psychology and other sciences · psychology and social science have as yet given the world...
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Psychology and other sciences
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Ancient Greece
Physics: Physiology: Temperament: ● Air ● Blood ● Sanguine ● Earth ● Black bile ● Melancholic ● Fire ● Yellow bile ● Choleric ● Water ● Phlegm ● Phlegmatic
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Today
Physics: Physiology: ● General ● DNA double
Relativity helix
Temperament: ● Neuroticism ● Extraversion ● Openness ● Agreeableness ● Conscientiousess
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Cognitive Science
Quotation removed due to copyright reasons. Please see:
Searle, John R. Minds, Brains, and Science. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1984, p.11. ISBN: 0674576314.
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Psychology● Compared with the sciences of matter,
psychology and social science have as yet given the world remarkably little cause for amazement.
(HG Wells)
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Golden Fleece Awards (Proxmire)“Senator William Proxmire’s Golden Fleece
Award embodied both outrage and humor as it put the public spotlight on waste and abuse of taxpayer money.”
● 1975, NSF: For squandering $84,000 to try to find out why people fall in love.
● 1976, NSF: For a grant to study “Environmental Determinants of Human
Aggression (Specifically, aggression of drivers caught in traffic jams).
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Pyramid of the sciences
Sociology Biology
Chemistry Physics
Mathematics
(Comte)
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Pyramid of the sciences
Sociology Biology
Chemistry Physics
Mathematics
Psychology!
(Comte)
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Psychology● Compared with the sciences of matter,
psychology and social science have as yet given the world remarkably little cause for amazement.
(HG Wells)
Is this fair??
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What makes psychology difficult
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What makes psychology difficult
● Sheer number of possible variables ● Randomness and feedback ● Individual differences ● Many experiments are unethical
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Sheer number of variables
● There are many different variables and they interact with each other in subtle ways
● Eg: what affects Tim's mood this morning? – Upbringing – Many genetic factors – Did he get any sleep last night? – Does he have caffeine in his system? – Did he break up with his girlfriend last week?
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●
Randomness and feedback
● Given two identical twins – one develops schizophrenia and the other wins a Pulitzer prize. What explains the difference?
Quotation removed due to copyright reasons. Please see:
Meehl, P. E. "Theoretical Risks and Tabular Asterisks: Sir Karl, Sir Ronald and theSlow Progress of Soft Psychology." Journal of Consulting of Clinical Psychology 42 (1978): 806-834.
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●
Individual differences
Quotation removed due to copyright reasons. Please see:
Meehl, P. E. "Theoretical Risks and Tabular Asterisks: Sir Karl, Sir Ronald and theSlow Progress of Soft Psychology." Journal of Consulting of Clinical Psychology 42 (1978): 806-834.
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Many experiments are unethical
● Language learning – Train children only on artificial languages
● Lesion studies in humans
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Experiments in other sciences
● How do the methods and approaches we've discussed in this class differ from those in other sciences?
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Lab Classes
Physics Cog Sci
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Lab Classes
Physics Cog Sci● Linear regression, ● t-tests, ANOVA
confidence intervals
● Formal theories ● Qualitative hypotheses
● Classic experiments ● Design your own expts
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Experiments in other sciences
● How do the methods and approaches we've discussed in this class differ from those in other sciences?
● Other sciences: – Significance tests are less common – Formal models are more common – Paradigms are better accepted
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Formal models
● Other sciences – Newton's laws, stoichiometry, genetic drift, ...
● Formal models allow strong experimental tests. – Schmewton: “The acceleration of an object changes
significantly when a force is applied (p < 0.001)”
– Newton: “F = ma”
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Why formal models are valuable
● Meehl's theory of the climate predicts: – It will rain more in April than May – It will rain on April 3, 9, 12, 13, and 17 – It will rain 1.2 inches on April 3, 0.8 inches on April
9, etc
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Why hypothesis tests are often unrevealing
● A two group design usually gives you one bit of data: – The null hypothesis is usually false – the bit tells you
in which direction it is false ● There are often theories other than your preferred
theory that will explain that bit of data ● Just because an effect exists doesn't mean it is
important.
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Formal models in cognitive science
● Motor control ● Reaching behavior, eye movements, ...
● Vision ● Depth perception, object recognition, ...
● Language ● Psycholinguistics, language learning, ...
● High level cognition ● Categorization, forgetting, analogy, ...
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Fitt's Law
● T = a + b log(1+D/S) – T: movement time – A: distance of movement – S: width of the target
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Graph removed due to copyright reasons.
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Shepard's Universal Law of Generalization
Figure removed due to copyright reasons.
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Figure removed due to copyright reasons.
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Non-metric multidimensional scaling
● Goal: place the elements in a two dimensional space so that generalization is a monotonic function of distance
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Generalization Figures removed due to copyright reasons
Distance in psychological space
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Universal Law of Generalization● Quotation removed due to copyright reasons. Please see:
Shepard, R. N. Abstract in "Toward a universal law of generalization for psychological science." Science 237 (1987): 1317-23.
● Asimov: “ I don't really understand this but I have the feeling Hari Seldon would understand it without trouble.”
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Conclusions
● Psychology is an undeveloped science – the fundamental breakthroughs are yet to be made
● Formal models are valuable if they can be developed.
● Asimov quotation removed due to copyright reasons.