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Project on“Study of Energy Consumption and
Indoor Environment Problems of Residential Buildings in China”
byResearch Committee of Architectural
Institute of Japan
2
2
Purposes of This ProjectData compilation of residential energy consumption and indoor environment based on literature survey, field investigation and numerical simulation.
Proposing and promoting technologies for energy conservation and sustainable environment creation with improving the living standard.
1.
2.
Committee MembersChairman :Toshiyuki Watanabe (Kyushu Univ.)Secretaries :Hiroshi Yoshino (Tohoku Univ.),
Hiroyuki Kitahara (Total System Lab.)The number of the members
Japanese : 13 Chinese : 12
3
Contents of Three Years Project
Ø The Second Year (April, 2003 ~ March, 2004)
Ø The First Year (April, 2002 ~ March, 2003)
Ø The Last Year (April, 2004 ~ March, 2005)
l Literature survey and field investigation on energy consumption and indoor environment of residential buildings
l Compilation of weather data for building design based on observed data in China
l Literature survey and field investigation on energy consumption and indoor environment of residential buildings
l Estimation and verification of effect of various environmental symbiosis technologies
l Proposal of residential energy conservation technologies with taking account of regional characteristics
l Proposal of design guideline of residential buildings based on sustainable environmental technologies
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Total Land Area: 9,600,000 km2
Population: 1,265,830,000 personsGDP: 1,230,000 million dollarGDP: 911 dollar / person
26 : 1 : 2610 : 1 : 2.21 : 3.4 : 8.51 : 36 : 37
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japanhttp://www.mofa.go.jp/index.html
China : Japan : U.S.Total Land AreaPopulationGDPGDP/person
Basic Data of China
5
Outline of Activities in the First Year (1/3)Ø Literature survey on energy consumption of
residential buildings in China
Ø Literature survey on the regulations of residential buildings design in China
Ø Investigation on indoor environment and energy consumption of residential buildings in urban area
Ø Compilation of weather data for simulation of heating and cooling load
Ø Retrofitting of residential buildings in terms of thermal comfort and energy conservation in rural area
6
Outline of Activities in the First Year (2/3)Ø The 2nd International Workshop “Energy and
Environment of Residential Buildings in China”at Tongji University in Shanghai (October, 2002)
The number of papers: 50The number of participants: 85(from Japan, the U.S., the Republic of Korea and People’s Republic of China)
The 3rd International Workshop is held in Xi’an, China next year.
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Outline of Activities in the First Year (3/3)
Ø Lecture “Traditional Dwellings in China and Regenerations” by Jiaping Liu (Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology) in Tokyo (March, 2003)
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Energy consumption of residential buildings in China (1/2)
Fig.6 Relationship between EnergyConsumption and Degree-days
y = 0.028x + 32.18
y = 0.0274x + 19.31
y = 0.0148x + 16.52
y = 0.0063x + 6.195
0
50
100
150
200
250
0 2000 4000 6000 8000Heating Degree-days
Ene
rgy
Con
sum
ptio
n(G
J/H
ouse
hold
/yea
r)
USACanadaJapanChina
Fig.6 Relationship between EnergyConsumption and Degree-days
y = 0.028x + 32.18
y = 0.0274x + 19.31
y = 0.0148x + 16.52
y = 0.0063x + 6.195
0
50
100
150
200
250
0 2000 4000 6000 8000Heating Degree-days
Ene
rgy
Con
sum
ptio
n(G
J/H
ouse
hold
/yea
r)
USACanadaJapanChina
Chongqing Hong Kong
Xi’an
Beijing
8
9
14.38
6.6
2.6 15.5
1.72.26.7
2.5 10.9
11.5
37.4
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Urban (China) Rural (China) Japan
(GJ
/ hou
seho
ld /
Yea
r)
coal electricitydistrict heating LPGnatural gas petroleum productnon-commercial
12.31.7
11.7
1.3
15.79.6
7.9
4.1
5.5
1
11.8
37.4
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Urban (China) Rural (China) Japan(G
J / h
ouse
hold
/ Y
ear)
otherslighting, home electric applianceskitchenhot-water supplycoolingheating
Energy consumption of residential buildings in China (2/2)
9
10
Hot Summer & Cold Winter
Moderate Zone
Hot Summer & Warm Winter
Very Cold Zone
Cold Zone
Beijing
Harbin
Xi’an
Changsha
Shanghai
Hong Kong
Chongqing
GB 50176-93 Standard of climate regionalization for architecture
The regulations of residential buildings design in China (1/2)
10
11
External Wall Roof Window External Wall Roof Window
(Harbin)
(Beijing, Xi'an)
Hot Summer and Cold Winter Zone(Shanghai, Chongqing)
Hot Summer and Warm Winter Zone
Very Cold Zone
Cold Zone
1.50 1.00 2.5, 3.2, 4.7
4.70
4.001.16
0.90
0.86
1.76
0.43
3.49
4.65
6.51
China (external surface area / dwelling unit volume ≦ 0.3) Japan (reinforced concrete buildings, external insulation method)
0.49 0.32
2.330.52 0.50 2.50
0.80
Zone Ⅳ
Zone Ⅴ
Zone Ⅵ
Heat Transmission (W/m2K) Heat Transmission (W/m2K)
Moderate Zone
0.58 0.41Zone Ⅱ
Zone Ⅲ
Zone Ⅰ
ØDesign code for heating, ventilation and air conditioning (GBJ19-87) ØThermal design code for civil building (GB50176-93)
The regulations of residential buildings design in China (2/2)
ØEnergy conservation design standard for new heating residential buildings (JGJ26-95)ØDesign standard for energy efficiency of residential buildings in hot summer and cold winter zone (JGJ134-2001, J116-2001)
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12
0
20
40
60
80
100
Har
bin
Bei
jing
Xi'a
n
Shan
ghai
Cha
ngsh
a
Cho
ngqi
ng
Hon
gK
ong
Perc
enta
ge o
f hea
ter i
nsta
lled
(%)
use both district heating and individual heatingdistrict heatingindividual heating
Investigation on indoor environment and energy consumption of residential buildings (1/2)
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Harbin Beijing Xi'an Shanghai Changsha Chongqing HongKong
L LLL L
L
B B
B
B B
B
O O O O O
O
Bedroom
Outdoor
Living room
0
20
40
60
80
100
Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar Apr. May
Per
cent
age
(%
)
Harbin Beijing Xi'an
Harbin Beijing
Xi'an
Shanghai
Changsha
Chongqing
Hong Kong
Fig. Ratio of use of heating system in winter months.
Contents of the questionnaire survey1) Housing Equipments2) Life Style3) Building Characteristic4) Residential Characteristic5) Satisfaction ratings6) Energy Consumption7) Indoor Thermal Environment
Fig. Ratio of heating equipped in families..
Fig. Average temperature of living room (L) and bedroom (B), in seven cities..
Fig. Liquid crystal thermometers.
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13
Investigation on indoor environment and energy consumption of residential buildings (2/2)
0 5 10 15 20 25 300
5
10
15
20
Living Room Temperature (℃)
Abs
olut
e H
umid
ity
(g/
kg')
Relative Humidity100% 80%
60%
40%
20%
HarbinBeijingXi'anShanghaiChangshaChongqingHong Kong
Harbin, Beijing, Xi’anHarbin, Beijing, Xi’an
Changsha Shanghai
Chongqing
Changsha Shanghai
Chongqing
Hong KongHong Kong
020406080
100
Rel
ativ
e H
umid
ity (
%)
Living roomBedroom
Outdoor
051015
Abs
olut
e H
umid
ity (
g/kg
')
-505
10152025
Tem
pera
ture
( ℃)
Living room1.1mBedroom
Living room1.1m Bedroom Outdoor
Outdoor
12/31 1/1 1/2 1/3 1/4
-20 -10 0 10 20 30-20
-10
0
10
20
30
Outdoor Temperature (℃)
Liv
ing
Roo
m T
empe
ratu
re
(℃)
HarbinBeijingXi'anShanghaiChangshaChongqingHong Kong
Hong Kong
Harbin Xi’an BeijingHarbin Xi’an Beijing
Shanghai
Changsha Chongqing
Shanghai
Changsha Chongqing
(winter)
(Shanghai)
(winter)
Temperature and humidity(Field measurement)
13
14
Compilation of weather data for simulation of heating and cooling load (1/2)
Solar radiation Heating load
15
Grade 2
Heat Transmission:1.65W/m2K
Insulation:
Nothing
Grade 1 Grade 3240mm240mm 240mm240mm 240mm240mm
Insulation:
Cellular Concrete 120mm
Insulation:
Form Polystyrene 50mmHeat Transmission:0.51W/m2K
Heat Transmission:0.87W/m2K
Indo
or
Indo
or
Indo
or0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Cas
e1
Cas
e2
Cas
e3
Cas
e4
Cas
e5
Cas
e6
Cas
e7
Cas
e8
Cas
e9
Cas
e10
Cas
e11
Cas
e12
an A
nnua
l H
eati
ng L
oad
(G
J/ye
ar/a
hou
se)
Living room B e droom100%
92%
73%
97% 94%
53%
Pai
r G
lass
0.3
(/h)
Gra
de 2
Gra
de 3
Bas
ic
The
Bes
t
Thermal Insulation Type of Natural Ventirationof Outer Wall Window Glass Rate (/h)
Case1(basiccondition)
Grade 1 Single 0.7
Case2 Grade 1 Pair 0.7Case3 Grade 2 Single 0.3Case4 Grade 3 Pair 0.3Case5 Grade 2 Single 0.7Case6 Grade 2 Pair 0.7Case7 Grade 2 Single 0.3Case8 Grade 2 Pair 0.3Case9 Grade 3 Single 0.7Case10 Grade 3 Pair 0.7Case11 Grade 3 Single 0.3Case12 Grade 3 Pair 0.3
Case
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
0:00 4:00 8:00 12:00 16:00 20:00 0:00
Time (1/20)
Tem
pera
ture
(
o C)
Case12 (Grade3,Pair Glass,Ventiration Rate 0.3)
Case1 (basic condition)
Outdoor
3500
3000
3900
2900
3800
3250
居間
主寝室 子供室
トイレ
台所
4700
120
0
書斎
ベランダ
ベランダ
N
Living
D
veranda
veranda
Study
W.C
Master Room
B
3500
3000
3900
2900
3800
3250
居間
主寝室 子供室
トイレ
台所
4700
120
0
書斎
ベランダ
ベランダ
N
Living
D
veranda
veranda
Study
W.C
Master Room
B
Compilation of weather data for simulation of heating and cooling load (2/2)
16
98SummerAir temperature graph
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1998/8/17 0:00 1998/8/18 0:00 1998/8/19 0:00 1998/8/20 0:00Date time
Air
tem
pera
ture
(℃)
outdoormodern cavecellerstone cave(pre-improved)soil cave(old)
Residential improvement in rural area (1/2)
16
17
Section Plan of the villageSection Plan of the village
Renovation of Cave DwellingRenovation of Cave DwellingNew New YaoYao Dong (built up type)Dong (built up type)
Residential improvement in rural area (2/2)
17