Anti-depressent medicne for aniety: theyhave a propensity anxiety n depresson are comorbid-they work by inceasing the smount of seretonin in the system -benozodiazepines-allow gaba to transmit nerver signal(increase gaba) has a claming effect, work by incresing the transimitionof gaba to have a cal,ming effect-to change the neurostramical of the brain is a longer preocess for SSRI's can be stressiung because it takes 4-6 weekas a result people would be recommneded benzodiazepens(faster take effect in hours but are not as long lasting-people who have acute stress use (benzo) become dependednt -SNRIs-seretonin nonepinephrine reuptake inhibitors-ssri prevents the reuptake of the post synaptic neuron which means it has more of an effect, stays on the cleft-Advantages of medicine: dont require to go or go to sessions, more immediate effect, less stigma attached to it, its mch more privita-neg: can be addictive specially(benzo) n overdoze specially(benzo being mixed with alcohol) overtime it stops workingmedication may have sideaffect, ssri(stomatch probles, nasea, sexual desires) can have unpleasent withdrawl syndromesmay not get to the root of the problem(serves as a band-aid), if people are just on medication alone they are more likely to relapse -60-90% response rates depending on disorders, good treatment for phobias(les complicate to treat) n less is ocd main componets is exposing the person what they are trying to avoid(exposure theraphy)-cognitve behavior theraphy-if they are scared, get them to change cognitions -virtually reality exposure(trying to stimulate, recreate the environment spacially for people that have pstd, tryingto access the trigger n simulatee it(some positive data) -social skills traing-social phobia-more focused on people that have a skill defcit n teach them the skill they need such as what to say, compliments form friendships-Cognitive behavioral theory-expoure , hypothesis testing to see wether bad thing actually happens, generate realistic coping cognitions to counteract the neg thought -not enough for it to just say its ok, they have to do it themselves n have them do it in ur office -repeated exposures specially for panic attacts n show them that nothing happened is what u strive to do in CBT approaches-some data suggest that having relaxing exercises counteracts theraphy because they are not learing that the situation was not dangerous to begin with, relaxation is usally used after the repeated exposure to relax them before they leave -ALLOWS S TO LEARN NEW OR ALTERNATIVE COGNITIONS -steps for ocd: bay steps have them touch te doorknob with napking then without one n then no sanatizer(baby steps)

Video time: fear of snakes interferes with her life, unless one is willing to expose themselves to what they are scaredthen they will never overcome the phobia, only few people are willing to confromnt hat fear -first interview her for 45 min(her cataotrophy belief is that is snakes espaces she ,might have a heart failure)-avoidance behavior, deep breathing masks anxiety, *MOTIVATION TO SUCCED, IF U stay exposed to the situation, try to breath slowly n camly,

participant is acepting to take in new info, theraphist knows its going to work so he is patient-there is an 80% imporvement comapared to ther control group

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________mood disorders-2 key moods-mania-depression-unipolar depressive disorders(only depressive epesodes

-Prevalence is more common for unipolar disorders (7%, lifetime prevalance is 17%)-more common in women than men, lifetime prevalance for bipolar-mojaor derepssive disorder(clinical sadness, people who have a down mood, life is not geeting better, dont eat as muchthings that love dont have an interest for, persists, n there is a type of imperament in school, with familiy n just dont seem themselves-for a dsm 4 u need 5 of 9 n one of 2 u need to have a sad mood or anemonia(loos of interestt) must have one or both -must have to be present 4 out of 7 days for two weeks for th eperson to meet criteria1) depressed mood or irratable2) drcrease interest or plasure, 3) signifiant weight change-increase or decrease in eating4) hang in sleep-sleeping too little ot too much 5) change in activty-mre slow of more active, speech might be slower (change in motor activity <-next line 6) fatihue or loss of energy7) guilt/worthlessness-they feel its their fauilt, they blame emselves not feeling good about themselves, their uselessto a certain extent 8)concentration: is diminished n decisions are excrusiating to them 9) Suicidality: fleeting thought, actual intent how they are going to hurt themselves

*need number one or two n 3 or 4 of the others (must be present for 2 weeks straight n there must be an imperament-Dysthymic disorder -more mild n longer lasting-a person with 2 years or more that have 3 of the previous symptoms (lower n more mild form of depression that does not meet critieria for depression n does not a time period for a month or 2 that a person is freefrom feelingt that n would not have sigificant impariemt( slight impariment)

lifetime prevalence od 2.6-6%

-DSM has changed n let clinitian design -grivemtn takes 6 month, n in DSM 5 the clinitian decides when see how long the depression lasts after mom has given birth or loss of a memeber, cannot be accredited to drug use n alcohol n , rule out subtance use, such as hypothirism -depression is associated with heart diease, cancer, n miranes, anxiety disorders (anxiety comes first them depression)comorbid with several other diseases-if use of the substance is the onset of the depression, timing of the disorder (does the -different patterns of depressions

-major depression does not remot for more than 2 years-recurrent:discrete disoders n remission n relapse(have it for 2 months then its gone n it comes back) -seasonal-recurretn depressive episode with a pattern usually occur in fall or winter n remit in spring hypothesis is carrhyms systems change

*chronic depression has a heritable componet of it

Age risk for uniolar n bipolar is 18-45, typical onset of age is 30-in children is 2.5%, there is a spike in adolesence(8.3%_-triple the amount of depression in adolonce-after adolance rates of depression increases for girls (2 to 1) -adolence is a special time because : about ability to think, fitting in, who were are what do we believe in, pubirty -must take these fators into account-causal factorsbiological factos , heridity neurtransmitters n hormonal factors, n the gene environment interaction, whether or notpeople have depressive episodes depends o genes (2 short alleles are ss are most at risk) seretonin gene, sl imtermediate risk , n ll is at least risk -heratibility rates .3 or .4 regardless of the pattern, -neutransmitter: the monoamine teory (the lacked norepheneprine or seretonin) involved in mood regulation n lower leves is involved with depression (only some have shown that this might be true, other neurotranmitter are involves, possiblydopamine, there are biologivcal environmental factor)-Stress hormones: some disfunction in negative feedback loop, which leads to more cortisol to more body n this leads to death of ceel specally in the hypocampus -structural difference decrease hypocampical campus, lower activity in the left n less actio or bahvior, more activity in the right more vigilant n awareness -amygdula-