protective relays-electromagnetic & static

7/23/2019 Protective Relays-electromagnetic & Static

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RHKI^P# MTHRIVNEOTRNE@NTKHP ! @MEPVRX@VNME

P% VLIEOIKIGPLCN

IPPM@NIVH TRMAHPPMR-HHHOGC@HV

<-2>-2492 9

P%VLIEOIKIGPLCN IPPM@NIVH

TRMAHPPMR-HHH OGC@HV



@KIPPNAN@IVNME MA RHKI^P

• Hkh`vrm Ch`lien`ik rhki~p

• Pvivn` Rhki~p

• Exchrn` Rhki~p

<-2>-2492 2





LNEOHF V^TH RHKI^P

<-2>-2492 6





PIKNHEV AHIVXRHP

• Xphp vlh trne`ntkh ma ivvri`vnme%

• Pnctkh `mepvrx`vnme+ `mcti`v+ rmbxpv ! rhknibkh%

• Rhptmefp vm bmvl i%` ! f%` %

• Mthrivhp vlrmxol ie ircivxrh wln`l np ivvri`vhf vm ie hkh`vrmcioehv mr

vlrmxol i tkxeohr wln`l np friwe nevm i pmkhemnf%

• Mthrivneo pthhf np qhr~ lnol7 aipvhr vlie nefx`vnme rhki~p%

• Hkh`vrmcioehvn` amr`h h|hrvhf me vlh cmqneo hkhchev np trmtmrvnmeik vm vlh

pyxirh ma akx| ne vlh inr#oit mr vlh pyxirh ma `xrrhev%

• Ne f%` rhki~p vlnp amr`h np `mepviev wlnkh ne i%` vlnp amr`h txkpivhp iv fmxbkh vlh

arhyxhe`~%

• Vlh cmvnme ma vlh cmqneo hkhchev np `mevrmkkhf b~ ie mttmpneo amr`h%,Oriqnv~ mr

Ptrneo.

• Rhphv vm tn`g#xt rivnm np 4%8 vm 4%>%

• QI bxrfhe np kmw%

<-2>-2492 8





Khv N bh vlh mthrivneo `xrrhev%

Amr`h h|hrvhf me vlh hkh`vrmcioehv ι Pyxirh ma

vlh `xrrhev%

2

N A GN A 3

2.pne, wv N G A c

3

.2`mp,2922

wv N N G A cc −3

Vlh haah`v ma f%`% vriepnhevp irh `mcthepivhf xpneo vxeneo `nr`xnv ne

vlh cmfnanhf lneohf mepvrx`vnme%

<-2>-2492 1





TKXEOHR#V^TH RHKI^P

•@mepnpvp ma Pmkhemnfief nrme tkxeohr%

•Tkxeohr cmqhp ne iefmxv ma pmkhemnf vm cigh

%

•Cmqhchev ma tkxeohrnp `mevrmkkhf b~ iptrneo%

•Qhr~ kncnvhf xpioh ip nvfriwp cmrh `xrrhev%

<-2>-2492 ?P%VLIEOIKIGPLCN IPPM@NIVH




@mepnpvp ma bhic irr~neo 2 hkh`vrmcioehvpiv nvp hefp%

Meh onqhp vlh mthrivneo vmryxh wlnkh vlhmvlhr rhpvrineneo vmryxh%

Vlh bhic np pxttmrvhf iv vlh cnffkh ief nv

rhcinep ne lmrnzmevik xefhr emrcik`mefnvnmep%

BIKIE@HF#BHIC RHKI^

_lhe mthrivneo vmryxh h|`hhfp vlh rhphvvneovmryxh + ie ircivxrh anvvhf iv meh hef ma vlhbhic np txkkhf ief nvp `mevi vp irh `kmphf%

Xphf ne fnaahrhevnik ief ncthfie`h rhki~p%

Nv np rmbxpv ief aipv ne mthrivnme,mek~ 9 `~`kh.%

Emv pm i``xrivh pne`h nv np iaah`vhf b~ f%`%vriepnhevp%

<-2>-2492 <P%VLIEOIKIGPLCN IPPM@NIVH




CMQNEO @MNK RHKI^P# RMVIVNEO

• Nv np ikpm `ikkhf ip tmkirnzhff%`% cmqneo `mnk rhki~%

• Rhptmefp mek~ vm f%`i`vxivneo yxievnvnhp%

• @ie bh xphf wnvl i%` ne

`mejxe`vnme wnvl rh`vnanhrp%

rhki~p%

• Phepnvnqnv~ ma 4%9 c_%

• @mpvknhr vlie nefx`vnme `xt

mr cmqneo nrme rhki~ v~th%• QI bxrfhe np qhr~ pcikk%

• Xphf ip pkiqh rhki~p wnvlrh`vnanhr brnfoh`mctirivmrp%

<-2>-2492 >P%VLIEOIKIGPLCN IPPM@NIVH




CMQNEO @MNK RHKI^P#@MEVF%+

@mctmehevp:

I thrciehev cioehv+ i `mnk wmxef me eme#cioehvnàmrchr+ ie nrme `mrh+ i tlmptlmr brmezh ptnrikptrneo,rhphvvneo vmryxh.+ jhwhkhf bhirneo+ ptnefkh+ hv`%

•Fictneo np trmqnfhf b~ ikxcnenxc amrchr%

•Mthrivneo vnch np ibmxv 2 `~`khp%

•I `x amrchr ìe bh xphf amr lhiqnhr fictneo ! pkmwhrmthrivnme%

•Neqhrph mthrivneo vnch-`xrrhev `liri`vhrnpvn`p

•Mthrivneo `xrrhev np trmtmrvnmeik vm vlh `xrrhev ìrrnhf b~vlh `mnk%

•Vmryxh h|hrvhf b~ vlh ptrneo np trmtmrvnmeik vm fhakh`vnme%

Mthrivneo vmryxh np trmfx`hf fxh vm vlh nevhri`vnme

bhvwhhe vlh anhkf ma thrciehev cioehv ief vliv ma

vlh `mnk%<-2>-2492 94





CMQNEO @MNK RHKI^P# I\NIK

Lip mek~ meh inr oit% Lhe`h cmrhphepnvnqh vlie rmvir~ C@ rhki~%

Aipvhr vlie rmvir~ C@ rhki~bhìxph ma knolv tirvp%

Ie mthrivneo vnch ma 04cph` ìe

bh mbvinehf% %

bh mbvinehf%

Nvp `mnkp irh wmxef me i`~knefrnìk amrchr wln`l nppxpthefhf lmrnzmevikk~%

Vlnp `mnk lip mek~ i|nik cmqhchev%

Neqhrph mthrivneo vnch-`xrrhev`liri`vhrnpvn`%

Fhknìvh,`mevi`v oit np pcikk.7 vmbh liefkhf ìrhaxkk~%

<-2>-2492 99P%VLIEOIKIGPLCN IPPM@NIVH




TMKIRNZHF CMQNEO NRME RHKI^P

Akx| plnavneo ivvri vhf ircivxrh `mepvrx`vnme%

Tmkirnzivnme ne`rhiphp vlh phepnvnqnv~ ma vlh rhki~%

I thrciehev cioehv np xphf amr tmkirnzivnme%

TC trmfx`hp akx| ne iffnvnme vm vlh cine akx|%

Nv np i f% tmkirnzhf rhki~+ chiev vm bh xphf wnvl f%

mek~%

@ie bh xphf wnvl i% ne `mejxe`vnme wnvl rh`vnanhrp%

Phepnvnqnvnhp ne vlh rieoh ma 4%40 vm 9 c_+

fhthefneo me vlhnr `mepvrx vnme%

Xpneo vriepnpvmr ictknanhrp phepnvnqnv~ `ie bh

ne`rhiphf vm 9 λ_ amr tn g xt%

Xphf ip pkiqh rhki~ wnvl rh`vnanhr brnfoh

`mctirivmrp%

Mthrivneo vnch np 2 cph` vm 98 cph` fhthefneo me

vlhnr `mepvrx vnme%I rhki~ wlmph mthrivnme fhthefp me

vlh fnrh`vnme ma xrrhev mr qmkvioh%<-2>-2492 92





RHHF RHKI^P

9% @mepnpvp ma i `mnk ief en ghk#nrme pvrntp

,rhhfp. phikhf ne i okipp `itpxkh%

2% Vlnp mnk pxrrmxefp vlh rhhf mevi`v%

0% _lhe vlh mnk np hehronzhf+ i cioehvn`

anhkf np trmfx`hf `ixpneo vlh rhhfp vm`mch vmohvlhr ief `kmph vlh `mevi`vp%

6% Vlh~ irh rhknibkh ! cinevheie`h arhh%

8% @mepvrx`vnme# HC+ Phrqn`h#Pvivn` rhki~p%

1% Xphf amr `mevrmk ief mvlhr txrtmphp%

?% Pthhf# 9 cph` vm 2 cph`%

<% Vlh qmkvioh wnvlpviefneo iti`nv~ amr vlhnepxkivnme bhvwhhe `mnk ief `mevi`vp np

ibmxv 2 gQ%





NEFX@VNME RHKI^P

• Xph hkh`vrmcioehvn` nefx`vnme trne`ntkh amr mthrivnme%, Kngh nefx`vnme cmvmr.

• @ie bh xphf mek~ wnvl i%` %

• Cmqneo hkhchev np hyxnqikhev vm vlh rmvmr ma nefx`vnme

cmvmr %

pvivnmeir~%,`mevripv vm NC.

• Vlh cmqneo hkhchev i`vp ip i `irrnhr ma rmvmr `xrrhevp+wlhrhip vlh cioehvn` `nr`xnv np `mctkhvhf vlrmxolpvivnmeir~ cioehvn` hkhchevp%

• Ne mrfhr vm trmfx`h ie mthrivneo vmryxh+ vlh vwmakx|hp cxpv liqh i tliph fnaahrhe`h bhvwhhe vlhc%





NEFX@VNME RHKI^P#PLIFHF

TMKH @MEPVRX@VNMEVlh rmvivneo fnp` np cifh ma

ikxcnenxc fnp`%

@#plithf cioehv np xphf%

Meh lika ma hi`l tmkh ma vlh HC np

pxrrmxefhf b~ i `x bief gemwe ip vlh

plifneo rneo%Vlh plifhf mrvnme rmfx`hp i akx|

wln`l np fnptki`hf ne pti`h ief vnch

w%r%vm vlh akx| trmfx`hf b~ vlh xe

plifhf tmrvnme ma vlh tmkh%

Vlxp+ 2 ikvhreivneo akx|hp fnptki`hf ne

pti`h ief vnch `xv vlh fnp` ief

trmfx`h hff~ `xrrhevp ne nv%

Vmryxhp irh trmfx`hf b~ vlh

nevhri`vnme ma hi`l akx| wnvl hff~

`xrrhev trmfx`hf b~ vlh mvlhr akx|%

Vlh rhpxkviev vmryxh `ixphp vlh fnp`

vm rmvivh%<-2>-2492 98





NEFX@VNME RHKI^P#_IVVCHVRN@V^TH @MEPVRX@VNME

i% Vwm hkh`vrmcioehvp irh xphf: xtthr ief

kmwhr meh%

b% Hi`l cioehv trmfx`hp ie ikvhreivneo akx|

wln`l `xvp vlh fnp`%

`% Vm mbvine i tliph fnptki`hchev bhvwhhe+

irh hehronzhf b~ 2 fnaahrhev pmxr`hp%

f% Na vlh~ irh hehronzhf b~ vlh pich pmxr`h+

vlh rhpnpvie`hp ief rhi`vie`hp ma vlh 2

`nr xnvp irh cifh fnaahrhev%

h% Rmbxpv ief rhknibkh%

a% H|vhepnqhk~ xphf amr mqhr#`xrrhev

trmvh`vnme%





NEFX@VNME RHKI^P#_IVVCHVRN@

V^TH @MEPVRX@VNME

o% Lip neqhrph vnch- xrrhev `liri`vhrnpvn`%

l% Pkmw `mctirhf vm nefx`vnme `xt v~th ief ivvri`vhf ircivxrh v~th rhki~p% Xphf ip pkmw pthhf rhki~p%

n% Rhphv-tn`g#xt rivnm np lnol ! ibmqh >8( bh ixph nvp mthrivnme fmhpe„v neqmkqh ie~ `lieoh ne inr#oit%

j% Vlh QI bxrfhe fhthefp me nvp ittkn`ivnme+ ief np ohehrikk~ ma vlh mrfhr ma 2%8 QI%

% %

k% I thrciehev cioehv np hctkm~hf vm trmfx`h hff~ `xrrhev brigneo vm vlh fnp %

c% Vlh cioehv plmxkf rhcine pvibkh wnvl ioh pm vliv nvp i` xri`~ wnkk emv bh iaah vhf% Cioehvp ma lnol `mhr nqhamr`h irh xphf amr vlnp txrtmph%

e% Vlh brigneo vmryxh np trmtmrvnmeik vm vlh pthhf ma vlh fnp % Brigneo vmryxh bikie hp vlh frnqneo vmryxh%

m% Pthhf ma fnp` np trmtmrvnmeik vm vlh frnqneo vmryxh%

t% Fnp` nehrvni plmxkf bh ip pcikk ip tmppnbkh + pm vliv nv plmxkf pvmt rmvivneo ip pmme ip vlh aixkv `xrrhevfnpitthirp%

<-2>-2492 9?P%VLIEOIKIGPLCN IPPM@NIVH




MQHR#RXE !BI@GPVMT

Iavhr vlh `hppivnme ma vlh aixkv `xrrhev+ vlh fnp` wnkk vriqhk vm pmchfnpvie`h fxh vm nehrvni% Nv np `ikkhf mqhr#rxe ma vlh fnp`%

Vlnp fnpvie`h plmxkf bh cnencxc% I brigh cioehv np xphf vm cnencnzhmqhr#rxe%

%

_lhe vlh cmqneo tirv ma rhki~ np pvivnmeir~+ nv rhpvp me bi`gpvmt%

Vlh civhrnik ma bi`gpvmt plmxkf bh pm `lmphe vliv nv np emv pvn`g~%

Vlh civhrnik plmxkf bh eme#chvikkn` vm iqmnf cioehvn` iflhrhe`h%

Ioivh ief e~kme irh xphf ip bi`gpvmt civhrnikp%

<-2>-2492 9<P%VLIEOIKIGPLCN IPPM@NIVH




NEFX@VNME @XT RHKI^

• I pvivnmeir~ nrme `mrh np tki`hf nepnfhvlh rmvivneo `xt vm fh`rhiph vlh inroit wnvlmxv ne`rhipneo vlh nehrvni%

• Vlh ptnefkh ma vlh `xt `irrnhp ie ircwln`l kmphp mevi`vp%

• I ptrneo np hctkm~hf vm trmqnfh rhphvvneo vmryxh%

• _lhe 2 i`vxivneo yxievnvnhp irhittknhf+ meh ci~ trmfx`h mthrivneovmryxh wlnkh vlh mvlhr ci~ trmfx`h

rhpvrineneo vmryxh%

• Brigh cioehvp irh emv xphf wnvlnefx`vnme `xt rhki~p%

<-2>-2492 9>P%VLIEOIKIGPLCN IPPM@NIVH




NEFX@VNME @XT RHKI^#AHIVXRHP• Nv mthrivhp me vlh pich trne`ntkh ip vliv ma ie nefx`vnme cmvmr%

• Nv hctkm~p i 6 tmkh mr < tmkh pvrx`vxrh%

• Vlh rmvmr np i lmkkmw `~knefhr,neqhrvhf `xt.%

• Vwm tinrp ma `mnkp trmfx`h i rmvivneo anhkf wln`l nefx`hp `xrrhev ne vlh rmvmr%

• I vmryxh np trmfx`hf fxh vm vlh nevhri`vnme bhvwhhe vlh rmvivneo anhkf ief vlh nefx`hf `xrrhev+ vliv ìxphp rmvivnme%

• Vlh nehrvni ma vlh `xt np cx`l khpp vlie vliv ma vlh fnp`%

• Vlh cioehvn` p~pvhc np cmrh haan`nhev ief lhe`h vlh cioehvn` khigioh ne vlh cioehvn` `nr`xnv np cnencxc%

• Vlnp v~th ma i cioehvn` p~pvhc ikpm rhfx`hp vlh rhpnpvie`h ma vlh nefx`hf `xrrhev tivl ne vlh rmvmr%

• Fxh vm kmw whnolv ma vlh rmvmr ief haan`nhev cioehvn` p~pvhc nvp vmryxh thr QI np ibmxv 0 vnchp vliv ma ie nefx`vnmefnp` v~th `mepvrx`vnme7 vlxp+ vlh QI bxrfhe np orhivk~ rhfx`hf%

• Mthrivneo vnch np ma vlh mrfhr ma 4%49 ph`7 ittknìbkh amr lnol pthhf mthrivnme%

• Rhki~ ìe bh cifh vm liqh knehir `liri`vhrnpvn` wnvl lnol rhphv vm tn`g#xt rivnm%

• Pne`h tn`g#xt ief rhphv qikxhp irh `kmph vmohvlhr+ vlnp v~th np bhpv pxnvhf wlhrh emrcik ief ibemrcik qikxhp irh qhr~`kmph vmohvlhr%

• Nv np nelhrhevk~ phka `mcthepivhf amr f%` vriepnhevp%





NEFX@VNME RHKI^ VMRYXH





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VLHRCIK RHKI^P

•Xvnknzh vlh hkh`vrm#vlhrcik haah`v ma

vlh i`vxivneo `xrrhev amr vlhnr

mthrivnme%

•Xphf amr vlh trmvh`vnme ma pcikk

cmvmrp ioinepv mqhrkmifneo ief

xebikie`hf `xrrhevp%

•Vlhrcik hkhchev#bnchvikkn` pvrnt#

wmxef nevm ptnrik7 orhivhr kheovl#

cmrh rhpnpvie`h#khpp `xrrhev#orhivhr

phepnvnqnv~%





AMRCP MA VLHRCIK RHKI^

• Amr trmvh`vnme ma 0#tliph cmvmrp+ vlrhh bnchvikkn` pvrntp irh xphf%

• Vlh~ irh hehronzhf b~ xrrhevp armc vlh 0 tliphp%

• Vlhnr `mevi`vp irh irrieohf ne px`l i wi~ vliv na ie~ ma vlh ptnrikp cmqhpfnaahrhevk~ armc hi`l mvlhr+ fxh vm ie xebikie`h h|`hhfneo 92(+ vlhnr `mevi`vpchhv ! `ixph vlh @Bp vm vrnt%

%

• Vlhrcm`mxtkhp ief RVFp irh ikpm xphf ne trmvh`vnme%

• Px`l hkhchevp irh tki`hf ne vlh pvivmr pkmvp ma kiroh ohehrivmrp% Vlh hkhchevamrc ie irc ma i bikie`neo brnfoh%

• Ne emrcik `mefnvnme+ vlh brnfoh np bikie`hf%

• _lhe vhcthrivxrh h|`hhfp i hrvine kncnv+ vlh brnfoh bh`mchp xebikie`hf% Vlhmxv#ma#bikie`h xrrhev hehronzhp i rhki~ wln`l vrntp i nr`xnv brhighr%





PVIVN@-PMKNF PVIVH RHK^P%

F@ pxttk~

Ne pvivn` rhki~+ vlh `mctirnpme mr chipxrhchev ma hkh`vrn`ik

yxievnvnhp np thramrchf b~ i pvivn` `nr`xnv wln`l onqhp ie

mxvtxv pnoeik amr vlh vrnttneo ma @B%

Trhphev fi~ pvivn` rhki~p ne`kxfh i f` tmkirnzhf rhki~ ip pkiqh

rhki~%





CHRNVP # PVIVN@ RHKI^P9% Kmw bxrfhe me @Vp ! QVp% Vlh pvivn` rhki~p `mepxch khpp

tmwhr ief ne cmpv ma vlh ìphp vlh~ friw tmwhr armcix|nknir~ f` pxttk~%

2% Aipv rhptmeph%

0% Kmeo knah%

6% Lnol rhpnpvie`h vm plm`g ief qnbrivnme%

8% Khpp cinevheie`h fxh vm vlh ibphe`h ma cmqne irvp iefbhirneop%

1% Arhyxhev mthrivnme ìxphp em fhvhrnmrivnme%

?% Yxn`g rhphvvneo ! ibphe`h ma mqhrplmmv%

<% @mcti`v pnzh%>% Orhivhr phepnvnqnv~ ip ictknanìvnme ìe bh trmqnfhf hipnk~%

94% @mctkh| rhki~neo `liri`vhrnpvn`p ìe hipnk~ bh mbvinehf%

99% Kmon` `nr`xnvp ìe bh xphf amr `mctkh| trmvh`vnqh p`lhchp%





FHCHRNVP # PVIVN@ RHKI^P

9% Vlh~ irh vhcthrivxrh phepnvnqh% Vlhnr `liri`vhrnpvn`pci~ qir~ wnvl qirnivnme ma vhcthrivxrh% Vhcthrivxrh`mcthepivnme ìe bh cifh b~ xpneo vlhrcnpvmrp iefb~ xpneo fnonvik vh`lenyxhp amr chipxrhchevp+ hv`%

2% Vlh~ irh phepnvnqh vm qmkvioh vriepnhevp% Vlh phcn`mefx`vmr `mctmehevp ci~ ohv ficiohf fxh vm

qmkvioh ptnghp% Ankvhrp ief plnhkfneo ìe bh xphf amrvlhnr trmvh`vnme ioinepv qmkvioh ptnghp%

0% Pvivn` rhki~p ehhf ie ix|nknir~ tmwhr pxttk~% Vlnp ìebh pxttknhf b~ i bivvhr~ mr i pvibnknzhf tmwhr pxttk~%





PVIVN@ RHKI^P # @MCTIRIVMRP

_lhe i aixkv m``xrp me i p~pvhc+ vlh cioenvxfh ma qmkvioh ief`xrrhev ! tliph ieokh bhvwhhe qmkvioh ief `xrrhev ci~ `lieoh%

Vlhph yxievnvnhp fxrneo aixkv `mefnvnmep irh fnaahrhev armc vlmph

xefhr lhikvl~ `mefnvnmep%

Amr vlh mthrivnme ma rhki~+ hnvlhr vlh ictknvxfh mr tliph ieokhbhvwhhe vlh ibmqh pinf tirichvhrp irh `mctirhf%

Vlh tirv ma vlh rhki~ `nr`xnvr~ wln`l `mctirhp vlh vwmi`vxivneo yxievnvnhp hnvlhr ne cioenvxfh mr tliph npgemwe ip `mctirivmr%





ICTKNVXFH @MCTIRIVMRP

@mctirhp vlh cioenvxfh ma 2 netxv

yxievnvnhp,mthrivneo ! rhpvrineneo.+

nrrhpth`vnqh ma vlh ieokh bhvwhhe vlhc% ICTKNVXFHne xvp mxvtxvC

_lhe vlh ictknvxfh ma vlh mthrivneo

yxievnv~ h|`hhfp vlh ictknvxfh ma

rhpvrineneo yxievnv~+ vlh rhki~ phefp i

vrnttneo pnoeik%

@MCTIRIVMRE

C wlhemthrivhp ˀ E





TLIPH @MCTIRIVMRP

TLIPHne xvp mxvtxvC

@MCTIRIVMRE

´≦ >4 wlhemthrivhp





@MCTIRIVMR # V^THP

Ictknvxfh@mctirivmr

@nr`xkivneo xrrhevv~th rh`vnanhr

brnfoh`mctirivmr

Tliph@mctirivmr

Tliph ptknvvneov~th tliph`mctirivmr

Tliph ptknvvneov~th `mctirivmr

Pictkneo

`mctirivmrp

Nevhorivneo v~thtliph `mctirivmr

Rh`vnanhr brnfoh

v~th tliph`mctirivmr

Vnch#bnip v~thtliph `mctirivmr





EXCHRN@IK RHKI^P

• Exchrn ik rhki~p irh biphf me exchrn ik,fnonvik.fhqn`hp%h%o% Cn`rmtrm`hppmrp+ Cn`rm`mevrmkkhrp+ FPT hv`%

• Ne vlhph rhki~p+ vlh ieikmo `xrrhev ief qmkvioh pnoeikp cmenvmrhf vlrmxoltrncir~ vriepfx`hrp, @Vp ief QVp.irh `mefnvnmehf+ pictkhf iv pth`nanhfnepvievp ma vnch%

+rh`mrfneo%

• Vlxp+ exchrnìk rhki~p+ liqneo cmenvmrhf vlh `xrrhev ief qmkvioh pnoeikpvlrmxol vriepfx`hrp+ i`yxnrh vlh phyxhevnik pictkhp ma vlhph i` yxievnvnhp

ne exchrnìk,fnonvik.fivi amrc vlrmxol vlh fivi i`yxnpnvnme p~pvhc+ ieftrm`hpp vlh fivi exchrnìkk~ xpneo ie ikomrnvlc vm ìk`xkivh vlh aixkvfnp`rncneievp ief cigh vrnt fh`npnmep%





V^TN@IK EXCHRN@IK RHKI^





@MCTIRNPME BHV_HHE HKH@VRMCH@LIEN@IKRHKI^P ! EXCHRN@IK RHKI^P

P% Em Ahivxrh Hkh`vrmch`lienìk Rhki~ Exchrnìk Rhki~

9% Pnzh Bnoohr% @mcti`v%

2% @liri`vhrnpvn`p An|hf% Phkh`vibkh%

0% Akh|nbnknv~ Em akh|nbnknv~% Akh|nbnknv~ fxh vm

trmoriccibnknv~%

6% @mccxenìvnme

Ahivxrh

Emv iqinkibkh% Iqinkibkh%

8% Bkm`gneo Ahivxrh Emv iqinkibkh% Iqinkibkh%

1% Phka#pxthrqnpnme Emv iqinkibkh% Iqinkibkh%

?% Ifitvibnknv~ Emv ifitvibkh% Ifitvibkh vm`lieoneo p~pvhc

`mefnvnme%

<% Cxkvntkh#axe`vnmep Emv tmppnbkh% Tmppnbkh%

>% I``xri`~ ¹ 8 ( mr cmrh% ¹ 2 (





@MCTIRNPME BHV_HHE HKH@VRMCH@LIEN@IK

RHKI^P ! EXCHRN@IK RHKI^P


94% Pthhf ma mthrivnme Pkmw% Aipv%

99% Bxrfhe me Vriepfx`hrp

, @Vp ! QVp.

Qhr~ lnol% H|vrhchk~ kmw%

92% @mepnpvhe`~ ma `iknbrivnme

Fhvhrnmrivh wnvl vnch% Em haah v ma iknbrivnmehqhe iavhr xph ma 24#28

~hirp%

90% Phvvneo Vlrmxol tkxo phvvneop ne

an| pvhtp%

Pmavwirh biphf

phvvneop%

96% Chcmr~ Ahivxrh Em chcmr~ ma ie~ v~th np

iqinkibkh%

Phqhrik chcmr~

ahivxrhp irh iqinkibkh%

98% Cinevheie`h @xcbhrpmch ! arhyxhev

cinevheie`h rhyxnrhf%

Cinevheie`h arhh

rhki~p%

91% Mxvtxv rhki~

trmoriccneo






@MCTIRNPME BHV_HHE HKH@VRMCH@LIEN@IK

RHKI^P ! EXCHRN@IK RHKI^P


9?% I``hppnbnknv~ ma rhki~

armc rhcmvh tki`h

Emv tmppnbkh% Rhcmvh i``hppnbnknv~ np

iqinkibkh%

9<% Pvivxp ma phrqn`h

qikxhp


%

eme#i``hppnbnknv~ iv rhcmvh

km`ivnme%

trmqnfhf%

24% Ptirhp rhyxnrhchev Vlhrh np ehhf vm pvm`g

phqhrik nvhcp ip ptirh%

Xenqhrpik fhnoep

cnencnzh ptirhp

rhyxnrhchev%29% Xtwirf meeh`vnqnv~

amr i trhphev mr

axvxrh p~pvhc px`l ip

P@IFI+ HCP hv`%

Emv tmppnbkh% Tmppnbkh%





RHKI^ @KIPPNAN@IVNME#





EME#FNRH@VNMEIK MQHR@XRRHEVRHKI^





RHQHRPH TM_HR RHKI^





FNRH@VNMEIK MQHR#@XRRHEV RHKI^

Mthrivhp wlhe

vlh xrrhev

h|`hhfp i

pth`nanhf qikxh

ne i pth`nanhf

fnrh`vnme%





FNAAHRHEVNIK MQHR#@XRRHEVRHKI^ ,EM AIXKV.





FNAAHRHEVNIK MQHR#@XRRHEV

RHKI^ ,AIXKV @MEFNVNME.





QMKVIOH FNAAHRHEVNIK RHKI^





THR@HEVIOH FNAAHRHEVNIKRHKI^,BNIPHF RHKI^.





BNIPHF FNAAHRHEVNIK RHKI^





FNPVIE@H RHKI^P#VHRCNEMKMONHP

I rhki~ wln`l chipxrhp ncthfie`h mr i `mctmehev ma vlh ncthfie`h iv

vlh rhki~ kmìvnme np gemwe ip fnpvie`h rhki~p%

Nv np xphf amr vlh trmvh`vnme ma i vriepcnppnme kneh%

Ip vlh ncthfie`h np trmtmrvnmeik vm vlh kheovl ma vlh kneh+ i rhki~ wln`l

chipxrhp ncthfie`h mr nvp `mctmehev np ìkkhf i fnpvie`h rhki~%

Rhi`l: I fnpvie`h rhki~ mthrivhp wlhe vlh ncthfie`h ,mr nvp `mctmehev.

ip phhe b~ vlh rhki~ np khpp vlie i trhphv qikxh% Vlnp trhphv ncthfie`h mr

`mrrhptmefneo fnpvie`h np ìkkhf rhi`l ma vlh rhki~%

Nv np vlh ci|ncxc fnpvie`h xt#vm wln l vlh rhki~ ìe trmvh`v%

mqhr#rhi`l,mthrivhp bh~mef nvp trhphev rhi`l.

Xefhr#rhi`l,ainkp vm mthrivh hqhe wlhe vlh aixkv np wnvlne nvp rhi`l.





NCTHFIE@H- FNPVIE@H RHKI^





FNPVIE@H RHKI^# NEFX@VNME

PVRX@VXRH





XENQHRPIK RHKI^ VMRYXH HYXIVNME

G QN G Q G N G V '−''3 .`mp,02

22

9 G 9+G 2+G 0+G irh `mepvievp+ μ np vlh ieokh

bhvwhhe Q ! N+ φ np vlh ci|ncxc vmryxhieokh%

2

2

2

9 Q G N G V −3 Tkine ncthfie`h rhki~

.`mp,0

2

9 −−3 QN G N G V Rhi`vie`h rhki~

2

20 .`mp, Q G QN G V −−3 Clm rhki~





TKINE NCTHFIE@H RHKI^

2

2

2

9 Q G N G V −3

Amr vlh mthrivnme ma vlh rhki~+

Z 3 Q-NZ 3 R'j\

222

22 \ R Z '3

G 9N2 ˀG 2 Q 2

Q 2-N2 ; G 9-G 2

Z ; 29 - G G

Mthrivneo vmryxh ‐ `xrrhev mnk%

Rhpvrineneo vmryxh ‐ qmkvioh mnk%

, R# \ fnioric .





TKINE NCTHFIE@H RHKI^#AHIVXRHP

Ncthfie`h phhe b~ vlh rhki~ knhpwnvlne vlh `nr`kh rhki~ wnkk

mthrivh%

Mvlhrwnph+ Em mthrivnme%

_% r% vm anoxrh+ `xrrhev kiop vlh

qmkvioh b~ ieokh μ ! Z knhp ne%

Na `xrrhev ief qmkvioh irh ne tliph+ Z wmxkf `mne`nfh wnvl 'R i|np%

Na `xrrhev kiop vlh qmkvioh b~ 9<4´+ Z wmxkf `mne`nfh wnvl ‐R i|np%

_lhe N kiop bhlnef Q+ vlh Z qh`vmr knhp ne xtthr phcn#`nr`kh ief wlhe N khifp Q+ vlh Z qh`vmr knhp ne

vlh kmwhr phcn#`nr`kh%

Nefhthefhev ma vlh tliph rhkivnme bhvwhhe N ! Q+ vlh mthrivneo `liri`vhrnpvn` np i `nr`kh %

Lhe`h nv np i eme#fnrh`vnmeik rhki~%





FNRH@VNMEIK RHKI^#9

+.`mp,

.`mp,

+

9

9

G QN G V

bh`mchphyxivnmevmryxhvlh

ief G menepvikkivn tirvn`xkir i amr

G QN V

b~onqhenphkhchev kfnrh`vnmeiib~fhqhkmthf vmryxhVlh

−3

3−

−−3

l~thrbmki%rrh`vieoxkima amrcvlhma npief

pvn``liri`vhrntrmfx`v`mepviev

4

++

9

9

ipgemwenppvn``liri`vhrnVlnp

G G

G QN

G QN G V

pvirv vmibmxv nprhki~vlhwlhe`mefnvnmevlrhplmkf Xefhr

′33

−33





FNRH@VNMEIK RHKI^#2

Amr vlh mthrivnme ma vlh

rhki~ vlh trmfx`v Q ief N

plmxkf onqh i cnencxc

vmryxh wln`l h|`hhfp vlh

ʾ

arn`vnme ief ptrneo vmryxh%

Nv np emv hemxol vliv vlh

trmfx`v np orhivhr vlie Gʾ

bxv ikpm+ vlhrh plmxkf bh icnencxc qikxh ma qmkvioh

ief `xrrhev%





FNRH@VNMEIK RHKI^#0

@mepnfhr I np vlhkm`ivnme ma fnrh`vnmeik

rhki~%

Ne `iph+ vlh aixkv np

`kmph vm vlh rhki~+ vlhqmkvioh vm bh ahf vm

vlh rhki~ ci~ bh khpp

vlie vlh cnencxc

qmkvioh rhyxnrhf%

Vlh ci|ncxc fnpvie`h xt vm wln`l vlh qmkvioh np khpp vlie vlh

cnencxc qmkvioh rhyxnrhf np gemwe ip fhif zmeh ma i fnrh`vnmeik

rhki~%





FNRH@VNMEIK RHKI^#6





FNRH@VNMEIK RHKI^#8

+

.`mp,

+

vlheehoknonbkhnpG `mefnvnmemthrivneoxefhr ief an|hf npQ na

G QN V

hyxivnmevmryxhvlh@mepnfhr

−−3

%

2

2.,

%

`mp

rhki~kfnrh`vnmeima pvn``liri`vhrn tmkir ipfhp`rnbhf nphyxivnmeibmqhVlh

trmfx vnmevmryxh amr zhrmbh`ieemv N

¹3

¹3−

3−





NCTHFIE@H RHKI^ _NVL

FNRH@VNMEIK HKHCHEV





pne

.>4`mp,

.`mp,

02

9

0

2

9

0

2

9

QN G N G V

QN G N G V

QN G N G V

−3

´−−3

−−3

Mqhr#`xrrhev rhki~ wnvl fnrh`vnmeik rhpvrinev%

2

9 N G ˀ pne0QN G

pne2 N

QN ;

0

9

G

G

pne Z ; 0

9

G

G

\ ;0

9

G

G

Mthrivneo vmryxh ‐ `xrrhev mnk%

Rhpvrineneo vmryxh ‐ `xrrhev#qmkvioh fnrh`vnmeik hkhchev%<-2>-2492 14P%VLIEOIKIGPLCN IPPM@NIVH




RHI@VIE@H RHKI^# AHIVXRHP• Mthrivneo vmryxh# @xrrhev%

• Rhpvrineneo vmryxh# @xrrhev#Qmkvioh fnrh`vnmeik hkhchev%

Rhi`vie`h rhki~ np ie mqhr#`xrrhev rhki~ wnvl fnrh`vnmeik rhpvrinev%

Fnrh`vnmeik rhki~# ci|ncxc vmryxh ieokh+φ3>4´%

• Rhpnpvie`h `mctmehev lip em haah`v me

vlh mthrivnme ma vlh rhki~% • Rhptmefp mek~ vm vlh rhi`vie`h

`mctmehev ma vlh rhki~%

• Vlh rhki~ wnkk mthrivh amr ikk ncthfie`hp

wlmph lhifp knh bhkmw vlh mthrivneo

`liri`vhrnpvn` wlhvlhr bhkmw mr ibmqh vlhR#i|np%

• Eme#fnrh`vnmeik rhki~%





CLM RHKI^

Mthrivneo vmryxh ‐ Q#N hkhchev%

Rhpvrineneo vmryxh ‐ qmkvioh hkhchev%

2

20 .`mp, Q G QN G V −−3

Amr rhki~ mthrivnme+

.`mp,0 −QN G 52

2Q G

QN

Q 2

5.`mp,

2

0 −G

G

Z ; .`mp,2

0 −G

G

Qmkvioh rhpvrinehf fnrh`vnmeik rhki~%<-2>-2492 12





HAAH@V MA HIRVL RHPNPVIE@H





IR@ RHPNPVIE@H# HAAH@VP

• Na i akiplmqhr armc tliph vm tliph mr tliph vm ormxefm``xrp+ ie ir` rhpnpvie`h np nevrmfx`hf nevm aixkv tivl%Vlh ir` rhpnpvie`h np ittrh`nibkh iv lnolhr qmkviohp%

• Vlh ir` rhpnpvie`h np iffhf vm ncthfie`h ma vlh kneh ief

lhe`h vlh rhpxkviev nc hfie`h wln`l np phhe b fnpvie`h rhki~p np ne`rhiphf%

• Ne `iph ma ormxef aixkvp+ vlh rhpnpvie`h ma vlh hirvl npikpm nevrmfx`hf ne aixkv tivl%

• Hirvl rhpnpvie`h ief ir` rhpnpvie`h `mcbnehf vmohvlhrirh gemwe ip aixkv rhpnpvie`h%





FNPVIE@H @LIRI@VHRNPVN@P





HAAH@V MA IR@ RHPNPVIE@H





PVIVN@ MQHR#@XRRHEV RHKI^P

V^THP:

9% Nepvieviehmxp

0% Neqhrph vnch mqhr qhr `xrrhe

rhki~p%

% Fhanenvh vnch

Mqhr `xrrhevrhki~p%

`xrrhev rhki~p%

6% Fnrh`vnmeik mqhr

`xrrhev rhki~p%





PVIVN@ NEPVIEIVIEHMXP M@ RHKI^

Mthrivhp ne i fhanenvh vnch wlhe vlh `xrrhev h|`hhfp nvp tn`g#xt qikxh% Vlh mthrivneo vnch np `mepviev nrrhpth`vnqh ma vlhcioenvxfh ma vlh `xrrhev% Vlhrh np em nevhevnmeik vnch fhki~ % Nvmthrivhp ne 4%9 p mr khpp%





NEPVIEVIEHMXP RHKI^# @MEPVRX@VNME





PVIVN@ FHANENVH # VNCH M@ RHKI^

−3h@

Q

R@ V kmo

Mthrivhp iavhr i trhfhvhrcnehf vnch wlhe vlh `xrrhevh|`hhfp nvp tn`g#xt qikxh% Vlh mthrivneo vnch np `mepviev+nrrhpth`vnqh ma vlh cioenvxfh ma vlh `xrrhev ibmqh vlh tn`g#xt qikxh% Fhanenvh mthrivneo vnch `ie bh phv wnvl vlh lhkt ma nevhevnmeik vnch fhki~ ch`lienpc trmqnfhf ne vlh rhki~neoxenv%

V

<-2>-2492 ?4P%VLIEOIKIGPLCN IPPM@NIVH




PVIVN@ NEQHRPH # VNCH M@ RHKI^

Mthrivhp wlhe vlh `xrrhev h|`hhfp nvp tn`g#xt qikxh%Vlh mthrivneo vnch fhthefp me vlh cioenvxfh ma vlhmthrivneo `xrrhev% Vlh mthrivneo vnch fh`rhiphp ip vlh`xrrhev ne`rhiphp%





NEQHRPH RHKI^ @MEPVRX@VNME





NEQHRPH#VNCH @LIRI@VHRNPVN@P





NEQHRPH VNCH#@XRRHEV @LIRI@VHRNPVN@P

Neqhrph#vnch mqhr#

`xrrhev rhki~p

NFCV,neqhrph fhanenvh

cnencxc vnch. mqhr#

`xrrhev rhki~p

Qhr~ neqhrph rhki~p H|vrhchk~ neqhrphrhki~p

NEQHRPH

RHKI^P





VNCH MQHR#@XRRHEV: H\TRHPPNME

e

e

G v

H|trhppnmehittrm|nciv Vlh

N

G v

pvn`p`liri`vhrn`xrrhev vnch amr H|trhppnmeohehrikVlh

3

−3

−

9

9

<4:

9

8%90:

9

96%4:%%%

!4:

2

42%4

−3

−3

−3

33−

N v neqhrph H|vhchk~

N v neqhrphQhr~

N

v V C F N

G v epvnp`liri`vhrnvnch Fhanenvh





@LIRI@VHRNPVN@P MA M@ RHKI^P

rivnm@V \ phvvneo`xrrhev ki~

`xrrhev aixkv hn aixkv fxrneo`xrrhev trncir~

phvvneo`xrrhev ki~

`xrrhev Ph`mefir~TPC

Rh

%%+

Rh

3

3





PVIEFIRF NFCV @XRQH

04

08

\# i|np: TPC

^#i|np: Vnch ne ph`mefp

4

8

94

98

24

4 8 94 98 24 28

<-2>-2492 ??P%VLIEOIKIGPLCN IPPM@NIVH




TRMBKHC

9%Vlh `xrrhev rivneo ma ie mqhr#`xrrhev rhki~ np 8 I% Vlh rhki~ lip i tkxophvvneo ma 984( ief vnch cxkvntknhr phvvneo ,VCP. ma 4%6% Vlh @V rivnmnp 644-8% Fhvhrcneh vlh mthrivneo vnch ma vlh rhki~ amr i aixkv `xrrhevma 1444 I% Iv VCP39+ mthrivneo vnch iv qirnmxp TPC irh onqh ne vlhvibkh bhkmw%

TPC 2 6 8 < 94 24

Mthrivneo vnch ne

ph`mefp

94 8 6 0 2%< 2%6

<-2>-2492 ?<P%VLIEOIKIGPLCN IPPM@NIVH




PMKXVNME

@V rivnm 3 644-8 3 <4

Rhki~ `xrrhev phvvneo 3 984( 4a 8 I 3 ?%8 I

TPC 3 1444-,?%8 | <4. 3 94

Armc vlh vibkh+ vlh `mrrhptmefneo vnch np 2%< p%

Vlnp `mrrhptmefp vm VCP 3 9%

Vlh mthrivneo vnch amr VCP 3 4%6 wnkk bh

3 2%< | 4%6Vmvik mthrivneo vnch np 9%92 p

∶

<-2>-2492 ?>P%VLIEOIKIGPLCN IPPM@NIVH




TRMBKHC2% Fhvhrcneh vlh vnch ma mthrivnme ma i rhki~ ma rivneo 8I + 2%2 ph`

N%F%C%V ief liqneo i rhki~ phvvneo ma 928( VCP34%1% Nv np `meeh`vhf vmi pxttk~ `nr`xnv vlrmxol i @%V% 644-8 rivnm% Vlh aixkv `xrrhev np 6444I%

PMKXVNME:

TPC3 6444-,1%28 | <4. 3 < Vnch `mrrhptmefneo vm < np 0%2 ph`%

Vmvik mthrivneo vnch 3 0%2 | 4%1 3 9%>2 p

<-2>-2492 <4P%VLIEOIKIGPLCN IPPM@NIVH




PVIVN@ FNRHH@VNMEIK M@ RHKI^

<-2>-2492 <9P%VLIEOIKIGPLCN IPPM@NIVH

protective relays-electromagnetic & static

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