psychology 314 1 staying healthy william p. wattles, ph.d. psychology 314
TRANSCRIPT
Psychology 314 1
Staying Healthy
William P. Wattles, Ph.D.
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Causes of death (U.S. 2005) total all causes 2,448,017
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Cause of Death by Age
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Death Rates by State
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Stroke Death Rates, 1991-1998
Death by state and stroke rate by state
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Libertarian
• One who believes – in freedom of action and thought.– individual liberty and personal responsibility– Live free or die
• Reactance– People don’t like other people telling them
what to do
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Psychological Reactance
• People who are deprived of personal freedom or threatened with loss of freedom react angrily and try to restore their freedom.
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Enjoy life
• It is very hard for me to eat broccoli instead of chocolate when I can’t see any immediate results from either choice. But I don’t have to eat broccoli. I love bananas, so if I get hungry, I can grab a banana instead of a Snickers bar.
• Personally I think well, you should live each day to the fullest, as if it’s your last” - so, why should I not enjoy life and eat what I want to eat?
• Eat right, exercise, die anyway
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Unintentional Injuries
• Accident versus unintentional injury• Accident suggests:
– chance, fate, inevitability
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Parents die, children rescued in crash
• “After supper in New Hampshire, the couple buckled the children snugly into the back seat”
• “McLaughlin and Marshall, who were not wearing seat belts, were thrown from the vehicle”
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Unintentional Injuries
• Accident versus unintentional injury• Unintentional injury considers:
– individual behaviors– environmental conditions– laws– enforcement
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Unintentional Injuries
• Fourth Leading cause of death 97,000 per year.
• 4% Overall• 40% age 15-24
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Accidents
• Fifth leading cause of death in the U.S.– Leading cause of death age 5 to 24
• 72% of all deaths age 5 to 24
– Homicide second leading cause of death age 15-24
– Suicide Third leading cause of death 15-24
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Injury-related death
• There were 146,400 injury-related deaths in 1997.
• Motor vehicle traffic 42,473• Firearm-related 32,436 • Poisoning 17,692• Falls 12,555
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Injury-related death
• There were 173,753 injury-related deaths in 2005.
• Suicide 32,639• Motor vehicle traffic 43,667• Firearm-related 30,694• Poisoning 32,691• Falls 20,426
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Injury-related deaths 1997
motor vehicles40%
guns31%
poisoning17%
falls12%
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Injury-related Deaths 2005
Motor vehicle trafficFirearm-related Poisoning Falls
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Automobile accidents 37% of accidental deaths
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Figure 12.1 (p. 311)
Deaths from unintentional injuries (total
and motor vehicle related)
per 100,000 population, U.S., 1960-
1998.
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• NHTSA has reported that 43,005 people died in motor vehicle crashes in 2002 and that motor vehicle crashes were the 8th-leading cause of death among all ages that year. But broken down by age, crashes were the No. 1 cause of death for every age from 3 through 33
• 2,974 died on 9-11
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Britain traffic
• World’s lowest driving fatality rate• Strict laws and testing• Britain 5.6 per 100,000• U.S. 15 per 100,000
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Car accidents
• On average, over 119 people are killed every day in car accidents in the US.
• Automobiles are the biggest killer and crippler in the US.
• Over 3 million Americans were injured in automobile accidents in 1993.
• There are over 6 million car accidents every year.
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Safe Driving Effort Is Focusing on Soldiers.
• Soldiers: a group prone by demographics and behavior to more than their share of traffic accidents:
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Marine Corps commandant.
• ''We are losing more young men and women in traffic crashes than in combat and training combined,''
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New York Times on Sleep
• Lack of sleep also increases teenage drivers' already elevated risk of car accidents. According to the National Sleep Foundation, a nonprofit group, drowsiness or fatigue play a role in 100,000 traffic crashes a year, and drivers 25 or under cause more than half of those accidents.
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Strategies to reduce accidents
• Change the individual’s behavior• Change the environment• Change the law
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Changing the environment
• Common strategy does not involve individual behavior change– bike reflectors– idiot bumps– hand rails– Air bags
Changing the law
• Motorcycle helmet laws
• Seat belt laws
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Effective legislation
• Laws increasing the penalty ineffective• Laws increasing the certainty of getting
caught effective• Laws that raise taxes on alcoholic
beverages also effective.
Seat Belt Usage
Should seat belt
Usage be
Mandatory?
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Air Bags
• Between there introduction in the 1980’s and Nov. 1 1997 air bags saved 2,620 lives
• the combination of seat belts and air bags is 75 percent effective in preventing serious head injuries and 66 percent effective in preventing serious chest injuries.
• http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/airbags/
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Guns 30,694 deaths in 2005
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Father accidentally shoots daughter
• HUDSON, Fla. — A man who mistook his 31-year-old daughter for a burglar shot and critically wounded her Monday when she tried to get into her parents’ house before dawn.
• George Earl Ingram, 54, told authorities that his gun went off when his daughter startled him.
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Guns
• In 1994, more than 38,000 people in the United States died from gunshots; nearly another 100,000 people were injured.
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Gun violence
• These statistics represent the "enormous human toll of gun violence," and cost U.S. taxpayers more than $1 billion in lifetime medical costs, says a new study that appears in the Aug. 4 issue of The Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA).
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Guns and “Accidents”
• NYT October 22• Defective design led
to paralysis of 7 year old.
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Homicide
• The presence of a gun in the home triples the risk of homicide in that home, according to the New England Journal of Medicine
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Women Likelier to Be Slain by a Partner Than a Stranger
• NYT 10/22/04• Lovers and husbands
were responsible for almost 60 percent of the deaths of women between 20 and 50, the study found
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Women Likelier to Be Slain by a Partner Than a Stranger
• NYT 10/22/04• In about a fifth of the
cases, the killer committed suicide - nearly a quarter in the case of an intimate killer.
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• 1107 world (26 industrialized nations)
• 957 U.S. 86%
• http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00046149.htm#00002255.htm
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Guns and Suicide
• For every case of self-protective homicide involving a firearm kept in the home, 37 suicides, 4.6 criminal homicides and 1.3 unintentional deaths occur (an overall ratio of 43 to 1) (Kellermann and Reay, 1986).
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Suicide
• Suicide is the third leading cause of death for teens. Every 46 minutes, a young person kills himself or herself-- over 60% of the time with a firearm. In 1994, 3,344 youths aged 15-24 committed suicide with firearms.
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Suicide
• More people die from firearm-related suicide than homicide. Of the 37,776 firearm-related deaths in 1992 in the US, 48.1% were suicides, 47.1% were homicides and the remaining 4.8% were unintentional, (National Center for Health Statistics, 1994).
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Suicide
• In 1992, more teenagers and young adults died from suicide than died from cancer, heart disease, HIV infection or AIDS, birth defects, pneumonia and influenza, stroke, and chronic lung disease combined. (Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention, 1994).
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Guns and Suicide
• Impulsiveness appears to play an important role in suicide, especially youth suicide. It is not uncommon for adolescents to have passing suicidal impulses and the availability of a gun increases the likelihood suicide will be completed.
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Guns and Suicide
• Research has determined that youths who attempt suicide rarely have a clear and sustained desire to die
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Suicide Prevention
• One survey of high school students found:– 24% seriously considered suicide– 9% made an attempt– 3% sought medical attention
• Interventions– treatment for depression, substance abuse– crisis counseling– educational programs
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Suicide treatment
• Substance abuse a predictor• Research questions effectiveness of hotline• Elderly
– emotional and social support for isolation
• Teens– relationship problems
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Preventing violence
• Murder rate not escalating• Black males have far higher death rate from
homicide. 8 to 10 times that of whites• Causes of violence
– poverty, injustice– availability of weapons– glorification of violence
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Domestic violence
• A woman is more likely to be assaulted, raped or murdered by a current of former male partner than by any other assailant.
• Text suggests that 25% of women and 30% of men endorse violence in some disputes.
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Intentional and Unintentional Injury primary risk for youth
• Reducing mortality from accidents– change thinking to internal locus of control
• Unintentional injury considers:– individual behaviors– environmental conditions– laws– enforcement
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Changing individual behavior
• Efforts have little success– home safety– motor vehicle safety
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Health Campaigns
• Information campaigns designed to change attitudes and behaviors.– Driver’s ed. and increased accidents– Drug prevention classes and increased drug use– Good intentions does not equal benefit
• Fear sometimes effective as negative reinforcer– positive reinforcement probably better.
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Community campaigns
• MADD• What makes public opinion change and
when does attitude lead to behavior change?
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Adopting a healthy lifestyle
• Theory-driven interventions.– Theory of reasoned action and social norms
• emphasize that 75% don’t smoke.
– Stages of change theory• assess stage before progressing
• Age and adoption of healthy lifestyle– Easier to influence older people– More effective with younger people
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Concept of lifestyle
• habits that make up the way we live.• daily habits that affect health , like diet and
exercise.
• Left side head down
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Mud Bowl, North Conway NH
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• Right side head down
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Huntsville, Alabama
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Science
• Changing Human Behavior to Prevent Disease: The importance of automatic processes.
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Flexibility vs. Efficiency
• Automatic Processes– Always on– Not conscious– Little effort needed– Slow learning from
experience – Associative memory
• Reflective Processes– Effortful– Deliberate – Intension– Goal-directed– Rational– Flexible– Quick to learn
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Reflective Processes
• Takes Time and energy– Cognitive misers
• Flexible
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Tu vari tai palīdzēt.
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Automatic Processes
• Priming– Activating associations– Examples
• Cookies• Beer ads
• Changing Associations– Positive associations
with health promoting– Negative associations
with health harming
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Dog Bites
About four million to five million people are bitten each year by the nation's 55 million to 59 million dogs, according to statistics compiled by the Humane Society of the United States and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, which consider dog bites epidemic. About 20 are fatal
22% of the deaths involved an unrestrained dog OFF the owner's property.
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Dog Bites
• the Sept. 15 issue of The Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association shows that between 1977 and 1998, pit bulls and Rottweilers accounted for more than half of the 238 fatal attacks on humans.
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Pit Bull
• Two 10-year-old boys walked down a desert street Saturday in the hot spring sun. Two hours later, one was dead, mauled by a pit bull-mix dog, a deputy coroner said.
• Pit bull mauls boy, March 30, 2010• LIVERMORE FALLS — Police say an 11-
year-old boy was mauled by a pit bull while visiting family friends at a home in Maine.
• Livermore Falls Officer Vern Stevens said the dog bit the boy's lower legs and abdomen during the attack this morning. He said it was the dog's second attack this month.Psychology 314 77
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Second Degree Murder
• Ten-year-old Cash Craig Carson was killed by a pit bull named Louise and a pit bull-chow mix named Bear
• “This is a tragedy, not a crime,” says Lewis, explaining that 9-year-old Bear has no history of attacks or a single complaint from neighbors. “It’s totally out of character that this occurred.”
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Three Pit Bull owners
• “usually an owner does nto force its Pit to fight, its a natural instinct,”
• “Most pits love to fight & will do it every chance they get, thats how they were bred. “
• “Hello guys, Pits do not have to be made to fight, and they do it cause they want to and because it is fun to them, “
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"National Dog Bite Prevention Week."
• More than $100 million is spent treating dog bite injuries at emergency rooms nationwide, said Leslie Sinclair of the Humane Society of the United States.
Health-Seeking Theories
• Health Belief Model• Transtheoretical Model
Good Theories
• Generate research• Organize observations• Guide in prediction of
behavior
Health Belief Model
• The Health Belief model has been used with great success for 50 years to promote health behaviors such as greater condom use, seat belt use, medical compliance, and health screening.
Health Belief Model
• The Health Belief Model is a framework for motivating people to take positive health actions that uses the desire to avoid a negative health consequence as the prime motivation.
Health Belief Model
Assumes that people hold certain beliefs about: • personal vulnerability• the severity of the disease • the costs of taking action• benefits of taking action
– self-efficacy
These beliefs lead the person to a greater or lesser degree to seek help or modify high-risk behaviors.
Health Belief Model
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Health Belief Model
• Psychological factors and social cues mediate the perception of threat and the likelihood of action.
• Don’t Text and drive example.
Theory of Planned Behavior
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Theory of Planned Behavior
• Attitude toward the behavior
• Subjective Norm• Perceived behavioral
control
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Transtheoretical Model
• People progress through five stages in changing behavior:– precontemplation– contemplation– preparation– action– maintenance
Transtheoretical Model
• Precontemplation stage -People in this stage may fail to see that they have a problem.
• Contemplation stage-awareness of the problem, thoughts about changing the behavior but no effort to change yet.
• Preparation stage-includes thoughts and specific plans about change
Transtheoretical Model
• Action Stage- people make overt changes in their behavior.
• Maintenance stage-People try to sustain changes and resist relapse
Transtheoretical Model
• Army National Guard
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Transtheoretical Model
• Precontemplation stage -Smoker does not actively think about quitting.
• Contemplation stage-Smoker seriously thinks about quitting in the near future but has not made a commitment.
• Preparation stage-Wants to quit within the next month
Transtheoretical Model
• Action Stage- Attempts to modify behavior and environment to quit. The six months after quitting.
• Maintenance stage-from six months until it is no longer a problem.
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The End