Psychology is commonly defined Psychology is commonly defined as:as:

a.a. The study of behaviorThe study of behavior

b.b. The study of the mindThe study of the mind

c.c. The study of behavior and mental The study of behavior and mental processesprocesses

d.d. The study of early childhoodThe study of early childhood

c. The study of behavior and mental c. The study of behavior and mental processesprocesses

Which of the following are the Which of the following are the goals of psychology?goals of psychology?a.a. Describe, manipulate, control and Describe, manipulate, control and

examine behaviorexamine behaviorb.b. Describe, explain, predict and change Describe, explain, predict and change

behaviorbehaviorc.c. Predict, control, examine and change Predict, control, examine and change

behaviorbehaviord.d. Manipulate, control, explain and Manipulate, control, explain and

change behaviorchange behaviorb. Describe, explain, predict and change b. Describe, explain, predict and change

behaviorbehavior

Psychology often questions to what Psychology often questions to what extent we are controlled by biological extent we are controlled by biological and genetic factors or by the and genetic factors or by the environment and learning. This ongoing environment and learning. This ongoing debate is known as the _____.debate is known as the _____.a.a. Nature vs. Nurture controversyNature vs. Nurture controversy

b.b. Mind vs. Body DualismMind vs. Body Dualism

c.c. Interactionist positionInteractionist position

d.d. Biopsychosocial ModelBiopsychosocial Model

A. Nature-Nurture ControversyA. Nature-Nurture Controversy

Applied research is conducted to Applied research is conducted to study __________.study __________.

A)A) How people apply knowledge in an How people apply knowledge in an educational settingeducational setting

B)B) Theoretical questions that may or Theoretical questions that may or may not have real-world applicationsmay not have real-world applications

C)C) The goals of psychologyThe goals of psychology

D)D) A specific real-world problemA specific real-world problem

D. A specific real-world problemD. A specific real-world problem

The experimental group, in an The experimental group, in an experiment, is the group in experiment, is the group in which the participants _____.which the participants _____.

A.A. Do not receive the independent Do not receive the independent variablevariable

B.B. Receive the dependent variableReceive the dependent variable

C.C. Do not receive the DVDo not receive the DV

D.D. Receive the IVReceive the IV

D. Receive the IVD. Receive the IV

The total of all possible cases The total of all possible cases from which a sample is selected from which a sample is selected is called the __________.is called the __________.

a.a. subject poolsubject pool

b.b. populationpopulation

c.c. selection groupselection group

d.d. control groupcontrol group

B) populationB) population

The first step in the scientific The first step in the scientific method is _____.method is _____.

A.A. Forming a testable hypothesisForming a testable hypothesis

B.B. Developing a theoryDeveloping a theory

C.C. Reviewing the literature of existing Reviewing the literature of existing theoriestheories

D.D. Designing a studyDesigning a study

C. Reviewing the literature of existing C. Reviewing the literature of existing theoriestheories

The ______ variable is the The ______ variable is the variable that is measured.variable that is measured.

a.a. IndependentIndependent

b.b. InterveningIntervening

c.c. ControlledControlled

d.d. DependentDependent

D) DependentD) Dependent

The tendency of experimenters The tendency of experimenters to influence the results of their to influence the results of their experiment in an expected experiment in an expected direction is called ____.direction is called ____.A)A) Experimenter biasExperimenter bias

B)B) Control biasControl bias

C)C) Observational biasObservational bias

D)D) Experimental biasExperimental bias

A) Experimenter biasA) Experimenter bias

A hypothesis is derived from a A hypothesis is derived from a ______.______.

a.a. ideaidea

b.b. research paperresearch paper

c.c. brainstormingbrainstorming

d.d. theorytheory

D) theoryD) theory

A procedure to ensure that each A procedure to ensure that each individual has the same individual has the same probability as any other of being probability as any other of being in a given group is called _____.in a given group is called _____.

A.A. Random selectionRandom selection

B.B. Random assignmentRandom assignment

C.C. Representative selectionRepresentative selection

D.D. Representative assignmentRepresentative assignment

B. Random assignmentB. Random assignment

Cells within your body Cells within your body specialized for conducting specialized for conducting information are called ____?information are called ____?a.a. DendritesDendrites

b.b. Neurons Neurons

c.c. AxonsAxons

d.d. NucleotidesNucleotides

b. Neuronsb. Neurons

The three major parts of a The three major parts of a neuron are ____.neuron are ____.

a.a. Glia, dendrites, and myelinGlia, dendrites, and myelin

b.b. Myelin, dendrites, and axon Myelin, dendrites, and axon

c.c. Dendrites, axon and cell bodyDendrites, axon and cell body

d.d. Axon, glia, and myelinAxon, glia, and myelin

c. Dendrites, axon and cell bodyc. Dendrites, axon and cell body

The ____ consists of all the The ____ consists of all the nerves that connect to sensory nerves that connect to sensory receptors and control skeletal receptors and control skeletal musclesmusclesa.a. Parasympathetic nervous system Parasympathetic nervous system

b.b. Spinal cordSpinal cord

c.c. Somatic nervous system Somatic nervous system

d.d. Action potentialAction potential

c. Somatic nervous systemc. Somatic nervous system

___ provide structural, ___ provide structural, nutritional, and other support nutritional, and other support for the neuron, as well as some for the neuron, as well as some communication functionscommunication functionsa.a. DendritesDendrites

b.b. AxonsAxons

c.c. Nurturing bodiesNurturing bodies

d.d. Glial cellsGlial cells

d. Glial cellsd. Glial cells

Chemical messengers that are Chemical messengers that are secreted into the synapse are secreted into the synapse are called ____.called ____.

a.a. IonsIons

b.b. NeurotransmittersNeurotransmitters

c.c. NeurocommunicatorsNeurocommunicators

d.d. NeuromodulatorsNeuromodulators

b. Neurotransmittersb. Neurotransmitters

The synapse is the point where The synapse is the point where ____.____.

a.a. The soma attaches to the dendriteThe soma attaches to the dendrite

b.b. Neurotransmitters are manufacturedNeurotransmitters are manufactured

c.c. Information transfers from neuron to Information transfers from neuron to neuron neuron

d.d. The action potential beginsThe action potential begins

c. Information transfers from neuron to c. Information transfers from neuron to neuronneuron

If you are accidentally hit on the If you are accidentally hit on the head and you see flashes of head and you see flashes of light, most likely the blow light, most likely the blow activated cells in the ____.activated cells in the ____.a.a. Frontal lobesFrontal lobes

b.b. Temporal lobesTemporal lobes

c.c. Occipital lobes Occipital lobes

d.d. Parietal lobesParietal lobes

c. Occipital lobesc. Occipital lobes

The frontal, parietal, occipital, The frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes make up the and temporal lobes make up the ________a.a. BrainBrain

b.b. Cerebral cortex Cerebral cortex

c.c. SubcortexSubcortex

d.d. Brain stemBrain stem

b. Cerebral cortexb. Cerebral cortex

The major divisions of the The major divisions of the central nervous system are ___.central nervous system are ___.

a.a. Sympathetic and parasympatheticSympathetic and parasympathetic

b.b. Somatic and autonomicSomatic and autonomic

c.c. Gray matter and white matterGray matter and white matter

d.d. Brain and spinal cord Brain and spinal cord

d. Brain and spinal cordd. Brain and spinal cord

The parasympathetic nervous The parasympathetic nervous system is dominant when a system is dominant when a person is ___.person is ___.a.a. StressedStressed

b.b. RelaxedRelaxed

c.c. Frightened Frightened

d.d. AngryAngry

b. Relaxedb. Relaxed

The parasympathetic and The parasympathetic and sympathetic are the major sympathetic are the major divisions of the ____ nervous divisions of the ____ nervous systemsystema.a. AutomaticAutomatic

b.b. SomaticSomatic

c.c. Central Central

d.d. AutonomicAutonomic

d. Autonomicd. Autonomic

The principle whereby an axon The principle whereby an axon either fires or does not fire an either fires or does not fire an action potential is called the action potential is called the __________a.a. Sodium-potassium Sodium-potassium

b.b. Axon terminal Axon terminal

c.c. ShotgunShotgun

d.d. All-or-none lawAll-or-none law

d. All-or-none lawd. All-or-none law

Damage to the medulla can lead Damage to the medulla can lead to loss of ____.to loss of ____.

a.a. VisionVision

b.b. RespirationRespiration

c.c. HearingHearing

d.d. SmellSmell

b. Respirationb. Respiration

The cerebellum, the thalamus, The cerebellum, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus are all and the hypothalamus are all ____.____.a.a. Lower-level brain structures Lower-level brain structures

b.b. Cortical areasCortical areas

c.c. Brain stem areas Brain stem areas

d.d. Spinal cord areasSpinal cord areas

a. Lower-level brain structuresa. Lower-level brain structures

Split-brain research has Split-brain research has indicated that, in most people, indicated that, in most people, the left hemisphere is largely the left hemisphere is largely responsible for _____ abilitiesresponsible for _____ abilitiesa.a. MusicalMusical

b.b. SpatialSpatial

c.c. ArtisticArtistic

d.d. LanguageLanguage

d. Languaged. Language

Neurons are the basic units in Neurons are the basic units in the _____.the _____.

a.a. Nervous system Nervous system

b.b. SynapsesSynapses

c.c. DendritesDendrites

d.d. BodyBody

a. Nervous systema. Nervous system

The _____ of light determines its The _____ of light determines its hue, and the _____ determines hue, and the _____ determines its brightness.its brightness.

a.a. Wavelength; amplitudeWavelength; amplitude

b.b. Pitch; wavelengthPitch; wavelength

c.c. Timbre; amplitudeTimbre; amplitude

d.d. Wavelength; frequencyWavelength; frequency

a. wavelength; amplitudea. wavelength; amplitude

The process of receiving, The process of receiving, transducing, and transmitting transducing, and transmitting information from the outside information from the outside world is called _____.world is called _____.a.a. PerceptionPerception

b.b. DetectionDetection

c.c. SensationSensation

d.d. integrationintegration

c. Sensationc. Sensation

The receptors in the eye The receptors in the eye responsible for daylight and responsible for daylight and color vision are the _____color vision are the _____

a.a. RodsRods

b.b. ConesCones

c.c. CiliaCilia

d.d. CorneaCornea

b. Conesb. Cones

The receptors in the eye The receptors in the eye responsible for dim light vision responsible for dim light vision are the _____.are the _____.

a.a. RodsRods

b.b. ConesCones

c.c. CiliaCilia

d.d. CorneaCornea

a. Rodsa. Rods

The frequency of a sound wave The frequency of a sound wave is sensed as the _____ of a is sensed as the _____ of a sound.sound.

a.a. PitchPitch

b.b. IntensityIntensity

c.c. LoudnessLoudness

d.d. HeightHeight

a. Pitcha. Pitch

Which of the following is the Which of the following is the most fundamental Gestalt most fundamental Gestalt principles of organization?principles of organization?

a.a. RoundnessRoundness

b.b. IsolationIsolation

c.c. SymmetrySymmetry

d.d. Figure and groundFigure and ground

d. Figure and groundd. Figure and ground

Monocular and binocular are two Monocular and binocular are two categories of _____.categories of _____.

a.a. Depth perceptionDepth perception

b.b. Size adaptationsSize adaptations

c.c. Perceptual constanciesPerceptual constancies

d.d. Visual correctionsVisual corrections

a. Depth perceptiona. Depth perception

The _____ theory of color vision The _____ theory of color vision states that there are three states that there are three systems of color opposites systems of color opposites (blue-yellow, red-green and (blue-yellow, red-green and black-white)black-white)a.a. TrichromaticTrichromatic

b.b. Opponent-processOpponent-process

c.c. Tri-receptorTri-receptor

d.d. Lock-and-keyLock-and-key

b. Opponent-processb. Opponent-process

A readiness to perceive in a A readiness to perceive in a particular manner, based on particular manner, based on expectations, is known as _____.expectations, is known as _____.

a.a. Trichromatic TheoryTrichromatic Theory

b.b. Stereotype threatStereotype threat

c.c. Perceptual setPerceptual set

d.d. All of the aboveAll of the above

c. Perceptual setc. Perceptual set

The conversion of stimulus The conversion of stimulus energy into neural impulses is energy into neural impulses is called _____.called _____.

a.a. Coding Coding

b.b. TransductionTransduction

c.c. TranferenceTranference

d.d. ReceptionReception

b. transductionb. transduction

Light travels through the cornea Light travels through the cornea on to the _____.on to the _____.

a.a. Pupil, lens, and retinaPupil, lens, and retina

b.b. Lens, pupil, and retinaLens, pupil, and retina

c.c. Vitreous humor, aqueous humor, and Vitreous humor, aqueous humor, and retinaretina

d.d. Retina on the back of the lensRetina on the back of the lens

a. pupil, lens, and retinaa. pupil, lens, and retina

_____ is the process that occurs _____ is the process that occurs when your visual system shifts when your visual system shifts from cones to rods upon from cones to rods upon entering a dark roomentering a dark rooma.a. Light adaptationLight adaptation

b.b. Sensory adaptationSensory adaptation

c.c. Dark adaptationDark adaptation

d.d. AccommodationAccommodation

c. Dark adaptationc. Dark adaptation

_____ results from stimulation of _____ results from stimulation of receptor cells in the nose.receptor cells in the nose.

a.a. AuditionAudition

b.b. PheromonesPheromones

c.c. OlfactionOlfaction

d.d. Vestibular senseVestibular sense

c. olfactionc. olfaction

_____ are false impressions of _____ are false impressions of the environment.the environment.

a.a. HallucinationsHallucinations

b.b. DelusionsDelusions

c.c. IllusionsIllusions

d.d. Visual constanciesVisual constancies

c. illusionsc. illusions

_____ are sensory perceptions _____ are sensory perceptions that occur without external that occur without external stimuli.stimuli.

a.a. HallucinationsHallucinations

b.b. DelusionsDelusions

c.c. IllusionsIllusions

d.d. Visual constanciesVisual constancies

a. hallucinationsa. hallucinations

Specialized cells in the brain Specialized cells in the brain that respond only to certain that respond only to certain sensory information are known sensory information are known as _____.as _____.a.a. Visual constanciesVisual constancies

b.b. Retinal disparityRetinal disparity

c.c. ConvergenceConvergence

d.d. Feature detectorsFeature detectors

d. Feature detectorsd. Feature detectors

When you look at a chair from the When you look at a chair from the back or front, it looks like a rectangle. back or front, it looks like a rectangle. However, when you see it from the However, when you see it from the side, it has an “h” shape, but you still side, it has an “h” shape, but you still recognize it as a chair because of recognize it as a chair because of _____._____.

a.a. Sensory adaptationSensory adaptation

b.b. Shape constancyShape constancy

c.c. Size constancySize constancy

d.d. Sensory habituationSensory habituation

b. Shape constancyb. Shape constancy

_____ is an organism’s _____ is an organism’s awareness of its own self and awareness of its own self and surroundings.surroundings.

a.a. AwarenessAwareness

b.b. ConsciousnessConsciousness

c.c. AlertnessAlertness

d.d. Central processingCentral processing

b. consciousnessb. consciousness

_____ processes are mental _____ processes are mental activities that require minimal activities that require minimal attention, without affecting attention, without affecting other activities.other activities.a.a. ControlledControlled

b.b. PeripheralPeripheral

c.c. ConsciousConscious

d.d. AutomaticAutomatic

d. Automaticd. Automatic

Biological rhythms that occur on Biological rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle are called _____.a 24-hour cycle are called _____.

a.a. Circadian rhythmsCircadian rhythms

b.b. SynchronismsSynchronisms

c.c. Diurnal circuitsDiurnal circuits

d.d. Noctural transmissionsNoctural transmissions

a. Circadian rhythmsa. Circadian rhythms

The _____ theory says that sleep The _____ theory says that sleep allows us to replenish what was allows us to replenish what was depleted during daytime depleted during daytime activities.activities.a.a. Repair/restorationRepair/restoration

b.b. Evolutionary/circadianEvolutionary/circadian

c.c. Supply/demandSupply/demand

d.d. Conservation of energyConservation of energy

a. repair/restorationa. repair/restoration

Insomnia occurs when you Insomnia occurs when you persistently _____.persistently _____.

a.a. Have difficulty staying awake Have difficulty staying awake

b.b. Go to sleep too earlyGo to sleep too early

c.c. Awake too earlyAwake too early

d.d. All of the aboveAll of the above

c. Awake too earlyc. Awake too early

_____ is a disease marked by _____ is a disease marked by sudden and irresistible onsets of sudden and irresistible onsets of sleep during normal waking sleep during normal waking hours.hours.a.a. DyssomniaDyssomnia

b.b. ParasomniaParasomnia

c.c. NarcolepsyNarcolepsy

d.d. Sleep apneaSleep apnea

c. Narcolepsyc. Narcolepsy

A chemical that blocks the A chemical that blocks the action of a neurotransmitter is action of a neurotransmitter is called a/an _____.called a/an _____.

a.a. Synaptic inhibitorSynaptic inhibitor

b.b. AntagonistAntagonist

c.c. AlternatorAlternator

d.d. Receptor-blockerReceptor-blocker

b. Antagonistb. Antagonist

A mental desire or craving to A mental desire or craving to achieve the effects produced by achieve the effects produced by a drug is known as _____.a drug is known as _____.

a.a. Withdrawal effectsWithdrawal effects

b.b. DependencyDependency

c.c. Psychological dependencePsychological dependence

d.d. Physical dependencePhysical dependence

c. Psychological dependencec. Psychological dependence

Requiring larger and more Requiring larger and more frequent doses of a drug to frequent doses of a drug to produce a desired effect is produce a desired effect is characteristic of _____.characteristic of _____.a.a. Withdrawal Withdrawal

b.b. ToleranceTolerance

c.c. Psychoactive dependencePsychoactive dependence

d.d. All of the aboveAll of the above

b. Toleranceb. Tolerance

Which of the following drugs is a Which of the following drugs is a central nervous system central nervous system stimulant?stimulant?

a.a. AmphetamineAmphetamine

b.b. AlcoholAlcohol

c.c. HeroinHeroin

d.d. BarbituratesBarbiturates

a. amphetaminea. amphetamine

Which of the following is NOT Which of the following is NOT classified as a hallucinogen?classified as a hallucinogen?

a.a. MescalineMescaline

b.b. PsilocybinPsilocybin

c.c. AmphetaminesAmphetamines

d.d. LSDLSD

c. Amphetaminesc. Amphetamines

_____ drugs produce sensory _____ drugs produce sensory distortions or perceptual distortions or perceptual illusions.illusions.

a.a. StimulantsStimulants

b.b. OpiatesOpiates

c.c. DepressantsDepressants

d.d. HallucinogensHallucinogens

d. Hallucinogens d. Hallucinogens

EEG is the abbreviation for EEG is the abbreviation for _____, which is used to record _____, which is used to record brain waves.brain waves.

a.a. Electrical emissions graphElectrical emissions graph

b.b. ElectroencephalographElectroencephalograph

c.c. Electro-energy gramsElectro-energy grams

d.d. Even elephants get grumpyEven elephants get grumpy

b. Electroencephalographb. Electroencephalograph

Your breathing is regular, your Your breathing is regular, your heart rate and blood pressure heart rate and blood pressure are slowing, and you can be are slowing, and you can be awakened easily. It is most awakened easily. It is most likely that you are in _____.likely that you are in _____.a.a. A hypnogogic transition between A hypnogogic transition between

wakefulness and sleepwakefulness and sleep

b.b. A daydreaming stateA daydreaming state

c.c. Stage 1 sleepStage 1 sleep

d.d. Stage 2 sleepStage 2 sleep

c. Stage 1 sleepc. Stage 1 sleep

A relatively permanent change A relatively permanent change in behavior as a result of in behavior as a result of practice or experience is the practice or experience is the definition of ___.definition of ___.a.a. LearningLearning

b.b. ConditioningConditioning

c.c. Behavior modificationBehavior modification

d.d. ModelingModeling

a. Learninga. Learning

When your mouth waters at the When your mouth waters at the sight of a chocolate cake, it is sight of a chocolate cake, it is an example of ____.an example of ____.

a.a. Operant conditioningOperant conditioning

b.b. Social learningSocial learning

c.c. Vicarious conditioningVicarious conditioning

d.d. Classical conditioningClassical conditioning

d. Classical conditioningd. Classical conditioning

Suppose a boy learns to fear Suppose a boy learns to fear bees by being stung when he bees by being stung when he touches a bee. In this situation touches a bee. In this situation the unconditioned STIMULUS is the unconditioned STIMULUS is the ____.the ____.a.a. BeeBee

b.b. Sting Sting

c.c. FearFear

d.d. CryingCrying

b. Stingb. Sting

Suppose a boy learns to fear Suppose a boy learns to fear bees by being stung when he bees by being stung when he touches a bee. In this situation touches a bee. In this situation the unconditioned RESPONSE is the unconditioned RESPONSE is the ____.the ____.a.a. BeeBee

b.b. Sting Sting

c.c. Fear Fear

d.d. CryingCrying

c. Fearc. Fear

Which of the following is the Which of the following is the proper sequence of events in proper sequence of events in classical conditioning?classical conditioning?

a.a. UCS-CS-UCRUCS-CS-UCR

b.b. CS-UCS-UCRCS-UCS-UCR

c.c. UCR-UCS-CSUCR-UCS-CS

d.d. UCR-CS-UCSUCR-CS-UCS

b. CS-UCS-UCRb. CS-UCS-UCR

Higher order conditioning occurs Higher order conditioning occurs when an____.when an____.a.a. Previously neutral stimulus elicits a Previously neutral stimulus elicits a

conditioned responseconditioned responseb.b. Neutral stimulus is paired with a previously Neutral stimulus is paired with a previously

conditioned stimulusconditioned stimulusc.c. Neutral stimulus is paired with Neutral stimulus is paired with

unconditioned stimulus unconditioned stimulus d.d. Unconditioned response is paired with a Unconditioned response is paired with a

conditioned stimulusconditioned stimulus

b. Neutral stimulus is paired with a b. Neutral stimulus is paired with a conditioned stimulusconditioned stimulus

In classical conditioning, In classical conditioning, extinction occurs when the ____.extinction occurs when the ____.a.a. Conditioned stimulus is no longer paired Conditioned stimulus is no longer paired

with the unconditioned responsewith the unconditioned responseb.b. Conditioned response is no longer paired Conditioned response is no longer paired

with the unconditioned stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus c.c. Conditioned response is no longer paired Conditioned response is no longer paired

with the unconditioned stimuluswith the unconditioned stimulusd.d. Unconditioned stimulus is ambiguousUnconditioned stimulus is ambiguous

b. Conditioned response is no longer paired b. Conditioned response is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimuluswith the unconditioned stimulus

Anything that causes an Anything that causes an increase in a response is a ___.increase in a response is a ___.

a.a. Conditioned stimulusConditioned stimulus

b.b. ReinforcementReinforcement

c.c. PunishmentPunishment

d.d. Unconditioned stimulusUnconditioned stimulus

b. Reinforcementb. Reinforcement

Anything that causes a decrease Anything that causes a decrease in a response is a/an ____.in a response is a/an ____.

a.a. Conditioned stimulusConditioned stimulus

b.b. Reinforcement Reinforcement

c.c. Punishment Punishment

d.d. Unconditioned stimulusUnconditioned stimulus

c. Punishmentc. Punishment

Negative reinforcement and Negative reinforcement and punishment are ____.punishment are ____.a.a. The sameThe sameb.b. The best ways to learn a new behaviorThe best ways to learn a new behaviorc.c. Not the same because negative Not the same because negative

reinforcement increases behavior and reinforcement increases behavior and punishment decreases behaviorpunishment decreases behavior

d.d. Not the same, even though they both Not the same, even though they both decrease behaviordecrease behavior

c. Not the same because negative c. Not the same because negative reinforcement increases behavior and reinforcement increases behavior and punishment decreases behaviorpunishment decreases behavior

Superstitious behavior occurs Superstitious behavior occurs because ___.because ___.a.a. It has been reinforced on a fixed ratio scheduleIt has been reinforced on a fixed ratio scheduleb.b. The person or animal thinks the behavor causes a The person or animal thinks the behavor causes a

reinforcer when in reality the behavior and the reinforcer when in reality the behavior and the reinforcement are not connected reinforcement are not connected

c.c. It is reinforced on a random ration scheduleIt is reinforced on a random ration scheduled.d. The behavior and the reinforcement come close The behavior and the reinforcement come close

in proximity to one another, causing the in proximity to one another, causing the superstitious behavior to increase in magnitudesuperstitious behavior to increase in magnitude

b. The person or animal thinks the behavior causes a b. The person or animal thinks the behavior causes a reinforcer when in reality the behavior and the reinforcer when in reality the behavior and the reinforcement are not connectedreinforcement are not connected

In Pavlov’s classical conditioning In Pavlov’s classical conditioning experiments with dogs, experiments with dogs, salivation was the ____.salivation was the ____.

a.a. Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

b.b. Conditioned stimulus (CS)Conditioned stimulus (CS)

c.c. Unconditioned reponse (UCR) Unconditioned reponse (UCR)

d.d. Both b and cBoth b and c

c. Unconditioned reponse (UCR)c. Unconditioned reponse (UCR)

Albert Bandura’s social learning Albert Bandura’s social learning theory emphasized ____.theory emphasized ____.

a.a. Classical conditioningClassical conditioning

b.b. Operant conditioning Operant conditioning

c.c. ExtinctionExtinction

d.d. ModelingModeling

d. Modelingd. Modeling

In Watson and Rayners In Watson and Rayners experiment, what was the experiment, what was the conditioned emotional response conditioned emotional response (CER)?(CER)?a.a. Avoidance behaviorAvoidance behavior

b.b. Superstitious behaviorSuperstitious behavior

c.c. FearFear

d.d. None of the aboveNone of the above

c. Fearc. Fear

In Watson and Rayner’s In Watson and Rayner’s experiment, what was the experiment, what was the conditioned stimulus?conditioned stimulus?a.a. The sight if the experimental roomThe sight if the experimental room

b.b. A loud noiseA loud noise

c.c. A rabbitA rabbit

d.d. A ratA rat

d. A ratd. A rat

Spontaneous recovery occurs Spontaneous recovery occurs when ___ suddenly appearswhen ___ suddenly appears

a.a. Your lost walletYour lost wallet

b.b. A previously extinguished response A previously extinguished response

c.c. An extinct instinctAn extinct instinct

d.d. A forgotten stimulus- response A forgotten stimulus- response sequencesequence

b. A previously extinguished responseb. A previously extinguished response

Children may learn to salivate to Children may learn to salivate to McDonalds golden arches as a McDonalds golden arches as a result ofresult of

a.a. AdvertisingAdvertising

b.b. Classical conditioningClassical conditioning

c.c. Higher-order conditioningHigher-order conditioning

d.d. All of the aboveAll of the above

d. All of the aboved. All of the above

Operant conditioning is an Operant conditioning is an example of ___ in actionexample of ___ in action

a.a. Thorndikes law of effectThorndikes law of effect

b.b. Skinners law of reinforcementSkinners law of reinforcement

c.c. Watsons rule of punishmentWatsons rule of punishment

d.d. Pavlovs theory of stimulus-response Pavlovs theory of stimulus-response

a. Thorndikes law of effecta. Thorndikes law of effect

____ are unlearned, usually ____ are unlearned, usually satisfy a biological need, and satisfy a biological need, and increase the probability of a increase the probability of a response response a.a. Primary instinctsPrimary instincts

b.b. Secondary instinctsSecondary instincts

c.c. Primary reinforcersPrimary reinforcers

d.d. Secondary reinforcersSecondary reinforcers

c. Primary reinforcersc. Primary reinforcers

Observational learning theory Observational learning theory suggests that we learn many suggests that we learn many behaviors by ____.behaviors by ____.

a.a. Imitating others Imitating others

b.b. Observing our inner processesObserving our inner processes

c.c. Teaching othersTeaching others

d.d. Shaping our own and others Shaping our own and others behaviorsbehaviors

a. Imitating othersa. Imitating others

In Albert Bandura’s classic bobo In Albert Bandura’s classic bobo doll study, children acted doll study, children acted aggressively because ____.aggressively because ____.a.a. They were rewarded for their They were rewarded for their

behaviorbehavior

b.b. Of observational learning Of observational learning

c.c. They were positively punishedThey were positively punished

d.d. All of these optionsAll of these options

b. Of observational learningb. Of observational learning

Maintenance rehearsal Maintenance rehearsal ______________a.a. Prevents motivated forgetting Prevents motivated forgetting

b.b. Prevents chunkingPrevents chunking

c.c. Reenters information in sensory Reenters information in sensory memorymemory

d.d. Reenters information in STMReenters information in STM

c. Reenters information in sensory c. Reenters information in sensory memorymemory

Which of the following is a Which of the following is a recognition test of memory?recognition test of memory?

a.a. Remembering a name that goes with Remembering a name that goes with a facea face

b.b. A multiple choice testA multiple choice test

c.c. An essay testAn essay test

d.d. Reciting the names of the state Reciting the names of the state capitalscapitals

b. A multiple choice testb. A multiple choice test

You notice that you tend to do You notice that you tend to do better on exam questions from better on exam questions from the first and last of each the first and last of each chapter. The most likely chapter. The most likely explanation is the ____.explanation is the ____.a.a. Anterograde amnesia effectAnterograde amnesia effect

b.b. Problem of distribute practiceProblem of distribute practice

c.c. Serial position effectSerial position effect

d.d. Sleeper effectSleeper effect

c. Serial position effectc. Serial position effect

Short-term memory receives Short-term memory receives information from sensory information from sensory memory and from ____.memory and from ____.

a.a. Long term memoryLong term memory

b.b. Working memoryWorking memory

c.c. The perceptual processing networkThe perceptual processing network

d.d. Maintenance rehearsalMaintenance rehearsal

a. Long term memorya. Long term memory

The process that allows us to The process that allows us to store more information in short-store more information in short-term memory by grouping term memory by grouping information into units is called information into units is called ____.____.a.a. Maintenance Maintenance

b.b. Collective organizationCollective organization

c.c. Chunking Chunking

d.d. Proximal closureProximal closure

c. Chunkingc. Chunking

To increase the duration and To increase the duration and capacity of you STM you should capacity of you STM you should try ____.try ____.

a.a. Maintenance rehearsalMaintenance rehearsal

b.b. ChunkingChunking

c.c. Constructive processConstructive process

d.d. All of the aboveAll of the above

b. Chunkingb. Chunking

The ____ effect suggests that The ____ effect suggests that people will recall information people will recall information presented at the beginning and presented at the beginning and the end of a list better than the end of a list better than information from the middle of information from the middle of the list.the list.a.a. RecencyRecency

b.b. Serial position Serial position

c.c. LatencyLatency

d.d. PrimacyPrimacy

b. Serial positionb. Serial position

This type of anxiety is This type of anxiety is associated with a generalized associated with a generalized anxiety disorderanxiety disordera.a. PhobiaPhobia

b.b. Free-floating Free-floating

c.c. Panic attackPanic attack

d.d. Nervous breakdownNervous breakdown

b. Free-floatingb. Free-floating

Repetitive, ritualistic behaviors Repetitive, ritualistic behaviors such as handwashing, counting, such as handwashing, counting, or putting things in order that or putting things in order that are associated with an anxiety are associated with an anxiety state are called ____.state are called ____.a.a. Obsessions Obsessions

b.b. Compulsions Compulsions

c.c. RuminationsRuminations

d.d. PhobiasPhobias

b. Compulsionsb. Compulsions

A major difference between A major difference between major depressive and bipolar major depressive and bipolar disorder is that only in bipolar disorder is that only in bipolar disorders do people have ____.disorders do people have ____.a.a. Hallucinations or delusionsHallucinations or delusions

b.b. DepressionDepression

c.c. A biochemical imbalanceA biochemical imbalance

d.d. Manic episodesManic episodes

d. Manic episodesd. Manic episodes

This is NOT a possible This is NOT a possible explanation for depressionexplanation for depression

a.a. Imbalances of serotonin and Imbalances of serotonin and norepinephrinenorepinephrine

b.b. Genetic predispositionGenetic predisposition

c.c. Lithium deficiency Lithium deficiency

d.d. Learned helplessnessLearned helplessness

c. Lithium deficiencyc. Lithium deficiency

Hallucinations and delusions are Hallucinations and delusions are symptoms of ____.symptoms of ____.

a.a. Mood disordersMood disorders

b.b. Personality disordersPersonality disorders

c.c. Anxiety disordersAnxiety disorders

d.d. SchizophreniaSchizophrenia

d. Schizophreniad. Schizophrenia

Family studies have shown that Family studies have shown that when it comes to schizophrenia, when it comes to schizophrenia, children are more similar to children are more similar to their ____.their ____.a.a. Biological parents than their adopted Biological parents than their adopted

parentsparentsb.b. Adopted parents than their biological Adopted parents than their biological

parents parents c.c. Friends than their familiesFriends than their familiesd.d. Aunts/uncles than their Aunts/uncles than their

brothers/sistersbrothers/sisters

a. Biological parents than their adoptive a. Biological parents than their adoptive parentsparents

Antipsychotic drugs can Antipsychotic drugs can decrease the symptoms of decrease the symptoms of schizophrenia by decreasing the schizophrenia by decreasing the activity of ____.activity of ____.a.a. Dopamine synapses Dopamine synapses

b.b. Serotonin synapsesSerotonin synapses

c.c. The frontal lobesThe frontal lobes

d.d. The autonomic nervous systemThe autonomic nervous system

a. Dopamine synapses a. Dopamine synapses

Amnesia, fugue, and Amnesia, fugue, and dissociative identity disorder dissociative identity disorder share this characteristic.share this characteristic.

a.a. A separation of experience and A separation of experience and memory memory

b.b. PsychosisPsychosis

c.c. A split personalityA split personality

d.d. Wandering away from home or workWandering away from home or work

a. A separation of experience and a. A separation of experience and memory memory

Multiple personality disorder is Multiple personality disorder is now called ____.now called ____.

a.a. SchizophreniaSchizophrenia

b.b. Dissociative identity disorderDissociative identity disorder

c.c. Amnesiatic personality disorderAmnesiatic personality disorder

d.d. None of these options; this diagnosis None of these options; this diagnosis is no longer considered realis no longer considered real

b. Dissociative identity disorderb. Dissociative identity disorder

Impulsive behavior, Impulsive behavior, egocentrism, lack of conscience, egocentrism, lack of conscience, and ____ are all characteristic of and ____ are all characteristic of an antisocial personality an antisocial personality disorder.disorder.a.a. Manipulation of others Manipulation of others

b.b. Lack of social skillsLack of social skills

c.c. Sympathy for victimsSympathy for victims

d.d. Lack of intelligenceLack of intelligence

a. Manipulation of othersa. Manipulation of others

Impulsivity and instability in Impulsivity and instability in mood, relationships, and self-mood, relationships, and self-image are part of the ____ image are part of the ____ personality disorder.personality disorder.a.a. Manic depressiveManic depressive

b.b. BipolarBipolar

c.c. BorderlineBorderline

d.d. None of the aboveNone of the above

c. Borderlinec. Borderline

People with ____ frequently have People with ____ frequently have a childhood history of neglect a childhood history of neglect and abuse, and as adults tend and abuse, and as adults tend to see themselves and everyone to see themselves and everyone else in absolutes.else in absolutes.a.a. Dissociative identity disorderDissociative identity disorder

b.b. SchizophreniaSchizophrenia

c.c. Generalized anxiety disorderGeneralized anxiety disorder

d.d. Borderline personality disorderBorderline personality disorder

d. Borderline Personality disorderd. Borderline Personality disorder

In ____ disorder, the individual In ____ disorder, the individual suffers brief attacks of intense suffers brief attacks of intense apprehension.apprehension.a.a. Phobic Phobic

b.b. Posttraumatic stressPosttraumatic stress

c.c. Panic Panic

d.d. Dissociative fugue Dissociative fugue

c. Panicc. Panic

According to ____ theory, According to ____ theory, modeling and imitation may be modeling and imitation may be the causes of some phobia.the causes of some phobia.

a.a. Social learning Social learning

b.b. PsychobiologicalPsychobiological

c.c. Sociocultural Sociocultural

d.d. Cognitive-behavioralCognitive-behavioral

a. Social Learninga. Social Learning

Distorted thinking that Distorted thinking that magnifies ordinary threats or magnifies ordinary threats or failures is the ____ explanation failures is the ____ explanation for anxiety disorders.for anxiety disorders.a.a. Social learningSocial learning

b.b. CognitiveCognitive

c.c. HumanisticHumanistic

d.d. PsychoanalyticPsychoanalytic

b. Cognitiveb. Cognitive

Mood disorders are sometimes Mood disorders are sometimes treated by ____ drug, which treated by ____ drug, which affect the amount or functioning affect the amount or functioning of norepinephrine and serotonin. of norepinephrine and serotonin. a.a. AntidepressantsAntidepressants

b.b. AntipsychoticsAntipsychotics

c.c. Mood congruenceMood congruence

d.d. None of the aboveNone of the above

a. Antidepressantsa. Antidepressants

Internal, stable, and global Internal, stable, and global attributions for failure or attributions for failure or unpleasant circumstances are unpleasant circumstances are associated with ____.associated with ____.

a.a. Anxiety disordersAnxiety disorders

b.b. Delusional disordersDelusional disorders

c.c. Depression Depression

d.d. All of these optionsAll of these options

c. Depressionc. Depression

Auditory hallucinations are most Auditory hallucinations are most common in ____.common in ____.

a.a. SchizophreniaSchizophrenia

b.b. Posttraumatic stress disorderPosttraumatic stress disorder

c.c. Bipolar disorderBipolar disorder

d.d. Dissociative identity disorderDissociative identity disorder

a. Schizophreniaa. Schizophrenia

Believing you are the queen of Believing you are the queen of England or Jesus Christ would be England or Jesus Christ would be a symptom called ____.a symptom called ____.a.a. HallucinationsHallucinations

b.b. ManiaMania

c.c. DelusionsDelusions

d.d. All of these optionsAll of these options

c. Delusionsc. Delusions

Delusions, hallucinations and Delusions, hallucinations and disorganized speech are ____ disorganized speech are ____ symptoms of schizophrenia.symptoms of schizophrenia.

a.a. NegativeNegative

b.b. PositivePositive

c.c. Deficit Deficit

d.d. Undifferentiated Undifferentiated

b. Positiveb. Positive

The frontal and temporal lobes The frontal and temporal lobes appear to be less active in some appear to be less active in some people with ____.people with ____.

a.a. Dissociative identity disorderDissociative identity disorder

b.b. Personality disorderPersonality disorder

c.c. Schizophrenia Schizophrenia

d.d. All of these optionsAll of these options

c. Schizophreniac. Schizophrenia

The prognosis for some people The prognosis for some people with schizophrenia is better in with schizophrenia is better in ____.____.a.a. Nonindustrialized societiesNonindustrialized societies

b.b. Families with expressed emotionalityFamilies with expressed emotionality

c.c. Stressful situationsStressful situations

d.d. None of these optionsNone of these options

a. Nonindustrialized societiesa. Nonindustrialized societies

____ therapies act directly on ____ therapies act directly on the brain and nervous system; the brain and nervous system; whereas ____ is a collection of whereas ____ is a collection of techniques to improve techniques to improve psychological functioning and psychological functioning and promote adjustment to life.promote adjustment to life.

a.a. Drug; psychoanalysis Drug; psychoanalysis b.b. Medical; psychologyMedical; psychologyc.c. Biomedical; psychotherapyBiomedical; psychotherapyd.d. None of the above None of the above

c. Biomedical; psychotherapyc. Biomedical; psychotherapy

____ create feelings of ____ create feelings of tranqulity and relaxation, while tranqulity and relaxation, while also relieving muscle tension.also relieving muscle tension.

a.a. ECT treatmentsECT treatments

b.b. Anxiety drugs Anxiety drugs

c.c. TrephiningTrephining

d.d. All of the aboveAll of the above

b. Anxiety drugsb. Anxiety drugs

How do antipsychotic drugs, like How do antipsychotic drugs, like thorazine work? thorazine work?

a.a. They sedate the patient They sedate the patient

b.b. They appear to decrease activity at They appear to decrease activity at the dopamine synapses They lower the dopamine synapses They lower the sympathetic activity of the brainthe sympathetic activity of the brain

c.c. All of the above All of the above

b. They appear to decrease activity at b. They appear to decrease activity at the dopamine synapsesthe dopamine synapses

ECT is now used primarily in the ECT is now used primarily in the treatment of ____.treatment of ____.

a.a. DepressionDepression

b.b. AnxietyAnxiety

c.c. PhobiasPhobias

d.d. SchizophreniaSchizophrenia

a. Depressiona. Depression

The original form of The original form of psychosurgery developed by psychosurgery developed by Egaz Moniz disconnected the Egaz Moniz disconnected the ____ lobes from the midbrain ____ lobes from the midbrain structures where emotional structures where emotional experiences are relayed.experiences are relayed.a.a. Occipital Occipital

b.b. Parietal Parietal

c.c. TemporalTemporal

d.d. Frontal Frontal

d. Frontald. Frontal

Tardive dyskinesia is thought to Tardive dyskinesia is thought to be a side effect of treatment be a side effect of treatment with ____ medication with ____ medication

a.a. Mood-alteringMood-altering

b.b. PsychoactivePsychoactive

c.c. AntianxietyAntianxiety

d.d. Antipsychotic Antipsychotic

d. Antipsychoticd. Antipsychotic

Catharsis is the ____.Catharsis is the ____.

a.a. Reporting of psychic contents without Reporting of psychic contents without censorshipcensorship

b.b. Release of tensions and anxietiesRelease of tensions and anxieties

c.c. Attachment process that occurs between Attachment process that occurs between patient and therapistpatient and therapist

d.d. Therapist’s educated explanations for a Therapist’s educated explanations for a patient’s behaviorpatient’s behavior

b. Release of tensions and anxietiesb. Release of tensions and anxieties

In psychoanalytic dream In psychoanalytic dream interpretation, the actual events interpretation, the actual events of the dream are known as the of the dream are known as the ____ content____ content

a.a. ManifestManifestb.b. LatentLatentc.c. Subconscious Subconscious d.d. TransferenceTransference

a. Manifesta. Manifest

Free association and dream Free association and dream interpretation are interpretation are psychoanalytic therapy psychoanalytic therapy techniques that are used to techniques that are used to ____.____.a.a. Analyze intrapsychic conflicts Analyze intrapsychic conflicts

b.b. Keep unconscious conflicts out of Keep unconscious conflicts out of awarenessawareness

c.c. Restructure the self-concept Restructure the self-concept

d.d. Counter condition behaviorCounter condition behavior

a. Analyze intrapsychic conflicts a. Analyze intrapsychic conflicts

In ____, mistaken beliefs or In ____, mistaken beliefs or misconceptions are actively misconceptions are actively disputeddisputeda.a. Client-centered therapyClient-centered therapy

b.b. PsychoanalysisPsychoanalysis

c.c. Rational-emotive therapyRational-emotive therapy

d.d. Systematic desensitization Systematic desensitization

c. Rational-emotive therapyc. Rational-emotive therapy

According to rational-emotive According to rational-emotive therapy, consequence such as therapy, consequence such as depression or anxiety occurs as depression or anxiety occurs as a result of a (n) ____. a result of a (n) ____.

a.a. Activating experienceActivating experience

b.b. Stimulus eventStimulus event

c.c. Conditioning experienceConditioning experience

d.d. BeliefBelief

d. Beliefd. Belief

A client-centered therapist A client-centered therapist emphasizes the importance of emphasizes the importance of empathy, unconditional positive empathy, unconditional positive regard, genuineness and ____.regard, genuineness and ____.

a.a. CatharsisCatharsis

b.b. Self-efficacy Self-efficacy

c.c. Appropriate role modelsAppropriate role models

d.d. Active listening Active listening

d. Active listeningd. Active listening

Sharing another persons inner Sharing another persons inner experience is known as ____.experience is known as ____.

a.a. Unconditional positive regardUnconditional positive regard

b.b. GenuinenessGenuineness

c.c. Empathy Empathy

d.d. SympathySympathy

c. Empathyc. Empathy

____ pairs relaxation with a ____ pairs relaxation with a graduating hierarchy of anxiety-graduating hierarchy of anxiety-producing situations to producing situations to extinguish the anxiety.extinguish the anxiety.

a.a. Classical conditioning Classical conditioning

b.b. Shaping Shaping

c.c. Systematic desensitizationSystematic desensitization

d.d. Maslow’s pyramid trainingMaslow’s pyramid training

c. Systematic desensitizationc. Systematic desensitization

Aversion therapy applies the Aversion therapy applies the principle of ____ by pairing an principle of ____ by pairing an unpleasant stimulus with a unpleasant stimulus with a maladaptive behavior to maladaptive behavior to extinguish the behaviorextinguish the behavior

a.a. Classical conditioningClassical conditioningb.b. Operant conditioning Operant conditioning c.c. Positive punishmentPositive punishmentd.d. Negative punishmentNegative punishment

a. Classical conditioninga. Classical conditioning

Therapists might use ____ to Therapists might use ____ to teach clients to stand up for teach clients to stand up for themselves.themselves.a.a. Time out Time out

b.b. Aversion therapy Aversion therapy

c.c. Assertiveness trainingAssertiveness training

d.d. Token economicsToken economics

c. Assertiveness trainingc. Assertiveness training

Asking clients with snake Asking clients with snake phobias to watch other phobias to watch other (nonphobic) people handle (nonphobic) people handle snakes is an example ____ snakes is an example ____ therapytherapy

a.a. Time outTime out

b.b. AversionAversion

c.c. ModelingModeling

d.d. UnethicalUnethical

c. Modelingc. Modeling

Which of the following may Which of the following may actually alter brain functioning?actually alter brain functioning?

a.a. Electroconvulsive therapyElectroconvulsive therapy

b.b. Drug therapyDrug therapy

c.c. PsychotherapyPsychotherapy

d.d. All of these optionsAll of these options

d. All of these optionsd. All of these options

Disturbed behaviors are most Disturbed behaviors are most likely to be the focus in ____.likely to be the focus in ____.

a.a. Cognitive therapyCognitive therapy

b.b. Biomedical therapyBiomedical therapy

c.c. Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis

d.d. Behavior therapy Behavior therapy

d. Behavior therapyd. Behavior therapy

When a therapist combines When a therapist combines techniques from various techniques from various therapies, it is called ____.therapies, it is called ____.

a.a. Psychosynthetic therapyPsychosynthetic therapy

b.b. Biomedical therapyBiomedical therapy

c.c. Managed careManaged care

d.d. The eclectic approachThe eclectic approach

d. The eclectic approachd. The eclectic approach

To treat schizophrenia, To treat schizophrenia, therapists most commonly use therapists most commonly use ____ drugs. ____ drugs.

a.a. AntidepressantAntidepressant

b.b. Antipsychotic Antipsychotic

c.c. AntianxietyAntianxiety

d.d. None of the aboveNone of the above

b. Antipsychoticb. Antipsychotic

Someone with severe, Someone with severe, vegetative depression and vegetative depression and suicidal ideation that has not suicidal ideation that has not been successfully managed with been successfully managed with other treatment methods might other treatment methods might require ____.require ____.a.a. Frontal lobotomy Frontal lobotomy

b.b. ECTECT

c.c. Combination drug and modeling therapyCombination drug and modeling therapy

d.d. None of these optionsNone of these options

b. ECTb. ECT

Transference is the process of Transference is the process of ____.____.a.a. Changing therapistsChanging therapists

b.b. Changing therapeutic techniques or Changing therapeutic techniques or strategiesstrategies

c.c. Displacing associations from past Displacing associations from past relationships onto new relationships relationships onto new relationships

d.d. Replacing maladaptive patterns with Replacing maladaptive patterns with adaptive onesadaptive ones

c. Displacing associations from past c. Displacing associations from past relationships onto new relationshipsrelationships onto new relationships

Someone with severe, vegetative Someone with severe, vegetative depression and suicidal ideation depression and suicidal ideation that has not been successfully that has not been successfully managed with other treatment managed with other treatment methods might require ____.methods might require ____.

a.a. Frontal lobotomy Frontal lobotomy

b.b. ECTECT

c.c. Combination drug and modeling Combination drug and modeling therapytherapy

d.d. None of these optionsNone of these options

b. ECTb. ECT

Cognitive therapy is effective for Cognitive therapy is effective for treating ____.treating ____.

a.a. DepressionDepression

b.b. AnxietyAnxiety

c.c. Eating and substance-related Eating and substance-related disordersdisorders

d.d. All of these optionsAll of these options

d. All of these options d. All of these options

The client is responsible for The client is responsible for discovering his or her own discovering his or her own maladaptive patterns in____ maladaptive patterns in____ therapy.therapy.

a.a. BiomedicalBiomedical

b.b. PsychoanalyticPsychoanalytic

c.c. Humanistic Humanistic

d.d. All of these optionsAll of these options

c. Humanistic c. Humanistic

Reflecting back or paraphrasing Reflecting back or paraphrasing what the client is saying is part what the client is saying is part of ____.of ____.a.a. Gestalt directnessGestalt directness

b.b. Psychoanalytic transferencePsychoanalytic transference

c.c. Cognitive restructuringCognitive restructuring

d.d. Active listening Active listening

d. Active listening d. Active listening

Relaxation training is an Relaxation training is an important component in ____.important component in ____.

a.a. Systematic desensitizationSystematic desensitization

b.b. Aversion conditioningAversion conditioning

c.c. Time out trainingTime out training

d.d. A token economyA token economy

a. Systematic desensitization a. Systematic desensitization