psy 111 2 foundations
TRANSCRIPT
Introduction to Psychology
Psy 111 Introduction to Psychology
HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF PSYCHOLOGY
Marion [email protected]
Questions about research participation should be sent to:[email protected]@umich.eduGSIPiazzaAny of the above
Historical Overview of Psychology
Profession of PsychologyTheoretical Perspectives
When you hear someone is a psychologist what do you think they do?
What do psychologists do?PractitionersClinicalCounselingSchoolIndustrial & OrganizationalTestingForensicResearchersExperimentalPhysiologicalCognitiveNeuroscienceDevelopmentalPersonalitySocialEvolutionary
What is distribution of psychologists?
65% Practitioners35% ResearchersHow has profession changed over time?
How has profession changed over time?
What are top psychology programs?U.S. News & World ReportRANKSCHOOL1Stanford2Berkeley3Michigan4Yale5IllinoisNational Research CouncilRANKSCHOOL1Stanford2Michigan2Yale2UCLA2IllinoisHistorical Overview of Psychology
Profession of PsychologyTheoretical Perspectives
What are roots of Psychology?
PsychologyQuestions posedby philosophyMethods developedby physical sciencesHow do perspectives differ?ISSUESALTERNATIVESHow do perspectives differ?ISSUESALTERNATIVESWhat should be studied? (dependent variables)How do perspectives differ?ISSUESALTERNATIVESWhat should be studied? (dependent variables)conscious thought; unconscious; behavior; brainHow do perspectives differ?ISSUESALTERNATIVESWhat should be studied? (dependent variables)conscious thought; unconscious; behavior; brainWho should be studied? (subjects)How do perspectives differ?ISSUESALTERNATIVESWhat should be studied? (dependent variables)conscious thought; unconscious; behavior; brainWho should be studied? (subjects)typical humans; clinical patients; animalsHow do perspectives differ?ISSUESALTERNATIVESWhat should be studied? (dependent variables)conscious thought; unconscious; behavior; brainWho should be studied? (subjects)typical humans; clinical patients; animalsHow should they be studied? (protocols)How do perspectives differ?ISSUESALTERNATIVESWhat should be studied? (dependent variables)conscious thought; unconscious; behavior; brainWho should be studied? (subjects)typical humans; clinical patients; animalsHow should they be studied? (protocols)introspection; observation; experimentationWhat are major Psychological perspectives?Structuralism -> CognitiveFunctionalism-> EvolutionaryPsychoanalysisBehaviorism
Humanism -> Positive PsychologySocio-culturalBehavioral GeneticsNeuroscience
Structuralism (Late 1800s)Interested in contents of the mind (i.e., building blocks or structures of mental life); used method of introspection
Edward Titchener1867 1927Functionalism (Late 1800s)Interested in activities of the mind (i.e., functions of behavior and thought); used variety of methods and subject populations
William James (1842-1910)Which perspective focused on how consciousness helps people adapt to their environment? StructuralismFunctionalismPsychoanalysisBehaviorismHumanistic Psychology
Which perspective focused on basic elements of thoughts and sensations? StructuralismFunctionalismPsychoanalysisBehaviorismHumanistic Psychology
Psychoanalytic Psychology (Early 1900s - present)Theorizes about unconscious processes and unresolved past conflicts
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
Behaviorism (early 1900s - present)Restricts study to observable influences on overt behavior
John B. Watson (18781958)
B.F. Skinner(1904-1990)Stimulus Response ModelViewed mind as Black BoxBelieved mind not accessible by scienceStimulus/EnvironmentMindResponse/BehaviorJohn Watson QuoteGive me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I will guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select - a doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant, chief, and, yes, even beggar man or thief - regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors.
Humanistic Psychology (Mid 1900s - present)Focuses on unique human qualities
Abraham Maslow (1908-1970)Carl Rogers (1902-1987)
Positive Psychology (Early 2000s - present)Emphasizes positive human functioning; seeks to find and nurture genius and talent, and make normal life more fulfilling
Martin Seligman(1942- )Which perspective focuses on control of overt behavior? StructuralismFunctionalismPsychoanalysisBehaviorismHumanistic PsychologyWhich perspective focuses on unconscious unresolved conflicts? StructuralismFunctionalismPsychoanalysisBehaviorismHumanistic Psychology
Which perspective focuses on positive human qualities? StructuralismFunctionalismPsychoanalysisBehaviorismHumanistic Psychology
Cognitive Psychology (Mid 1900s - present) Focuses on thoughts and mental processesUlric Neisser(1928- )
33Information Processing Model
Socio-Cultural Psychology ( Late 1900s - present)Stresses cultural determinants of behavior and thought
Jerome Bruner(1915- )American PsychologyW E I R Desternducatedndustrializedichemocratic
Behavior Genetics (Late 1900s - present)Investigates contributions of genetics and environment to behavior and thought
Robert Plomin (1948- )Behavior Genetics Paradigm
Share 100% GenesShare 50% GenesEvolutionary Psychology (Late 1900s - present)Considers evolutionary processes of natural selection and adaptation on behavior and thought
Richard Dawkins(1941- )Natural Selection and Adaptation
Neuroscience(Late 1900s - present)Studies the structure and function of the brain and its relationship to behavior and thought
Wilder Penfield(1891-1976)Brain Imaging
Year% Flagship Articles with Keywords02468101214161950 19551960196519701990197519801985CognitiveBehavioralPsychoanalyticNeuroscience199520002005How has dominance of different perspectives changed over time?Do you understand differences between perspectives?YesNoUnsure
Why did a chicken cross the road?
Why did chicken cross the road?Psychological PerspectiveReason
Why did chicken cross the road?Psychological PerspectiveReasonPsychoanalysis
Why did chicken cross the road?Psychological PerspectiveReasonPsychoanalysisInner conflict
Why did chicken cross the road?Psychological PerspectiveReasonPsychoanalysisInner conflictBehaviorism
Why did chicken cross the road?Psychological PerspectiveReasonPsychoanalysisInner conflictBehaviorismReinforced in past for crossing street
Why did chicken cross the road?Psychological PerspectiveReasonPsychoanalysisInner conflictBehaviorismReinforced in past for crossing streetHumanism
Why did chicken cross the road?Psychological PerspectiveReasonPsychoanalysisInner conflictBehaviorismReinforced in past for crossing streetHumanismDoes not matter; chicken is not human
Why did chicken cross the road?Psychological PerspectiveReasonPsychoanalysisInner conflictBehaviorismReinforced in past for crossing streetHumanismDoes not matter; chicken is not humanCognitive
Why did chicken cross the road?Psychological PerspectiveReasonPsychoanalysisInner conflictBehaviorismReinforced in past for crossing streetHumanismDoes not matter; chicken is not humanCognitiveInternal process (desire) to cross
Why did chicken cross the road?Psychological PerspectiveReasonPsychoanalysisInner conflictBehaviorismReinforced in past for crossing streetHumanismDoes not matter; chicken is not humanCognitiveInternal process (desire) to crossSocio-cultural
Why did chicken cross the road?Psychological PerspectiveReasonPsychoanalysisInner conflictBehaviorismReinforced in past for crossing streetHumanismDoes not matter; chicken is not humanCognitiveInternal process (desire) to crossSocio-culturalDepends where; Asia or America?
Why did chicken cross the road?Psychological PerspectiveReasonPsychoanalysisInner conflictBehaviorismReinforced in past for crossing streetHumanismDoes not matter; chicken is not humanCognitiveInternal process (desire) to crossSocio-culturalDepends where; Asia or America?Behavior Genetics
Why did chicken cross the road?Psychological PerspectiveReasonPsychoanalysisInner conflictBehaviorismReinforced in past for crossing streetHumanismDoes not matter; chicken is not humanCognitiveInternal process (desire) to crossSocio-culturalDepends where; Asia or America?Behavior GeneticsBoth genes and environment
Why did chicken cross the road?Psychological PerspectiveReasonPsychoanalysisInner conflictBehaviorismReinforced in past for crossing streetHumanismDoes not matter; chicken is not humanCognitiveInternal process (desire) to crossSocio-culturalDepends where; Asia or America?Behavior GeneticsBoth genes and environmentEvolutionary
Why did chicken cross the road?Psychological PerspectiveReasonPsychoanalysisInner conflictBehaviorismReinforced in past for crossing streetHumanismDoes not matter; chicken is not humanCognitiveInternal process (desire) to crossSocio-culturalDepends where; Asia or America?Behavior GeneticsBoth genes and environmentEvolutionarySelection during ancestral past
Why did chicken cross the road?Psychological PerspectiveReasonPsychoanalysisInner conflictBehaviorismReinforced in past for crossing streetHumanismDoes not matter; chicken is not humanCognitiveInternal process (desire) to crossSocio-culturalDepends where; Asia or America?Behavior GeneticsBoth genes and environmentEvolutionarySelection during ancestral pastNeuroscience
Why did chicken cross the road?Psychological PerspectiveReasonPsychoanalysisInner conflictBehaviorismReinforced in past for crossing streetHumanismDoes not matter; chicken is not humanCognitiveInternal process (desire) to crossSocio-culturalDepends where; Asia or America?Behavior GeneticsBoth genes and environmentEvolutionarySelection during ancestral pastNeuroscienceMotor neurons fired in brain
Take Home Messages(Historical Overview)Psychology is a young and growing research and professional field
Various psychological perspectives differ in what and who they study, as well as their method of inquiry
No single perspective has all the answers, rather each contributes valuable complementary information