protein and amino acid metabolismmetabolism - siriraj … · protein and amino acid...
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Protein and amino acidProtein and amino acidmetabolismmetabolism
SIBCSIBC511511ChayanonChayanon PeerapittayamongkolPeerapittayamongkol,,
JulyJuly 66thth,, 2007
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TopicsTopics
Digestion and absorption of proteinsDigestion and absorption of proteinsIntracellular degradation of proteinsIntracellular degradation of proteinsNitrogen metabolismNitrogen metabolism
Nitrogen balanceNitrogen balanceAmino acid degradationAmino acid degradationUrea cycleUrea cycleMetabolism of the carbon skeletons of amino acidsMetabolism of the carbon skeletons of amino acidsInherited diseases of amino acid metabolismInherited diseases of amino acid metabolismAmino acid biosynthesisAmino acid biosynthesisConversions ofConversions of aaaa to other biological aminesto other biological amines
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ubiquitin,proteasome
in cells
Digestion
(intestine)
in liver
via kidney
connection
catabolism
anabolism
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“N-end rule”
Protein turnover (intracellular)Protein turnover (intracellular)Clic
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ProteasomeProteasome digestsdigeststhethe ubiquitinubiquitin--tagged proteinstagged proteins
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UbiquitinUbiquitin ((88..55 kDkD))Present in allPresent in alleukaryoteseukaryotesHighly conservedHighly conservedFormForm isopeptideisopeptidebond with targetbond with targetproteinsproteins
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UbiquitinUbiquitin conjugationconjugation
E1: ubiquitinactivating enzyme
E2: ubiquitin conjugatingenzyme
E3: ubiquitin-protein ligase
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2626SS proteasomeproteasome
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ApplicationsApplications
EE33, the reader of N, the reader of N--terminal residuesterminal residuesCyclinCyclin destruction in cell cycledestruction in cell cycleProteins rich in PEST sequenceProteins rich in PEST sequenceHPV encodes protein that activates EHPV encodes protein that activates E33
then Ethen E33 ubiquitinatesubiquitinates pp5353 (tumor(tumorsuppresorsuppresor)) degradeddegraded cervical CAcervical CA
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DigestionDigestion
acidacid denaturationdenaturationpepsin,pepsin,
primaryprimary proteolyticproteolyticenzymeenzyme
pancreaticpancreaticenzymesenzymes
trypsintrypsinchymotrypsinchymotrypsinelastaseelastase
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AbsorptionAbsorption
oligpeptidesoligpeptides==didi--,, tripeptidestripeptides----absorbableabsorbable
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ubiquitin,proteasomein cells
Digestion(intestine)
in liver
via kidney
connection
catabolism
anabolism
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Nitrogen balanceNitrogen balance
A wellA well--nourished adult is said to be in nitrogen equilibrium ornourished adult is said to be in nitrogen equilibrium ornormal nitrogen balance ifnormal nitrogen balance if
Dietary intake of nitrogen = Nitrogen loss (throughDietary intake of nitrogen = Nitrogen loss (throughexcretion and other processes, such as perspiration)excretion and other processes, such as perspiration)
Positive nitrogen balance occurs when:Positive nitrogen balance occurs when:
Dietary intake of nitrogen > Nitrogen lossDietary intake of nitrogen > Nitrogen loss
Negative nitrogen balance occurs when:Negative nitrogen balance occurs when:
Dietary intake of nitrogen < Nitrogen lossDietary intake of nitrogen < Nitrogen loss
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Nitrogen balance (application)Nitrogen balance (application)
Daily protein recommendation:Daily protein recommendation: 00..88g/kg/dayg/kg/day11..44--11..77 g/kg/day for strength athletesg/kg/day for strength athletes totomaintain muscle massmaintain muscle massBalance between the rate of proteinBalance between the rate of proteinsynthesis and protein breakdownsynthesis and protein breakdownExcess intake >Excess intake > 33 g/kg/dayg/kg/day have negativehave negativeeffecteffect
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Amine group removal (Amine group removal (deaminationdeamination))
11.Transamination :.Transamination : transaminasetransaminase22.Oxidative.Oxidative deaminationdeamination :: glutamateglutamate
dehydrogenasedehydrogenase, L, L--amino acidamino acid oxidaseoxidase33.Dehydratase : removal of water first and.Dehydratase : removal of water first and
then followed bythen followed by deaminationdeamination e.ge.g serineserinedehydratasedehydratase andand threoninethreonine dehydratasedehydratase
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--Amino acids andAmino acids and --ketoketo acidsacids
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TransaminationTransamination
EnzEnz:: transaminasetransaminase,, aminotransferaseaminotransferaseMecMec: transfer of: transfer of --amino group fromamino group from --amino acid to anamino acid to an --ketoacidketoacid——usuusu.. --ketolgutarateketolgutarateAspartateAspartate aminotransferaseaminotransferase::aspartateaspartate ++ --ketoglutarateketoglutarate oxaloacetateoxaloacetate + glutamate+ glutamate
AlanineAlanine aminoamino transferasetransferase::alaninealanine ++ --ketoglutarateketoglutarate pyruvatepyruvate + glutamate+ glutamate
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PingPing--pong reactionpong reaction
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TransaminationTransamination
--ketoglutateketoglutate oftenoftenused by manyused by manytransaminasetransaminaseallall transaminasestransaminasescontaincontain pyridoxalpyridoxalphosphatephosphate(prosthetic(prosthetic grgr))Occur in mostOccur in mosttissuestissues
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Aspartate aminotransferase
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Vitamin BVitamin B66
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TransaminationTransamination followed by oxidativefollowed by oxidativedeaminationdeamination
aminotransferase glutamate dehydrogenase
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Glutamate DHGlutamate DH
Release freeRelease freeammoniumammoniumOccur inOccur inmitochondrionmitochondrionAllosteric inhibitors
GTP, ATP
Allsteric activators
GDP, ADP
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Glucose-alanine cycle
Cori cycle
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Nitrogen transport to liverNitrogen transport to liver
Amino acid degradation occurs in tissues otherAmino acid degradation occurs in tissues otherthan liverthan liverMuscle usesMuscle uses aaaa during prolong exercise and fastingduring prolong exercise and fastingOnly liver contains all enzymes for urea cycleOnly liver contains all enzymes for urea cycleMuscle transports nitrogen in the form ofMuscle transports nitrogen in the form of alaninealanine(via glucose(via glucose ––alaninealanine cycle)cycle)Others transport nitrogen as glutamine viaOthers transport nitrogen as glutamine viaglutamineglutamine synthetasesynthetase
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GlutamineGlutamine
Formation of glutamineFormation of glutaminefrom glutamate, ATP,from glutamate, ATP,ammoniumammoniumOccurred in tissues otherOccurred in tissues otherthan liverthan liverGlutamine carriesGlutamine carriesnitrogen to livernitrogen to liver
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Action ofAction of glutaminaseglutaminase
Glutaminasealso presentin kidney butfor acid-baseregulation
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Urea cycleUrea cycle
11=carbamoyl phosphate synthetase=carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II::22==ornithine transcarbamoylaseornithine transcarbamoylase: ornithine is: ornithine is
carbamoylated citrullinecarbamoylated citrulline33==argininosuccinate synthetaseargininosuccinate synthetase: condensation of: condensation of
citrulline and aspartatecitrulline and aspartate44==argininosuccinaseargininosuccinase: cleavage of argininosuccinate: cleavage of argininosuccinate
into arginine and fumarateinto arginine and fumarate55==arginasearginase: arginine is hydrolyzed to urea and: arginine is hydrolyzed to urea and
ornithineornithine
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Regulation of urea cycle
CPSI needs N-acetylglutamate as an allostricactivator
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Urea cycle and citric acid cycleUrea cycle and citric acid cycle
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Fates ofFates of oxaloacetateoxaloacetate
FumarateFumarate oxaloacetateoxaloacetate = the link= the linkTransaminationTransamination toto aspartateaspartateConversion into glucose viaConversion into glucose via gluconeogenicgluconeogenicpathwaypathwayCondensation withCondensation with acetylCoAacetylCoA to form citrateto form citrateConversion intoConversion into pyruvatepyruvate
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AmmoniaAmmonia
Ammonia is toxicAmmonia is toxicBrain swelling (increase in the brain’s waterBrain swelling (increase in the brain’s watercontent)content)Increase in intracranial pressureIncrease in intracranial pressurePotential depletion of ATPPotential depletion of ATP
ammoniaammonia(( --ketoglutarateketoglutarate glutamateglutamate )) glutamineglutamine
osmolyteosmolyte in brainin brain astrocyteastrocyte
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Treatment of urea cycle defectTreatment of urea cycle defect
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Treatment of urea cycle defectTreatment of urea cycle defect
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CatabolismCatabolismClick t
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CatabolismCatabolism
Accounted forAccounted for 1010--1515% of human energy% of human energyproductionproduction2020 pathways converge topathways converge to 66 major productsmajor products
77 aaaa are broken down to acetylare broken down to acetyl--CoACoA55 aaaa toto --ketoglutarateketoglutarate44 toto succinylsuccinyl--CoACoA22 toto fumaratefumarate22 toto oxaloacetateoxaloacetate
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CatabolismCatabolism
PhePhe, Tyr, Ile,, Tyr, Ile, LeuLeu,, TrpTrp,, ThrThr, Lys, Lys acetoacetylacetoacetylCoACoA/or acetyl/or acetyl CoACoA ketoneketone bodies in liverbodies in liver((acetoacetateacetoacetate acetoneacetone --hydroxybutyratehydroxybutyrate) =) =ketogenicketogenicGlucogenicGlucogenic aaaa == pyruvatepyruvate,, --ketoglutarateketoglutarate,,succinylsuccinyl CoACoA,, fumaratefumarate and/orand/or oxaloacetateoxaloacetateTrpTrp,, PhePhe, Tyr,, Tyr, ThrThr, Ile both, Ile both ketogenicketogenic andandglucogenicglucogenic
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Enzyme cofactors in oneEnzyme cofactors in one--carboncarbontransfer reactiontransfer reaction
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Metabolism of methionineMetabolism of methionine
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Associated withatherosclerosisand neural tubedefect
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Six amino acids topyruvate
Most important pathwayfor glycine breakdown
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High levels in kidneyHigh levels in kidney7575% kidney stones% kidney stones——calcium oxalatecalcium oxalate
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Seven amino acids
to acetyl CoA
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human
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Phenylalanine
catabolism
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Phenylalanine hydroxylasePhenylalanine hydroxylase
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Minor pathwayMinor pathway
In PKUIn PKUphenylpyruvatephenylpyruvateaccumulate inaccumulate intissues, blood, urinetissues, blood, urineUrine also containsUrine also containsphenylacetate andphenylacetate andphenyllactatephenyllactate
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Five amino acids to -ketoglutarate
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Four amino acidsto succinyl CoA
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BranchedBranched--chain amino acidschain amino acids
in tissues otherthan liver
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Pathways of amino acid degradationPathways of amino acid degradation
Removal of their amino groupsRemoval of their amino groupsCarbon skeletons undergo oxidation toCarbon skeletons undergo oxidation tocommon intermediatescommon intermediatesSomeSome aaaa to glucose, some toto glucose, some to ketoneketone bodies,bodies,some to bothsome to bothAcetylAcetyl CoACoA,, --ketoglutarateketoglutarate,, succinylsuccinyl CoACoA,,fumaratefumarate andand oxaloacetateoxaloacetate
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Nitrogen cycleNitrogen cycle
The majority source of N is the air (NThe majority source of N is the air (N22))Nitrogen fixation: reduction of NNitrogen fixation: reduction of N22 to NHto NH44
++
By nitrogenBy nitrogen--fixing bacteria e.g.fixing bacteria e.g. RhizobiumRhizobium
Nitrification: oxidation of NHNitrification: oxidation of NH44++ to nitrite andto nitrite and
nitratenitrateBy soil bacteriaBy soil bacteria
DenitrificationDenitrification: conversion of nitrate to N: conversion of nitrate to N22under anaerobic conditionunder anaerobic condition
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NitrogenaseNitrogenase complexcomplex
Reduction of nitrogen to ammoniaReduction of nitrogen to ammonia
GG’’ ==--3333..55 kJ/molkJ/molActivation energyActivation energy
Bond energy =Bond energy = 930930 kJ/molkJ/molNitrogenaseNitrogenase complexcomplex
2 2 3N + 3H 2 NH
N N
+ - +2 4 i 2N +10H +8e +16ATP 2NH +16ADP+16P +H
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AmmoniaAmmonia GluGlu,, GlnGln
Assimilation of NHAssimilation of NH44++ into glutamateinto glutamate
requires two reactionsrequires two reactionsGlutamineGlutamine synthetasesynthetase
GlutamateGlutamate synthetasesynthetase
+ +4 iGlutamate+ NH + ATP glutamine+ ADP+ P + H
+ +- ketoglutarate+ glutamine+ NADPH+ H 2glutamate+ NADP
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GlutamineGlutaminesynthetase:synthetase:primaryprimaryregulatoryregulatoryinin E.coliE.coli
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Biosynthesis of amino acidsBiosynthesis of amino acids
NonessentialNonessentialamino acidsamino acids
Around half ofAround half of 2020aa can beaa can besynthesizedsynthesized
Essential aminoEssential aminoacidsacids
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Pro is aPro is a cyclizedcyclizedderivative ofderivative ofglutamateglutamateArgArg is synthesizedis synthesizedfrom glutamate viafrom glutamate viaornithineornithine and theand theurea cycleurea cycleOrnithineOrnithine isisinterconvertedinterconverted totoglutamateglutamate --semialdehydesemialdehyde bybyornithineornithine --aminotransferaseaminotransferase
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Major pathway forMajor pathway forsynthesis of serine issynthesis of serine isthe same in allthe same in allorganism.organism.First by oxidation ofFirst by oxidation ofhydroxyl group ofhydroxyl group of 33--phosphoglyceratephosphoglycerateTransaminattionTransaminattion fromfromgluglu yieldsyields 33--phosphoserinephosphoserine
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tryptophan
phenylalanine,tyrosine
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PRPP contributes five carbons, thePRPP contributes five carbons, the purinepurine ring of ATP contributesring of ATP contributesa nitrogen and a carbon, and glutamine supplies the seconda nitrogen and a carbon, and glutamine supplies the second
nitrogen atom.nitrogen atom.
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Synthesis of highSynthesis of highenergy compounds:energy compounds:Creatine phosphateCreatine phosphate
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GlycineGlycine as a precursor ofas a precursor of porphyrinsporphyrins
mammals
bacteria, plants
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Biosynthesis of hemeBiosynthesis of hemeClic
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Biological aminesBiological aminesfromfrom aaaa
decarboxylationdecarboxylation
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