proteins. involved in everything! – structural and functional (enzymes = most important) tens of...
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Proteins
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Proteins
• involved in EVERYTHING!– structural AND functional
(enzymes = most important)
• tens of thousands of different proteins– each has a specific shape and function
• HUGE polymers– created from just 20 amino acids (monomers)
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
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• Structural proteins provide associations between body parts.
• Contractile proteins are found within muscle.• Defensive proteins include antibodies of the
immune system.• Signal proteins are best exemplified by
hormones and other chemical messengers.• Receptor proteins transmit signals into cells.• Transport proteins carry oxygen.• Storage proteins serve as a source of amino
acids for developing embryos.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Proteins: commonalities
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Proteins: differences
• based on R groups• hydrophobic (non-polar)• hydrophilic (polar)
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Proteins: creation
• aa monomers are linked together through:dehydration synthesis
• create a peptide bond• 1 + 1 = dipeptide• 1 + 1 + 1 (etc.) = polypeptide
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Proteins: structure
Primary: aa sequence (aa used + order they’re in)
Secondary: hydrogen bond interactions (between N-C-C backbones of aa)
Tertiary: R group interactions(hydrogen bonds + covalent bonds)
Quarternary: (not all proteins) individual subunits put together to make a larger unit
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
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http://www.answers.com/topic/alpha-helix and http://www.nature.com/horizon/proteinfolding/background/figs/importance_f3.html
p. 45
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http://www.di.uq.edu.au/sparqproteins
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http://themedicalbiochemistrypage.org/protein-structure.html
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lijQ3a8yUYQ
http://www.pdb.org/pdb/explore/jmol.do?structureId=3LDC&bionumber=1
http://www.wiley.com/legacy/college/boyer/0470003790/animations/protein_folding/protein_folding.htm
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Denaturedprotein
Nativeprotein
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Enzymes
• biological catalysts: cause rxns to happen faster than they normally would
• rxns would happen anyway-just not at the speed necessary for life
• cause reaction to happen but are not altered by the rxn
• shaped based: specific enzymes cause specific reactions
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Enzymes
• substrate + enzyme → product
Enzyme Enzyme–substratecomplex
Product
Enzyme
Activesite
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Figure 5.13A_1
Activationenergy barrier
Reactant
Products
Without enzyme
Ener
gy
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Figure 5.13A_2
Activationenergy barrierreduced byenzyme
Reactant
Products
With enzyme
Ener
gy
Enzyme
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Figure 5.14_s11
Enzyme(sucrase)
Active site
Enzyme availablewith empty activesite
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Figure 5.14_s2
2
1
Enzyme(sucrase)
Active site
Enzyme availablewith empty activesite
Substrate(sucrose)
Substrate bindsto enzyme withinduced fit
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Figure 5.14_s3
3
2
1
Enzyme(sucrase)
Active site
Enzyme availablewith empty activesite
Substrate(sucrose)
Substrate bindsto enzyme withinduced fit
Substrate isconverted toproducts
H2O
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Figure 5.14_s4
4
3
2
1
Products arereleased
Fructose
GlucoseEnzyme(sucrase)
Active site
Enzyme availablewith empty activesite
Substrate(sucrose)
Substrate bindsto enzyme withinduced fit
Substrate isconverted toproducts
H2O
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Rate of Reaction
• temperature• pH• cofactors (coenzyme if organic)• competitive inhibitors
– block active site
• noncompetitive inhibitors – Δ shape of enzyme = non-fxnal active site
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Figure 5.15A
Substrate
Enzyme
Allosteric site
Active site
Normal binding of substrate
Competitiveinhibitor
Noncompetitiveinhibitor
Enzyme inhibition
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Reactionwith enzyme
Maximum rate
Reaction withoutenzyme
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PILzvT3spCQ&feature=related
http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://faculty.une.edu/com/courses/bionut/distbio/obj-512/Chap9-enzymeinhibition.gif&imgrefurl=http://faculty.une.edu/com/courses/bionut/distbio/obj-512/Chap9-enzymeinhibition.html&usg=__o-Vr2YNMsbP9gRLNqt4HqljbiRg=&h=553&w=862&sz=20&hl=en&start=6&zoom=1&tbnid=0B0iggD_l2xkDM:&tbnh=93&tbnw=145&ei=30ecTtL2F6LnsQL2-4CkCA&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dcompetitive%2Benzyme%2Binhibition%26hl%3Den%26gbv%3D2%26tbm%3Disch&itbs=1