protecting public health with zeeweed membranes kilfoil.pdfsan joaquin, ca, usa 36 mgd modesto, ca...
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GE Water & Process Technologies
Protecting Public Health with ZeeWeed Membranes
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More Communities are Turning to Membrane Technology
Increasing regulatory standardsespecially regardingdisinfectant by-products and waterborne pathogens
Limited and deteriorating supplies require the use of alternative water sources
Growing demand due to population growth
Technological innovation leading todevelopment of low cost, high quality water treatment solutions
Retrofit of old technologyto protect the public from aging or underperforming systems
ZeeWeed Membranes offer cost effective solutions
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Clean, Safe Drinking Water is a Basic Right
Increasingly stringent regulatory requirements to provide pathogen free drinking water 100% of time
Inadequate turbidity removal is directly correlated to increased gastro-intestinal illness. UF provides <0.1 NTU, 99% of time.
Gastro-intestinal Illness
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Membrane Technology Provides the Ultimate Level of SecurityPositive barrier - Parasites are removedby size exclusion (>0.1 um), not inactivation
Superior treated water quality• California Department of Health
Services Testing– > 9 log removal of Giardia– > 9 log removal of
Cryptosporidium– > 2 / 3.5 log removal of MS2 virus
Reliable, non-chemical treatment
Cost effective for small, medium and large communities
Cryptosporidium Parvum (4-7 µm)
Giardia Lamblia (6-16 µm)
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ZeeWeed is the Trusted Membrane PlatformIntroduced in 1993
Immersed hollow fiber membrane configuration
Outside-in mode of operation
PVDF chemistry that is resistant to chlorine, oxidants and wide pH range
Compatible with coagulants/PAC
NSF 61 Certified ultrafilter
Over 1.8 BGD* of treatment capacity makes ZeeWeed the world’s most trusted and experienced immersed membrane platform!
* Installed or under design as of December, 2006
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Membranes are the Key to Superior Drinking Water Quality
Hollow strands of porous plastic fibers with billions of microscopic pores on the surface
The pores are thousands of times smaller in diameter than a human hair
Pores form a physical barrier to impurities but allow pure water to pass
Clean water is drawn to the inside of fiber by a gentle suction
MembraneFiber Membrane
Module
7 ft
3 ft
Electron microscope view of membrane surface
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Ultrafiltration Pathogen Removal
• Parasites are removed by size exclusion (>0.1 µm), not inactivation
• Automated membrane integrity monitoring confirms LRV > 4.0 log (99.99%) on a daily basis Cryptosporidium Parvum (4-7µm)
Giardia Lamblia(10-12 µm)
7 - 15Giardia
3 - 7Cryptosporidium
1 - 4Fecal Coliform
0.03 – 1.0Enteric Viruses
Size Range (mm)Typical Microorganism
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Achievable ZeeWeed Treated Water Quality
100% of the time> 4 logCryptosporidium removal
100% of the time> 2-3.5 logVirus removal
100% of the time> 4 logGiardia removal
95% of the time100% of the time
< 0.1 NTU< 0.3 NTU
Turbidity
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Treated Water Quality Exceeds the World’s Toughest Standards – Current and Future
United States:– CDHS, LT2,
USEPA
United Kingdom: – Drinking Water
Inspector (DWi)
US EPA Turbidity Limit for Drinking Water is 0.15 NTU
Treated water from a ZeeWeed system is <0.1 NTU
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LT2 Key Provisions
Source water monitoring
Additional Cryptosporidium treatment for filtered systems based on source water concentrations
Inactivation of Cryptosporidium for unfiltered systems
Disinfection profiling and benchmarking
Covering of filtered water reservoirs
Criteria for treatment and management options, i.e., “Microbial Toolbox”
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Source Water Cryptosporidium Bins
2.5-log, with at least 1-log from advanced filtration/disinfection
> 34
2-log, with at least 1-log from advanced filtration/disinfection
1 to <33
1-log, using any combination of technologies
0.075 to <12
No Action< 0.0751
Additional treatment beyond conventional
filtration
Average Cryptosporidium
Concentration (per L)
Bin Number
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LT2 Technology Toolbox
>>>XXXUV
XWatershed control program
XPeer Review Program
XXXOzoneXXChlorine Dioxide
XCartridge Filters>>>XXXMembranes (MF, UF, NF, RO)
XRoughing filtersXSlow sand filters
XFilter effluent turbidity <0.15 NTU 95%XXIn-bank filtration
XLime SofteningXPre-settling basin with coagulant
XXOff-stream raw water storage
>2.52.01.00.5Additional Log CreditToolbox Technologies
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LT2 New Plant Example
4.04.0UF
LRV Values
5.04.04.5Total LRV
0.0Residual Disinfection
1.01.5UV
2.5Dual Media Filtration
0.5Coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation
UF filtration and UV disinfection
Bin 3 (1 to <3 cysts/L)
5.0 LRV required
UF filtration
Bin 2 (0.75 to <1 cyst/L)
4.0 LRV required
Conventional filtration with UV
Bin 2 (0.75 to <1 cyst/L)
4.0 LRV required
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LT1FBR - <10,000 people, EPA, 1999
Reliable Turbidity Removal
ZeeWeed Plants – 100%
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Smaller FootprintUF is uniquely suited for spatially constrained facility sites
• High tank intensity• Smaller flocculation zones
• Elimination of clarification• Minimization of treatment
chemicals
Minimization or elimination of treatment processes reduces cost
Additional Minimum Footprint of ConventionalPretreatment
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Existing rapid sand filter
4.75 MGD (18,000 m3/d)existing plant
Simple, Cost Effective Media Filter Retrofits
ZeeWeed 1000 Retrofit
17.2 MGD (65,000 m3/d)retrofit
~ 2-3x Capacity Increase in the Existing Footprint !!
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Columbine WTP, Denver, CO
28 MGD (106 MLD) Before 50 MGD (189 MLD) After
Simple, Cost Effective Media Filter Retrofits
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Drinking Water Installations
>30> 10
>255-10
>501 – 5
>60< 1
# of Plants *MGD
*Based on peak flows** Includes all plant under construction or in design as of December 2006
ZeeWeed for Drinking Water
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Proven Solutions for Plants of All Sizes
GE has the proven experience to deliver drinking water plants of any size, from small pre-engineered, quick delivery systems to the world’s largest operating plants.
< 40,000 GPD
> 50 MGD
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Total Installed ZeeWeed Drinking Water Capacity*
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
MG
D (
Cum
ulat
ive)
Installed Plant Capacity Plants in Design or Construction Phase
*Average Day Flow (ADF) As of December 4, 2006
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Total Installed ZeeWeed Capacity*
0200400600800
100012001400160018002000
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
MG
D (
Cum
ulat
ive)
Installed Plant Capacity Plants in Design or Construction Phase
*Average Day Flow (ADF). As of December 4, 2006
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Twin Oaks, CA, USA 100 mgdLakeview, ON, Canada 95 mgdFridley, MN, USA – P 90 mgdMoscow, Russia - A 73 mgdChestnut Avenue, Singapore 72 mgdColumbia Hts, MN, USA - N 70 mgdRacine, WI, USA 50 mgdThornton, CO, USA 50 mgdCCK, Singapore 48 mgdClay Lane, UK - N 42.8 mgdKamloops, BC, Canada 42.3 mgdForest Park, PA, USA – USF 40 mgdRoetgen, Germany - N 38 mgdEscombreras, Spain 37 mgdSan Joaquin, CA, USA 36 mgdModesto, CA – USF 36 mgdOlivenhain, CA, USA 34 mgdColiban, Bendigo, AU – USF 33 mgdSweetwater, CA 30 mgdScottsdale, AZ 30 mgdThunder Bay Bare Point 30 mgd
Largest Awarded* DW Installations use ZeeWeed
Lakeview, ON, Canada
Racine, WI, USA
*As of January 2007
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Largest Operating UF/MF for DW use ZeeWeed
Chestnut Avenue, Singapore
Thornton, CO, USA
*As of January 2007, in order of peak daily flow
Chestnut Avenue, Singapore 72 mgd
Columbia Hts., MN, USA - N 70 mgdRacine, WI, USA 50 mgdThornton, CO, USA 50 mgdClay Lane, UK - N 42.8 mgdKamloops, BC, Canada 42.3 mgd
Roetgen, Germany - N 38 mgdSan Joaquin, CA, USA 36 mgdOlivenhain, CA, USA 34 mgdScottsdale AZ 30 mgdColiban Water, Australia - USF 33 mgdAppleton, WI - K 24 mgdKeldgate, UK - N 23.8 mgd
Membranes – The Basics
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What is a membrane?Membranes are engineered thin barriers or films of material that allow certain substances to pass by a size exclusion mechanism related to the size of the pores on the membrane surface
Rejected Matter
Permeate Permeate
Membrane
Permeable Matter
SupportMaterial
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Membranes for Water Treatment
Conventional Pretreatment
0.035 µm
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Membrane Configurations
Spiral wound/tubular: best suited to NF/RO
Hollow fiber: best suited for MF/UF
Sand filtrationSand filtration
MicrofiltrationMicrofiltration
UltrafiltrationUltrafiltration
NanofiltrationNanofiltration
Reverse OsmosisReverse Osmosis
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100mm
Flat plate
Reverse Osmosis
ZeeWeed membrane range
Increasing pressure requirements
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Hollow Fiber Configurations
More difficult to remove solids from confined pressure vessels, tightly packed fibersUse higher pressures as membranes become fouledExpensive pressure vessel required for each unitExtensive interconnecting piping
Inability to see fiber condition and detect a problem
Open tank configuration, loosely packed fibers for easier solids removalLow pressure, vacuum-driven operation Simpler scale-up for larger systems
PressurizedImmersed
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Hollow Fiber Configurations
Prescreening is required
Risk of fiber plugging
Higher cleaning frequency
Harsher cleaning to keep inside of fibers clean
Requires less pretreatment
Less frequent cleaning
Milder cleaning required to keep fiber exterior clean
Inside-Out Outside-In
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ZeeWeed Permeation•The membrane is immersed directly into the water to be treated•Light suction draws water through the membrane pores•Concentrate stream is drained periodically
Treated Water
Membrane
Process pump
Backpulse tank
Backpulse Valves
Permeate discharge
valve
Permeate suction valve
Valve Open
Valve Closed
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ZeeWeed Mode of Operation
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Automatic Backpulse•Permeate flow periodically reversed through the membrane, removing solids from fiber surface•Can backpulse with or without chemicals
Treated Effluent
Valve Closed
Valve Open
Membrane
Process pump
Backpulse tank
BackpulseValves
Permeate discharge
valve
Permeate suction valve
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Periodic Chemical Cleaning
Air
PermeatePump
Feed
C.I.P Cleaning
Cleaning Chemical
Reject
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ZeeWeed Membrane Cleaning
Maintenance clean
Membranes contacted with either 50 - 100 mg/L sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) or citric acid at pH 2.2-2.5
Cleaning interval: Daily-Weekly
Duration : Approx. 25 minutes & scheduled through the PLC
Recovery Clean
High strength chemical clean to return membranes back to full efficiency with 500 mg/L NaOCl or 2 g/L citric acid
Initiated when a train reaches maximum TMP (typically 12-13 psig or 83-90 kPa)
Typical frequency: 1-6 months
Typical duration: 6 hours
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Evolution of ZeeWeed
1993 2004
ZW 145 ZW 150 ZW 500a ZW 500c ZW 500dZW 1000 ZW 1000V3
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The ZeeWeed Hollow Fibres
ZeeWeed 500 Large diameter, Extremely strong
ZeeWeed 1000 Small diameter, High packing density
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ZeeWeed Family of Immersed Membranes
ZeeWeed 1000 Series
� Surface water direct filtration
� Enhanced coagulation/PAC addition
� Settled water � Fe & Mn removal� Sea water pretreatment to
RO� Secondary effluent� GUDI
ZeeWeed 500 Series
� Enhanced coagulation/PAC addition
� Fe & Mn removal � Conventional plant
residuals concentration� Second stage/high
recovery applications� Membrane bioreactor
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ZeeWeed 500 Membranes
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ZeeWeed 500 - The Most Robust Membrane on the Market
Reinforced inner structure ensures a long and trouble free membrane life
ZeeWeed membranes have the highest solids tolerance of any HF membrane system, offering more reliability over the plant’s lifecycle
Produces a high quality water at all timesregardless of water quality change or upset
Does not require pre-clarification thereby reducing capital/operating costs and simplifying the system
Conservative design and the unique operator tools ensure that the system works through any unexpected situation
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ZeeWeed 500: Precise Fiber PlacementHigh solids tolerance• Routine operation in drinking
water up to 5,000 mg/L • Process flexibility
Proven design details• Efficient aeration minimizes
resistance of cake layer• Shell-less design and spacing
between modules and fibers eliminates solids accumulation
• Optimum fiber slack prevents solids build-up Defined spatial
distribution of fibers
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Compact• High packing density
= smaller footprint
Accessible• Easy to remove modules and
cassettes
Simple to Operate• Fewer connections,
valves = higher reliability
Easy to Maintain• Larger building block design with
less equipment and fewer connections
Fully Integrated Cassettes Simplify Plant Design & Operation
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ZeeWeed 1000 – Setting the Standards for High Efficiency MembranesUltrafiltration membrane – high quality
permeate with provides extra public health protection
Extremely compact design – smaller plant footprint reduces capital costs
Operator friendly – streamlined design makes it simple to operate and maintain
Conservative design and the unique operator tools ensure that the system works through any unexpected situation
Open tank operations provide a more robust system and is ideal for large scale plants and retrofits
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ZeeWeed 1000Immersed Membranes for Low Solids Water
• Horizontally vs. vertically oriented fibers
• Easily removable modules
• Easy cassette isolation and removal
• “Bookshelf” cassette configuration
• Ideal solution for retrofitting sand filters and existing tanks
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ZeeWeed 1000 Membranes
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Reduced FootprintComparison for a 50 MGD DW plant
Compare size to
2 football fields
(each 360 ft long)
High Rate
35,000 ft2
Membrane
12,000 ft2
HDT: 10 min
Conventional
120,000 ft2
Filtration
Sedimentation
Flocculation
HDT: 45 min
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ZeeWeed 1000:Virus Rejection
Superior virus removal
Better removal of colloidal particles
Improved protection against emerging pathogens
0.20.10.10.02OthersZeeWeedOthersZeeWeed
MaximumNominalPore Size (microns)
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ZeeWeed 1000: Setting the Industry Standard
Cost effective
Modular platform• 60 or 96 module cassettes• 2 or 3 stack configurations• 8 or 10 in. permeate headers
Suitable for different module areas and water quality and applications• 450 ft2, 500 ft2, and 600 ft2 modules
•Large system configuration typically employed for large drinking water plants
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� Gravity feed, parallel trains, each an independent production unit� Shared ancillaries for backwash, cleaning, integrity monitoring� Above: capacity 60 MGD, total footprint 13,000 ft2
Typical ZeeWeed Plant Layout
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Membranes for Drinking Water Supply
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Drinking Water Treatment OptionsNorth American Distribution
DF
EC
Fe/Mn
Other
EC + Fe/Mn
Settled Water
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Membrane Integrity MonitoringIndirect monitoring:• Turbidity monitoring on each train• Optional particle counting on each train
Direct monitoring: Pressure decay testing• Typically automated offline test• Detects 3 micron leaks (69 kPa test
pressure)• Decay can be correlated to a log removal
value across the membranes (ASTM, LT2ESWTR)
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Treatment Options
UF
Turbidity and Pathogen Removal
Organics Removal
UF
UF
Coagulant
Oxidant
Fe & MnRemoval
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Turbidity Removal –ZeeWeed UF vs. Conventional Treatment
ZeeWeed UF
CostCost
CLARIFIER
DISINFECTION
FILTRATION
PRE-TREATMENT
TWRW
CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT
UF
TWRW
DISINFECTION
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Feed & Permeate Turbidity
0.01
0.10
1.00
10.00
100.00
21-Jul 28-Jul 4-Aug 11-Aug 18-Aug 25-Aug 1-Sep 8-Sep 15-Sep
Turb
idity
(N
TU
)
Raw Permeate
Typical Guarantee: <0.1 NTU 95%
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Treatment Options
UF
Turbidity and Pathogen Removal
Organics Removal
UF
UF
Coagulant
Oxidant
Fe & MnRemoval
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Organics Removal –ZeeWeed UF vs. Conventional Treatment
CLARIFICATION
FILTRATION
FLOCCULATION
Treated Water
Raw Water
CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT
ULTRAFILTRATION
FLOCCULATION
FLASH MIX
FLASH MIX
Treated Water
Raw Water
IMMERSED MEMBRANE ULTRAFILTRATION WITH
ENHANCED COAGULATION
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Organics Removal
Color and DOC removal & DBP reduction• Up to 95% color removal
possible• Up to 75% TOC removal
possibleMinimize colloidal and organic
foulingEffective pre-treatment required
• coagulant mixing and dosing• pH control
– minimize membrane fouling
– reduce dissolved metals• PAC if taste and odor control
also required
Pin sized floc sufficient• Lower coagulant dose• Shorter HRT in flocculation tank• Reduced sludge formation
Footprint for a membrane plant is smaller since:• Clarification not required• Lower HRT needed for
flocculation allows for smaller tank
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Color Removal Example –Anthony Henday WTP
Mountain View Regional Water - Anthony Henday WTP Raw Water and Permeate Colour
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
31-Dec-02 1-Mar-03 30-Apr-03 29-Jun-03 28-Aug-03 27-Oct-03 26-Dec-03
Date
Col
our (
PC
U)
Raw Water Permeate
Target value per Canadian
guidelines
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Feed and Permeate TOC
50.0606.21.73.4January 7, 2004
58.1606.21.553.7December 17, 2003
23.3306.82.33December 4, 2003
TOC Removal
%
CoagulantDosemg/L
pH Set Point
PermeateTOCmg/L
Raw WaterTOCmg/L
Typical removal rates:
30-70% TOC removal & up to 95% color removal
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Treatment Options
UF
Turbidity and Pathogen Removal
Organics Removal
UF
UF
Coagulant
Oxidant
Fe & MnRemoval
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Iron and Manganese Removal
Air
PermeatePump
Reject
Contact Chamber(optional)
Flash Mixer
Mn 2+
Fe2+
ClO2, HOCl,KMnO4
Feed
pH Adjustment(optional)
Air
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0.001
0.01
0.1
1
10
26-Mar 31-Mar 5-Apr 10-Apr 15-Apr 20-Apr 25-Apr 30-Apr 5-May
Tot
al M
anga
nese
(m
g/L)
Raw Water Permeate
Removal Objective: 0.03 mg/L
Manganese Removal – Seekonk WTP
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0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
26-Mar 31-Mar 5-Apr 10-Apr 15-Apr 20-Apr 25-Apr 30-Apr 5-May
Tot
al I
ron
(mg/
L)
Raw Water Permeate
Removal Objective: 0.1 mg/L
Iron Removal – Seekonk WTP
Drinking Water Installations
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Rothesay Water Treatment Plant
ZeeWeed 500 for the removal of Iron and ManganeseLocation: Rothesay, New Brunswick, Canada
Peak Capacity: 600,000 gpd (2,300 m3/d)
Commissioned: June 1996
< 1> 10Coliform(cfu/100mL)
< 0.055Mn (mg/L)
< 0.10.5Fe (mg/L)
Treated Water Quality
Raw Water
Quality
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Collingwood Water Treatment Plant
Emergency treatment required after suspected Cryptosporidium outbreak
Location: Collingwood, Ontario, Canada
Peak Capacity: 8.6 MGD (32,500 m3/d)
Commissioned: December 1998
> 4 log removal
N/AGiardia
> 4 log removal
N/ACryptosporidium
< 0.0520Turbidity (NTU)
Treated Water Quality
Raw Water
Quality
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Olivenhain, CA
Large Capacity plant on a smallfootprint
Peak capacity: 130,000 m3/dStartup: May 2002
Removal > 4 logN/AGiardia
Removal > 4 logN/ACryptosporidium
< 0.12Turbidity (NTU)
Treated waterRawwater
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Kamloops Treatment Plant
ZeeWeed 500d for the treatment of a declining raw water sourceLocation: Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada
Capacity: 42.3 MGD (160,000 m3/d)
Commissioned: November 2004
< 0.1Avg. 5
Max. 510
Turbidity (NTU)
> 4 log removal
N/AGiardia
> 4 log removal
N/ACryptosporidium
Treated Water Quality
Raw Water Quality
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Chestnut Avenue Water Works
Largest UF based drinking water plant in the worldLocation: Chestnut, Singapore
Peak Capacity: 72 MGD (273,000 m3/d)
Commissioned: December 2003
< 0.45.4Turbidity (NTU)
< 0.050.1Aluminium(mg/L)
< 522Color (HU)
Treated Water Quality
Raw Water Quality
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Lakeview Water Treatment Plant
When commissioned, will be the largest UF drinking water plant in the world Location: Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
Peak Capacity: 96 MGD (363,000 m3/d)
Commissioning: June 2006
< 0.15Turbidity (NTU)
> 4 log removal
N/AGiardia
> 4 log removal
N/ACryptosporidium
Treated Water Quality
Raw Water Quality
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Burloak Water Purification PlantZeeWeed 1000 system expandable in four phases
Location: Oakville, Ontario, Canada
Peak Capacity: 58 MGD (220,000 m3/d)
Commissioning: Summer 2007
40 to 70% Removal
4DOC (mg/l)
> 4 log removalN/AGiardia
> 4 log removalN/ACryptosporidium
< 0.05<2Turbidity (NTU)
Treated Water Quality
Raw Water Quality
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Hamlet of Smith Water Treatment Plant
Emergency treatment required after suspected Cryptosporidium outbreak Location: Hamlet of Smith, Alberta, Canada
Peak Capacity: 0.19 MGD (8.5 l/s)Commissioned: June 2003
50-60% Removal
3 – 3.7 mg/l
TOC
> 4 log removal
N/AGiardia
> 4 log removal
N/ACryptosporidium
Treated Water Quality
Raw Water Quality
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Sudbury Treatment Plant
ZeeWeed 1000 system with a ZeeWeed 500 second stage for 99% plant recovery
Location: Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
Peak Capacity: 13 MGD (49,400 m3/d)
Commissioned: May 2004
> 4 log removal
N/AGiardia
> 4 log removal
N/ACryptosporidium
Treated Water Quality
Raw Water Quality
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Drinking Water Retrofit Installations
ZW 100014,990Aug 06Southampton WTPMar 04
Aug 04Feb 01Feb 04Jul 04Jun 05Jul 05Oct 00Nov 01Feb 05
Ph1: Feb 02
Ph2: Nov 02
Operational
ZW 100014,990Saugeen Shores, ON, Canada
ZW 100010,200Osan Air Base, KoreaZW 10001,200Marmagen, GermanyZW 100025,000Draper, UT, USAZW 100035,960Duck River, TN, USA
ZW 5004,500Picture Butte, AB, Canada
ZW 500 / RO136,260Thornton, CO, USA
ZW 500
ZW 500
ZW 1000
ZW 500
Membrane
9,463Cold Lake, AB, Canada
4,100Fenelon Falls, ON, Canada
Ph1: 11,000
Ph2: 21,200
Anthony Henday, AB, Canada
14St Saviours, Guernsey, UK
Size (m3/d)Location
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Anthony HendayMembrane Cassette Layout
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Cold Lake Water Treatment Plant
Retrofit of existing media filters doubles plant capacity in the same plant footprintLocation: Cold Lake, Alberta, Canada
Peak Capacity: 22-33 MLD
Commissioned: April 2005
< 202,000-6,000Particle Counts (counts/mL)
< 0.050.2-1.0Turbidity (NTU)
Treated Water Quality
Raw Water Quality
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WaterPro Water Treatment PlantDraper, UT, United States
• The configuration of the ZeeWeed 1000 modular cassettes provided the best fit into the plant’s existing granular filter media basins
• Expanded treatment capacity from 2.8 MGD to 6.0 MGD
• Compact footprint, high quality water, resistance to turbidity and cost were the main factors for the selection
Before
After