proposed tools and approach for ground-water vulnerability ... · national water-quality assessment...
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Proposed Tools and Approach forProposed Tools and Approach forGroundGround--Water Vulnerability AssessmentWater Vulnerability Assessment
(GWAVA) Using a Geographic Information (GWAVA) Using a Geographic Information System and Simulation ModelingSystem and Simulation Modeling
Jack BarbashNational Water-Quality AssessmentPesticide National Synthesis Team
U.S.Geological SurveyTacoma, WA
[email protected] / 253-428-3600 x 2610
2006 National Water-Quality Monitoring ConferenceSan Jose, California
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What is GroundWhat is Ground--Water Water ““VulnerabilityVulnerability””??
Vgw = f { ; ; }Natural features affecting
chemical transport and fate (e.g., soil permeability, %OC, DO)
Parameters affecting mass loading
(e.g., use, population)
“intrinsic”susceptibility
chemicalinput
chemical mobilityand persistence
Partitioning and rate of (bio)chemicaltransformation
Potentially significant confounding factors: Well construction and operation
Ground-Water Vulnerability (Vgw) = Probability that a given contaminant will be detected at or above a specified concentration in the subsurface at a specific location.
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Main PointsMain Points• Previous approaches to ground-water vulnerability
assessment (GWAVA)Most have not been tested against actual field observationsMechanistic methods uncommon
• Proposed approach for NAWQA GWAVAKey (initial) customers – Agencies charged with assessing vulnerability across entire counties or statesNational scale input dataMaximal incorporation of process understandingOpen-source developmentTesting of predictions against NAWQA results
• Tools for each component of method already exist—main focus is on connecting the dots
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Previous ApproachesPrevious Approaches((SiteSite--basedbased methods only methods only –– Chemical ranking methods not included)Chemical ranking methods not included)
• Scoring and index methods
• Statistical methods
• Overlay methods
• Hydrogeologic and chemical indicator methods
• Process-based simulation modeling
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Methods Explored To Date by NAWQA (Methods Explored To Date by NAWQA (√))
• Scoring and index methods(Use discouraged by USGS Office of Ground Water [Tech. Memo 00.01])
√ Statistical methods
√ Overlay methods
√ Hydrogeologic and chemical indicator methods
√ Process-based simulation modeling
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Methods Explored To Date by NAWQA (Methods Explored To Date by NAWQA (√))
• Scoring and index methods(Use discouraged by USGS Office of Ground Water [Tech. Memo 00.01])
√ Statistical methods
√ Overlay methods
√ Hydrogeologic and chemical indicator methods
√ Process-based simulation modeling
Focus of this presentation
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Previous sitePrevious site--based GWAVA studiesbased GWAVA studiesSome key aspectsSome key aspects
• 122 publications examined (1982 – 2006)• Most (75) did not test predictions against field
observations• Few (19) employed simulation modeling
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Proposed GWAVA Proposed GWAVA –– Complete schemeComplete scheme
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Step 1Step 1 -- Select Well Site Anywhere in the Lower 48Select Well Site Anywhere in the Lower 48
Puckett and Hughes, 2005 (JEQ 34:2278)
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Step 1Step 1 –– Select well siteSelect well site(Initial testing done using NAWQA wells)(Initial testing done using NAWQA wells)
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187 Ground-Water Studies
GroundGround--Water Data Available from the Water Data Available from the NAWQA Program, 1992NAWQA Program, 1992--20012001
– 187 study areas in agricultural, urban and other land-use settings– More than 5,000 wells– Sampled for pesticide compounds (83), VOCs (60), other solutes
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Step 2Step 2 –– Locate recharge areaLocate recharge area
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ExampleExample -- Contributing Areas for Wells in a Western BasinContributing Areas for Wells in a Western Basin(Particle(Particle--tracking simulations for Eagle Valley, Nevada by Leon Kauffman)tracking simulations for Eagle Valley, Nevada by Leon Kauffman)
LegendLegend
Kauffman, 2006 (Poster from 2005 Theis Conference onGround-Water Age,Tahoe City, CA)
pumping ratepumping rate
HighHigh
LowLow
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Step 2Step 2 –– Locate recharge areaLocate recharge area
Starn – Sources of uncertainty in delineating recharge areas
???? ??
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Kauffman – Assessing the reliability of residence times as indicators of intrinsic susceptibility through comparisons with water-quality data
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Eberts – Use of ground-water age distributions to assess vulnerability
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Step 3Step 3 –– Assemble input dataAssemble input data
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Step 3Step 3 –– Assemble input dataAssemble input data
Frank Voss, USGS
http://www.epa.gov/oppefed1/models/water/przm3_talk_jan2005.htm
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ExampleExample –– Atrazine use on cropsAtrazine use on crops(Data and map from Gail (Data and map from Gail ThelinThelin and Naomi and Naomi NakagakiNakagaki, USGS), USGS)
http://ca.water.usgs.gov/cgi-bin/pnsp/pesticide_use_maps_1997.pl?map=W1980
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Step 3Step 3 –– Assemble input dataAssemble input data
Ulery and others (2000)
http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-101-00/pdf/FS-101-00.pdf
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Step 4Step 4 –– Simulate transport and fate in Simulate transport and fate in vadosevadose zonezone
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All the proposed GWAVA models are capable of simulating this.
Application
Cropmaturation
Post harvest
Solute transport in subsurface is usually Solute transport in subsurface is usually nonnon--uniform!uniform!(Schematic distributions of an agricultural pesticide in subsurf(Schematic distributions of an agricultural pesticide in subsurface during the year)ace during the year)
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Solute transport in subsurface is usually Solute transport in subsurface is usually nonnon--uniform!uniform!
Clark – Simulation of short-circuit flow paths and transient conditions to assess vulnerability
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Step 4Step 4 –– Simulate transport and fate in Simulate transport and fate in vadosevadose zonezone
http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1196/
Nolan and others (2005)
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Webb – Simulation of solute transport and fatein the vadose zone at thebasin scale
Step 4Step 4 –– Simulate transport and fate in Simulate transport and fate in vadosevadose zonezone
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Step 5Step 5 –– Simulate transport and fate in Simulate transport and fate in saturatedsaturated zonezone
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Step 5Step 5 –– Simulate transport and fate in Simulate transport and fate in saturatedsaturated zonezone
Complex approach: Transport-and-fate modeling
Simplified approach:- Migration slowed by sorption- Concentration reduced by
reaction(s) during time of travel
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Step 6Step 6 –– Compare predicted concentrations with field dataCompare predicted concentrations with field data
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Vulnerability Assessment Vulnerability Assessment -- Additional ConsiderationsAdditional Considerations
Katz – Effects of subsurface geology and geochemical processes on contaminant occurrence in Florida ground water.
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Johnson – Simulating the effects of inactivewells on ground-waterquality
Vulnerability Assessment Vulnerability Assessment -- Additional ConsiderationsAdditional Considerations
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Landon – Field evidence for the effects of inactivewells on ground-waterquality in Nebraska
Vulnerability Assessment Vulnerability Assessment -- Additional ConsiderationsAdditional Considerations
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Main PointsMain Points• Previous approaches to ground-water vulnerability
assessment (GWAVA)Most have not been tested against observationsMechanistic methods uncommon
• Proposed approach for NAWQA GWAVAKey (initial) customers – Agencies charged with assessing vulnerability across entire statesNational scale input dataMaximal incorporation of process understandingOpen-source developmentTesting of predictions against NAWQA results
• Tools for each component of method already exist—main focus is on connecting the dots
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Leon KauffmanBrian KatzWayne LaphamGary RoweBrian HughesLarry PuckettFrank VossDavid SaadMichael FocazioGary TurneyCynthia Barton
AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements
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SUGGESTIONS?