CORRECTION:- lifetime prevelance for alcohol abuse id 17.8 % n alsohol dependence 12.5% -more than 37% of alcohol abusers suffer from at least one coexisiting -there is a gender differencce 3 men for one women(men have higher rates) -slide 22: we dont know alot about causual meachniasm for about secifi disorders nor treatmentst

-licit drugs are caffine, nicotine n alcohol but we are going over ilicit drugs-depresents: alcohol n depreincesnt-stumimulants: cocaine, amphetamines -psychedelics n hallucinogens : mariguane, lsd

-opium comes from the popuim plant derivatives are heroin n morphine, heroin was fisrt promotedas cough drops morphine for numbing, pain killer, acute shhoty time effects, numbeing, relaxation, reduction of anxiety, nut we see impared judgement , the can be ingested, snorted, injected-there are significant withdrawl symptoms (heroin) so abversive that craving 6-8 hours its used, with repated use u have increase tolence, which leads to increase use, changes in neurrotransmitter, which want it even more, toelensce develops rapidly n they feel addicteda after a couple of time while other express it after a couple of weeks,LONG TERMS: PHYSIOOGOCAL CRAVING FOR THE GRUG, TOLERANCE DEVELOPS RADPIDLY, CAN BE SEVERE WITHDRAWL SYMPOMS, GRADURAL DETERIORATION OF WELL-BEING -what we see is this pronounced craving for the drug, desperation to know how they are going to gt the drug-withdrasl sympromts: insomina, refusla to eat, significant weight loss, delirums, hallucinations, sweating people can get through the withdrawl sysmptoms to te worst part by 4-5 days n detox in 9 days, but going thought this process because of the symptoms n the euphoria they, can OD if the are detox n they go back to use the same amount, also prone to aids, the lenghts they will go, the danger they will place themselves in to get next fix-cocaine n amphetamines: tend to slow down the systemn relaxation, euphoric feeling, they tend to stimulate ur preforntral conrtext, increase self-confidnce, increase sexual drive, may not be tired for days, keep them up,exaggerated response n cocaine , decrease feelings of fatigue, increase heatt rate, increase violent behaviors, use excessive amount of cocaines , increases irritability -the person will have theis europhoric state n have a crash n latergic n -long-temr cocaine use will cause depression over tme -chrbic use leads to amohetabine cykosis, unpleasant halluciantions, -it was taught that cocaine did nti have an addictive profile but it does, -cocaine is the one disorder we know treatment response using CBT (60%), other drugs donthave favorabe trestment response rates or we dont know about thta-METAMPHETIMINE:has trippled since the 1980's, meth lab (southwest, california, texa, n hawaii) were these atesare of epidemic proportions, crystal menth is a way to ingest a simulant (rock form, higly addciting drug, its longer lasting than cocaine n other drugs, its a 12-16 hour high) theres a strong craving that comeswith those effects, we see gaba trasmitters n seretonins,

metaphetaninen is the most resistant to tratment, associaciated with skin, hallucinations, picking at ur sking, creating fold in skin, considerable damage to moking crystal meth n producing a dry mouth n cause a deteriation of teeth n even lossof them, loss of appetaite, they are very malnurished, -barbituates (sedatives) not as common as it used to be, but its more common in mddle age groups, used to facilitate sleep, there are people who overdose on this, slowing of central nervous systemns (death or comma)-particulary when combined with other sedative specially when used with alcohol, potential for oversedation -more common in the 1950's n 60's (marlyn monroe n elvis presley) sluggish ness, mood shift, -usually in a pill form -HALLUCINOGENS: mariguana (mild hallucigen) LSD n related drus-altered of perceptios, colors are brighter, sounds are more amplifight, assult on senses tastes become stronger-for some u have outter body expreince (LSD , mushrooms) strange perceptual experiences, u get a stupar like feelings-hallucigens : mariguana, lsd, pcp, psiloSLIDE 31

extacy: its a hallicigen and a stimulant-enhance tactile sensations, euphorc feeling, increased sociability, twitching n mouth clenching-u have increased energy other side effects, -energy is high but then there is a crash, less inhabitions, its attributed to the hallucigent aspect to it, -a crach after using a drug-LSD-strong perceptional distortions (believe they can free, likelyhood of flashback later one on life, can have strong perceptual flashbakcs from LSD)

-mushrooms n osilocybin(native american used it, also for religous purposes)

-CAUSES:for alcohol we have suppor tthta alcohol dependence runs in families, more genetic link for men than women, rates of alsohol dependence increase 12.4% when parents has no contact with alsohol, 29.5 (when one parent) n 41.5 (when both parent have alcohol ause or depence) 5 (0 if niether parents) ->12 (for one parent) ->20 (both paernts) in women -not all finding have been consistent than dont show increased rates, -we are not sure how strong the role of genetic factors is

-alchol n other substances axtivate reward system of the brain, n what we see is that alcoholoc these is a graterstress recution response, relation response, they ahve a more positive response, theres something about a person who is a pre-alcoholic like it more -they might have abnornalities, not enough dopamine being produced-

mariguana(hallucigen) -derived frim cannanissativa, active ingridents is THC, when smoked its effects is 30 min n last for 3 hours, when eating it takes longer (45 min or 1 hours) to reach the systemn n it will last longer-hashish 6 times stronger than mariguana -increased appetatire, can increase anxiety n lead to panic attacks, not having

full control ncreasing heart reatehappy, hungry sleepy-euphoria, relaxation, slowed reation, loss of coordination, diatrotion in sence sof time vision n hearing, if strong enough cykosis-mariuana a gate way drug? -campaing agaitn mariaguana because drung depence begins with mariguana-mariguana because it has a lesser impact it opens a teen desire to try something else (also the explantion that chrnocni use that it changes our neurotramiter system n it creates more neruotramitters for dopamine)-at baseline their is dysfunction in the mesocorticolimci dopnamine pathmway-the more u use, the more it will structurally change neurtramitter systmem -it may be a combination of bothe factors as well-it wants more of the pleasere response or stimulus so there are more receptors-not enough eveidence for biollogical factors from psych prespective-our psych causal modelsare operant conditioning: the use of drugs can be a sttrong reinforce,(negative reinforcemtn escaping negative feeling, taking away pain) n positive reinfrocement feeling good, want to belong to a group, positive feling in the short terms-it can also be reinfroced by cultures (to fit in) -some asians dont have the enzyme t break down alcohol (flush effect, positive reinforment not reinforced) -classical conditioning: condiitoned reponses at certain time in the clock, when the time in the clock u start elicitingresponsonse) classical consitioned -cognitive factors ex: what u observe, immitate people u admitre, learn from others, want o be like other, role motherscan be a family component (parents did it so u model, social learning theory -cognitive -expectancies : its going ot get me hrough the day, make me feel better-parenting:a) lack of monotoring: leads to teen usinfg drugs or alcoholb) prenting alcoholism associated with unctrollable events , parenting n drug use)