, Storm cloud

External = 20 000 lux (Clear sky)

DF = 𝐸_𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙

𝐸_𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 x 100%

10.4 = 𝐸_𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙

20 000 x 100%

E_internal = 2080 lux

CONCLUSION

The cafe has a daylight factor of 10.4% and natural illumination of 2080 lux. Based on the requirement

stated in MS 1525, both values exceed the standards as the daylight factor should be lower than 6% and

the recommended light level for cafes is 300 lux. Thus, building users will be affected by discomfort and

glare.

Therefore, in order to reduce the values, double skin facade will be added to the cafe openings in order

to avoid thermal glare.

Figure 2.3: Elevation showing front opening of cafe Figure 2.4: Section showing side opening of cafe

2.1.2 Artificial Lighting Proposal

The cafe will not only operate during the day but during the night as well. Hence, artificial light is vital to

create a well-lit and comfortable space for users.

Fixture Properties

Type of fixture Recessed LED downlight

Model

Figure 2.5: LuxSpace recessed downlight

Company Philips Lumen (lm) 3000 Power (watts) 36 Color designation Cool white

LUMEN METHOD CALCULATION

Space Ground floor cafe

Dimensions Length: 16.17m, Width: 5.88m, Height: 4.5m

Total Floor Area 95.08𝑚2

Lumen, F (lux) 3000 lm

Standard Illumination Required 300

Height of luminaire 4.5

Height of work level 0.8

Mounting Height (Hm) 3.7

Reflection factors Ceiling: 0.7 Wall: 0.5 Floor: 0.2

Room Index (RI)/K 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑥 𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ

𝐻𝑚 𝑥 (𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ + 𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ)

16.17 𝑥 5.88

3.7 𝑥 (16.17 + 5.88)

=1.17

Utilisation Factor (UF) 0.4

Maintenance Factor (MF) 0.8

Number of lamps required (N) 𝐸 𝑥 𝐴

𝐹 𝑥 𝑈𝐹 𝑥 𝑀𝐹

300 𝑥 95.08

3000 𝑥 0.4 𝑥 0.8

= 29.71 = 30

Spacing requirement for light fitting (m) S max =1.0 x Hm (Direct light)

1.0 x 3.7 = 3.7

FITTING LAYOUT

Figure 2.8: Sectional diagram of cafe showing proposed luminaries fitting layout

CONCLUSION

The cafe is arranged with 10 rows of 3 recessed LED downlights to achieve the requirement of 300 lux in

the room as stated in MS 1525. With the sufficient level of illumination the cafe is able to function

during both day and night.

Figure 2.7: Revit generated artificial light

contour diagram of the cafe

Figure 2.6: Proposed luminaries fitting layout

of cafe

2.1.3 PSALI (Permanent Supplementary Artificial Lighting of Interiors)

Based on the calculation and light contour analysis, the 30 luminaires in the cafe can be controlled using

two switches. Switch 1 controls the row (10 luminaires) facing the entrance and openings of the cafe

and switch 2 controls the remaining two rows (20 luminaires). The reason for this is because the cafe

will receive a strong daylight distribution of 10.4% during the day from the openings. Thus, in the day

switch 1 can be turned off while switch 2 is turned on to save electrical cost.

Figure 2.9: Proposed reflected ceiling plan and switch arrangement

2.2 Library Reading Area

2.2.1 Daylighting Analysis

The selected area of study is the library reading area of the community library building, on the left hand

side of the community library building. Window openings at the front and back of the cafe allow natural

light to diffuse into the space.

Figure 2.10: First floor plan indicating the location of the library reading area

Figure 2.11: Revit generated daylight contour diagram of the library reading area

According to MS 1525, daylighting factor distribution is as below:

Zone Daylight Factor (%) Distribution

Very bright >6 Too bright with thermal and glare problems

Bright 3-6 Good

Average 1-3 Fair

Dark 0-1 Poor

DAYLIGHTING FACTOR CALCULATION:

Floor area (𝒎𝟐) 26.5 x 5.85 = 155.03𝒎𝟐

Area of facade exposed to sunlight (𝒎𝟐)

Perimeter = 11.7 Height = 3.5 Area = 40.95

Daylight factor

40.95

155.08 x 100%

=26.41% x0.1 =2.64%

NATURAL ILLUMINACE CALCULATION:

ILLUMINANCE EXAMPLE

120 000 lux Very bright sunlight

110 000 lux Bright sunlight

20 000 lux Clear sky

1000-2000 lux Overcast day

400 Sunrise/ Sunset on clear day

200 Midday

40 Fully overcast

<1 Sunset, Storm cloud

External = 20 000 lux (Clear sky)

DF = 𝐸_𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙

𝐸_𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 x 100%

2.64 = 𝐸_𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙

20 000 x 100%

E_internal = 528 lux

CONCLUSION

The library reading area has a daylight factor of 2.64% after calculation. Based on the chart above the

space falls in the average zone of 2-3% and is close to the optimum zone of 3-6%. However the natural

illuminance level obtained is 528 lux which is higher than the recommended value for library reading

spaces which is 300-500 lux. The excessive daylight will cause thermal discomfort and prevent users

from enjoying the space.

Hence, double-glazed low-emissive glass can be applied for use in the window panes to solve the

problem of glare and reduce heat gain within the space.

2.2.2 Artificial Lighting Proposal

Artificial light is required at the library reading area to allow for a well-lit and comfortable space to be

used by building occupants during both night and day.

Fixture Properties

Type of fixture LED light beam

Model

Figure 2.14: Celino LED BCS680

Company Philips Lumen (lm) 3000 Power (watts) 36

Figure 2.12: Elevation showing front opening of the

library reading area

Figure 2.13: Elevation showing the back opening of the

library reading area

Color designation Cool white

LUMEN METHOD CALCULATION

Space First floor library reading area

Dimensions Length: 26.5m, Width: 5.85m, Height: 3.5m

Total Floor Area 155.03𝑚2

Lumen, F (lux) 3000 lm

Standard Illumination Required 300

Height of luminaire 3.5

Height of work level 0.8

Mounting Height (Hm) 2.7

Reflection factors Ceiling: 0.7 Wall: 0.5 Floor: 0.2

Room Index (RI)/K 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑥 𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ

𝐻𝑚 𝑥 (𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ + 𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ)

26.5 x 5.85

2.7 𝑥 (26.5 + 5.85)

=1.77

Utilisation Factor (UF) 0.4

Maintenance Factor (MF) 0.8

Number of lamps required (N) 𝐸 𝑥 𝐴

𝐹 𝑥 𝑈𝐹 𝑥 𝑀𝐹

300 𝑥 155.03

3000 𝑥 0.4 𝑥 0.8

= 48.44 = 48

Spacing requirement for light fitting (m) S max =1.0 x Hm (Direct light)

1.0 x 2.7 = 2.7

FITTING LAYOUT

Figure 2.17: Sectional diagram showing proposed luminaries fitting layout of library reading area

CONCLUSION

The library reading area is arranged with 12 rows of 4 LED light beams to achieve the requirement of

300-500 lux in the room as stated in MS 1525. With the sufficient level of illumination the library reading

area is able to function during both day and night.

Figure 2.15: Proposed luminaries fitting

layout of library reading area

Figure 2.16: Revit generated artificial light

contour diagram of the library reading area

2.2.3 PSALI (Permanent Supplementary Artificial Lighting of Interiors)

Based on the calculation and light contour analysis, the 48 luminaires in the library reading area can be

controlled using three switches. Switch 1 and switch 2 control the 3 rows (12 luminaires) facing the west

and east facade respectively. Meanwhile, switch 3 controls the remaining 6 rows (24 luminaires) in the

middle of the space, where the light rays are unable to reach. The reason for this is because the cafe will

receive an average daylight distribution of 2.64% during the day from the openings. thus, when the

natural light is sufficient to light up the space switch 1 and 2 can be turned off, leaving only switch 3 and

allowing for efficient energy saving.

Figure 2.18: Proposed reflected ceiling plan and switch arrangement

3.0 References

1. Department of Standards Malaysia. (2007). Malaysian Standard 1525. In CODE OF PRACTICE ON

ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND USE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY FOR NON-RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS.

2. Indoor Luminaires. (n.d.). Retrieved December 1, 2016, from Philips Lighting:

http://www.lighting.philips.com/main/prof/indoor-luminaires#pfpath=0-CINDOOR_GR