12 Jan. 2017

PSERC 2015

Study of Different Applications and Characteristics of PE Devices

a review ofthe topics covered

Emerging Applications [1] 1. Energy Systems Integrations

2. Micro-grids

3. Transportation Electrification

4. Energy Harvesting

5. All Things Grid Connected

6. Smart Homes, Smart Buildings, and Smart Cities

Technical fields involved with power electronics: (based on classic definition)

1.  Magnetics and Power Semi-Conductor Devices 2.  Electric Circuits and Machines 3.  Controls

Fields involved in PE today:

PE Systems

Analog/ Digital Circuits ICs and

Monolithic Passives

Power Semi-

conductor Devices

Converter Circuits

Electric Machines

RF Circuits

Antennas

System Engineering

and Integration

Linear and Nonlinear Controls

Generation/Storage Devices

1. Green Energy System Integration

concerns when using PE [2]

1.  reliability 2.  efficiency 3.  cost

Wind Power Applications [3]

Energy SourcePE

Active Power Source

Road map for wind energy conversion [3]

Control of wind turbine with DFIG system [3]

Solar Power Applications [4]

Structure of different PV systems:

(centralized inverter) (string inverter) (module inverter) (multi-string inverter)

Solar Power Applications [4]

Generic control structure for a PV inverter with boost stage:

Energy Storage Applications [5]

q  Grid interfacing technologies for batteries:

•  Bidirectional power chargers •  Solid State Transformers (SST)

q  Utility scale PE utilizing energy storage:

•  SVC plus and SVC light-STATCOM solutions •  DynaPeaQ-SVC light with energy storage •  Static and dynamic energy storage installations

q  Battery storage applications in micro-grids:

•  Facilitating the use of renewable energy resources •  Ensuring stable and reliable operation of the micro-grid

Sea Wave Energy Applications [6]

q  Power conversion for wave activated bodies using the heaving motion of the waves:

Sea Wave Energy Applications [6]

q  Overview diagram of a wave conversion and transmission system:

2. Micro-grids [7] dc, ac, hybrid

Balance of energy Reconfigurability for standalone and grid-connected mode

Resiliency with fault tolerance and fault isolation

Bidirectional power flow and modularity

features

PE operating modes within a micro-grid [5]:

1. grid-feeding: •  Designed to deliver power to an energized grid

•  Modeled as current source with high parallel impedance

2. grid-forming: •  Represented by voltage-controlled source and low series impedance

•  The best example would be uninterruptable power supply

3. grid-supporting:

•  Used to regulate the value of grid frequency and voltage amplitude

3. Transportation Electrification [1]

•  Electric Vehicles •  Charging Stations •  Grid Connected Chargers •  Electric Airplanes •  Electric Ships •  Off-road Vehicles •  Trains and Traction •  Self-driving Cars •  Connected Vehicles •  Intelligent Highways

[7]

Functional block diagram of EV propulsion system [15]

PE and Electric Vehicles:

Challenges for automotive PE [16]

1.  reliability

2.  electromagnetic compatibility

3.  cost

4. Energy Harvesting

Parts of an energy harvesting system [1]:

•  Energy conversion device •  Harvesting •  Power conditioning •  Storage

All these fields are closely related to PE

“Practice of acquiring energy from the environment which would be otherwise wasted and converting it into usable electric energy.” [17]

5. All Things Grid Connected [1]

all the electronic equipment that enables the grid to be “electronic” and “intelligent”

•  Power Interface Converters •  FACTS •  Intelligent Solid State Transformers •  Intelligent Solid State Circuit Breakers •  Bidirectional Power Distribution and Control Units

Conventional Transformers vs. Power Electronic Transformers

•  High efficiency •  High reliability •  Big size •  Environmental pollution caused by transformer

oil •  Large harmonics in times of core saturation •  Need for relaying protection device •  Not being able to effectively isolate the harmonic

current and three phase unbalance

•  Load protection from power supply disturbances •  Voltage harmonic and sag compensation •  Power system protection from load disturbances •  Load transient and harmonic regulation •  Unity power factor under reactive load •  Sinusoidal current for non-linear load •  Protection against output short circuit •  Energy storage integration

Conventional Transformers [8] Power Electronic Transformers [9]

Solid State Circuit Breakers [18]

•  Can’t limit the fault current •  Long opening time •  Regular maintenance requirement

q traditional circuit breaker disadvantages:

q Solid State Circuit Breakers:

1. Full SS-CB: composed entirely of PE devices 2. Hybrid SS-CB: PE and mechanical branch in parallel

PE provides the backbone for energy conversion and control intelligence for future smart cities

Smart Homes Smart Buildings Smart Cities•  Smart Appliances •  Smart Lighting •  Personalized Energy •  Mobility •  Smart Security •  Remote Personal Care

•  Integration of Renewables •  High Voltage ac Control •  Medium Voltage dc Control •  Lighting Control •  Access Control •  Power and Cooling Control •  Security

•  Smart Security •  Smart Energy •  Smart Buildings •  Smart Mobility •  Smart Water •  Smart Waste

6. Smart Homes, Smart Buildings, and Smart Cities [1] a natural growth from the smart grid

•  Adiabatic Power Conversion:

•  Monolithic Power Conversion:

•  Multi-level Power Converters

•  Wide Band Gap Devices

Driving technology trends toward these applications:

Occurring without loss or gain of heat [10]

Smaller, cheaper, and faster circuits [11]

Multi-level Power Converters

q Advantages [19]:

•  Reduced dv/dt stresses; thus, increased electromagnetic capability •  Smaller common mode voltage •  Voltage handling capacity not being limited by rating of power devices •  Reduced voltage and current harmonics •  Reduced need for step down and multi phase transformer

Multi-level Power Converters

q Classification of multilevel converter modulation strategies [20]:

Reliability of capacitors for DC link applications in PE converters [12]

Challenges in design of DC links:

a)  Capacitors are one kind of stand-out components in terms of failure rate b)  Cost reduction pressure dictates minimum design margin of capacitors c)  Capacitors are exposed to more harsh environments in emerging applications d)  Volume and thermal constraint with trends for high power density PE systems

Main types of solutions for DC link design [12]

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f)

General Characteristics of Power Semi-conductor Devices [13]

1. Voltage Rating

2. Forward Current Rating

3. Power Rating

4. Temperature Rating

Electrical operating bounds of common semi-conductor power switches [13]

Loss and thermal model of power semi-conductors including device rating [14]

the flow of loss and thermal modeling

conversion efficiency versus device rating different design regions for power devices

References[1] D. Tan, “Emerging system applications and technological trends in power electronics,” IEEE Power Electronics Magazine, June 2015.

[2] S. M. Shinde, K. D. Patil, S. S. Khairnar, W. Z. Gandhare, “The role of power electronics in renewable energy systems research and development,” 2nd International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering and Technology,2009.

[3] F. Blaabjerg, Z. Chen, R. Teodorescu, F. Iov, “Power electronics in wind turbine systems,” IPEMC Conference, 2006.

[4] U. M. Choi, K. B. Lee, F. Blaabjerg, “Power electronic for renewable energy systems: wind turbine and PV systems.”

[5] B. M. Grainger, G. F. Reed, A. R. Sparacino, and P. T. Lewis, “Power electronics for grid-scale energy storage,” Proceedings of IEEE, 2014.

[6] C. Bostrom, “Electrical systems for wave energy conversion,” PhD Dissertation, Uppsala University, 2011.

[7] J. G. Kassakian, T. M. Jahns, “Evolving and emerging applications of power electronics in systems,” IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics,” Vol. 1, No. 2, June 2013.

[8] J. Y. Bian, G. Y. Qiu, “The application of power electronic transformer in distribution power system,” International Conference on Information Technology and Management Innovation, 2015.

[9] D. K. Rathod, “Solid State Transformer: Review of recent developments,” Advance in Electronic and Electric Engineering, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 45-50, 2014.

[10] D. Tan, “Power conversion technology is going adiabatic,” IEEE Power Electronics Magazine, Dec. 2015.

[11] A. W. Lotfi, Q. Li, F. C. Lee, “Integrated, high-frequency DC-DC converter technologies leading to monolithic power conversion,” CIPS 2012, Germany.

[12] H. Wang, F. Blaabjerg, “Reliability of capacitors for DC link applications in power electronic converters – an overview,” IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, Vol. 50, No. 5, 2014.

[13] B. W. Williams, “Power Electronics: Devices, Drivers, Applications, and Passive Components,” University of Strathclyde, Glasgow.

[14] K. Ma, A. Bahman, S. Beczkowski, F. Blaabjerg, “Complete loss and thermal model of power semiconductors including device rating information,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 30, No. 5, 2015.

[15] C. C. Chan, K. T. Chau, “An overview of power electronics in electric vehicles,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 44, No. 1, Feb 1997.

[16] X. Xu, “Automotive power electronics-opportunities and challenges for electric vehicles,” IEMD International Conference in Electric Machines and Drives, 1999.

[17] Y. C. Shu, I. C. Lien, “Analysis of power output for piezoelectric energy harvesting systems,” Smart Materials and Structures, Vol. 15, No. 6.

[18] M. Chen, Y. Zhao, X. Li, S. Xu, W. Sun, T. Zhu, R. Zheng, Z. Chen, Z. Yu, “Development of topology and power electronic devices for solid state circuit breakers,” 2nd International Symposium on Instrumentation and Measurement, Sensor Network and Automation. 2013.

[19] A. N. Kumar, K. Kumar, R. Vardan, B. Basavaraja, “MultilleElsevier, 2007, ISBN 978-0-12-088479-7, Chapter 17, pp. 451-482.

[20] S. Khomfoi, L. M. Tolbert, "Multilevel Power Converters," Power Electronics Handbook,2nd Edition, Elsevier, 2007, ISBN 978-0-12-088479-7, Chapter 17, pp. 451-482