Prosodically Condi.onedAllomorphy in a Kashaya Cli.c

EUGENE BUCKLEYUNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA

SocietyfortheStudyoftheIndigenousLanguagesoftheAmericas

NewYork

3 January2019

Outline of talk

• Formsofthe/yac/clitic– marksAgentiveandrelatedmeanings

• Iambicstresspattern– withinwordsandphrases,includingclitics– lengtheningintheworddomain

• Distributionoflengthin/yaco/~/ya:co/– nearlycapturedbylocationoffoothead– butactuallydependsonprecedingsyllable

• Speculation– historicalshiftfromsufAixtoclitic

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Pomoan languages

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Kashaya

THE AGENTIVE CLITIC

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Agentive clitic /yac/

• Realizedas/yaʔ/bydebuccalization– unlessfollowedbyavoweloraglottalizingclitic

• Coremeaningofagency– Oswalt(1961),Hall(1990)

• Butvarioususes– tobeillustratedshortly

• SometimesthecliticseemstobeincludedspeciGicallyinordertomarkpluralityorcase

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~ ya:col~ ya:coʔkʰe~ ya:coʔna~ ya:co

• MarksvariouscaseformsandpluralitySUBJECT yac(yaʔ)OBJECT yacolBENEFACTIVE yacoʔkʰeLOCATIVE yacoʔnaVOCATIVE yacoPLURAL yacʰma

• Inanopensyllable,/ya/issometimeslong

Forms of the clitic

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/yac/ for Agents

• Emphasizesintentionalityofapersona. naṭaqawi=yaʔ maʔelkihlaʔbaṭó:l

childsmall=AGT father.3P.OBJ stillkeep.asking‘theyoungchildstillkeepsaskinghisfather’

b. naṭaqawi=yaʔ hiʔbaya=ʔelmayic’-biwchildsmall=AGT man=OBJ resemble-EVID‘thebabyactslike theman’

• Comparenon-agentivereadingc. naṭaqawihiʔbaya=ʔelmayic’-biw

childsmallman=OBJ resemble-EVID‘thebabyresembles theman’

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/yac/ for A*ributes

• Professionorattributeofaperson– “onewhoisordoes”,“thosewho”a. dic’má:=yaʔ

translate=AGT‘atranslator’

b. hiyémʔ=yaʔhold.authority=AGT‘thePresident’

c. ʔahqʰa=yów=ʔbakʰe=yacʰmawater=under=from=AGT.PL‘theUnderseapeople’(i.e.,Russiansarrivingbyship)

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/yac/ for Non-Humans

• Showing(apparent)agency– ineverydaysettingsortraditionalstoriesa. s’ihta=yaʔ ya:pálkababolʔ

bird=AGT applemake.hole.with.mouth

‘thebirdpeckedaholeintheapple’

b. qama:l-abuṭaqá=ya:co =ʔstart.play-IMP bear=AGT.VOC=IMP

‘starttoplay,Bear!’

c. ʔahqʰa=yaʔ miṭaʔsihcʰúhcʰuwwater=AGT sandwash.away

‘thewateriswashingawaythesand’

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Honorific /yac/

• Honori&icorrespectful– foranin-law,oradeceasedpersona. hiʔbayá=yaʔ

man=AGT‘son-in-law’

b. ʔa:Tim=yacol da:qaʔITim=AGT.OBJ like‘IlikeTim’(ofanin-lawordeceasedperson)

c. ʔa:Tim=to da:qaʔITim=OBJ like‘IlikeTim’(inordinaryuse)

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Plural

• Pluralcanbefollowedbycase-markedclitica. duwení=bakʰe=yacʰma =ya:col

long.ago=from=AGT.PL =AGT.OBJ‘(to)theancientones’

b. ʔacaʔhiyémʔ=yacʰma =ya:coʔnapersonhold.authority=AGT.PL =AGT.LOC‘attheplaceofthepeopleinauthority’

• Lessoften,thepluralisdirectlyinHlected– essentiallyomitting/yaco/– thus=yacʰma-l or=yacʰma-ʔna

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KASHAYA STRESS

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Kashaya footing

• Crucialtoevaluatethelengthalternations– commonsourceoflongvowelsinthelanguage

• Iambsfromlefttoright– iterative,asevidencedbyiambiclengthening– Oswalt(1961,1988),Buckley(1994,1997)

• Firstsyllableisextrametricalbydefault– blockediftherootismonosyllabicandunpreGixed– essentially,arootvowelmustbefooted

• Includesencliticsinthedomainoffooting– optionally,groupstogetherseparatewordsaswell

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Stress assignment

• Secondorthirdsyllable– dependingonweightofsecondsyllablea. cu-ʔdan-tʰu-meʔ ‘don’tshoot!PL’

<cuʔ>(dán)(tʰumeʔ)b. cu-ʔdan-ad-u ‘keepshooting’

<cuʔ>(daná:)du

c. cahci-hqa-w ‘placeinseatedposition’<cah>(cíh)(qaw)

d. cahci-meʔ ‘sitdown!IN -LAW ’<cah>(ciméʔ)

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Iambic lengthening

• Longvowelinstressedopensyllables– butnotword-finallya. qa-sit-ala-med-u ‘bepeelingdownwithteeth’

<qa>(sitá:)(lamè:)dub. mu-ʔc’aba-med-u ‘becrackingfromheat’

<muʔ>(c’abá:)(medù)

c. mo-ʔsʼon-aduc-i ‘dentitwithforce!’<moʔ>(s’oná:)(ducì)

d. mo-ʔsʼohn-aduc-i ‘dentthemwithforce!’<moʔ>(s’óh)(nadù:)ci

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Non-lengthening suffixes

• Suf$ixeslateintheverballresistchangesinlength– “word-level”vs.“stem-level”suf$ixationa. du-ʔkʼu-mela ‘I’m$inished’

<duʔ>(k’umé)lab. pʰi-libit-ci-mela ‘Icaughtaglimpseofhim’

<pʰi>(libítʰ)(cimè)la

c. da-ʔt’a-tʰi-ba ‘nothavingfoundit’<daʔ>(t’atʰí)ba

d. ba-hnat-qa-tʰi-qa-em ‘didn’tseemtoaskhim’<bah>(nátʰ)(qatʰì)(qam)

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Non-lengthening cli-cs

• Mostcliticsalsodonotalternateinlength– sameasword-levelsuffixationa. kulu=bakʰe ‘fromthewoods;wild’

<ku>(lubá)kʰeb. šahyamo:du=bakʰe ‘inordertorunfast’

<šah>(yamó:)(dubà)kʰe

c. bihše=ʔemu ‘thedeerSUBJ’<bih>(šeʔé)mu

d. naṭaqawi=ʔemu ‘theyoungchildSUBJ’<na>(ṭaqá)(wiʔè)mu

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DISTRIBUTION OF LENGTH IN /yac/

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Short a(er closed syllable

• Vowelin/ya/isshortfollowingheavy/CVC/– neverstressedinthatposition,giveniambicfeeta. kilákʰ=yacol <ki>(lakʰ)(yacol)

eagle=AGT.OBJ‘(to)Eagle’

b. qʰaʔbeqʰáʔ=yacoʔkʰe <qʰaʔ>(beqʰaʔ)(yacoʔ)kʰehawk=AGT.BEN‘forHawk’

c. pʰaláʔcay’=yacoʔna <pʰa>(laʔ)(cay’)(yacoʔ)nawhite.person=AGT.LOC‘tothewhitepeople’splace’

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Short a(er long vowel

• Alsoshort/ya/followingheavy/CV:/– accompaniedbyregularACCENTSHIFTtothenextfoota. hadu:=yacól <ha>(du:)(yacól)

other=AGT.OBJ‘(to)another’

b. nupʰe:=yacó <nu>(pʰe:)(yacó)skunk=AGT.VOC‘heySkunk!’

c. ʔacaʔmatʰí:=yacoʔkʰe <ʔa>(caʔ)(matʰí:)(yacòʔ)kʰemanblind=AGT.BEN‘fortheblindman’

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awordthatshowsidiosyncraticaccentshift

Long in stressed syllable

• Long/ya:/whereitwouldbeafoothead– lookslikeiambiclengtheninga. duwi=yá:coʔna <du>(wiya:)(coʔ)na

coyote=AGT.LOC‘atCoyote’splace’

b. qʰawáʔla=ya:col <qʰa>(waʔ)(laya:)(col)heron=AGT.OBJ‘(to)Heron’

c. maki=yácʰma=ya:col <ma>(kiyacʰ)(maya:)(col)older.brother.3P =AGT.PL=AGT.OBJ‘(to)herolderbrothers’

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alwayslongafter=yacʰma

Long a'er light syllable

• Infact,/ya:/afterany /CV/,whateverprecedesit– evenifnotapredictedfootheada. buṭaqá=ya:coʔkʰe <bu>(ṭaqá)(yà:)(còʔ)kʰe

coyote=AGT.BEN *<bu>(ṭaqá)(yacòʔ)kʰe‘forthebear’

b. biʔdas’áwala=ya:co <biʔ>(das’á)(walà)(yà:)cokingfisher=AGT.VOC *<biʔ>(das’á)(walà)(yacò)‘heyKingfisher!’

c. mámkolo=ya:col (mám)(kolò)(yà:)(còl)ground.squirrel=AGT.OBJ *(mám)(kolò)(yacòl)‘tothegroundsquirrels’

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exceptiontoextrametricality

ALLOMORPHY

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Why allomorphy?

• Manysuffixesshowlengtheningwithintheword– amajorsourceofderivedlongvowelsinKashaya– soonemightexpectthatexplanationhere

• Butothercliticsdonotalternateinlength– doesnotevenapplyto(verb)suffixeslateintheword– sonotageneralaspectofthelanguage

• Distributionof/ya:co/doesnotmatchfooting– sensitivetoimmediatelypreceding/CV/

• Hence,allomorphyofthisspecificclitic– longvowelislisted,notgenerated

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Speculation

• /ya:co/originallyarosefromiambiclengthening– wouldbelongonlyiftheheadofafoot

• Stillfoundwithkinshipandpersonalsuf:ixesa. t’ile-me-toʔna ‘attheoldwoman’splace’

<t’i>(lemé:)(tòʔ)nab. ṭʰoʔo:koy’-me-to ‘(to)MissCricket’

<ṭʰo>(ʔó:)(kòy’)(metò)

• Thesenounsuf:ixestakefurthercasemarking– asdoes/yac/– buttheydonotpatternasclitics

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Relic of earlier status?

• /yac/isusedforcertainkinshipterms– hiʔbaya=yac ‘mydaughter’shusband’– t’ile=yac ‘mymother/father-in-law’

• Inparallelpositiontosuf<ixfornaming– t’ile-ki-n’ ‘oldman’– t’ile-me-n’ ‘oldwoman’

• Cognatesof/yac/inotherPomoanlanguages– clearinallWesternlanguages;tenuousinE,SE– moresuf<ix-like– usedonly,ormainly,withnouns

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Diachrony

• Limitednounsuf-ixgeneralizedtomorecontexts?– beyondspecialcategoryofcase-markednouns

• Shiftedfromsuf-ixtocliticstatus– oratleast,frommore- toless-tightlybound– oppositeofstandardgrammaticalization

• normallywords>clitics>af.ixes

• CompareEnglishpossessiveclitic– DEFLEXION (Allen1997,2003)– DEGRAMMATICALIZATION (Norde2009,2010)

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Reanalysis

• Lengthalternationswerealreadyinplace– frompriorstatusasnounsuffixes

• Butcliticsdon’tshowiambiclengthening– shifttocliticstatusrequirednewanalysis

• Referencetoimmediateenvironment– moretypicaltypeofphonologicalconditioning– commoninallomorphselection(Paster2006)

• althoughfootstructurecanalsodetermineallomorphy

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Limited changes

• Preceding/CV/nearlythesamepredictionsasametricaltrigger“stressed”– precedingCVC andCV: predictshort

...(CVC)(ya.co)

...(CV:)(ya.co)

– precedingCVC.CV andCV:.CV predictlong...(CVC)(CV.ya:)co...(CV:)(CV.ya:)co

– someprecedingCV.CV predictlong...(CV.CV)(CV.ya:)cobutdifferentpredictionfor...(CV.CV)(ya.co)

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Minimal effect

• Smallresiduewithdifferentresult– justwordslike<bu>ṭaqá andmámkolò aredifferent

• Necessarypatternisnotcommon– twoCVsyllablesfootedtogether– i.e.initial,orprecededbyaheavysyllable

• Andapparentlyabsentfromkinshipvocabulary– simplerlocalCVgeneralizationmayhavebeencompletelyaccurateinthekinshipsystem

– thisanalysismighthaveprecededorfollowedthebroadeningofthecontextofusefor/yac/

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Kashaya-internal motivation

• Compareallomorphyindurative suffix(Buckley2017)• Followingavowel,twomainoptions:– /cid/ifjustCVprecedes(moduloextrametricality)

(ca-cí:)d-u ‘besittingontheground’<da>(ma-cí:)d-u ‘keeppickingup’

– /med/ifmorematerialprecedes(mítʰ)(ma-me:d)-u ‘keepbreakingthem’<ma>(lasʼá:)-(med-u) ‘keepbreakingthem’

• Butcouldalsobeattributedto“firstfoot”– herenotjustanyCV;mustbemaximallyCV

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Summary

• Vowellengthalternationin/yaco/notthesameasiambiclengthening– longafterCVregardlessoffootstructure

• Butthatisstillthelikelyoriginofthealternation– atanearliertimewhenitwasmoretightlybound– andoccurredjustafternouns

• perhapsspecificallyinthekinshipsystem• Wouldmeanthesuffixwasdegrammaticalized– fitswithcomparativeevidence– butremainsspeculative

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References 1Allen,CynthiaL.1997.Theoriginsofthe‘groupgenitive’inEnglish.TransactionsofthePhilologicalSociety95,111-31.

Allen,CynthiaL.2003.DeDlexionandthedevelopmentofthegenitiveinEnglish.EnglishLanguageandLinguistics7,1-28.

Buckley,Eugene.1994.TheoreticalaspectsofKashayaphonologyandmorphology.CenterfortheStudyofLanguageandInformation,Stanford,California.

Buckley,Eugene.1997.OptimaliambsinKashaya. RivistadiLinguistica 9,9-52.Buckley,Eugene.2017.ConditioningofallomorphyintheKashayadurative.MeetingoftheSocietyfortheStudyoftheIndigenousLanguagesoftheAmericas,Austin,January5-8.

Hall,Kira.1990.AgentivityandtheanimacyhierarchyinKashaya.OccasionalPapersonLinguistics15:Proceedingsofthe1990Hokan-PenutianLanguagesWorkshop,118-135.SouthernIllinoisUniversity.

Norde,Muriel.2009.Degrammaticalization.OxfordUniversityPress.

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References 2Norde,Muriel.2010.Degrammaticalization:Threecommoncontroversies.Grammaticalization:Currentviewsandissues,ed.KaterinaStathi,ElkeGehweiler&EkkehardKonig,pp.123-150.Benjamins.

Oswalt,Robert.1961.AKashayagrammar(SouthwesternPomo).Dissertation,UCBerkeley.

Oswalt,Robert.1964.Kashayatexts.UCPL36.UniversityofCaliforniaPress.Oswalt,Robert.1988.TheFloatingAccentofKashaya.InHonorofMaryHaas,ed.WilliamShipley,pp.611-621.MoutondeGruyter,Berlin.

Oswalt,Robert.2005.Kashayadictionary.Ms.,CaliforniaLanguageArchive,UCBerkeley.

Paster,Mary.2006.PhonologicalconditionsonafCixation.Dissertation,UCBerkeley.

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SUPPLEMENTAL:POMOAN COGNATES

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Southern Pomo

• Clearcognatesinclitics– Agent/yey/::/yac/– Patient/ycon/::/yacol/– Vocative/yco/::/yaco/

• Attachedtocommonnouns– onepossibleexampleof=yconasrelativizer– Walker(2013:110)classiHiesthemasspecialclitics

• themostafHix-likecategoryofclitics• Inkinshipsystem,-yey istreatedasasufHix– Agent+Plural,integratedintothecase-markingsystem– insameslotascognatesofKashayakinshipsufHixes

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Central Pomo

• Someelementsareclearcognates– Patient/yacol/,Oblique/yaco:kʰe/– usedgenerallywithnounsreferringtohumans

• Possiblecognatetosimple/yac/– Topicalizer/ya/ratherthanAgent– stillmainlywithnounsreferringtohumans

• Botharerestrictedinwhattheyfollow– comparesuggestedearlieruseinKashaya– closertostatusofnounsufEix

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Northern Pomo

• Manysimilarusesofcognateclitic/yaʔ/– distinctfromin5lectionalcasemarking– encodessentience,self-motivation,consciousness

• includinganimalsdescribedasshowingintention

• Alsoinrelatedcaseforms– Patient/yacul/,Oblique/yacuʔ/

• Seemstooccurjustafternouns– apparentlynotafterverbsinnominalizingfunction– thus,alsomorerestrictedthaninKashayatoday

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Eastern Pomo

• MoredistantlyrelatedtoKashaya• Butapossiblecognatesuf7ix– IndividuatingAgentiveAnimate/-yeʔekʰ/– shareslinktoagencyandanimacyinotherlanguages

• attachestosubstantives(personalandcommonnouns,adjectives,demonstratives,numerals),aninde7initeanaphor,andastativeverb

• Correspondencesofy:y andc:k areregularKashaya=yya /=ʼay Eastern-(a)ya PLURAL

Kashayacahno Easternka:nu ‘word’

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Southeastern Pomo

• Mostdivergentlanguageofthefamily• Onetantalizingsuf6ix(regularc:k herealso)– /-myak/– notde6inedbyMoshinsky

• Occurswithjusttworoots– butresultingnounisapersonoragent

knıl-myak ‘sprinter’bʔa-myak ‘rich;richman’bʔa-mʔed ‘richwoman’

cf.SE-med inpronouns,Kashaya-me-nʔ forfemaleterms

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SUPPLEMENTAL:ACCENT SHIFT

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Accent shi*

• Ifleftmostfootis(CV:),pitchaccentwillfallonthefollowingfootinstead– thusoccursonthirdorfourthsyllable– dependingonweightofthirdsyllable

• Skipped(CV:)isanonbranchingfoot– parallelto(CVC)thattakestheaccent

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Accent shi* within a word

• Tothirdorfourthsyllablea. dase:-wa-em ‘Isee(you’re)washingit’

<da>(se:)(wám)b. dase:-weti ‘althoughIwashedit’

<da>(se:)(wetí)

c. maṭʼa:-qacʼ-tʰuʔ ‘don’tletithexyou!’<ma>(ṭʼa:)(qáʔ)(tʰuʔ)

d. maṭʼa:-wi-y-e:to ‘ithexedme’<ma>(ṭʼa:)(wiyé:)to

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Phrasal groupings

• Stressisoftenassignedacrosstwoormorewords– ortoawordandfollowingclitic(s)

• Distinctfromlexicalfooting– forwordsbeyondthefirstinthephrase– iambiclengtheningdependsonword-internalfeet

• Assumebasicstratalarchitecture– Wordvs.Phrase

• Examplespresentedhereshowphrasalfooting– thisisthesourceofsurfaceaccent– eveninone-wordutterances

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Stress within a phrase

• Secondorthirdsyllable,onceagain– butnolengtheningofstressedsyllablea. bihšehcʰoyicʼ-ʔ ‘thedeerdied’

<bih>(šéh)(cʰoyiʔ)b. bihšeboʔo-ʔkʰe ‘willhuntdeer’

<bih>(šebó)(ʔoʔ)kʰe

c. sima=ltow ‘duringsleep’<si>(mál)(tow)

d. simamiṭi-ad-u ‘lyingasleepontheground’<si>(mamí)(ṭi:)du

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Accent shi* within a phrase

• Quiteacommonoccurrence– providesfrequentevidenceforphrasalstressa. ʔima:ta=ʔyow-a-em ‘formerwomanNOM’

<ʔi>(ma:)(táʔ)(yowam)b. ʔima:tanašoya ‘youngwoman’

<ʔi>(ma:)(taná)(šoya)c. qahwe:wahqa-qa=ʔ ‘musthaveswallowedgum’

<qah>(we:)(wáh)(qaqaʔ)d. qahwe:qac-id-u ‘askforgum’

<qah>(we:)(qací:)du

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