prokaryotes 2/biology 2/exam 1/2… · prokaryotes author: mark joseph cooper created date:...
TRANSCRIPT
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Prokaryotes
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Characteristics
Nucleoid Region
– single circular
chromosome
– plasmids
– mesosome
No membrane-
bound organelles
Ribosomes (70S)
Plasma membrane
Cell wall
– peptidoglycan
Capsule
– glycocalyx
Flagella
Fimbriae
Pili
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Asexual Reproduction
Binary Fission: DNA replicates and the
cell divides in two.
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Genetic Recombination
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Genetic Recombination
Transformation:
– receives fragments of DNA from the
environment
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Genetic Recombination
Transduction:
– DNA carried
into a cell
through viruses
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Genetic Recombination
Conjugation:
exchange of
DNA
fragments
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Classification
Shape
Gram stain reaction
Oxygen requirements
Feeding strategies
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Shape
Coccus:
Spherical
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Shape
Bacillus:
Rod-
shaped
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Shape
Helical:
Spiral-
shaped
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Shape
Filamentous
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Gram Stain
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Gram Stain
Bacteria are stained with a violet
dye (Crystal violet) and iodine
Rinsed in Alcohol
Stained again with a red dye
(Safranin)
Results
– Violet = gram positive
– Red = gram negative
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Oxygen Requirements
Obligate aerobes
Obligate anaerobes
Facultative anaerobes
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Feeding Strategies
Based on energy and carbon sources
– Photoautotrophs
– Chemoautotrophs
– Photoheterotrophs
– Chemoheterotrophs
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Feeding Strategies
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Nitrogen Metabolism Nitrogen is needed for proteins and nucleic acids
Nitrogen fixation - convert atmospheric nitrogen into
ammonia
Makes nitrogen available for other organisms
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Classification
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Phylogeny of Prokaryotes
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Domain: Bacteria
Group: Proteobacteria
– Salmonella
bacillus shape, gram
negative, facultative
anaerobe
Diarrhea, nausea –
(chicken and reptiles)
Endotoxin – caused by
membrane
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Domain: Bacteria
Group: Proteobacteria
– E. coli
bacillus shape, gram
negative, facultative
anaerobe
Diarrhea
Exotoxin – releases proteins
that cause illness
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Domain: Bacteria Group: Chlamydias
– Chlamydia
coccus shape &
gram negative,
oxygen requirement
unknown (related to
O2 in tissues)
Causes blindness
and is the most
common STD in the
US
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Domain: Bacteria
Group: Spirochetes
– Treponema
pallidum
Syphilis
Helical, Gram
negative, anaerobic
but oxygen tolerant
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Domain: Bacteria
Group: Spirochetes
– Borrelia
burgdorferi
Lyme Disease
Helical, Gram
negative, low O2
requirement
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Domain: Bacteria
Group:
Cyanobacteria
– Contains
Chlorophyll A and
phycocyanin
Filamentous, no
stain, aerobic to
facultative
anaerobes
Only organism on
planet that can fix
nitrogen and release
oxygen
pools
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Domain: Bacteria Group: Gram-
positive bacteria
– Clostridium
Bacillus shape,
gram positive –
(endospore doesn’t
stain)
Obligate anaerobes
- exotoxins
Causes gangrene,
botulism
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Domain: Bacteria
Group: Gram-
positive bacteria
– Bacillus anthracis
Bacillus shape
Gram + (endospore)
Aerobic
Causes pustules,
pneumonia
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Domain: Bacteria
Group: Gram-positive
bacteria
– Streptococcus
Coccus shape & gram
positve, anaerobic but
are air tolerant
Intestinal tract –
buttermilk, strep throat
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Domain: Bacteria
Group: Gram-
positive bacteria
– Staphylococcus
coccus shape &
gram positive,
facultative anaerobe
Most common type
of food poisoning,
toxic shock
syndrome
Dangerous in
hospitals
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Domain: Bacteria: Review
Group:
Proteobacteria
– Salmonella
– E. coli
Group: Chlamydias
– Chlamydia
Group: Spirochetes
– Treponema
– Borrelia
Group:
Cyanobacteria
– Oscillatoria
Group: Gram-
positive bacteria
– Clostridium
– Bacillus anthracis
– Streptococcus
– Staphylococcus
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Domain: Archaea
Group: Methanogens
– methane releasing
Group: Halophiles
– lives in high salt
areas
Group: Thermophiles
– lives in extreme
temperatures
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Symbiotic Relationships
Mutualism
– both benefit
Commensalism
– one benefits, the other is unharmed
Parasitism
– one benefits at the other’s expense
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Bacteria and Disease
Symptoms of disease
– Exotoxins - secreted by bacteria
– Endotoxins - components of the cell wall
Pathogens
– Koch’s Postulates
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Koch’s Postulates
Isolate microorganism from dead animal
Grow microorganism in pure culture
Inject microorganism into healthy animal
Microorganisms reproduce in animal
Microorganisms are isolated again
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Bioremediation
Sewage Treatment
Oil Spills