project management with sap r3_2

8/9/2019 Project Management With SAP R3_2

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SAP R/3 - Project System

Project Management with SAP R/3Teaching Material for the Department of

Production Management

Vienna University of Economics andBusiness Administration

Andreas Mild Alfred Taudes

V.1.

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1Introduction............................................................................................................................. 3

2Basics & Keywords...................................................................................................................4

3Getting ready for the workshop ..............................................................................................7

4Case tudy..............................................................................................................................12

4.1Case description...........................................................................................................................12

4.2Data for Project Realization.......................................................................................................13

!"#anning the pro$ect structure...............................................................................................1!

5.1General......................................................................................................................................... 15

5.2Implementation in SAP...............................................................................................................1

%chedu#ing..............................................................................................................................2%

!.1General......................................................................................................................................... 2!

!.2"asic calc#lations........................................................................................................................ 2$!.3Implementation............................................................................................................................3%

!.4&'e project plannin( )oard........................................................................................................41

7Cost p#anning & Contro##ing.................................................................................................47

.1General......................................................................................................................................... 4

.2Implementation............................................................................................................................4*

'ooking up the costs.............................................................................................................. %1

(Capacity "#anning................................................................................................................. %4

$.1General......................................................................................................................................... !4$.2Implementation in SAP...............................................................................................................!5

1)*arned +a#ue ,na#ysis........................................................................................................ %(

1%.1General....................................................................................................................................... !$10.1.1Measurement techniques......................................................................................................................6910.1. !a"cu"ation o# $arne%-&a"ue an% 'e(iation Ana"ysis........................................................................ )310.1.3Aggregation......................................................................................................................................... )*

1%.2Implementation......................................................................................................................... 4

11*-ecution............................................................................................................................. 77

11.1Implementation......................................................................................................................... 11.1.1!on#irming networ+ acti(ities............................................................................................................. ))11.1.,n(oices................................................................................................................................................)911.1.3Materia"................................................................................................................................................3

12Inforation yste ............................................................................................................ %

12.1Implementation......................................................................................................................... *!1.1.1!ost reorts..........................................................................................................................................61.1.$arne%-&a"ue Ana"ysis........................................................................................................................ 9

13'iterature..............................................................................................................................(

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11 IINTRODUCTIONNTRODUCTION

his scrit ser(es as a asis #or the wor+sho Project Management with SAP R/3. hiswor+sho is art o# a series o# SAP-re"ate% wor+shos which are he"% y the 'eartment o#

Pro%uction Management o# the &ienna 2ni(ersity o# $conomics an% usiness A%ministration4hea%e% y Pro#. 'r. A"#re% au%es. he wor+sho was %e(e"oe% y An%reas Mi"%.

he (oal o# this Project Management 5or+sho is that4 a#ter ha(ing atten%e% it4 each stu%entshou"% e #ami"iar with the theoretica" ac+groun%s an% e a"e to "an an% contro" a roject.he roject manager has the tas+ o# ensuring that the roject is eecute% e##icient"y4 on time4an% within the u%get - which he/she achie(es y ma+ing certain that the require% resourcesan% #un%s are a(ai"a"e when nee%e%. $(ery stu%ent shou"% then e a"e to ut his/her SAP+now"e%ge into action.

o ma+e the continuous imro(ement o# this scrit ossi"e4 "ease reort mista+es #oun% or i%eas #or #urther %e(e"oment to an%reas.mi"%7wu-wien.ac.at.

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22 BBASICSASICS & K& KEYWORDSEYWORDS

SAP R/3 is an inte(rated and ind#str+,independent standard soft-are which co(ers4

inte(rates an% connects all f#nctional areas in a )#siness. SAP A8 %e#ines integration as%e#ine% communication.1 A"though R/3 is %esigne% #or com"ete integration4 it can a"so euse% #or a cou"e o# usiness areas.

SAP is t'e a))reiation for “Systeme, Anwendungen, Produkte”, the 8erman wor%s #or Systems4 A"ications4 Pro%ucts:.3

,n#ormation aout the comany can e #oun% at; htt;//www.sa.com.

Projects are tas+s with secia" characteristics. Attriutes o# a roject are the #o""owing issues;

com"eity4 non-reetiti(ity4 high ris+ %etai"e% goa"s to e achie(e% time restrictions high cost an% caita" een%iture qua"ity requirements o#ten strategic signi#icance

o e a"e to "an4 monitor4 contro"4 an% carry out a roject as a who"e4 the project (oalsm#st )e precisel+ descri)ed an% the acti(ities to e er#orme% ha(e to e structure%.

A roject can e %escrie% as #o""ows;

accor%ing to how it is organi.

5S e"ements can e;

1 A?@S =rsg.> SAP Areit4 Management. raunschweig/5iesa%en 1996 .B9

!omuterwe"t Co. 13 o# 13. 3. 1994 . 03 A?@S =rsg.> SAP Areit4 Management. raunschweig/5iesa%en 1996 . B9* !hase R./Aqui"ano C./Dacos R. Pro%uction an% @erations Management; Manu#acturingan% Ser(ices4 .*

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tas+s artia" tas+s which are su%i(i%e% #urther wor+ ac+ages

5S can e structure% accor%ing to

oject #unction hase

5hich +in% o# structuring is use% %een%s on the #ocus o# the roject. @jects orientation iso#ten use%4 i# the main art o# the roject is a hysica" oject "i+e a ower "ant. ?unctiona"organisation is re#erre%4 i# many %i##erent arts o# an organisation or many organisations arein(o"(e%.,n ractice4 a"" three +in%s o# structuring are use% within one 5S.

Project Management can e %e#ine% as plannin( directin( and controllin( reso#rces=eo"e4 equiment4 materia" to meet t'e tec'nical cost and time constraints of t'eproject.:B he rimary reason why rojects #ai" is insu##icient e##ort in the "anning hase.6

Project Management thus is consi%ere% as (ery imortant.he SAP Project System ena"es c"ose an% constant monitoring o# a"" asects o# a roject yha(ing constant access to %ata in a"" the %eartments in(o"(e%.Project management can e su%i(i%e% into roject "anning4 i.e. the tas+ which wi"" eun%erta+en e#ore the roject starts4 an% roject contro""ing %uring the im"ementation o# the

roject.P"anning must inc"u%e;

organi


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he system calc#lates the materia" requirements #or each ste o# the roject an% organihas to e ca"cu"ate%. his a"so requires interaction o# some R/3 mo%u"es.

hus4 the system nee%s in#ormation #rom a"" usiness areas simu"taneous"y. An% this iseact"y what integration %oes.he roject mo%u"e is art o# the integrate% concet o# SAP R/3 ro(i%ing inter#aces to other mo%u"es "i+e Accounting4 'istriution4 Materia" Management an% Pro%uction P"anning an%!ontro". $ach area within the organi


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33 GGETTINGETTING READYREADY FORFOR THETHE WORKSHOPWORKSHOP

his chater ro(i%es in#ormation on the #irst use o# the system.

Fogging on R/3

Fogging o##

SAP R/3 is a c"ient/ser(er a"ication. here#ore4 you ha(e to cance" the connection with theser(er y te""ing it that you want to "og o##.

!reate Session

@#ten it is use#u" to oen more screens. Gou can %o this y creating a new session4 "i+e a new%ocument in a wor% rocessor.

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SAP e"

,# you want to get some asic in#ormation aout a seci#ic #ie"%4 #ocus this #ie"% with your mouse an% ress .he %ia"og o in%icates what the #ie"% is #or. Sometimes e(en%een%encies are e"aine%.

Match co%es

Match co%es are use#u" #or #in%ing %ata4 ecause it is %i##icu"t to +now/rememer thei%enti#ication numer o# a "ine osition such as a materia".$am"e;Gou want to e%it the materia" master o# a materia". Gou %onHt +now the numer4 ut you +nowthat the materia" %escrition starts with something "i+e PMI:,# you ress ?* you get a search-mas+ where you are a"e to search with wi"%car%s

A#ter ha(ing resse% $nter you get a "ist with the search resu"ts.

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hen you can se"ect one materia"4 you can sort or cancel .

ransaction !o%es

he #o""owing screen wi"" e o#ten use% %uring the wor+sho. hus4 we can use ransaction!o%es #or #aster access.

hen se"ect Structure planning – Cange Pro!ect .

Cow4 we want to oo+mar+: this screen.

So4 we "oo+ u t'e transaction code.

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he status %ia"og o oens;

ere we see a "ot o# in#ormation concerning imortant re"e(ant technica" %etai"s.5here(er you #in% yourse"# in the system4 you can get to this screen y entering C"#$ in theransaction screen.

Fet us re#ine this a "itt"e it. ,# you ha(e se(era" transaction co%es4 you may get con#use%. Jeyin the aroriate transaction co%e an% the comment edit pro!ect structure.

hen4 i# you oen the como o o# the transaction co%es a#ter ha(ing entere% more co%es4you wi"" #in% the aroriate one .

he Stan%ar% oo"ar

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44 CCASEASE SSTUDYTUDY

4.1 Case description

his case was %e(e"oe% in or%er to %emonstrate the roject system o# SAP R/3 . A"" ricesan% %ata are ure #iction an% he"% (ery sim"e.he oject o# the roject is the seci#ication an% insta""ation o# an e"e(ator.

Physica""y4 the $"e(ator consists o#

a caine an engine mechanica" arts a contro" unit

,n the course o# the roject4 these arts must e constructe%4 rocure% an% assem"e%.At the en%4 an eterna" insection o# the entire system is rescrie%.he roject must e #inishe% y 30.6.000.

he comany consists o# two wor+ centers;

'e(e"oment =PR@D-R'> ,nsta""ation =PR@D-,CS>

Seci#ication acti(ities are er#orme% y the 'e(e"oment %eartment. Procurement acti(itieswi"" e %one outsi%e the roject organisation4 an% neither cost nor caacity consi%erations are "anne% within a roject #or rocurement. ,nsta""ation is %one y the ,nsta""ation %eartment.

,n articu"ar4 the acti(ities are as #o""ows;

Actiit+ D#ration 0or/ 0or/,centerSeci#ication o# the caine 10 0 'e(e"omentSeci#ication o# the engine 10 10 'e(e"omentSeci#ication o# mechanica" arts 0 10 'e(e"oment

Seci#ication o# the contro" unit 10 'e(e"omentProcurement o# the caine 0Procurement o# the engine B0Procurement o# mechanica" arts 10Procurement o# the contro" unit 10,nsta""ation , 1B 100 ,nsta""ation,nsta""ation ,, 0 100 ,nsta""ation$terna" ,nsection 1 eterna"4 0.000

Seci#ication acti(ities can e er#orme% in a consecuti(e or%er on"y. Seci#ication starts withthe caine. A#ter com"etion4 the seci#ication o# the engine can e %one. hen4 the

mechanica" arts can e %esigne%. he "ast acti(ity is the %esign o# the contro" unit.A#ter the com"etion o# each seci#ication acti(ity4 the rocurement o# the seci#ic item can

e e##ecte%.

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A#ter the rocurement o# a"" arts the ,nsta""ation can start an% must e %one in twoconsecuti(e stes =, K ,,>.he #ina" acti(ity o# the roject is eterna" insection.

A 10L "anning reser(e on the aisis o# "anne% cost is require%. Co actua" cost shou"% e

oste% to this 5S e"ement.

!orreson%ing materia"s assigne% to the urchasing acti(ities

!tructure

PM"Elevator Engine

#inished ProductE$ternal procurement

PM"%ontrol Unit

#inished ProductE$ternal Procurement

PM"%a&ine

#inished ProductE$ternal Procurement

PM"Mechanical"Parts

#inished Product'nhouse Production

Elevator To assem&le

Parameters #r $arne%-&a"ue Ana"ysis

A"" seci#ication acti(ities an% ,nsta""ation ,, use the 0-0 Metho% #or er#ormancemeasurement. Procurement acti(ities use 0E100 metho%.,nsta""ation , has 3 mi"estones4 (i4 ,nsta""ation #inishe% =0L>4Nua"ity chec+e% =100L>.

4.2 Data for Project Realization

Actiit+ Start nd 0or/ Seci#ication o# the caine *.1.000 0*..00

00

Seci#ication o# the engine 0)..000 0B.3.000

30

Seci#ication o# mechanica" arts 06.3.000 .3.000

0

Seci#ication o# the contro" unitProcurement o# the caine 06.3.000 06.3.00

0Procurement o# the engine 0).3.000 0).3.00

0Procurement o# mechanica" arts 0.3.000 0.3.00

0Procurement o# the contro" unit 09.3.000 09.3.00

0,nsta""ation ,,nsta""ation ,,

$terna" ,nsection$terna" insection ha% to e ai% in a%(ance at 3..000 =100000 AS>.A"" materia" was ta+en #rom stoc+ at gi(en time.

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55 PPLANNINGLANNING THETHE PROJECTPROJECT STRUCTURESTRUCTURE

5.1 General

$ach roject starts with the definition and classification of t'e str#ct#res require% #or rocessing an% the incororation o# these into the eisting enterrise structure.he Project System has no organi


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Source) SAP @n"ine 'ocumentation ,'$S Re"ease *.0

his chart ro(i%es an o(er(iew o# what can e assigne% to a roject an% its comonents. 5ewi"" %e#ine the SAP (ocau"ary "ater on.he wor+-rea+%own-structure =5S> %e#ines the 'ierarc'+ of t'e tas/s -it'in a projectand diides the roject into use#u" stes.

o contro" costs assigne% to 5S e"ements4 oerati(e in%icators are use%.he #o""owing oerati(e in%icators can e assigne% to a 5S e"ement;

P"anning 5S e"ements #or which costs can e "anne%Accountassignment

5S e"ements to which costs can e assigne%

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i""ing 5S e"ements to which re(enues can e oste%

5.2 Implementation in SAP

,n this section we create a new roject. 5e then wi"" ha(e a "oo+ at the contro" arameters.A#ter that we enter the wor+ rea+%own structure. ?ina""y4 the status concet o# SAP R/3 wi""

e e"aine%.

!reate new roject

hus4 we get to the initia" screen;

5e enter our pro!ect de*inition, a description o* our pro!ect an% se"ect the standard pro*ile #or rojects.,n our case4 we on"y set a *inis date. 5hen ressing 'nter 4 a -arnin( messa(e that this %ateis not a wor+ing %ay might occur. @ne can ass the warning y ressing 'nter 5e then sa%e our wor+ an% get the con#irmation that the roject has een create%.

ote; ,t is wise to sa(e your wor+ #rom time to time. 5e wi"" not mention the sa(e roce%urein the rest o# the manuscrit

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o continue4 we ha(e to choose to change our roject.

Ma+e sure that the chec+o wit acti%ities is a"ways chec+e%. !"ic+ e(ecute to rocee%.

Cow he ha(e create% a new roject. A"though we ha(e not +eye% in any %ata ecet the Pro!ect Pro*ile Cumer4 many arameters ha(e a"rea%y een assigne% to our new roject.

8enera" contro" arameters

!"ic+ here to (iew the g"oa" arameters. his section shou"% ro(i%e you with a asic insightinto which arameters are set. ,# you #ee" that the resu"ts ca"cu"ate% y R/3 are not "ogica"4 youshou"% ha(e an i%ea where to start searching the re"e(ant customi


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he project profile seci#iesgenera" %ata "i+e Controlling area, Plant, Factory

calendar, Planning metod

etc. 5hen creating the roject4 the ro#i"e is choosen.

he net-or/ profile seci#iesgenera" %ata "i+e settings #or the grahica" reresentation4acti(ity arameters4 "i+e the

currency %e#au"t o# eterna""y rocesse% acti(ities.

,n the 0"S sc'ed#lin(profile items "i+e the

sceduling type =#orwar%4 ac+war%> are seci#ie%.

he )#d(et profile seci#ies items "i+e &udgeting currency4 the (a"i% time ori+on #or u%geting ac+ in-to the ast or into the #uture

he plannin( profile seci#ies4 e.g.4costing %ariant an% time ori+on.

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P"anning arameters

,n the genera" arameter section4 many arameters are set as %iscusse% ao(e. Catura""y4 onecan o(erri%e a art o# them in the current roject. owe(er4 we are not changing any

arameters.

ere you can seci#y i# you want to use top,Do-n )ottom #p or open plannin(.

ere we seci#y what the system shou"% %o i# sche%u"ing %etermines %ates which are notwithin the asic %ates. ,n case4 the sche%u"e%%ates shou"% e ta+en o(er as new %ates.

An imortant arameter is the sceduling type. ere you seci#y4 i# you want to use#orwar%4 ac+war% or other sche%u"ingtyes.

Start entering the %ata gi(en in the screenshot e"ow. ,# you are #inishe%4 ress 'nter .

hen4 your screen shou"% "oo+ "i+e this;

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Fe(e"ing u/%own 5S $"ements

here is a mista+e. 5S $"ement '-.$$$/0$$ shou"% ha(e "e(e" .Se"ect the 5S $"ement to "e(e"ing it %own.

,nserting 5S $"ements/acti(ities

5e ha(e #orgotten to enter enter Acti(ity 034 Procurement o# the mechanica" arts an%Acti(ity 0*4 Procurement o# the caine.

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Se"ect the row ao(e which you want to insert a row an% a%% it y menue or sim"y y ressing F2 Procee% with the secon% row in the same way. 'o not #orget that these acti(ities%o not ha(e a "e(e".A#ter these changes your screen shou"% "oo+ "i+e this;

he hi%%en-quic+-menue:

,# you ress the right mouse utton4 you get a "ist o# use#u" comman%s. A"" these comman%scan a"so e accesse% (ia menues an% uttons. owe(er4 you are #aster when you use the right-mouse-quic+-menue.

2ser Status an% usiness A%ministration Proce%ures

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A status %ocuments the current state o# rocessing o# an oject. 'een%ing on which usinesstransaction is er#orme% #or an oject4 such as a 5S e"ement4 an interna" or%er4 or anetwor+4 the status o# that oject changes. he status o# an oject4 in turn4 in#"uences which

usiness transactions can e carrie% out #or an oject.

here are two tyes o# statuses;

he user status an% the system status.

A system status is set y the system which te""s us that a articu"ar #unction has een carrie%out #or an oject. A user cannot %e"ete4 change4 or otherwise amen% the system status in anyway.

A user status is a status which can e set y the user in a%%ition to the current system status. ,nthis wor+sho4 we wi"" s+i the user status an% #ocus on"y on the system status.

Cow4 the system status o# the roject is C3'A4'5.

,# you want to chec+ this y yourse"#4 ress C34 6 F7 #rom the roject structure changingscreen an% c"ic+ to 8usiness 4ransactions. Cow we get a "ist o# -'ic' )#siness proced#resare c#rrentl+ allo-ed and which are current"y disa)led.

A numer o# usiness transactions are current"y %isa""owe%. ,n or%er to a""ow #or enteringactua" %ata =e.g. (ia ,ncoming in(oices>4 we must change the user status.

?or this urose4 we are going to release the who"e roject. Se"ect a"" rows an% re"ease the roject.

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Gou get the message that the status was change%.

!on#irm it.

Cow4 chec+ i# we are current"y a""owe% to reort costs. Se"ect the highest 5S $"ement an%then ress C34 6 F7

!"ic+ to 8usiness 4ransactions to see what has change%.

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Cote that now we are no "onger a""owe% to %e"ete 5S-$"ements.

Press 'nter an% "ea(e the status screen y going ac+.

e#ore re"easing the roject we ha% a"rea%y se"ecte% a"" acti(ities. hus we ha(e re"ease% thewho"e roject. ote that we wou"% ha(e een a"e to se"ect on"y a #ew acti(ities or 5Se"ements. here#ore4 it is ossi"e that %i##erent 5S e"ements an% %i##erent acti(ities can

ha(e a %i##erent status. ,n #act4 in ractice this is the case with "arge-sca"e rojects.

@erati(e Structures

8et into the screen cange structure planning y using 4ransaction code C"#$: an% se"ect5S asic %ata.

!hec+ the oes P$: an% Acct: to to a""ow #or "anne% costs an% #or actua" costs. Cote thatis ossi"e an% sometimes use#u" to a""ow #or "anne% cost on an aggregate "e(e"4 ut not #or actua" cost.

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66 SSCHEDULINGCHEDULING

6.1 General

,n to-%own "anning4 we start at the highest "e(e" o# the wor+ rea+%own structure =5S>4an% a"" the suor%inate 5S e"ement must #a"" within the time #rame o# the articu"ar higher 5S e"ements. ,n contrast4 in ottom u "anning4 we start at the suor%inate "e(e"s an%aggregate the "an to the to. P"anning without hierarchica" %een%encies is re#erre% to asoen "anning. owe(er4 se(era" constraints ha(e to e consi%ere%. ?or eam"e4 we cou"%seci#y that the manu#acturing rocess must en% e#ore the annua" "ant shut%own. A

ower#u" too" in roject management is "anning y networ+.As a re"iminary ste to get a rough i%ea aout the time structure o# a roject4 8AC !hartsare use%. his sim"y means that the %uration o# each acti(ity is %rawn against time. he

ro"em is that #unctiona" re"ationshis among sequentia" acti(ities are not cature% #orma""yan% changes require a new %rawing. ,n a networ+ there is usua""y a reason #or a seci#icsequence o# acti(ities. ?or eam"e4 there may e technica" %een%encies etween in%i(i%ua"acti(ities.

'(ample o* a network2 Source) SAP 5ocumentation C5

,n or%er to consider t'ese relations'ips4 se(era" a"gorithms #or "anning ro"ems ha(e een

%e(e"oe% an% are re#erre% to in an umre""a %e#inition as plannin( )+ net-or/ .

he essentia" comonents o# a networ+ are; Acti(ities Re"ationshis

Acti(ities can e seen as comonents o# a rocess with the #o""owing characteristics;

hey ta+e a certain erio%s o# time hey ha(e a %e#ine% start an% a %e#ine% en% hey are rocesse% without interrution Resources are nee%e% to eecute them hey in(o"(e costs

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'i##erent +in%s o# networ+ tyes ha(e emerge% in the #ie"% o# @erations Research. Startingwith %eterministic %urations an% structure4 networ+s with stochastic %urations ="i+e P$R>an% e(en stochastic structure ="i+e 8$R> o##er ower#u" time "anning techniques. owe(er4

ractitioners are scetica" aout the resu"ts4 an% "arge4 com"icate% roject structures requiretoo"s which are rather easy to han%"e. here#ore4 we wi"" on"y %iscuss Metra Potentia" Metho%

=MPM> which is use% in the PS mo%u" as we"". MPM metho% uses %eterministic %urations an%structures. As a consequence4 neither roai"ties o#4 e.g.4 a seci#ic %uration o# the rojectcan e ca"cu"ate% nor can e cature% a roject structure which has stochastic e"ements. hiswou"% e the case4 e.g.4 i# we wishe% to mo%e" a situation a test cou"% e asse% with a certain

roai"ity. his wou"% "ea% to a "oo on a MPM structure which is #ori%%en.

A networ+ %oes not on"y grahica""y %is"ay the re"ationshis among (arious acti(ities4 it ro(i%es a"so in#ormation on the critica" ath. he critica" ath in%icates which acti(ities arethe most critica" to e er#orme% in time to a(oi% %e"aying the who"e roject. P"anning ynetwor+ is ase% on the heory o# 8rahs.9

MPM uses no%es to reresent acti(ities an% arrows #or their re"ationshis as this is easier to#o""ow. @ne must +now that SAP suorts se(era" tyes o# re"ationshis an% not on"y thestan%ar% re"ationshi. he #o""owing re"ationshis are suorte%;

?inish - Start

he rece%ing acti(ity must #inish e#ore the #o""owing acti(ity may start.

Start - Start

@ne acti(ity cannot start unti" the other one has starte%.

?inish - ?inish

@ne acti(ity cannot e #inishe% unti" the other one is #inishe%.

iggins4 Dames; he Management !ha""enge .39 einrich4 Fut


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Start - ?inish

@ne acti(ity cannot e #inishe% unti" the other one has starte%

?or some acti(ities4 the ear"iest ossi"e start an% the "atest ossi"e start %i##ers. he%i##erence etween the ear"iest ossi"e start an% the "atest ossi"e start is ca""e% s"ac+ time.A s"ac+ time greater than metho% s"its the s"ac+ time into #our %i##erent arts.11

he tota" s"ac+ time is ca"cu"ate% as the %i##erence etween the ear"iest ossi"e start an%ear"iest ossi"e en%. his is equa" to the %i##erence etween the "atest ossi"e start an%the "atest ossi"e en%.

he #ree s"ac+ time at the en% is ca"cu"ate% assuming that a"" re%ecessors ha(e egun atthe ear"iest ossi"e %ate. hus4 the #ree s"ac+ time at the en% ca"cu"ates4 ro(i%e% theassumtion ho"%s4 the time the acti(ity can e %e"aye% in or%er to ena"e the successor o# the acti(ity in question to start at the ear"iest ossi"e %ate4 too.

he #ree s"ac+ time in the eginning is the counterart o# the #ree s"ac+ time at the en%. ,tis ca"cu"ate% as the time at the eginning o# a non-critica" ath i# a"" successors start at the"atest ossi"e time an% the re%ecessor has starte% at the "atest ossi"e time4 too.

he in%een%ent s"ac+ time is ca"cu"ate% y assuming that a"" successors are going to start

at the ear"iest ossi"e time an% a"" re%ecessors ha(e en%e% at the "atest ossi"e time.hus4 this tye o# s"ac+ time can e use% to the #u"" etent without resu"ting neither in are%uction o# s"ac+ times o# other acti(ities nor in a %e"ay o# the who"e roject.

Cote that the #ree s"ac+ time at the en% an% the #ree s"ac+ time at the eginning a##ect eachother. ,# one art is consume%4 the counterart is not a(ai"a"e to its #u"" etent.,n roject "anning4 "anning is a continuous %ynamic rocess. hus4 re"anning isuna(oi%a"e. Moreo(er4 #or %i##erent situations %i##erent sequences o# actions are otima".ence4 "anning with re(isions is re#erre% to as ro""ing or re(o"(ing "anning.1

10 Schierenec+4 enner. $in#hrung in %ie A""gemeine etrieswirtscha#ts"ehre4 .16B11 Schierenec+4 enner. $in#hrung in %ie A""gemeine etrieswirtscha#ts"ehre4 . 1B9## 1 Fau4 e"mut. $ntschei%ungstheorie4 8run%"agen ..)3

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y ta+ing into account the %een%encies among acti(ities an% their estimate% %uration4acti(ities that are most "i+e"y to ecome ott"enec+s can e i%enti#ie%. Fast4 ut not "east4

"anning y networ+ is use#u" to e(a"uate ossi"e e##ects o# %e(iations #rom sche%u"e.@rigina""y4 on"y the e##ect on time cou"% e e(a"uate%. owe(er4 in an integrate% system "i+eSAP R/3 e##ects on other areas such as4 e.g.4 ro%uction caacities can e simu"ate% in rea"

time.13

41*

A#ter ha(ing set u a networ+4 ma+e sure that you er#orm a #ina" chec+;

5hich imortant acti(ity may ha(e een o(er"oo+e%Q Are the sequentia" re"ationshis among acti(ities correctQ

Cote that time estimates are just that - estimates E an%4 there#ore4 suject to the ro"emsassociate% with estimation.1B

6.2 asic calc!lations

S#mmar+ of calc#lations1!

Calc#lation

arliest possi)le start 9a( =ear"iest ossi"e en%> o* all predecessorsarliest possi)le end $ar"iest ossi"e start K %uration =acti(ity>atest possi)le end 9in =ear"iest ossi"e start> o* all successorsatest possi)le start Fatest ossi"e en% - %uration =acti(ity>&otal slac/ time for

actiit+

Fatest ossi"e en%- $ar"iest ossi"e start -'uration

6ree slac/ time at t'e

end

9in =$ar"iest ossi"e start=Successor>> o* all successors

6ree slac/ time in t'e

)e(innin(

Fatest ossi"e start - Ma =Fatest ossi"e en% =Pre%ecessor>> o* all predecessors

Independent slac/ time 9in =$ar"iest ossi"e start =Successor>> - 9a( =Fatest ossi"een% =Pre%ecessor> - %uration =acti(ity>

?orwar% sche%u"ing

?orwar% sche%u"ing means to ca"cu"ate the ear"iest start o# each acti(ity. he resu"t is theear"iest ossi"e %ate o# com"etion an%4 #or each acti(ity4 the earliest possi)le start and t'e

earliest possi)le end.

ac+war% sche%u"ing

ac+war% sche%u"ing means - y starting #rom a gi(en %ate in the #uture - ca"cu"ating #or eachacti(ity when it has to e starte% an% #inishe% =latest possi)le start and latest possi)le end>in or%er to +ee the %ate o# com"etion.

13 !hase R./Aqui"ano C./Dacos R. Pro%uction an% @erations Management; Manu#acturing

an% Ser(ices .BB## 1* i""ier ?./Fieermann 8. ,ntro%uction to @erations Research4 Sith $%ition .39## 1B iggins4 Dames; he Management !ha""enge .3*16 Schierenec+4 enner. $in#hrung in %ie A""gemeine etrieswirtscha#ts"ehre. . 163

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'ata structure in SAP

he #o""owing %ata must e entere% to er#orm the ao(e mentione% ca"cu"ations;

5or+ center in which the acti(ity is to e carrie% out 'uration o# the acti(ity Resources require% to carry out the acti(ity

here are the #o""owing cate(ories of actiities in t'e Project S+stem;

,nterna""y rocesse% acti(ities $terna""y rocesse% acti(ities 8enera" costs acti(ities

Acti(ities can e ro+en into acti(ity e"ements #or more %etai".

yes o# 'ates in SAP

SAP o##ers the #o""owing tyes o# %ates;

/ype 0escription

"asic dates hese are #ie% %ates which are entere% manua""y in the 5S =wor+ rea+%own structure>.

6orecast

dates

hese are eecte% %ates which can e use% to re#"ect est or worst-casescenarios. hey are entere% manua""y in the networ+ an% the 5S.

Act#al dates Re#"ect the current state o# the roject. hey are either entere% manua""y or

coie% y the system #rom the acti(ity con#irmationsSc'ed#led

dates

Are ca"cu"ate% either in the 5S or in the networ+s.

5hen "anning to-%own y starting with the highest 5S e"ement4 a"" %ates in thesuor%inate 5S e"ements must #a"" within the time #rame gi(en y the highest 5Se"ement.y contrast4 when "anning ottom u4 we start with the suor%inate 5S e"ements an% thesystem therey ca"cu"ates the %ates #or the higher $S e"ements.,n oen "anning4 %ates are "anne% without hierarchica" %een%encies.

6." Implementation

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$nter the Pro!ect de*inition an% chec+ the o wit acti%ities.

$ntering the %urations o# the acti(ities

Se"ect the #irst #our acti(ities an% ress Acti%ity %ata.

$nter the %urations.

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!"ic+ :8S elements to go ac+

Seci#y the durations a"so #or the Procurement acti(ities

an% ro(i%e the system with durations a"so #or the insta""ation-acti(ities.

'e#ining the re"ationshis etween acti(ities

Se"ect a"" acti(ities an% ress the utton #or network structure grapic.

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Cow4 in#ormation is nee%e% aout the structura" %een%encies etween the tas+s.?or this urose4 ress the connection utton =the 11th utton #rom the "e#t han% si%e in themenu ar>. hen mo(e the cursor to the #irst acti(ity4 ress the "e#t utton an% ho"% it%eresse% whi"e you mo(e the mouse cursor to the successor. a(ing %one this4 re"ease your mouse to %raw an arrow reresenting the re"ationshi.

'e"eting re"ationshis etween acti(ities

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Se"ect a re"ationshi an% c"ic+ the utton showing the trash can.

!on#irm y ressing Continue, an% the re"ationshi is %e"ete%.

'e#ine a%%itiona" contro" %ata #or the re"ationshis

'ou"e-c"ic+ on the seci#ic re"ationshi.

hus4 you can seci#y a time inter(a" etween re%ecessor an% successor.

Gou can e"ore a"" #eatures y #ocusing an inut %ata #ie"% an% ressing F1.

Re%rawing the networ+

A#ter you ha(e %e#ine% some re"ations4 you may #ee" that the networ+ "oo+s somewhat chaotic.

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,n or%er to so"(e this ro"em4 you ress the Ad!ust utton =it is "ocate% "e#t #rom the Acti%ities utton>.

Press Continue an% the grah "oo+s nice again.

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Cow4 rocee% with com"eting the networ+.

ooming in an% out

ooming can e use% in or%er to get a etter o(er(iew o# the networ+. o this en%4 use the#irst two uttons on the "e#t-han% si%e in the secon% too"ar. o na(igate through ignetwor+s4 use the na(igation area.

A#ter ha(ing entere% the re"ationshi4 a%just the grah once more. hen your networ+ shou"%"oo+ "i+e this;

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Foo Ana"ysis

,# you want to ma+e sure not to ha(e create% a cyc"e y acci%ent4 you can er#orm a "ooana"ysis.

,# e(erything is @J4 at the ottom o# the screen you get the message Co "oo eists:.

riggering the sche%u"ing

Se"ect a"" acti(ities an% carry out the sche%u"ing.

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,nterreting the networ+ grahic

Cow4 "ets ta+e a "oo+ at what haene%. 5e se"ect a"" acti(ities4 ho"% %own the rigt mouse&utton an% se"ect the ;etwork Structure rapic or sim"y ress Si*t6F a#ter ha(ingse"ecte% a"" e"ements an% acti(ities.oom out4 i# it is necessary to o(ersee the networ+.

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Cow4 we see that some acti(ities are mar+e% y a re% or%er. his in%icates the critica" ath.

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As eecte%4 the tota" s"ac+ time is


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Se"ect the roject you want to e%it.

he Screen

Fist o# Acti(ities="ue> an% 5S$"ements =re%>

Acti(ity 'ates 8antt chart ro(i%ingan o(er(iew o# theacti(ity %urations.

$%iting %etai"s o# acti(ities

!"ic+ at the ar reresenting the acti(ity which you want to e%it.

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?or eam"e you can seci#y a time inter(a" etween two consecuti(e acti(ities. his is use#u"#or waiting times4 etc. which consume time ut no ressources.

!hanging the sca"e o# the 8AC chart

Cow4 the 8AC chart is %is"aye% in wee+s. 5e want it to e %is"aye% in %ays4 as we areintereste% in getting a more accurate o(er(iew.

'ou"e-c"ic+ on the scale eader .

Se"ect another (a"ue #or the Scale time a(is2

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Return to the planning &oard y ressing 'nter twice.

Gou may ha(e to scro"" in or%er to see the resu"ts4 i# the sche%u"e% starting %ate is in the

#uture.

Sche%u"ing o# acti(ities #rom the "anning oar%

o sche%u"e #rom the "anning oar%4 se"ect a"" rows an% start the sche%u"ing.

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77 CCOSTOST PLANNINGPLANNING & C& CONTROLLINGONTROLLING

'.1 General

Cost plannin( %ea"s with the costs which occur in the course o# the roject. ,n the (arious hases o# the roject4 cost "anning has %i##erent goa"s. 1)

,n the concetion an% rough "anning hase4 cost "anning is use% #or ca"cu"ating the costswhich wi"" occur #or the roject.

,n the aro(a" hase4 cost "anning ser(es as a asis #or u%get a""ocation. 5ithin the rea"i4 on"y rough estimates #or the costso# wor+ac+ages are a(ai"a"e. ?or this stage4 cost can e entere% manua""y without ec"icitca"cu"ation. 5e wi"" use on"y cost ca"cu"ation with networ+s4 ase% on rices an% quantitystructures. Cetwor+ costing inc"u%es automatic ca"cu"ation o# the "anne% costs #romacti(ities4 acti(ity e"ements4 an% comonents.

he grahic i""ustrates how the system %etermines networ+ "anne% costs;

1) 'rTger4 $rich. Proje+tmanagement mit SAP R/3 .) ##.

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Source) SAP =nline 5ocumentation 5'S 3elease ?2$8

he 7#antit+ str#ct#re is the )asis for costin(. ,t contains a"" networ+ %ata nee%e% #or theca"cu"ation.

he system (a"ues the quantity structure using a costing %ariant2 he costin( ariant containsthe criteria #or costing an% comrises a costing tye an% (a"uation (ariants #or materia"s4interna" ser(ices4 an% eterna" ser(ices. ,t a"so inc"u%es a costing sheet #or the o(erhea%s4 an%an o(erhea% +ey.

he oer'ead is calc#lated a#tomaticall+ as a art o# costing. 'een%ing on the networ+ tye in question4 the "anne% costs are recor%e% in the networ+ hea%er or acti(ity.

'.2 Implementation

5e are going to assign to acti(ities ersonne" costs as we"" as eterna" costs. hen we are "anning a cost reser(e. Susequent"y4 the system wi"" ca"cu"ate the costs.

Assigning Personne" !osts to Acti(ities

o ca"cu"ate the "anne% cost4 the "anne% wor+ an% wor+ center er#orming this wor+ has to e entere%;Se"ect a"" seci#ication acti(ities.

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!"ic+ to acti%ity data

Cow4 enter :ork =hours> an% wor+ center. A#ter ha(ing resse% 'nter 4 the acti(ity tye is setto ?S as it is the on"y maintaine% acti(ity tye #or this wor+ center.o &ack an% then assign wor+ to the insta""ation acti(ities.

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Assigning $terna" !osts to Acti(ities

Gou use eterna""y-rocesse% acti(ities to "an wor+ to e er#orme% eterna""y.,n our case4 #or the insta""ation ,,: 100000 AS are "anne% #or eterna" insection.

Se"ect the acti(ity installation an% c"ic+ Acti%ity data an%4 then4 se"ect Prim2costs

Assigning materia" to Acti(ities

,nterna""y ro%uce% comonents as we"" as eterna""y rocure% comonents can e a""ocate%.,t is a"so ossi"e to a""ocate materia" that %oes not ha(e a materia" numer.

5hen you allocate material componets to net-or/ actiities4 the system createsrequirements either as reserations or p#rc'ase re7#isitions.

,# the materia"s in(o"(e "ong %e"i(ery times4 you can trigger adance proc#rement; hisresu"ts in re"iminary requirements eing ro%uce% in an ear"ier acti(ity. hese preliminar+re7#irements are then use% when they are actua""y require% y the acti(ity concerne%.

Mo(e to structure "anning an% chec+ with acti(ities.

Cow4 we want our system to ma+e our arts a(ai"a"e when we nee% them. he reser(ations4

urchase requirements or "anne% or%ers wi"" %een% on the %ates the system wi"" ca"cu"ateonce we ha(e entere% the %urations #or the acti(ities within our roject.

hen4 we wish to te"" the system that it shou"% assign the #o""owing materia"s to thecorreson%ing rocurement acti(ities;

Acti(ity Materia"01 $ngine0 !aine03 Mechanica" Parts0* !ontro" 2nit

?irst4 we se"ect our rocurement acti(ities an%4 then4 we use the quic+ menu y ressing theright mouse utton.

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5e then search #or the engine with matchco%es.

Press 'nter

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Se"ect #or the other acti(ities the correson%ing materia"4 too4 an% enter one #or each @uantity.Procee% y c"ic+ing />. A#ter ha(ing entere% the materia" #or the "ast acti(ity se"ecte%4 you getthe in#ormation;

Press 'nter to con#irm the message.

hen ress 'nter to return to the structure "an e%iting screen.

A(ai"ai"ity !hec+

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Se"ect the acti(ity rocurement o# the engine an% ress comonent o(er(iew.

Gou get a "ist o# a"" materia"s assigne% to the acti(ity choosen. Mar+ the materia" an% #o""owthe roce%ure to get an a(ai"ai"ity chec+ #or it.

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Cote the requirement %ate4 it is a resu"t #rom the ao(e er#orme% sche%u"ing.Per#orm an AP chec+;

Stoc+ o# engines is 1004 enough #or our requirment.

!hec+ing materia" reser(ation

Mo(e to ,n(entory Management

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hen4 go to Reser(ation %is"ay an% search #or the e"e(ator engine;

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Cote the reser(ation.

!ost Reser(e

o "an a cost reser(e4 we start y aen%ing an astract PSP $"ement to the roject;

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,t is imortant to a(oi% entering actua" costs to the reser(e e"ement. here#ore4 we change theoerati(e structe.

hen4 go to Pro!ect planning .

!hange the costs y assigning 1$$$$$ A4S to 5S $"ement '-.$$$.?$$

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?ina""y4 use ota" u to aggregate cost to the higher-"e(e" 5S e"ements.

he roce%ure shown is a"so use% #or ear"y "anning stages4 i# on"y cost estimates withoutquantity structure are to e entere%.

'etermining !osts

Se"ect a"" an% trigger the ca"cu"ations o# the costs.

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5hen sa(ing the roject SAP R/3 automatica""y ca"cu"ates the costs.,# we get the message 5ata sa%ed :4 a#ter ha(ing resse% the sa%e utton4 we +now4 that SAPR/3 ha% no ro"ems with the ca"cu"ation. ,# there are 5arnings or $rrors you ha(e to "oo+ uin the 'rror log .

,# there are neither 'rrors nor :arnings4 the error "og is emty.

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88 LLOOKINGOOKING UPUP THETHE COSTSCOSTS

o get a cost reort4 we wi"" mo(e to the ,n#ormation System

hen4 we can choose a cost reort

5e chose a hierarchica" cost reort4 i.e the reort is structure% accor%ing to the rojectstructure.

o rocee%4 ress the #irst utton un%er the 'nter utton.

$nter !ontro""ing Area an% se"ect a 'ataase ro#i"e

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hen4 we se"ect our roject an% start the reort y ressing the e(ecute utton. Cote that onecan a"so se"ect one or more 5S e"emts4 networ+s or acti(ities. @n the other han%4 se"ection

o# mu"ti"e rojects is ossi"e.

Cow4 we get the reort o# the "anne% costs #or our roject.

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Cow4 we can chec+ whether the system has ca"cu"ate% correct"y.

A"" seci#ication acti(ities are assigne% to workcenter P9.:.5'- . here4 we seci#ie% thatone hour =acti%ity type FS4 > costs B00. ,n the acti%ity data we seci#ie% that seci#ication o# the caine nee%s 0 hours whereas #or the other acti(ities we seci#ie% 10 hours. hus4 thesum is B0 hours in the workcenter P9.:.5'-2 B0 times B00 is equa" to B000 which is thesame amount as that ca"cu"ate% y the system #or 5SI$F&I000-100 speci*ication.

,n the material master =Screen Accounting > it is seci#ie% that the contro" unit an% themechanica" arts cost B0000 AS an% the other comonents 10.000 each. hus4 the systemca"cu"ate% correct"y a"so :8S '-.$$$/#$$ .A"" ,nsta""ation wor+ is %one y te workcenter P9.:.;S . here the cost o# one wor+inghour is B0 an% we assigne% 100 hours #or each insta""ation hase. ,n a%%ition4 we seci#ie%

that an eterna" insection is necessary in acti(ity ,nsta""ation ,,4 which cost 100000 =rimarycosts>. 100000 K 00 times B0 is equa" to 1B0000.

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'ata Structure in SAP

,n or%er to ena"e the system to ca"cu"ate caacity requirement we ha(e to enter;

how much wor+ must e %one to carry out the acti(ity. which caacities =#or eam"e4 "aor or machines> wi"" er#orm the wor+. which qua"i#ications are necessary to er#orm the acti(ity which in%i(i%ua" caacities or eo"e are necessary to er#orm the acti(ity

,n our case4 a"" necessary %ata was a""rea%y entere% #or cost "anning.

he "anning ojects are as #o""ows;

5or+4 either machinery or ersons @utsource% acti(ities are han%"e% in the urchasing mo%u"e. Materia" is assigne% to acti(ities. hus4 the roject mo%u"e interacts with the materia"-

"anning mo%u"e #or reser(ation or urchasing the materia". oo"s4 !A' #i"es an% %ocuments can e a%ministrate% with SAP.

(.2 Implementation in SAP

Since we ha(e entere% the necessary %ata to ca"cu"ate caacity requirements4 we can generatecaacity reorts.

!aacity @(er(iew

o get an o(er(iew o# a who"e rojectUs caacity requirements4 one can use the #o""owingo(er(iew =starting #rom Structure P"anning>. Se"ect a"" e"ements an% go to !aacityRequirements P"anning.

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Gou can see when how much capacity is used an% how much capacity is utili+ed as we"" ashow much is a%aila&le. Cote again that the caacity uti"isation strong"y %een%s on the ao(e

er#orme% sche%u"ing.Gou can na(igate through the reort y c"ic+ing on rows.

8enerating a caacity reort #or a wor+"ace

8o to the roject management in#ormation system.

Se"ect capacities.

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Se"ect the workcenter PMI5I'$&:

Se"ect 'nter to generate the caacity reort #or this wor+center.

Press Shi#tK? to (iew a grahica" (ersion o# caacity requirement;

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o go into %etai"4 chec+ the #irst erio% an% ress !a. 'etai"s/erio%.Setting8enera" a""ows you to change the e(a"uate% erio%s.

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1!1! EEARNEDARNED ""ALUEALUE AANALYSISNALYSIS

1).1 General

Success#u" roject contro" requires more than just an iso"ate% accounting o# costs4 resources4or sche%u"es. Meaning#u" conc"usions aout the rogress o# a roject must comare costswhich are in #act comara"e. Since %e(iations etween "anne% an% actua" costs can ha(e(arious reasons4 the earne%-(a"ue ana"ysis =$&A> tries to use an aroriate asis #or rojectcontro""ing.he earne%-(a"ue ana"ysis is an imortant metho% #or e(a"uating roject rogress. ?or roer measurement4 er#ormance4 time an% costs must e comare% simu"tanous"y. his is (eryimortant4 ecause a sim"e cost comarison can "ea% to #a"se %ecisions. Actua" costs might e(ery "ow in comarison to those "anne%. owe(er4 this %oes not necessari"y im"y goo%

rogress o# the roject as actua" er#ormance may e we"" ehin% the "anne% one.

e#ore rocee%ing to the %e(iation ana"ysis4 some +eywor%s shou"% e e"aine%;

Actua" Percent o# !om"etion =P@!> P"anne% Percent o# !om"etion =P@!> P"anne% $arne% &a"ue Actua" $arne% &a"ue

Actua" an% "anne% P@! measure rojects er#ormance. he assignment o# com"etion (a"ues%een%s on the measurement technique. o ca"cu"ate the "anne% earne% (a"ue4 P@! ismu"ti"ie% with "anne% cost. Actua" earne% (a"ue is ca"cu"ate% y mu"ti"ying "anne% cost

with actua" P@!.he #irst ste when contro""ing a roject is4 there#ore4 to #in% a measure #or rogress. he PSmo%u"e o##ers the #o""owing measurement techniques;1

1.1.1 Measurement techni(ues

Start - #inish ru"e

his is genera""y +nown as 0/100 or B0/B0 echnique.ere4 SAP ro(i%es the #o""owing measurement metho%s;

Metho% 0-100 with an initia" Percentage o# !om"etion o# 0L Metho% 0-0 with an initia" Percentage o# !om"etion o# 0L

Metho% 0-04 #or eam"e4 assigns a "anne% com"etion (a"ue o# 0L when an acti(ity "anne% %ate is reache% an% assign the remaining 0L at #inish %ate. An actua" com"etion(a"ue o# 0L is assigne% a#ter the acti(ity has starte%4 the 0L are a%%e% a#ter #inishing theacti(ity.

Mi"estone technique

1 Source; SAP 'o+umentation !'

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o use the mi"estone technique4 we ha(e to %e#ine mi"estones to the correson%ing acti(ities.,n contrast to other roject management too"s4 a mi"estone is not just an acti(ity with %uration0 ut a %i##erent oject. Mi"estones can e use% #or se(era" urosesO we wi"" use them on"y#or $&A. o create a mi"estone re"ate% to an acti(ity4 #o""ow the roce%ure e"ow. ?irst4 mo(eto the roject "anning oar% an% mar+ the acti(ity #or which you want to create a mi"estone.

!hec+ the o in the usage section to %e#ine the mi"estone as re"e(ant #or $&A. hen4 weha(e to %e#ine the ercentage o# com"etion an% the time osition re"ate% to the acti(ity. Press

'nter to insert the Mi"estone.!reate two more mi"estones.

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Gou see the mi"estone %is"aye% in green.

his in#ormation is now use% #or $&A. Since we %e#ine% an o##set ercentage4 the system canca"cu"ate a "anne% %ate #or the mi"estone to e #inishe%. 5hen this %ate is reache%4 the system

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sets the "anne% ercent o# com"etion =P@!> to the (a"ue %e#ine% with the mi"estone . Cotethat this (a"ue can %i##er #rom the o##set ercentage. he actua" ercentage o# com"etion is setto this (a"ue4 when the mi"estone is con#irme% %uring rea"i


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Source) SAP =nline 5ocumentation 5'S 3elease ?2$8

ime roortiona"ity ="e(e" o# e##ort>

Assuming "inear rogress o# the ercentage o# com"etion o# an acti(ity o(er time the system%etermines the ercentage o# com"etion in roortion to the time require%. his +in% o# measurement technique is use#u" #or acti(ities such as contro""ing4 qua"ity assurance an% the"i+e.

Secon%ary roortiona"ity =aortione% e##ort>

his means that the %egree o# com"etion o# a 5S e"ement %een%s on the rogress o# another 5S e"ement or another acti(ity. Possi"e a"ications are the aro(a" o# %rawings.

1.1.) %alculation of Earned*Value and Deviation Analysis

5hen "anne% an% actua" P@! are a(ai"a"e4 the ca"cu"ation o# "anne% an% actua" earne%(a"ue is straight#orwar%.o ca"cu"ate the "anne% earne% (a"ue4 P@! is mu"ti"ie% with "anne% costs. hus4 this (a"uereresents the "anne% costs #or a status o# the roject as i# it where com"ete% in time.Actua" earne% (a"ue is ca"cu"ate% y mu"ti"ying "anne% costs with actua" P@!. hus4 this

(a"ue reresents the "anne% costs which were "anne% #or the status o# the roject right now.A thir% #igure in this contet are actua" costs which E o# cours- reresent actua" costs #or the

roject right now. Cow4 we can go to the ana"ysis o# (ariances.wo ossi"e (ariances are o# secia" interest;

5hat is the %i##erence etween "anne% roject rogress an% actua" roject rogress; thisis cature% in terms o# money with sche%u"e (ariance. Sche%u"e (ariance is %e#ine% a the%i##erence etween actua" earne% (a"ue an% "anne% earne% (a"ue.

8i(en the actua" rogress o# the roject4 how is the roject status in terms o# costs; this is

what usage (ariance measures. 2sage (ariance is %e#ine% as the %i##erence etween actua"earne% (a"ue an% actua" costs4 comaring what has een %one so #ar to actua" costs.

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Press 'nter an% rocee% y ressing /> to the net acti(ity.

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1111 EE#ECUTION#ECUTION

,n the eecution hase4 actua" %ate is entere%. 'uring the roject4 %e(iations etween "anne%

an% actua" (a"ues are oun% to arise. here#ore4 it is imortant to enter the new in#ormationinto the system an% use it as the asis #or susequent "anning wor+4 (a"ue ana"ysis an%reorts.

Actua" %ata can e; !on#irmation4 %ocumenting the state o# networ+ acti(ities ,n(oices Materia" consumtion

11.1 Implementation

11.1.1 %onfirming net6or- activities

o con#irm the #irst acti(ity4 speci*ication o* te ca&ine4 se"ect the correson%ing networ+ #or our roject y match-co%e search.

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Press 'nter . hen se"ect the acti(ity you want to con#irm.

!"ic+ Actual 5ata2

he seci#ication o# the caine is #inishe%4 there#ore we chec+ FinalCon*2

he acti(ity starte% as "anne% an% was #inishe% in time. 0 wor+ing hours wer%e nee%en.o enter another con#irmation4 use the arrow.

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he seci#ication o# the engine starte% in %ue time ut en%e% on B.3.000. 30 wor+ing hourswer%e nee%e%.

!on#irm a"" acti(ities accor%ing to rea"i


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?irst4 we ha(e to enter the %ate4 comany co%e an% currency. hen4 the %eit entry account hasto e chosen. o enter a %eit entry4 we chose *0 an% account numer *1B000 =eterna"

rocurement cost>.

Secon%"y4 we ha(e to enter the amount an% a ta co%e. ,n(oices can e oste% to a cost center4an or%er4 a 5S e"ement or E as in our case E %irect"y to a networ+. here#ore4 we enter anetwor+ e"ement accor%ing to our roject structure. ?urthermore4 we ha(e to enter the cre%itaccount. 5e inten% to ay this in(oice (ia our an+ account =131000>.

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Again4 we ha(e to enter the amount.

o a(oi% ma+ing a consistency error4 we can simu"ate the osting.

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11.1.+ Material

!osts #rom materia" mo(ement are oste%4 when the materia" is ta+en #rom stoc+.

e#ore the materia" can e ta+en4 the %ate #or osting an% the mo(ement tye must e

seci#ie%. Since we ta+e the materia" #or a networ+ acti(ity4 we seci#y mo(ement tye 1=consumtion #or networ+ #rom warehouse>. !"ear"y4 a"so "ant an% "ocation must e entere%.

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Cow4 we can seci#y the networ+ an% the materia"s an% quantities which we want to ost tothe networ+ e"ements.

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1212 IINFOR$ATIONNFOR$ATION SS YSTE$ YSTE$

he Project ,n#ormation System is use#u" #or monitorin( and controllin( the roject. Gou

can na(igate in the System an% therey ma+e use o# its integration.

Gou can use standard reports or you can create your own reorts with the Report 0riter.ere4 we wi"" ma+e use o# stan%ar% reorts on"y . Stan%ar% reorts o##er %i##erent %egrees o# %etai"4 summari


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ierarchica" cost reort

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here are two categories. Bierarcical means that the reort #o""ows the roject structure. 8ycost elements means that the reort is structure% accor%ing to cost categories.

Se"ect 4e.g.4 Planactual%ariance to comare "anne% to actua" costs.

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Se"ect our roject an% trigger reort generation y ressing the utton e"ow the 'nter utton.hus4 when getting the reort4 e(pand the structure..

'ri""ing %own

Se"ect a (a"ue o# which you want to +now how it has een ca"cu"ate%.

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Press F to trigger the %ri""-%own #unction.

Se"ect Periodyear

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,# you want4 you can %ri"" %own #urther.

$it the reort y ressing the e(it utton an% c"ose the ranch ierarcical reports.

Reort y cost e"ements

Se"ect the report &y cost elements.

rigger the reort generation y c"ic+ing e(ecute. Se"ect our roject an% e(ecute the reort.

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1).1.) Earned*Value Analysis

?rom the in#o system main screen =,# you are current"y not there4 you get there withtransaction code “PS$1”2

Se"ect the roject an% ress the e(ecute &utton.

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Cote the metho% #or measuring the er#ormance o# the roject. ?urther4 the"atest #inishing%ates can e seen. @n an aggregate "e(e"4 actua" er#ormance is ao(e "anne% one. owe(er4this is not (ery use#u" #or e##ecti(e $arne% (a"ue ana"yis. 5e there#ore change the (iew;

Cow4 we can se"ect the #ie"%s in which we are intereste% in. ?or roer (iew4 you can a%justthe si


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Fets ha(e a "oo+ at the seci#ication 5S-e"ement.

5e see a "anne% P@! o# 6*L an% an actua" P@! o# *L. As aggregation is ase% at "anne%

cost4 this is ca"cu"ate% y 02/)5

0).501.501.1

.

Seci#ication has "anne% cost o# B000. Mu"ti"ie% y a "anne% P@! o# 6*L4 this resu"ts ina "anne% earne% (a"ue o# 16000. Actua" earne% (a"ue as ca"cu"ate% y B000 ="anne% cost>mu"ti"ie% with an actua" P@! o# *L is 1000. hus4 this resu"ts in a sche%u"e (ariance o# B000.Foo+ at the acti(ity Seci#ication o# the mechanica" arts. Actua" earne% (a"ue is B000.!omaring the actua" earne% (a"ue to actua" costs yie"%s a usage (ariance o# B000.

Perio%ic $(a"uation

!hange to a erio%ica" (iew

an% %is"ay the resu"t grahica""y a#ter choosing the aroriate #ie"%s.

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$orting 'ata

he SAP system has an inter#ace to eort %ata.

SAP R/3 ro(i%es a ossii"ity to echange %ata with other So#tware too"s e.g. Microso#tProject. ,t can e use#u" #or you to eort %ata #rom the Project System to P! rograms #or

roject management4 esecia""y i# you want to %ecentra"i


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Se"ect the aroriate otion

5hen you c"ic+ $nter4 '(cel ist starten%4 an% the reort is eing %is"aye%

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project management with sap r3_2

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