project management
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Project Management. Outline. What is a “project”? Project management drivers Project objectives and project life cycle Organizational aspects Planning tools Critical Path Method (CPM) Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT). What Is A Project?. Temporary Unique product or service. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
www.izmirekonomi.edu.trAsst. Asst. Prof. Dr. Prof. Dr. Mahmut Ali Mahmut Ali GÖKÇE, Izmir University of EconomicsGÖKÇE, Izmir University of Economics
SpringSpring, 2007, 2007
Project Management
www.izmirekonomi.edu.tr
Asst. Asst. Prof. Dr. Prof. Dr. Mahmut Ali Mahmut Ali GÖKÇE, Izmir University of EconomicsGÖKÇE, Izmir University of Economics
SpringSpring, 2007, 2007
Outline
What is a “project”? Project management drivers Project objectives and project life cycle Organizational aspects Planning tools
Critical Path Method (CPM) Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT)
www.izmirekonomi.edu.tr
Asst. Asst. Prof. Dr. Prof. Dr. Mahmut Ali Mahmut Ali GÖKÇE, Izmir University of EconomicsGÖKÇE, Izmir University of Economics
SpringSpring, 2007, 2007
What Is A Project?
Temporary Unique product or service
Unique, one-time operation designed to accomplish a specific set of objectives in a limited time frame.
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Asst. Asst. Prof. Dr. Prof. Dr. Mahmut Ali Mahmut Ali GÖKÇE, Izmir University of EconomicsGÖKÇE, Izmir University of Economics
SpringSpring, 2007, 2007
Examples of Projects
Construction projects. Dams, freeways, houses, etc.
New product development. Marketing campaigns (service). Mergers, acquisitions (service). Software development. Use of a manufacturing line to produce
standard products.
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Asst. Asst. Prof. Dr. Prof. Dr. Mahmut Ali Mahmut Ali GÖKÇE, Izmir University of EconomicsGÖKÇE, Izmir University of Economics
SpringSpring, 2007, 2007
History
Large and complex R&D projects by US military (1930-).
Manhattan project, Polaris missile program, Apollo space program, etc.
Automotive companies, airline industry.
Since then, non-military public sector, private and volunteer organizations use project management to achieve their goals, and to increase their effectiveness.
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Asst. Asst. Prof. Dr. Prof. Dr. Mahmut Ali Mahmut Ali GÖKÇE, Izmir University of EconomicsGÖKÇE, Izmir University of Economics
SpringSpring, 2007, 2007
Project Management Drivers
Expansion of knowledge. Different disciplines contribute to the solution of
development, production and distribution of goods and services.
Demand for complex, customized products. Product design needs to be integrated with the
production and distribution systems. Worldwide markets for production and
consumption of goods and services. Competition forced by the economic system.
Decreasing time-to-market. Expanding size of projects.
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Asst. Asst. Prof. Dr. Prof. Dr. Mahmut Ali Mahmut Ali GÖKÇE, Izmir University of EconomicsGÖKÇE, Izmir University of Economics
SpringSpring, 2007, 2007
Project Management Drivers
These forces increase the complexity of operations and the knowledge necessary to answer the questions of what, where, when to produce and how to distribute cannot be provided by individuals any more.
Teams are used for decision making and action, and this calls for a high level of interaction and coordination.
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Asst. Asst. Prof. Dr. Prof. Dr. Mahmut Ali Mahmut Ali GÖKÇE, Izmir University of EconomicsGÖKÇE, Izmir University of Economics
SpringSpring, 2007, 2007
Three Project Objectives
Performance (conformance to specifications)
Cost Time
Project management is about managing the trade-offs between these three objectives.
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Asst. Asst. Prof. Dr. Prof. Dr. Mahmut Ali Mahmut Ali GÖKÇE, Izmir University of EconomicsGÖKÇE, Izmir University of Economics
SpringSpring, 2007, 2007
Project Manager
The project manager is responsible that proper knowledge and resources are available where and when needed, and that the project is completed on-time and within budget.
The rapid growth of project-oriented organizations leads to a “project manager” career path.
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Asst. Asst. Prof. Dr. Prof. Dr. Mahmut Ali Mahmut Ali GÖKÇE, Izmir University of EconomicsGÖKÇE, Izmir University of Economics
SpringSpring, 2007, 2007
Project Manager
Project Management Institute established in 1969, had 7,500 members until 1990, 17,000 by 1995 and 86,000 by the end of 2001. Exponential growth due to a major increase in
project-oriented organizations and number of projects.
Software industry and IT projects. Istanbul Proje Yönetim Derneği has
currently 415 members.
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Asst. Asst. Prof. Dr. Prof. Dr. Mahmut Ali Mahmut Ali GÖKÇE, Izmir University of EconomicsGÖKÇE, Izmir University of Economics
SpringSpring, 2007, 2007
Project Life Cycle(% Completion) Vs. (Time)
Slow start (initial resources assigned, PM selected, program organized).
Quick momentum. Slow finish (many parts
must come together at the end).
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Asst. Asst. Prof. Dr. Prof. Dr. Mahmut Ali Mahmut Ali GÖKÇE, Izmir University of EconomicsGÖKÇE, Izmir University of Economics
SpringSpring, 2007, 2007
Project Life CycleTime Distribution of Project Effort
The slow-finish effect is also a result of changing the levels of resources dedicated to the project during successive phases of the life cycle.
www.izmirekonomi.edu.tr
Asst. Asst. Prof. Dr. Prof. Dr. Mahmut Ali Mahmut Ali GÖKÇE, Izmir University of EconomicsGÖKÇE, Izmir University of Economics
SpringSpring, 2007, 2007
Project Life CycleTime Distribution of Project Effort
Conception Selection Planning, scheduling,
monitoring, control Evolution and
termination
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Asst. Asst. Prof. Dr. Prof. Dr. Mahmut Ali Mahmut Ali GÖKÇE, Izmir University of EconomicsGÖKÇE, Izmir University of Economics
SpringSpring, 2007, 2007
Project Life CycleReducing Uncertainty in Estimates
At the beginning of the project.
Toward the end.
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Asst. Asst. Prof. Dr. Prof. Dr. Mahmut Ali Mahmut Ali GÖKÇE, Izmir University of EconomicsGÖKÇE, Izmir University of Economics
SpringSpring, 2007, 2007
Project Attributes
Purpose One time activity with a well-defined set of desired end
results. The project is divided into tasks that are complex on
their own. The tasks need to be coordinated in terms of timing,
precedence, cost and performance. Life cycle
Slow beginning, buildup, peak, decline and termination. Projects are sometimes terminated by being phased
into normal ongoing operations.
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Asst. Asst. Prof. Dr. Prof. Dr. Mahmut Ali Mahmut Ali GÖKÇE, Izmir University of EconomicsGÖKÇE, Izmir University of Economics
SpringSpring, 2007, 2007
Project Attributes
Interdependencies Projects interact with
Other projects being carried out in the organization Ongoing routine operations
Uniqueness No two construction or R&D projects are the same. By the presence of risk (for instance financial volatility,
long project durations), projects cannot be regarded as routine.
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Asst. Asst. Prof. Dr. Prof. Dr. Mahmut Ali Mahmut Ali GÖKÇE, Izmir University of EconomicsGÖKÇE, Izmir University of Economics
SpringSpring, 2007, 2007
Project Attributes
Conflict for resources. Competition with the regular functional
departments. Project-to-project competition. Competition among team members.
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Asst. Asst. Prof. Dr. Prof. Dr. Mahmut Ali Mahmut Ali GÖKÇE, Izmir University of EconomicsGÖKÇE, Izmir University of Economics
SpringSpring, 2007, 2007
Strategic and Organizational Issues
Key decisions for the organization Deciding which projects to implement Selecting a project manager Selecting a project team Planning and designing the project Managing and controlling project resources Deciding if and when a project should be
terminated
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Asst. Asst. Prof. Dr. Prof. Dr. Mahmut Ali Mahmut Ali GÖKÇE, Izmir University of EconomicsGÖKÇE, Izmir University of Economics
SpringSpring, 2007, 2007
Project Selection
Project selection is the process of evaluating individual projects or groups of projects and then choosing to implement some subset of them so that the objectives of the organization will be achieved.
Many projects fall outside the organization’s stated mission or are unrelated to the organization’s strategy or goals.
Excessive costs relative to benefits.
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Asst. Asst. Prof. Dr. Prof. Dr. Mahmut Ali Mahmut Ali GÖKÇE, Izmir University of EconomicsGÖKÇE, Izmir University of Economics
SpringSpring, 2007, 2007
Project Selection Problem
Multi-objective nature Financial, organizational, etc. objectives.
Types of project selection models Simple weighted scoring models Financial models (payback period, net present value,
internal rate of return, etc.) Goal programming, data envelopment analysis
Risk analysis and management is essential Simulation models
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Asst. Asst. Prof. Dr. Prof. Dr. Mahmut Ali Mahmut Ali GÖKÇE, Izmir University of EconomicsGÖKÇE, Izmir University of Economics
SpringSpring, 2007, 2007
The Project Manager
Takes responsibility for starting, planning, implementing and completing the project.
Typically, the PM is chosen as soon as the project is selected for funding.
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Asst. Asst. Prof. Dr. Prof. Dr. Mahmut Ali Mahmut Ali GÖKÇE, Izmir University of EconomicsGÖKÇE, Izmir University of Economics
SpringSpring, 2007, 2007
Functional and Project Manager Compared
Functional Manager:
Project Manager:
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Asst. Asst. Prof. Dr. Prof. Dr. Mahmut Ali Mahmut Ali GÖKÇE, Izmir University of EconomicsGÖKÇE, Izmir University of Economics
SpringSpring, 2007, 2007
PM’s Project Responsibilities
Responsibility to the parent organization The senior management must be fully informed
about status, cost and timing at all times. Risks need to be communicated properly.
Responsibility to the client Performance and time.
Responsibility to the project team
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Asst. Asst. Prof. Dr. Prof. Dr. Mahmut Ali Mahmut Ali GÖKÇE, Izmir University of EconomicsGÖKÇE, Izmir University of Economics
SpringSpring, 2007, 2007
Acquiring Personnel
PM chooses FM’s best workers for project Project more glamorous than steady
functional duties
Concerns by Functional Manager:
Concerns by Acquired Team Member: FM controls evaluation, salary &
promotion
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Asst. Asst. Prof. Dr. Prof. Dr. Mahmut Ali Mahmut Ali GÖKÇE, Izmir University of EconomicsGÖKÇE, Izmir University of Economics
SpringSpring, 2007, 2007
Characteristics of Effective Team Members
High-quality technical skills Political sensitivity Strong problem orientation Strong goal orientation High self-esteem
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Asst. Asst. Prof. Dr. Prof. Dr. Mahmut Ali Mahmut Ali GÖKÇE, Izmir University of EconomicsGÖKÇE, Izmir University of Economics
SpringSpring, 2007, 2007
Interfacing a Project
How to tie the project to the parent organization? How to organize the project itself? How to organize activities related to other
projects? Here, we focus on the interface of the project
with the parent organization. This interface is usually determined by senior
management, but affects the work of the PM significantly.
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Asst. Asst. Prof. Dr. Prof. Dr. Mahmut Ali Mahmut Ali GÖKÇE, Izmir University of EconomicsGÖKÇE, Izmir University of Economics
SpringSpring, 2007, 2007
Functional Organization
Organization chart for a university
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Asst. Asst. Prof. Dr. Prof. Dr. Mahmut Ali Mahmut Ali GÖKÇE, Izmir University of EconomicsGÖKÇE, Izmir University of Economics
SpringSpring, 2007, 2007
Functional Organization
A particular functional department is given the duty of project management. Typically, the one with the closest interest in the
outcome of the project. New product
Either engineering or marketing Personnel database development
Either IT or human resources.
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Asst. Asst. Prof. Dr. Prof. Dr. Mahmut Ali Mahmut Ali GÖKÇE, Izmir University of EconomicsGÖKÇE, Izmir University of Economics
SpringSpring, 2007, 2007
Advantages/Disadvantages of Functional Organization Advantages
Highly flexible staff use. Ease of switching experts among projects in same functional division.
Technological continuity Quicker career advancement of specialists
Disadvantages Project not client focused. Slow response to client needs Different goals between functional parent division and
project PM competes with FM for role of central project
responsibility Weaker project team motivation than in pure project
organization
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Asst. Asst. Prof. Dr. Prof. Dr. Mahmut Ali Mahmut Ali GÖKÇE, Izmir University of EconomicsGÖKÇE, Izmir University of Economics
SpringSpring, 2007, 2007
Pure Project Organization
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Asst. Asst. Prof. Dr. Prof. Dr. Mahmut Ali Mahmut Ali GÖKÇE, Izmir University of EconomicsGÖKÇE, Izmir University of Economics
SpringSpring, 2007, 2007
Advantages/Disadvantages of Pure Project Organization
Advantages PM with full project authority. Unity of command. Shorter communication lines than in functional organization.
Faster decision making. Higher project commitment of team Organization is structurally simple and flexible
Disadvantages Duplication of staff among projects Experts develop too much depth --- not enough breadth Inconsistency in carrying out policies and procedures Excessive attachment of team to project Team worries of “life after the project ends”
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Asst. Asst. Prof. Dr. Prof. Dr. Mahmut Ali Mahmut Ali GÖKÇE, Izmir University of EconomicsGÖKÇE, Izmir University of Economics
SpringSpring, 2007, 2007
The Matrix Organization
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Asst. Asst. Prof. Dr. Prof. Dr. Mahmut Ali Mahmut Ali GÖKÇE, Izmir University of EconomicsGÖKÇE, Izmir University of Economics
SpringSpring, 2007, 2007
Advantages/Disadvantages of Matrix Organization
This structure is a mix between functional and pure project organizations.
So, it balances advantages and disadvantages of these two types.