public and private international law version 5.0

8/13/2019 Public and Private International Law Version 5.0

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PUBLIC AND PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAWCompiled by: Clint M. Maratas based on the syllabus of Atty. Chezie K. Demegillo

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PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW

1. Introductiona. Nature of International Law and Private

International Lawb. Historical Development of International Law

c. Basis of International Lawd. Relation between International Law and unicipal

Lawe. !unctions of International Law

"#$#"

a. Nature of International Law and PriateInternational Law

Definition of Pu!lic International LawIt is t%e bod& of rules and principles t%at arerecogni'ed as legall& binding and w%ic% govern t%e

relations of states and ot%er entities invested wit%international legal personalit&. !ormerl& (nown as)law of nation"* coined b& +erem& Bent%am in ,-9.

Pu!lic International Law Di"tin#ui"$ed %ro&Priate International Law'Conflict of Law"It is t%at part of t%e law of eac% /tate w%ic%determines w%et%er0 in dealing wit% a factualsituation0 an event or transaction between privateindividuals or entities involving a foreign element0 t%elaw of some ot%er /tate will be recogni'ed.

International Law 1 /et of rules and principles t%at

governs t%e relations%ips between /tates and ot%erinternational actors w%ic% under odern InternationalLaw includes International rgani'ations03ransnational 4orporations and Individuals.

Pu!lic Priate,. Nature Public is

International innature. It is a lawof a sovereignover t%osesub5ected to %isswa& 6pen%eim7lauterpac%t0 8.

:s a rule0 Privateis national ormunicipal inc%aracter.;<cept w%enembodied in atreat& orconvention0becomesinternational inc%aracter. It is alaw0 not above0but between0sovereign statesand is t%erefore0 a wea(er law.6pen%eim7lauterpac%t0 8.

2. /ettlementof Dispute

Disputes areresolved t%roug%international

Recourse is wit%municipal tribunalst%roug% local

modes ofsettlement li(enegotiations andarbitration0reprisals andeven war

administrative an 5udicial process.

8. /ource Derived fromsuc% sources asinternationalcustoms0internationalconventions andgeneral principlesof law.

4onsist mainfrom t%lawma(ingaut%orit& of eacstate.

=. /ub5ect :pplies torelations statesinter se and ot%erinternationalpersons

Regulates t%relations oindividuals w%et%er of t%same nationalior not

>.Responsibilit&for violation

Infractions areusuall& collectivein t%e sense t%atit attac%es

directl& to t%estate and not toits nationals.

?enerall&0 entaionl& individuresponsibilit&.

!. (i"torical Deelo)&ent of International Law

:ncient IL governed e<c%ange of diplomatemissaries0 peace treaties0 etc. in world of ancieRomans and earlier. 3%e progressive rule of jugentium0 seen as a law )common to all man0* becamt%e law of t%e vast Roman ;mpire.

odern IL began wit% t%e birt% of nation7states in t%

edieval :ge. ?overning principles were derived fromRoman Law or 4anon Law w%ic% drew from naturalaw. Hugo ?rotius considered fat%er of modern I@%at %e called )law of t%e nations* was later given t%name )IL* b& +erem& Bent%am.

3%e positivist approac% reinterpreted IL not on basis oconcepts derived from reason but rat%er on basis o w%at actuall& %appened in t%e conflict between states@it% emergence of notion of sovereignt& came t%view of law as commands bac(ed up b& t%reats osanction. In t%is view0 IL not law bec not frocommand of sovereign.

Significant milestones in deelopment of !":,.A Peace of @estp%alia ending 8C &rs wa

establis%ed a treat& based framewor( fopeace cooperation. it was at t%is time t%a

pacta sunt seranda arose.A2.A 4ongress of ienna ending Napoleonic wars

created a s&stem of multilateral pol and ecocooperation.




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8.A 4ovenant of t%e League of Nations incl. 3reat&of ersailles ending @@IA created t%ePermanent 4ourt of International +ustice.

=.A !ounding of EN in aftermat% of @@II. /%ift ofpower awa& from ;urope and beginning oftrul& universal institution. Eniversali'ationadvanced b& decoloni'ation w%ic% resulted ine<pansion of members%ip of EN. New states0carr&ing a legac& of bitterness against colonialpowers0 became members.

>.A 4old @ar period succeeded in maintainingpeace t%roug% balancing of 2 super powers.

F.A Dissolution of /oviet Enion resulting in end of4old @ar wit% re7emergence of intGl relationsbased on multiple sources of power and notmainl& ideolog&.

Pu!lic and Priate International LawDistinction s%ould be made between t%e two

Pu!lic IL+ sometimes referred to onl& as IL0 governsrelations%ips bet and among states and also t%eirrelations wit% international orgs and individual persons.

Priate IL+ more commonl& called conflict of laws0 isreall& domestic law. It deals wit% cases w%ere foreignlaw intrudes in t%e domestic sp%ere w%ere t%ere areuestions of applicabilit& of foreign law or t%e role offoreign courts.

c. Ba"i" of International Law

, -c$ool" of T$ou#$t" [ #hy are rules of international la$

binding% ]

,. Naturalist 1

★ PIL is a branc% of t%e great law of nature1 t%e sum of t%ose principles w%ic% oug%t tocontrol %uman conduct0 being founded on t%ever& nature of man as a rational and socialbeing. 6Hugo ?rotius

★ PIL is binding upon /tates

Law of Nature -c$ool 1 based on rules ofconduct discoverable b& ever& individual in%is own conscience and t%roug% applicationof rig%t reasons.

2. &ositiist 1 ★ Basis is to be found in t%e consent andconduct of /tates.

★ 'acit consent in t%e case of customar&international law.

★ ()press in conventional law.

★ &resumed in t%e general law of nations.64ornelius van B&n(ers%oe(

Po"itii"t -c$ool 1 agreement of sovereign stateto be bound b& it e<press in conventional lawimplied in customar& law0 and presumed in generprinciplesA.

8. *roatians or (clectics 1 :ccepts t%e doctrine of natural law0 bu

maintained t%at /tates were accountable onl& tt%eir own conscience for t%e observance of t%duties imposed b& natural law0 unless t%e& %aagreed to be bound to treat t%ose duties as paof positive law. 6;meric% von attel★ iddle ground

Eclectic or roatian -c$ool 1 acompromise between t%e first 2 sc%ools andsubmits t%at international law is binding partl&because it is good and rig%t and partl&because states agreed to be bound b& it.

Dii"ion" of International Law,. Laws of Peace 1 normal relations between state

in t%e absence of war.

2. Laws of War 1 relations between %ostile o

belligerent states during wartime.

8. Laws of Neutrality 1 relations between a nonparticipant state and a participant state during wartime3%is also refers to t%e relations among nonparticipating states.

d. Relation Between Internation Law and/unici)al Law

%ro& t$e View)oint of Doctrine,. Dualists 1

★ International Law and unicipal Law

are two completel& separate realms.

★ See distinctions Nos. +,- /.

, International Law is a law of coordinatiobeing t%e result of agreement among t%e euastates forming t%e famil& of nationsJ /unici)alaw is a law of subordination0 being command issued b& a political superior tt%ose sub5ect to its aut%orit&.

2 International Law regulates t%e relation o

states and ot%er international persons/unici)al law regulates t%e relations oindividuals among t%emselves or wit% t%estate.

8 International Law is derived principall& fromtreaties0 international customs0 and generprinciples of lawJ /unici)al law consismainl& of statutor& enactments0 and to a lessee<tent orders and 5udicial pronouncements.

= International law is enforced0 general




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spea(ing0 b& t%e sub5ect t%emselves t%roug%met%ods of self7%elp the use of one0s o$n efforts

and resources to achiee things $ithout relying on

others.AJ /unici)al law is enforced b& a regularand pre7e<isting mac%iner& for t%eadministration of 5ustice.

> International Law usuall& entails collective

responsibilit&J /unici)al law entails individualresponsibilit&.

2. onists 1

★ Denies t%at PIL and unicipal Law areessential different.

★ In bot% laws0 it is t%e individualpersons w%o in t%e ultimate anal&sis areregulated b& t%e law. 3%at bot% laws are far frombeing essentiall& different and must be regardedas parts of t%e same 5uristic conception. !ort%em t%ere is oneness or unit& of all laws.

★ PIL is superior to municipal lawKinternational law0 being t%e one w%ic%determines t%e 5urisdictional limits of t%epersonal and territorial competence of /tates.

%ro& t$e View)oint of Practice

1. International Tri!unal"

★ PIL superior to unicipal Law

★ :rt. 2-0 ienna 4onvention in t%e law

of 3reaties 1 : state )ma& not invo(e t%e

provisions of its internal law as 5ustification for its

failure to perform a treat&*

★ /tate legall& bound to observe its

treat& obligations0 once signed and ratified

2. unicipal /p%ere 1 depends on w%at doctrine isfollowed

Doctrine of Incor)oration 0 Rules of international lawform part of t%e law of t%e land and no furt%erlegislative action is needed to ma(e suc% rulesapplicable in t%e domestic sp%ere. 1Sec. of 2ustice ."antion *3N +-4/56, 2an. +7, 8999

3%is is followed in t%e P%ilippines

:rt. II0 /ec. 2 1 )The Philippines…adopts the generally accepted principles of international lawas part of the law of the land…” However, no

priacy is iplied!

+ W$at are t$e"e #enerall2 acce)ted)rinci)le"A+ Pacta sunt servanda0 sovereign eualit& amongstates0 principle of state immunit&J rig%t of states toself7defense

-ecretar2 Of 3u"tice v . 3ud#e Lantion and3i&ene4 5R 1,6789: 1; 3an. *<<<=

%ACT-+ : possible conflict between t%e E/7RP ;<traditio3reat& and P%ilippine law

I--UE+ @N0 under t%e Doctrine of IncorporatioInternational Law prevails over unicipal Law

(ELD+ N.Ender t%e doctrine of incorporation0 rules of international laform part of t%e law of t%e land and no furt%er legislativaction is needed to ma(e suc% rules applicable in t%domestic sp%ere.

3%e doctrine of incorporation is applied w%enever local courare confronted wit% situations in w%ic% t%ere appears to be conflict between a rule of international law and t%e provisionof t%e local stateGs constitutionstatute.

!irst0 efforts s%ould first be e<erted to %armoni'e t%em0 so ato give effect to bot%. 3%is is because it is presumed t%amunicipal law was enacted wit% proper regard for t%generall& accepted principles of international law observance of t%e incorporation clause.

However0 if t%e conflict is irreconcilable and a c%oice %as tbe made between a rule of international law and municiplaw0 5urisprudence dictates t%at t%e municipal courts s%ouup%old municipal law.

3%is is because suc% courts are organs of municipal law anare accordingl& bound b& it in all circumstances. 3%e fact t%ainternational law was made part of t%e law of t%e land doenot pertain to or impl& t%e primac& of international law ovenationalmunicipal law in t%e municipal sp%ere.

3%e doctrine of incorporation0 as applied in most countriedecrees t%at rules of international law are given eustanding wit%0 but are not superior to0 national legislativenactments.

In case of conflict0 t%e courts s%ould %armoni'e bot% lawfirst and if t%ere e<ists an unavoidable contradiction betweet%em0 t%e principle of le" posterior derogat priori 7 a treatma& repeal a statute and a statute ma& repeal a treat& 7 wappl&. But if t%ese laws are found in conflict wit% t%

4onstitution0 t%ese laws must be stric(en out as invalid.

In states w%ere t%e constitution is t%e %ig%est law of t%e landsuc% as in ours0 bot% statutes and treaties ma& be invalidateif t%e& are in conflict wit% t%e constitution.

/upreme 4ourt %as t%e power to invalidate a treat& 1 /ec>2AaA0 :rt. III0 ,9- 4onstitution




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+ W$at i" t$e doctrine of incor)oration> (ow i" ita))lied !2 local court">(eld+ Ender t%e doctrine of incorporation0 rules ofinternational law form part of t%e law of t%e land and nofurt%er legislative action is needed to ma(e suc% rulesapplicable in t%e domestic sp%ere.

3%e doctrine of incorporation is applied w%enevermunicipal tribunals or local courtsA are confronted wit%situations in w%ic% t%ere appears to be a conflictbetween a rule of international law and t%e provisionsof t%e 4onstitution or statute of t%e local state. ;ffortss%ould first be e<erted to %armoni'e t%em0 so as togive effect to bot% since it is to be presumed t%atmunicipal law was enacted wit% proper regard for t%egenerall& accepted principles of international law inobservance of t%e Incorporation 4lause in /ection 20:rticle II of t%e 4onstitution. In a situation %owever0 w%ere t%e conflict is irreconcilable and a c%oice %as tobe made between a rule of international law and

municipal law0 5urisprudence dictates t%at municipal laws%ould be up%eld b& t%e municipal courts for t%ereason t%at suc% courts are organs of municipal lawand are accordingl& bound b& it in all circumstances.3%e fact t%at international law %as been made part oft%e law of t%e land does not pertain to or impl& t%eprimac& of international law over national or municipallaw in t%e municipal sp%ere. 3%e doctrine ofincorporation0 as applied in most countries0 decreest%at rules of international law are given eual standing wit%0 but are not superior to0 national legislativeenactments. :ccordingl&0 t%e principle of le< posteriorderogat priori ta(es effect 1 a treat& ma& repeal astatute and a statute ma& repeal a treat&. In states

w%ere t%e 4onstitution is t%e %ig%est law of t%e land0suc% as t%e Republic of t%e P%ilippines0 bot% statutesand treaties ma& be invalidated if t%e& are in conflict wit% t%e 4onstitution. /ecretar& of +ustice v. Hon.Ralp% 4. Lantion0 ?.R. No. ,89=F>0 +an. ,0 2CCC0 ;nBanc 6eloA

+ I" "oerei#nt2 reall2 a!"olute and all0enco&)a""in#> If not: w$at are it" re"triction" andli&itation">(eld+ @%ile sovereignt& %as traditionall& beendeemed absolute and all7encompassing on t%edomestic level0 it is %owever sub5ect to restrictionsand limitations voluntaril& agreed to b& t%e P%ilippines0e<pressl& or impliedl&0 as a member of t%e famil& ofnations. B& t%e doctrine of incorporation0 t%e countr&is bound b& generall& accepted principles ofinternational law0 w%ic% are considered to beautomaticall& part of our own laws. ne of t%e oldestand most fundamental rules in international law ispacta sunt servanda 1 international agreements mustbe performed in good fait%. : state w%ic% %ascontracted valid international obligations is bound to

ma(e in its legislations suc% modifications as ma& bnecessar& to ensure t%e fulfillment of t%e obligations

B& t%eir in%erent nature0 treaties reall& limit or restrict%e absoluteness of sovereignt&. B& t%eir voluntaract0 nations ma& surrender some aspects of t%estate power in e<c%ange for greater benefits granteb& or derived from a convention or pact. :fter astates0 li(e individuals0 live wit% coeuals0 and pursuit of mutuall& covenanted ob5ectives anbenefits0 t%e& also commonl& agree to limit t%e<ercise of t%eir ot%erwise absolute rig%ts. 3%utreaties %ave been used to record agreements betwee/tates concerning suc% widel& diverse matters as0 foe<ample0 t%e lease of naval bases0 t%e sale or cessioof territor&0 t%e termination of war0 t%e regulation oconduct of %ostilities0 t%e formation of alliances0 t%regulation of commercial relations0 t%e settling oclaims0 t%e la&ing down of rules governing conduct ipeace and t%e establis%ment of internation

organi'ations. 3%e sovereignt& of a state t%ereforcannot in fact and in realit& be considered absolute4ertain restrictions enter into t%e picture ,A limitationimposed b& t%e ver& nature of members%ip in t%famil& of nations and 2A limitations imposed b& treatstipulations. ;'anada . Angara, 8<8 SC3A +7, May 8+44< 1&anganiban=Doctrine of Tran"for&ation ?Legislative action isreuired to ma(e t%e treat& enforceable in t%emunicipal sp%ere.

?enerall& accepted rules of international law are noper se binding upon t%e state but must first bembodied in legislation enacted b& t%e lawma(ing bod

and so transformed into municipal law. 3%is doctrinruns counter :rt. II0 /ec. 20 of t%e ,9- 4onstitution.

: reading of t%e case of Muroda v +alandoni0 6?RN L2FF2 arc% 2F0 ,9=90 one ma& sa& t%at /uprem4ourt e<pressl& ruled out t%e Doctrine o3ransformation w%en t%e& declared t%at generalaccepted principles of international law form a part ot%e law of our nation even if t%e P%ilippines was not signator& to t%e convention embod&ing t%em0 for ou4onstitution %as been deliberatel& general ane<tensive in its scope and is not confined to t%recognition of rules and principles of international lawas contained in treaties to w%ic% our government ma%ave been or s%all be a signator&.

Pacta -unt -eranda International agreements must be performed in ?oo!ait%. : treat& engagement is not a mere moraobligation but creates a legall& binding obligation ot%e parties. : state w%ic% %as contracted a valiinternational obligation is bound to ma(e in itlegislation suc% modifications as ma& be necessar& t




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ensure t%e fulfillment of t%e obligations underta(en.

Ta@ada ". An#ara

RN 11;*69 /a2 *: 166

@%ile sovereignt& %as traditionall& been deemed absolute

and all encompassing on t%e domestic level0 it is ho$eersubject to restrictions and limitations voluntaril& agreed to b&t%e P%ilippines0 e<pressl& or impliedl& as a member of t%efamil& of nations. 3%e 4onstitution does not envision a %ermitt&pe isolation of t%e countr& from t%e rest of t%e world.

B& t%e doctrine of incorporation0 t%e countr& is bound b&generall& accepted principles of international law0 w%ic% areconsidered to be automaticall& part of our own laws.

3%e constitutional polic& of a self7reliant and independentnational econom& does not necessaril& rule out t%e entr& offoreign investments0 goods and services. It contemplatesneit%er )economic seclusion nor mendicanc& in t%einternational communit&.

Conce)t of -oerei#nt2 a" Autoli&itation@%en t%e P%ilippines 5oined t%e Enited Nations as oneof its >, c%arter members0 it consented to restrict itssovereign rig%ts under t%e concept of sovereignt& asautolimitation.

+ A treat2 wa" concurred !etween RP and C$ina.Later: a law wa" )a""ed w$ic$ $a" conflictin#)roi"ion" wit$ t$e treat2. Rule.A+ : treat& is part of t%e law of t%e land. But as internallaw0 it would not be superior to a legislative act0 rat%erit would be in t%e same class as t%e latter. 3%us0 t%e

latter law would be considered as amendator& of t%etreat&0 being a subseuent law under t%e principle le)

posterior derogat priori. :bbas vs. 4;L;4A

e. %unction" of International Law

,. promote international peace and securit&J

2. foster friendl& relations among nations anddiscourage use of force in resolution ofdifference among t%emJ

8. provide for orderl& regulation of conduct ofstates in t%eir mutual dealingsJ and

=. ensure international cooperation in pursuit of

certain common purposes of economic0 social0cultural0 or %umanitarian c%aracter.

*. -ource" of International Lawa. Primar&

b. /econdar&

#rticle $% of the &tatute of the 'nternational (ourof )ustice *'()+ directs t%at t%e following bconsidered before deciding a case

#! Priary

I. 3reaties or International 4onventionsII. International 4ustomIII. ?eneral Principles of Law Recogni'ed b4ivili'ed Nations

!&econdaryI. +udicial Decisions. 3eac%ings of aut%oritative publicists

a. Pri&ar2a. Treat2'international conention"

7 ?enerall&0 a treat& onl& binds t%e partiesHowever0 treaties ma& be considered a direcsource of International law w%en concluded b

a si'able number of /tates0 and is reflective ot%e will of t%e famil& of nations in w%ic% casea treat& is evidence of customA.

* IND-+,. 4ontract 3reaties 6'raite>Contrat 1

★ Bilateral arrangements concerninmatters of particular or special interest to t%contracting parties

★ /ource of )Particular International Law*

★ BE3 a& become primar& sources ointernational law w%en different contra

treaties are of t%e same nature0 containinpracticall& uniform provisions0 and arconcluded b& a substantial number of /tates

;O. ;<tradition 3reaties

2. Law7a(ing 3reat& 6'raite>"oi 1

★ 4oncluded b& a large numbeof /tates for purposes of

,. Declaring0 confirming0 or definingt%eir understanding of w%at t%e law ion a particular sub5ectJ

2. /tipulating or la&ing down newgeneral rules for future internationalconductJ

8. 4reating new international

Institution

b. Cu"to& 1 ?eneral and consistepractice of states followed b& t%em from sense of legal obligation.




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* Ele&ent"+

i. -tate Practice 1 a consistent anduniform e<ternal conduct of /tates.?enerall&0 bot% w%at states say and w%at t%e& do are considered statepractice.

ii. O)inio 3uri" 7 /tate practice must beaccompanied wit% t%e conviction t%att%e /tate is legally obligated to do sob& intl law0 and not t%roug% merecourtes& or comit&0 or because of%umanitarian considerations.

It e<ists w%en a clear and continuous%abit of doing certain t%ings developsunder t%e 4NI43IN t%at it isobligator& and rig%t.

3%is conviction is called )O)inio 3uri"*

@%en t%ereGs no conviction t%at it is

obligator& and rig%t0 t%ereGs onl& aU"a#e.

Esage is also a usual course ofconduct0 a long7establis%ed wa& ofdoing t%ings b& /tates.

3o elevate a mere usage into one of acustomar& rule of international law0t%ere must be a degree of constantand uniform repetition over a period oftime coupled wit% opinio juris.

c. eneral Princi)le" of Law 7Principles common to most national s&stems oflawJ rules based on natural 5ustice. ()amplesgood fait%0 estoppel0 e<%austion of localremedies

/alonga opines t%at resort is ta(en fromgeneral principles of law w%enever no customor treat& provision is applicable. 3%e idea of)civili'ed nations* was intended to restrict t%escope of t%e provision to ;uropean /tates0%owever0 at present t%e term no longer %avesuc% connotation0 t%us t%e term s%ould includeall nations.

;<amples of general principles are estoppel, pacta sunt seranda, consent, res judicata and prescription? including t%e principles of 5ustice0euit& and peace.

!. -econdar2a. 3udicial Deci"ion" 7 a subsidiar&

means for t%e determination of rules of law

e.g.0 determining w%at rules of customarInternational Law e<istA t%at is acceptable slong as t%e& correctl& interpret and appinternational law.

3%e doctrine of stare decisis is not applicable iinternational law per :rt.>9 of t%e I4+ w%ic% states t%a

)3%e decision of t%e 4ourt %as no binding force e<cepbetween t%e parties and in respect to t%at particulacase.* 3%is means t%at t%ese decisions are not a direcsource0 but t%e& do e<ercise considerable influence aan impartial and well7considered statement of t%e lawb& 5urists made in t%e lig%t of actual problems w%icarise before t%em0 and t%us0 accorded wit% grearespect.

3%is includes decisions of national courts0 alt%ougt%e& are not a source of law0 t%e cumulative effect ouniform decisions of t%e courts of t%e most importan/tates is to afford evidence of international custom.

NOTE+ ;ven decisions of national courts0 w%eappl&ing international law0 are acceptable()ample: Principles on diplomatic immunit& %avbeen developed b& 5udgments of national courts.

b. Teac$in#" of t$e /o"t (i#$l2 ualifiePu!lici"t" 7 3%e word Publicist meanlearned writer. Learned writings0 li(e 5udicidecisions0 can be evidence of customar& lawand can also pla& a subsidiar& role developing new rules of law.

/uc% wor(s are resorted to b& 5udicial tribunals not fo

t%e speculation of t%eir aut%ors concerning w%at t%law oug%t to be0 but for trustwort%& evidence of w%at%e law reall& is. 6r. +ustice ?ra& in Pauete Habancase0 ,-> E./. F--.

Reui"ite" for (i#$l2 ualified Pu!lici"t,. !air and impartial representation of law.2. B& an ac(nowledged aut%orit& in t%e field.

+ -tate 2our #eneral under"tandin# of t$)ri&ar2 "ource" and "u!"idiar

"ource" of international law: #iin# aillu"tration of eac$. *<<, Bar

A+ Ender :rticle 8 of t%e /tatute of International 4ouof +ustice0 t%e primar& sources of international law art%e following+,. International conventions0 e.g. ienna 4onventioon t%e Law of 3reaties.2. International customs0 e.g. cabotage0 t%pro%ibition against slaver&0 and t%e pro%ibition againtorture.8. ?eneral principles of law recogni'ed b& civili'enations0 e.g. prescription0 res 5udicata0 and du




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process.3%e subsidiar& sources of international law are 5udicialdecisions0 sub5ect to t%e provisions of :rticle >90 e.g.0t%e decision in t%e :nglo7Norwegian !is%eries 4aseand Nicaragua v. E/0 and teac%ings of t%e most %ig%l&ualified publicists of various nations0 e.g.0 HumanRig%ts in International Law b& Lauterpac%t andInternational Law b& ppen%eim7Lauterpac%t.

Alternatie A+ Reflecting general international law0:rticle 8,A of t%e /tatute of International 4ourt of+ustice is understood as providing for internationalconvention0 international custom0 and generalprinciples of law as primar& sources of internationallaw0 w%ile indicating t%at 5udicial decisions andteac%ings of t%e most %ig%l& ualified publicists as)subsidiar& means for t%e determination of t%e rules oflaw.*

3%e primar& sources ma& be considered as formal

sources in t%at t%e& are considered met%ods b& w%ic%norms of international law are created and recogni'ed.: conventional or treat& norm and a customar& norm ist%e product of t%e formation of general practiceaccepted as law.

B& wa& of illustrating international 4onvention as asource of law0 we ma& refer to t%e principle embodiedin :rticle F of t%e ienna 4onvention on t%e Law on3reaties w%ic% reads );ver& /tate possesses capacit&to conclude treaties.* It tells us w%at t%e law is and t%eprocess or met%od b& w%ic% it cam into being.International 4ustom ma& be concretel& illustrated b&

pacta sunt seranda0 a customar& or general norm w%ic% came about t%roug% e<tensive and consistentpractice b& a great number of states recogni'ing it asobligator&.

3%e subsidiar& means serves as evidence of law. :decision of t%e International 4ourt of +ustice0 fore<ample0 ma& serve as material evidence confirming ors%owing t%at t%e pro%ibition against t%e use of force isa customar& norm0 as t%e decision of t%e 4ourt %asdemonstrated in t%e Nicaragua 4ase. 3%e status of aprinciple as a norm of international law ma& findevidence in t%e wor(s of %ig%l& ualified publicists ininternational law0 suc% as cNair0 Melsen or

ppen%eim.

-. What is /'N&T#NT/ (0&T123

A 4ustomar& law ma& emerge even wit%in a relatiel2"$ort )eriod of ti&e0 if wit%in t%at period0 /tatePractice %as been uniform and e<tensive. It comesabout as a ")ontaneou" actiit2 of a #reat nu&!erof "tate" "u))ortin# a ")ecific line of action.

,. Per"onalitie" under InternationaLaw

a. /tatesb. International rgani'ationsc. Individuals and 4orporations

7entit& t%at %as rig%ts and responsibilities undeinternational law and %aving capacit& to maintain it

rig%ts b& bringing international claims0 includes,. /tates0 independent and dependentJ2. 4olonies and dependenciesJ8. andates and trust territoriesJ=. 3%e aticanJ>. 3%e Enited NationsJF. Belligerent 4ommunitiesJ-. International administrative BodiesJ and. Individuals0 to a certain e<tent.

. W$o are t$e "u!Fect" of International Law>:. /ub5ects of international law are t%ose recogni'eas capable of possessing rig%ts and duties and obringing international claims. ?enerall&0 onl& /tates ar

recogni'ed to be sub5ects of international law becausof ,A it possessing rig%ts anc%ored on /tatresponsibilit&J and 2A its abilit& to bring fort% claimagainst ot%er /tates. However0 as will be s%own0 ot%eentities suc% as corporations0 internationorgani'ations0 and individuals now %ave certamec%anisms b& w%ic% t%eir claims ma& be brougfort% international tribunals or courts.

A. -TATE-

+ W$at i" a "tate> (ow are "tate" cla""ified a"u!Fect" of international law>

A+ : state is a group of people0 more or lesnumerous0 permanentl& living in a definite territor&under an independent government organi'ed fopolitical ends and capable of entering into legarelations wit% ot%er states.

. W$at i" a -tate>

:. :ccording to :rt. , of t%e ontevideo 4onventiona state is one wit% t%e following ualifications aA permanent populationJ bA defined territor&J cgovernmentJ and dA capacit& to enter into relations.

1. W$at are t$e "tandard" for eac$ reui"ite o-tate$ood>

aA Population. no numerical reuirementJ so long at%e& are capable of maintaining and governint%emselves0 a population ma& be %ad. bA 4efineterritory : t%ere is no minimum amount of territorreuiredJ so long as t%ere is a place w%ere t%population could occup& and function in0 a defineterritor& is present cA 5overnent : t%ere is nspecified (ind or t&pe of government reuiredJ so lonas it e<ercises sovereignt& and supremac& wit%in0




Page ; of 2

government is present dA (apacity to enter intorelations: power and rig%t to enter into foreignrelations wit%out restraint from anot%er entit&.

B. INTERNATIONAL ORANIGATION-

1. (ow are International Or#ani4ation" "u!Fect" ofinternational law>

:. /ome international organi'ations %ave t%e abilit& toma(e claims under international law. However0 suc%abilit& is limited b& t%e organi'ationGs c%arter. !ore<ample0 t%e E.N.0 in 3eparations for !njuries Sufferedin the Serice of the @nited Nations0 was able to suefor damages caused to an agent t%roug% aninternational claim. @%ile it does not %ave t%e samerig%ts and duties as /tates0 it %as t%e legal capacit& todo )w%at is necessar&* in t%e e<ercise of its functionsand fulfilment of its purposes. :rt. ,C=0 EN 4%arterA

!nternational rganization ;!=: :n organi'ation t%at isset up b& treat& among 2 or more states.

(stablishment: 3%e constituent document of Is isa treat&. !or t%is reason0 onl& states are members ofIs. 3%e ob5ect of t%e treat& is to create new sub5ectsof law endowed wit% a certain autonom&0 to w%ic% t%eparties entrust t%e tas( of reali'ing common goals.

!nternational &ersonality: Is are %eld to possessinternational personalit& 13eparations Case.3%e c%arter itself mig%t specificall& endow it wit%international personalit&. If it does not0 it ma& beimplied b& t%e functions of t%e org.

&o$ers and priileges: not t%e same as states. 3%e&are limited to t%e constituent instrument t%at createdt%em.3%e& do not li(e states possess a general competence.

3%e& are governed b& t%e 6principle of specialty”:

t%e& are invested b& t%e /tates w%ic% create t%em wit%

powers0 t%e limits of w%ic% are a function of t%e

common interests w%ose promotion t%ose /tates

entrust to t%em. 3%e powers conferred ma& be b& an

e<press statement in t%e constituent instrument or

implied from t%at needed to ac%ieve t%eir ob5ectives

1Adisory pinion on the @se of Nuclear #eapons .

Doctrine of /pecialt& is a principle of International law t%at is

included in most e<tradition treaties0 w%ereb& a person w%ois e<tradited to a countr& to stand trial for certain criminaloffenses ma& be tried onl& for t%ose offenses and not for an&ot%er pre7e<tradition offenses. nce t%e as&lum statee<tradites an individual to t%e reuesting state under t%eterms of an e<tradition treat&0 t%at person can be prosecutedonl& for crimes specified in t%e e<tradition reuest. 3%isdoctrine allows a nation to reuire t%e reuesting nation tolimit prosecution to declared offenses. E/ courts %ave beendivided on allowing standing to assert t%e doctrine w%en t%e

ot%er nation %as not e<plicitl& or implicitl& protested certac%arges.

: person w%o %as been broug%t wit%in t%e 5urisdiction of t%court b& virtue of proceedings under an e<tradition treat&0 caonl& be tried for one of t%e offences described in t%at treatand for t%e offence wit% w%ic% %e is c%arged in t%

proceedings for %is e<tradition0 until a reasonable time anopportunit& %ave been given %im0 after %is release or triupon suc% c%arge0 to return to t%e countr& from w%osas&lum %e %ad been forcibl& ta(en under t%ose proceeding6Enited /tates v. Rausc%er0 ,,9 E./. =C- E./. ,FA

C. CORPORATION-

. (ow are Cor)oration" "u!Fect" of internationlaw>

:. 4orporations0 in certain instances0 now %ave t%abilit& to ma(e international claims before tribunal3%is is t%e case w%en w%at is entered into is ainternationalized contract. @%en suc% contracts arentered into b& corporations0 it acuires a limitecapacit&0 b& invo(ing t%e rig%ts derived from t%contract. Esuall&0 t%e medium b& w%ic% t%escorporations ma& enforce t%eir rig%ts is arbitration.

D. INDIVIDUAL-

. (ow do indiidual" !eco&e "u!Fect" ointernational law>

,. @%ile t%e classical rule states t%at %umans armere objects of international la$ beneficiaries of rig%tprovided b& instruments suc% as international %umarig%ts treatiesA0 t%e& are now considered as subjects

alt%oug% in a limited wa&. :s a sub5ect0 not onl& maone bring claims0 %es%e also ma& be %eld accountabunder international law. In t%e I440 for e<ampleindividuals ma& be tried for t%e commission of t%e corcrimes0 w%ic% are ;a= genocide? ;b= crimes againshumanity? ;c= $ar crimes? and ;d= crimes of aggression

Belli#erent Co&&unit2 1 group of rebels under aorgani'ed civil government w%o %ave ta(en up armagainst legitimate government. @%en recogni'edconsidered as a separate state for purposes of confliand entitled to all rig%ts and sub5ected to all obligationof a full7pledged belligerent under laws of war.

United Nation" 1 international organi'ation created a/an !rancisco 4onference %eld in t%e E/ from :pril 2to +une 2F0 ,9=>. EN succeeded t%e League oNations and is governed b& a c%arter t%at came intforce on ctober 2=0 ,9=>.

7. -tate a" H"u!Fect" of International Lawa. 4%aracteristics of a /tateb. 4reation and ;<tinction of a /tatec. 4lassifications of /tates




Page 6 of 2

d. Recognition of /tatese. !undamental Rig%ts of a /tate

/ub5ect Definedb5ect Defined

Two* Conce)t" of -u!Fect" of International Law, 3raditional 4oncept2 4ontemporar& 4oncept

-tate a" -u!Fect" of International Lawa. C$aracteri"tic"'Ele&ent" of a -tate+.&eople

8.'erritory -.*oernment

a * Jind",ADe +ure2ADe !acto 1 8 (inds

! * function",A4onstituent

2Ainistrantc Effect" of c$an#e in #oern&ent

/. Soereignty aA MindsbA 4%aracteristicscA ;ffects of c%ange in sovereignt&

!. Creation and EKtinction of a -tatePrinciple of /tate 4ontinuit&c. Cla""ification of -tate"d. Reco#nitionLevel of Recognition

A. Reco#nition of -tate 0 * -c$ool" of T$ou#$ta. 4onstitutive /c%oolb. Declarator& /c%ool

B.Reco#nition of oern&enta. 4riteria for Recognition

,. b5ective 3est 12./ub5ective 3est

aA3obar@ilson DoctrinebA;strada Doctrine

b. Minds of Recognition,.De +ure2.De !acto

c. 4onseuences of Recognition of ?overnment

C. Reco#nition of Belli#erenc2a. Belligerenc&b. 2 /enses of Belligerenc&c. Reuisites of Belligerenc&d. 4onseuences of Recognition of Belligerentse. !orms of Recognition

e. %unda&ental Ri#$t" of -tate"

,. Rig%t to /overeignt& and IndependenceJ2. Rig%t to Propert& and +urisdictionJ8. Rig%t to ;<istence and /elf7Defense=. Rig%t to ;ualit&>. Rig%t to Diplomatic Intercourse

-u!Fect Defined: /ub5ect is an entit& t%at %as an internationalpersonalit&.:n entit& %as an international personalit& if it candirectl& enforce its rig%ts and duties under internationalaw. @%ere t%ere is no direct enforcement ofaccountabilit& and an intermediate agenc& isneeded0 t%e entit& is merel& an ob5ect not a sub5ect ointernational law.

+ W$en doe" an entit2 acuire internationa)er"onalit2>A+ @%en it %as rig%t and duties under international law

can directl& enforce its rig%tsJ and ma& be %eld directaccountable for its obligations.

O!Fect" Defined:n b5ect is a person or t%ing in respect of w%ic% rig%tare %eld and obligations assumed b& t%e /ub5ec3%us0 it is not directl& governed b& t%e rules ointernational law. 3%ere is no direct enforcement anaccountabilit&. :n intermediate agenc&Kt%e /ub5ectKis reuired for t%e en5o&ment of its rig%ts and for t%disc%arge of its obligations.

Di"tinction !etween a "u!Fect and o!Fect o

international law,. -u!Fect 0 :n entit& t%at %as rig%ts an

responsibilities under international lawJ it cabe a proper part& in transactions involving t%application of international law amonmembers of t%e international communit&.

2. O!Fect 7 : person or t%ing in respect of w%icrig%ts are %eld and obligations assumed b& t%sub5ectJ it is not directl& governed b& t%e ruleof international lawJ its rig%ts are received0 anits responsibilities imposed0 indirectl& t%rougt%e instrumentalit& of an international agenc&.

NOTE+ ?iven t%e trend in International Law toda&0 wit% t%birt% of t%e I44 and :rbitration 4ourts0 t%e line between

/ub5ect and b5ect of International Law is increasingl& beinblurred.

-UB3ECT- O% INTERNATIONAL LAWTwo * Conce)t"+1. Traditional conce)t

nl& /tates are considered sub5ects ointernational law.




Page 1< of 2

*. Conte&)orar2 conce)t

★ Individuals and internationalorgani'ations are also sub5ects because t%e& %averig%ts and duties under international law. Liang vs.People0 ?RN ,2>F> 62F arc% 2CC,A

T$e -TATE a" "u!Fect of International Law/tate is a communit& of persons more or lessnumerous0 permanentl& occup&ing a definite portion ofterritor&0 independent of e<ternal control0 andpossessing an organi'ed government to w%ic% t%egreat bod& of in%abitants render %abitual obedience.

+ 3%e +apanese government confirmed t%at duringt%e /econd @orld @ar0 !ilipinas were among t%oseconscripted as )comfort women* prostitutesA for+apanese troops in various parts of :sia. 3%e+apanese government %as accordingl& launc%ed agoodwill campaign and offered t%e P%ilippinegovernment substantial assistance for a program t%at

will promote t%roug% government and non7governmental organi'ation womenGs rig%ts0 c%ild welfare0 nutrition and famil& %ealt% care. :n e<ecutiveagreement is about to be signed for t%at purpose. 3%eagreement includes a clause w%ereb& t%e P%ilippinegovernment ac(nowledges t%at an& liabilit& to t%ecomfort women or t%eir descendants are deemedcovered b& t%e reparations agreements signed andimplemented immediatel& after t%e /econd @orld @ar.+ulian Iglesias0 descendant of now deceased comfort woman0 see(s &ou advise on t%e validit& of t%eagreement. :dvise %im. ,992 BarA

A+ 3%e agreement is valid. 3%e comfort woman andt%eir descendant cannot assert individual claimsagainst +apan. :s stated in Paris oore v. Reagan0=>8 E/ F>=0 t%e sovereign aut%orit& of t%e state tosettle claims of its nationals against foreign countries%as repeatedl& been recogni'ed. 3%is ma& be made wit%out t%e consent of t%e nationals or even wit%outconsultation wit% t%em. /ince t%e continued amit&between t%e /tate and ot%er countries ma& reuire asatisfactor& compromise of mutual claims0 t%enecessar& power to ma(e suc% compromise %as beenrecogni'ed. 3%e settlement of suc% claims ma& bemade b& e<ecutive agreement.

+ W$at &u"t a )er"on w$o feel" a##rieed !2 t$eact" of a forei#n "oerei#n do to e")ou"e $i"cau"e>Held Ender bot% Public International Law and 3ransnationalLaw0 a person w%o feels aggrieved b& t%e acts of a foreignsovereign can as( %is own government to espouse %is causet%roug% diplomatic c%annels.

Private respondent can as( t%e P%ilippine government0t%roug% t%e !oreign ffice0 to espouse its claims against t%eHol& /ee. Its first tas( is to persuade t%e P%ilippine

government to ta(e up wit% t%e Hol& /ee t%e validit& of iclaims. f course0 t%e !oreign ffice s%all first ma(e determination of t%e impact of its espousal on t%e relationbetween t%e P%ilippine government and t%e Hol& /ee. nct%e P%ilippine government decides to espouse t%e claim0 t%latter ceases to be a private cause.

:ccording to t%e Permanent 4ourt of International +usticet%e forerunner of t%e International 4ourt of +ustice )B& ta(ing up t%e case of one of its sub5ects and b& resortinto diplomatic action or international Notes 5udiciproceedings on %is be%alf0 a /tate is in realit& asserting iown rig%ts 1 its rig%t to ensure0 in t%e person of its sub5ectsrespect for t%e rules of international law.* 3%e avrommatPalestine 4oncessions0 , Hudson0 @orld 4ourt Reports 298C2 6,92=A Hol& /ee0 3%e v. Rosario0 +r.0 28 /4R: >2=>887>8=0 Dec. ,0 ,99=0 ;n Banc 6QuiasonA

+ W$at i" t$e "tatu" of an indiidual under )u!liinternational law> 16;1 Bar

A+ :ccording to Han(s Melson0 )w%ile as a general ruleinternational law %as as its sub5ects states and obligeonl& immediatel&0 it e<ceptionall& applies to individuabecause it is to man t%at t%e norms of international lawappl&0 it is to man w%om t%e& restrain0 it is to man w%ointernational law t%rusts t%e responsibilities of law anorder.*

+ I" t$e Vatican Cit2 a "tate>A+ ;/S

(ol2 -ee v . Ro"ario

5R 1<1676: <1 Dec. 1667=

3%e Lateran 3reat& establis%ed t%e /3:3;HD of t%atican 4it& )for t%e purpose of assuring to t%e Hol& /eabsolute and visible independence and of guaranteeing to indisputable sovereignt& also in t%e field of internationrelations*.

!rom t%e wordings of t%e Lateran 3reat&0 it is difficult tdetermine w%et%er t%e state%ood is vested in t%e Hol& /ee oin t%e atican 4it&.

3%e atican 4it& fits into none of t%e establis%ed categorieof states0 and t%e attribution to it of )sovereignt&* must bmade in a sense different from t%at in w%ic% it is applied tot%er states.3%e atican 4it& represents an entit& organi'ed not fpolitical but for ecclesiastical purposes and internationob5ects.

Despite its si'e and ob5ect0 it %as an independegovernment of its own0 wit% t%e Pope0 w%o is also %ead of t%Roman 4at%olic 4%urc%0 as t%e Hol& /ee or Head of /tate0 conformit& wit% its traditions0 and t%e demands of its missioIndeed0 its world7wide interests and activities are suc% as t




of 2

ma(e it in a sense an )international state*.

It was noted t%at t%e recognition of t%e atican 4it& as astate %as significant implication 1 t%at it is possible for an&entit& pursuing ob5ects essentiall& different from t%osepursued b& states to be invested wit% internationalpersonalit&.

/ince t%e Pope prefers to conduct foreign relations and enterinto transactions as t%e Hol& /ee and not in t%e name of t%eatican 4it&0 one can conclude t%at in t%e Popes own view0it is t%e Hol& /ee t%at is t%e international person.

3%e P%ilippines %as accorded t%e Hol& /ee t%e status of aforeign sovereign. 3%e Hol& /ee0 t%roug% its :mbassador0t%e Papal Nuncio0 %as %ad diplomatic representations wit%t%e P%ilippine government since ,9>-. 3%is appears to be

t%e universal practice in international relations.

+ Di"cu"" t$e -tatu" of t$e Vatican and t$e (ol2 -ee inInternational Law.

(eld+ Before t%e anne<ation of t%e Papal /tates b& Ital& in,-C0 t%e Pope was t%e monarc% and %e0 as t%e Hol& /ee0 was considered a sub5ect of International Law. @it% t%e lossof t%e Papal /tates and t%e limitation of t%e territor& undert%e Hol& /ee to an area of ,C.- acres0 t%e position of t%eHol& /ee in International Law became controversial.

In ,9290 Ital& and t%e Hol& /ee entered into t%e Lateran3reat&0 w%ere Ital& recogni'ed t%e e<clusive dominion andsovereign 5urisdiction of t%e Hol& /ee over t%e atican 4it&. Italso recogni'ed t%e rig%t of t%e Hol& /ee to receive foreigndiplomats0 to send its own diplomats to foreign countries0 andto enter into treaties according to International Law.

3%e Lateran 3reat& establis%ed t%e state%ood of t%e atican4it& )for t%e purpose of assuring to t%e Hol& /ee absoluteand visible independence and of guaranteeing to itindisputable sovereignt& also in t%e field of internationalrelations.*

In view of t%e wordings of t%e Lateran 3reat&0 it is difficult todetermine w%et%er t%e state%ood is vested in t%e Hol& /ee orin t%e atican 4it&. /ome writers even suggested t%at t%etreat& created two international persons 7 t%e Hol& /ee andatican 4it&.

3%e atican 4it& fits into none of t%e establis%ed categoriesof states0 and t%e attribution to it of )sovereignt&* must be

made in a sense different from t%at in w%ic% it is applied toot%er states. In a communit& of national states0 t%e atican4it& represents an entit& organi'ed not for political but forecclesiastical purposes and international ob5ects. Despite itssi'e and ob5ect0 t%e atican 4it& %as an independentgovernment of its own0 wit% t%e Pope0 w%o is also %ead of t%eRoman 4at%olic 4%urc%0 as t%e Hol& /ee or Head of /tate0 inconformit& wit% its traditions0 and t%e demands of its missionin t%e world. Indeed0 t%e world7wide interests and activities oft%e atican 4it& are suc% as to ma(e it in a sense an)international state.*

ne aut%orit& wrote t%at t%e recognition of t%e atican 4it& aa state %as significant implication 7 t%at it is possible for anentit& pursuing ob5ects essentiall& different from t%ospursued b& states to be invested wit% internationpersonalit&.

Inasmuc% as t%e Pope prefers to conduct foreign relationand enter into transactions as t%e Hol& /ee and not in t%name of t%e atican 4it&0 one can conclude t%at in t%Popes own view0 it is t%e Hol& /ee t%at is t%e internationaperson.

3%e Republic of t%e P%ilippines %as accorded t%e Hol& /et%e status of a foreign sovereign. 3%e Hol& /ee0 t%roug% i:mbassador0 t%e Papal Nuncio0 %as %ad diplomatrepresentations wit% t%e P%ilippine government sinc,9>-.

3%is appears to be t%e universal practice international relations. Hol& /ee0 3%e v. Rosario0 +r.0 28/4R: >2=0 >887>8=0 Dec. ,0 ,99=0 ;n Banc 6QuiasonA

+ W$at i" a "tate> (ow are "tate" cla""ified a"u!Fect" of international law>A+ : state is a group of people0 more or lesnumerous0 permanentl& living in a definite territor&under an independent government organi'ed fopolitical ends and capable of entering into legarelations wit% ot%er states.

"#$#"

a. C$aracteri"tic of a -tate

,. Po)ulation ;a permanent population= people7refers to t%e %uman beings living wit%

its territor&

7s%ould be of bot% se<es and sufficient inumber to maintain and perpetuate t%emselves

2. Territor2 ;a defined territory=

territor&7fi<ed portion of t%e surface of t%e eartin w%ic% t%e people of t%e state reside

7nomadic tribes and moving states do nopossess t%is element

8. oern&ent7 t%e agenc& t%roug% w%ic% t%e will of t%e stat

is formulated0 e<pressed and reali'ed necessar& i

international law because t%e state must %ave an entitto represent it in its relations wit% ot%er states7t%e form of government does not matte

provided it is able to maintain order wit%in t%e realmand compl& wit% its responsibilities under t%e law onations.

=. -oerei#nt27power of t%e state to direct its own e<ternal

affairs wit%out interference or dictation from ot%estates




Page 1* of 2

independence7 is onl& t%e e<ternal manifestation ofsovereignt&0 w%ic% also embraces power overinternal matters.

7t%e power of t%e state to administer itse<ternal affairs wit%out direction or interference fromanot%er state.

!. Creation and EKtinction of a -tate

Creation of a -tate3%e generall& accepted met%ods b& w%ic% t%is status isacuired are

,. revolution7 e<. E./.2. unification7 e<. Ital&8. secession7 e<. Banglades%=. assertion of independence7 e<. P%ils.>. agreement7 e<. Mingdom of Net%erlands0 PolandF. attainment of civili'ation7 e<. +apan

EKtinction of t$e -tate7 possible for it to be

e<tinguis%ed or )die* in a legal sense e<amplea. Population ma& be completel& wiped out b& an

epidemic or a t%ermonuclear e<plosionb. state ma& be merge wit% anot%er statec. territor& is lost because volcanic eruption or

ot%er similar disaster.d. ore usual are t%e artificial means0 w%ic%

includei. :narc%& 7a state of disorder due to absence or non7

recognition of aut%orit& or ot%er controlling s&stems.ii. ass immigration of t%e populationiii. :nne<ation7 If &oure a big powerful countr& and &ou

want to ta(e over a smaller countr&0 or a piece of it0&ou can simpl& occup& it wit% &our arm&0 a process

(nown as anne)ation.iv. erger or unificationv. Dismembermentvi. Dissolution of a federal union

vii. Partial loss of independence0 as in t%e caseof su'eraint& and t%e protectorate.

c. Cla""ification of -tate"

,. Inde)endent "tate"7a state w%ic% is not sub5ect todictation from ot%ers

a. "i&)le "tate"7one w%ic% is placed under a singleand centrali'ed govt. e<ercising power over bot% itsinternal and e<ternal affairs li(e P%ils. and

Net%erlands

b. co&)o"ite "tate"7 consist of 2 or more states0eac% wit% its own separate govt. but bound undera central aut%orit& e<ercising0 to a greater or lessdegree0 control over t%eir e<ternal relations

2. De)endent "tate"3wo 2A ?eneral 4ategories

a. protectorate7alwa&s retains a greatemeasure of control over its e<ternal affairst%an su'eraint&

b. -u4eraint27 a nation t%at controanot%er nation in international affairbut allows it domestic sovereignt&

d. Reco#nition of -tate"7 t%e free act b& w%ic% one or more state

ac(nowledge t%e e<istence on a definite territor& of %uman societ& politicall& organi'ed0 independent of ane<isting state0 and capable of observing t%e obligationof international law0 and b& w%ic% t%e& manifet%erefore t%eir intention to consider it a member of t%international communit&.

W$at are t$e t$eorie" of reco#nition of -tate">

B. 3%ere are two ,A constitutiveJ and 2A declarator&n one %and0 t%e con"titutie t$eor2 states tha$hen a State is recognized by the internationacommunity as a state , then it is a State . 3%declarator2 t$eor2 0 on t%e ot%er %and0 reBuirecompliance $ith the four reBuisites of Statehood alaid do$n in the Monteideo conention for one to brecognized as a state .

e. %unda&ental Ri#$t" of a -tate"

,. Rig%t of Independence7capacit& of a state tprovide for its own well7being and development frefrom t%e domination of ot%er states0 provided it doenot violate t%eir legitimate rig%ts

2. Rig%t of ;ualit&7refers to eualit& of legal rig%tirrespective of t%e si'e or power of t%e states

8. Rig%t of ;<istence and /elf7Defense7t%e mosimportant rig%t and considered t%e moscompre%ensive of t%e attributes of t%e state because aits ot%er rig%ts are supposed to flow or be derived fromit.

9. TREATIE-

a. Reuisites of a valid treat&

b. 4onclusion and ;ntr& into !orce of 3reaties

c. Reservations

d. bservance0 :pplication and Interpretation o

3reaties

e. Invalidit&0 3ermination and /uspension of 3reaties




Page 1, of 2

. W$at are treatie">:. :rticle 2,AaA of t%e ,9F9 ienna 4onvention on

t%e Law of 3reaties provides t%at a treat& is aninternational agreement conducted between statesin written form and governed b& international law0 w%et%er embodied in a single instrument or in twoor more related instruments and w%atever particulardesignation t%e& ma& be given.

+ W$at are t$e function" of treatie">:. 3%e& are sources of international law0 t%e& serve as

t%e c%arter of international organi'ations0 t%e& areused to transfer territor&0 regulate commercialrelations0 settle disputes0 protect %uman rig%ts0guarantee investments0 etc. But a treat& is not t%eonl& means b& w%ic% a state can enter into a legalobligation.

. W$at are t$e Jind" of treatie">:. 1 /ultilateral treatie" are t%ose t%at are open to

all states of t%e world. 3%e& create norms w%ic% aret%e basis for a general rule of law. 3%e& are eit%ercodification treaties or )law7ma(ing treaties* or t%e&ma& %ave t%e c%aracter of bot%. 2A :not%ercategor& includes treatie" t$at create acolla!oratie &ec$ani"&. 3%ese can be ofuniversal scope or regional. 3%e& operate t%roug%t%e organs of different states. 8A 3%e largestcategor& of treaties are !ilateral treatie". an& oft%ese are in t%e nature of contractual agreements w%ic% create s%ared e<pectations suc% as tradeagreements of various forms. 3%e& are sometimescalled )contract treaties*.

. W$at are law0&aJin# treatie">,. Law7ma(ing treaties create legal obligations t%e

observance of w%ic% does not dissolve t%e treat&obligation. :ccording to cNair0 suc% treaties are inprinciple binding onl& on parties0 but t%e number ofparties0 t%e e<plicit acceptance of rules of law0 andin some cases0 t%e declarator& nature of t%eprovisions produce a strong law7creating effect atleast as great as t%e general practice consideredsufficient to support a customar& rule.

. W$at i" t$e funda&ental )rinci)le of treat2 law>

:. 3reaties are binding upon t%e parties to t%em and

must be performed in good fait% 1 pacta suntseranda. 3%is principle was reaffirmed in article 2Fof t%e 4L3.

. Do treatie" #ie ri"e to cu"to&ar2 internationallaw>

:. It can. @%ile treaties are generall& binding onl& ont%e parties0 t%e number of t%e contracting parties andt%e generalit& of t%e acceptance of specific rules

created b& t%e treat& can %ave t%e effect of creating universal law in muc% t%e same wa& t%at generpractice suffices to create customar& law.

a. Reui"ite" of a alid treat2

,. Be entered into b& parties wit% t%e treama(ing capacit&

2. 3%roug% t%eir aut%ori'ed representatives8. @it%out t%e attendance of fraud0 duress0

mista(e or ot%er vice of consent=. n an& lawful sub5ect matter>. In accordance wit% t%eir respectiv

constitutional processes

!. Conclu"ion and Entr2 into %orce of Treatie",. Negotiation2. /ignature8. Ratification=. ;<c%ange of t%e Instrument for Ratification

:s a rule0 a treat& is onl& binding onl& on t%contracting parties0 including not onl& t%e originasignatories but also t%e ot%er states w%ic% alt%ougt%e& ma& not %ave participated in t%e negotiation of t%agreement 0 %ave been allowed b& its terms to sign later b& a process (nown as accession.

Non7parties are usuall& not bound under t%e ma<impacta nec nocent prosunt.

c. Re"eration"

,. eans a unilateral statement0 %owever p%rased onamed0 made b& a /tate0 w%en

2. signing0 ratif&ing0 accepting0 approving or accedinto a treat&0 w%ereb& it purports to e<clude or tmodif& t%e legal effect of certain provisions of t%treat& in t%eir application to t%at /tateJ

8. 3o avoid total re5ection of a treat& t%e ratification ualified or conditional

=. In w%ic% event t%e same must be accepted b& t%ot%er part& if t%ese would constitute a modificatioof t%e original agreement

d. O!"erance: A))lication and Inter)retation o

Treatie"

• Pacta "unt "eranda 1 internationagreements must be performed in good fait%

o : treat& is not a mere moral obligatiobut creates a legall& bindinobligations on t%e parties

• Re!u" "ic "tanti!u" 1 t%e doctrine constitute

an attempt to formulate a legal principle w%ic would 5ustif& non7performance of a treatobligation if t%e condition wit% t%e relation t




Page 17 of 2

w%ic% t%e parties contracted %ave c%anged somateriall& and so e<pectedl& as to create asituation in w%ic% t%e e<action of performance would be unreasonable

• 3%e basic rule in t%e interpretation of treaties is

to give effect to t%e intention of t%e parties

• 3%e usual canons of statutor& construction areemplo&ed in t%e interpretation of treaties.

;<amples• /pecific provisions must be read in t%e lig%t of t%e

w%ole instrument and especiall& t%e purposes of t%etreat&

• @ords are to be given t%eir natural meaning unlessa tec%nical sense was intended 0 and0 w%en t%e&%ave different meanings in t%e contracting states0s%ould be interpreted in accordance wit% t%e usageif t%e state w%ere t%e& are supposed to effect doubtss%ould be resolved against t%e imposition ofobligations and in favor of t%e freedom andsovereignt& of t%e contracting parties

• travau< preparatories

e. Inalidit2: Ter&ination and -u")en"ion of

Treatie"

INVALIDIT: /tate ma& invo(e an error in a treat& as invalidatingits consent to be bound b& t%e treat& if t%e error relatesto a fact or situation w%ic% was assumed b& t%at /tateto e<ist at t%e time w%en t%e treat& was concluded andformed an essential basis of its consent to be bound b&t%e treat&

If a /tate %as been induced to conclude a treat& b& t%efraudulent conduct of anot%er negotiating /tate0 t%e/tate ma& invo(e t%e fraud as invalidating its consentto be bound b& t%e treat&.

If t%e e<pression of a /tateGs consent to be bound b& atreat& %as been procured t%roug% t%e corruption of itsrepresentative directl& or indirectl& b& anot%ernegotiating /tate0 t%e /tate ma& invo(e suc% corruptionas invalidating its consent to be bound b& t%e treat&.3%e e<pression of a /tateGs consent to be bound b& atreat& w%ic% %as been procured b& t%e coercion of itsrepresentative t%roug% acts or t%reats directed against%im s%all be wit%out an& legal effect.

: treat& is void if its conclusion %as been procured b&t%e t%reat or use of force in violation of t%e principles ofinternational law embodied in t%e 4%arter of t%e EnitedNations.

: treat& is void if0 at t%e time of its conclusion0 itconflicts wit% a peremptor& norm of generalinternational law. !or t%e purposes of t%e present

4onvention0 a peremptor& norm of general internationlaw is a norm accepted and recogni'ed b& t%international communit& of /tates as a w%ole as norm from w%ic% no derogation is permitted and w%iccan be modified onl& b& a subseuent norm of generainternational law %aving t%e same c%aracter.

round" for inalidation of treatie"+,.A error of factJ2.A fraudJ8.A corruptionJ=.A duressJ>.A violation of jus cogens treaties conflicting wit% a

peremptor& norm of general international lawA

: state can lose t%e rig%t to assert t%e invalidit& of t%treat& t%ru estoppel0 i.e. if after becoming aware of t%ground for invalidation

,.A it e<pressl& agreed t%at t%e treat& is validremains in force or continues in operationJ

2.A b& reason of its conduct0 it ma& be considereas %aving acuiesced t%e validit& of t%e treat&.

: state ma& not plead its municipal law as a ground foinvalidating a treat& t%at %as been entered unless t%eviolation is manifest ob5ectivel& evident to an& /tateconducting itself in t%e matter in accordance wit%normal practice and in good fait%A and concerns a ruleof its internal law of fundamental importance.

TER/INATION

3%e termination of a treat& or t%e wit%drawal of a part&ma& ta(e placeaA in conformit& wit% t%e provisions of t%e treat&J or

bA at an& time b& consent of all t%e parties afteconsultation wit% t%e ot%er contracting /tates.

N.B Enless t%e treat& ot%erwise provides0 a multilatera

treat& does not terminate b& reason onl& of t%e fact t%a

t%e number of t%e parties falls below t%e numbe

necessar& for its entr& into force.

: treat& w%ic% contains no provision regarding ittermination and w%ic% does not provide fodenunciation or wit%drawal is not sub5ect tdenunciation or wit%drawal unless

aA it is establis%ed t%at t%e parties intended tadmit t%e possibilit& of denunciation o

wit%drawalJ orbA a rig%t of denunciation or wit%drawal mabe implied b& t%e nature of t%e treat&.

: part& s%all give not less t%an twelve mont%Gs treat& ois ot%erwise establis%ed t%at suc% was t%e notice of itintention to denounce or wit%draw from a treat&.

Ter&ination of Treatie"




Page 18 of 2

2.A If no ob5ection %ad been raised wit%in t%e periodnot less t%an 8 mont%sA0 t%e& ma& carr& out t%emeasures proposed.

8.A If ob5ection %as been raised0 t%e& s%all see( asolution.

=.A If no solution %as been reac%ed wit%in ,2 mont%sa.A submit to I4+0b.A submit to arbitration0 orc.A reuest /ec ?en of t%e EN for procedure

specified in :nne< of 4onvention.

T notification can be revo(ed an& time before it ta(eseffect.

#uthority to TerinateLogicall&0 aut%orit& to terminate s%ould also belong tot%e one w%o %as t%e aut%orit& to enter into t%e treat&.However0 in t%e P%ils.0 t%e aut%orit& to concludetreaties is s%ared between t%e /enate and t%ePresident.

-ucce""ion to Treatie"@%en one state ceases to e<ist and is succeeded b&anot%er on t%e same territor&0 t%e Eclean slateF ruleapplies and t%e new state is not bound b& t%ecommitments of t%e predecessor unless t%e& agree tobe bound t%ereto.3%e clean slate rule does not appl& to treaties affectingboundar& regimes or ot%er territor& regimes.

-U-PEN-ION

3%e operation of a treat& in regard to all t%e parties orto a particular part& ma& be suspended

aA in conformit& wit% t%e provisions of t%e treat&J orbA at an& time b& consent of all t%e parties after

consultation wit% t%e ot%er contracting /tates.

Two or ore parties to a ultilateral treaty ayconclude an agreeent to suspend the operationof provisions of the treaty, teporarily and as9etween theselves alone, if.aA t%e possibilit& of suc% a suspension is provided forb& t%e treat&J or

bA t%e suspension in uestion is not pro%ibited b& t%etreat& and

iA does not affect t%e en5o&ment b& t%e ot%erparties of t%eir rig%ts under t%e treat& or t%e

performance of t%eir obligationsJiiA is not incompatible wit% t%e ob5ect andpurpose of t%e treat&

Enless in a case falling under aA0 t%e treat& ot%erwiseprovides0 t%e parties in uestion s%all notif& t%e ot%erparties of t%eir intention to conclude t%e agreement andof t%ose provisions of t%e treat& t%e operation of w%ic%t%e& intend to suspend.

Terination or suspension of the operation of a

treaty iplied 9y conclusion of a later treaty ,. : treat& s%all be considered as terminated if all t%parties to it conclude a later treat& relating to t%e samsub5ect matter and

a. it appears from t%e later treat& or is ot%erwisestablis%ed t%at t%e parties intended t%at t%matter s%ould be governed b& t%at treat&J or

b. t%e provisions of t%e later treat& are so faincompatible wit% t%ose of t%e earlier one t%at%e two treaties are not capable of beinapplied at t%e same time.

2. 3%e earlier treat& s%all be considered as onsuspended in operation if it appears from t%e laterintention of t%e parties.

Terination or suspension of the operation of atreaty as a conse;uence of its 9reach

,. : material breac% of a bilateral treat& b& one of t%parties entitles t%e ot%er to invo(e t%e breac% as ground for terminating t%e treat& or suspending it

operation in w%ole or in part.

2. : material breac% of a multilateral treat& b& one ot%e parties entitles

a. t%e ot%er parties b& unanimous agreement tsuspend t%e operation of t%e treat& in w%ole oin part or to terminate it eit%er

i. in t%e relations between t%emselveand t%e defaulting /tateJ or

ii. as between all t%e partiesJb. a part& speciall& affected b& t%e breac% t

invo(e it as a ground for suspending t%operation of t%e treat& in w%ole or in part in t%relations between itself and t%e defaultin

/tateJc. an& part& ot%er t%an t%e defaulting /tate t

invo(e t%e breac% as a ground for suspendint%e operation of t%e treat& in w%ole or in pa wit% respect to itself if t%e treat& is of suc% c%aracter t%at a material breac% of iprovisions b& one part& radicall& c%anges t%position of ever& part& wit% respect to t%furt%er performance of its obligations under t%treat&.

8. : material breac% of a treat&0 for t%e purposes of t%iarticle0 consists in

aA a repudiation of t%e treat& not sanctioned b

t%e present 4onventionJ orbA t%e violation of a provision essential to t%eaccomplis%ment of t%e ob5ect or purpose of t%etreat&.

=. 3%e foregoing paragrap%s are wit%out pre5udice tan& provision in t%e treat& applicable in t%e evenof a breac%.

>. Paragrap%s , to 8 do not appl& to provisionrelating to t%e protection of t%e %uman persocontained in treaties of a %umanitarian c%aracter0




Page 1 of 2

particular to provisions pro%ibiting an& form of reprisalsagainst persons protected b& suc% treaties.

CONTINUATION O% TREATIE- %RO/ REVIEWER

:n international agreement concluded between statesin written form and governed b& international law w%et%er embodied in a single instrument or in two ormore related instruments Gienna Conention on the"a$ of 'reaties, ,9F9A

Reui"ite"+ -CRAD,. ;ntered into b& parties %aving treat&7ma(ingcapacit&J 2. 3%roug% t%eir a ut%ori'ed organs orrepresentativesJ8. @it%out attendance of duress0 fraud0 mista(e orot%er vices of consentJ=. Lawful "ub5ect matter and ob5ectJ and>. Ratification in accordance wit% t%eir respective

constitutional processes.

Effect of Unwritten Treat2,. %as legal forceJ2. convention rules on matters governed b&

international law independentl& of convention s%allappl&J and

8. convention rules appl& to t%e relations of states asbetween t%emselves under internationalagreement wit% ot%er sub5ects as parties.

-te)" in Treat20&aJin# Proce"".,. NegotiationJ

2. /ignatureJ8. RatificationJ=. ;<c%ange of instruments of ratificationJ and>. Registration wit% EN.

T$e /aJin# of Treatie"Steps:

,.A NegotiationJ2.A :doption of te<t consent28 voteAJ8.A :ut%entication of te<t signingAJ=.A 4onsent to be bound e.g. ratificationAJ>.A ;<c%ange or depositJF.A ;ntr& into force of treaties.

Negotiation+.= Hilateral I Multilateral among small J: originate

from t%e foreign ministries 8.= "arge Multilateral: negotiated in diplomatic

conferences w%ic% are run li(e a legislativebod&.

&o$er to Negotiate

:n act relating to t%e conclusion of a treat& b& one w%%as no proper aut%ori'ation %as no legal effect unlesconfirmed b& %is state.

Negotiation is usually done by someone already in thforeign country ;in the &hil. (mbassy= due to lac ofunds to send. 'he DA designates $ho the rep. igoing to be.

: person is considered to be representing t%e /tat w%en,.A He produces appropriate full powersJ or2.A It appears from t%e practice of t%e /tates concerne

or from ot%er circumstances t%at t%eir intention wato consider t%at person as representing t%e /tatfor suc% purposes and to dispense wit% full powers

3%ese ma& be t%e following,.A Heads of /tate0 Heads of ?ovt and inisters fo

!oreign :ffairsJ

2.A Heads of diplomatic missionsJ8.A Representatives accredited b& /tates.

Authentication of 'e)tNegotiations conclude wit% t%e signing of t%document. 3%e signatures serve as aut%entication ot%e document.

:doption of t%e te<t ta(es place wit% t%e consent of at%e /tates or0 in t%e case of international conferenceb& t%e vote of 28 of t%e /tates present and votingunless b& 28 vote0 t%e& decide on anot%er rule.

Consent to be Houndnce t%e document %as been signed0 t%ere are stage w%ic% follow w%ic% culminate in ma(ing t%e documenbinding. 3%e most important step is t%e consent to bbound.

3%e manner of ratification differs from state to stateBetween signature and ratification a state is reuirenot to engage in acts w%ic% can defeat t%e purpose ot%e treat&.

Ratification is ne<t followed b& eit%er e<c%ange oratification0 in bilateral treaties0 or in multilatera

treaties0 deposit of ratification.!f there is no deposit $ith the ffice of the @N Sec*enit cannot be inoed in case of controersy bet$eethe parties.

Accession to a 'reaty/tates w%ic% did not participate in t%e initial negotiatioma& also e<press t%eir consent to be bound b)accession.*




Page 1; of 2

3eserations: )a unilateral statement0 %owever p%rasedor named0 made b& a /tate0 w%en signing0 ratif&ing0accepting0 approving or acceding to a treat&0 w%ereb& itpurports to e)clude or modify t%e legal effect of certainprovisions of t%e treat& in t%eir application to t%at/tate.*

3%e& are different from )interpretative declarations* w%ic% are not meant to be a derogation from t%e treat&but an e<pression of %ow a state understands itsadoption of a treat&.

3%ese are allowed in deference to t%e sovereignt& ofstates e<cept in t%e ff cases

,.A 3reat& pro%ibits itJ2.A 3reat& provides onl& for certain specified

reservations to w%ic% it is not includedJ8.A Reservation is incompatible wit% t%e ob5ect and

purpose of t%e treat&.

: proliferation of reservations in multilateral treatiescan defeat t%e purpose of a treat&. In bilateral treaties0a reservation b& one part& means a re5ection of t%etreat& and necessitates renegotiation. 3eserations,therefore, are meant only for multilateral treaties.

: reservation need not be consented b& all parties for itto be effective. : state can be regarded as a part& ift%e reservation is not incompatible wit% t%e ob5ect andpurpose of t%e 4onvention and t%e I4+ %as %eld t%atcompatibilit& could be decided b& states individuall&since if a part& ob5ects0 t%e& can consider t%e state asnot a part& to t%e 4onvention. 3%us0 it is possible for

different legal relations%ips to arise among parties tot%e same treat&.

(ntry into orce of 'reaties3reaties enter into force on t%e date agreed upon b&t%e parties. @%ere no date is indicated0 t%e treat&enters into force once consent %as been given.ultilateral treaties generall& contain a provision w%ic%sa&s %ow man& states %ave to accept t%e treat& beforeit can come into force.3reaties can also be put into effect provisionall&.

Application of 'reaties;ver& treat& in force is binding upon t%e parties to itand must be performed b& t%em in good fait% under t%efundamental rule of pacta sunt seranda.

: part& ma& not invo(e a provision of its internal law as 5ustification for its failure to perform a treat&.

: treat& is binding upon eac% part& in respect of itentire territor& unless a different intention appears.

!nterpretation of 'reaties3%e interpretation of treaties combines severapproac%es

,.A b5ective approac% interpretation accdg to t%ordinar& meaning of t%e wordsJ

2.A 3eleological approac% interpretation accdg tt%e purpose of t%e treat&J and

8.A /ub5ective approac% %onors special meaningiven b& t%e parties.

@%ere t%ere are ambiguities in t%e meaning of a treat&resort ma& be made as to supplementar& sources0 e.g

,.A preparator& wor(J2.A circumstances of its conclusion.

@%en t%e interpretation of treaties is in 2 or morlanguages and t%ere is a conflict among official te<ts

,.A t%e language t%at is agreed upon b& t%e parties%all prevailJ if none

2.A eac% is euall& aut%oritative and w%ecompared to eac% ot%er0 t%e meaning w%icbest reconciles t%e te<ts in lig%t of t%e ob5ect opurpose of t%e treat& s%all be adopted.

Doctrine of Uneual Treatie" 1 treaties w%ic% %avbeen imposed in an uneual c%aracter0 are void.

)us (ogens 1 customar& international law t%at %aattained t%e status of a peremptor& norm0 accepteand recogni'ed b& t%e international communit& o

states as a rule from w%ic% no derogation is permitteand can be modified onl& b& a subseuent norm %avint%e same c%aracter. e.g customs out7lawing slavtrade0 genocide0 terrorism0 etc.

Concordat 1 a treat& or agreement betweeecclesiastical and civil powers to regulate t%e relationbetween t%e c%urc% and t%e state in t%ose matte w%ic%0 in some respect are under t%e 5urisdiction obot%.

Pacta &unt &ervanda 1 );ver& treat& in force binding upon t%e parties to it and must be performed b

t%em in good fait%.* Art. 85, Gienna Conention on th"a$ of 'reaties=.<e9us &ic &tanti9us 1 legal principle w%ic% wou 5ustif& non7performance of treat& obligations w%ere aunforeseen or substantial c%anges occur w%ic% woulrender one of t%e parties t%ereto unable to underta(treat& obligations as stipulated t%erein.

/o"t %aored Nation Clau"e 1 pledge made b& contracting part& to a treat& to grant to ot%er part




Page 16 of 2

treatment not less favorable t%an t%at w%ic% %ad beengiven or ma& be granted to t%e most favored amongparties.

Inter)retation of Treatie",. !ounding !at%er 3estJ2. Literal or te<tualJ8. )3eleological aims and ob5ects* sc%ool

round" for Ter&ination of Treat2 NEW DEVILmadeA VITALACCO/PLI-(/ENT,. e<piration of termJ 2. a ccomplis%ment of purposeJ 8. impossibilit& of performanceJ =. loss of sub5ect matterJ >. novationJ F. desistance of partiesJ -. e<tinction of one of parties0 if treat& is bipartiteJ . occurrence of ital c%ange of circumstanceJ

9. outbrea( of warJ and,C. oidance of treat&.

Protocol de cloture ? an instrument w%ic% recordst%e winding up of t%e proceedings of a diplomaticconference and usuall& includes a reproduction of t%ete<ts of treaties0 conventions0 recommendations andot%er acts agreed upon and signed b& t%eplenipotentiaries attending t%e conference. It is nott%e treat& itself and does not reuire t%e concurrenceof t%e /enate. 'aada . Angara, 2-2 /4R: ,A.

A. VIENNA CONVENTION ON T(ELAW O% TREATIE-

W$at i" t$e "co)e of t$e VCLT>It covers treaties between and among states. Ite<cludes agreements involving internationalorgani'ations. It also does not cover agreementsbetween states w%ic% are to be governed b& municipallaw.

. Do oral treatie" co&e under t$e )roi"ion" oft$e Vienna Conention on t$e Law of treatie">:. No. @%ile no particular form is prescribed0 t%e

definition found in :rticle 2 of t%e 4onvention

e<plicitl& states t%at a treat& is an agreement in written

from. 3%ere are no specific reuirements of form ininternational law for t%e e<istence of a treat&0 alt%oug%

it is essential t%at t%e parties intend to create legalrelations as between t%emselves b& means of t%eiragreement.

. Doe" t$e 1686 VCLT con"titute cu"to&ar2 law>:. 3%e ,9F9 ienna 4onvention on t%e Law of

3reaties partl& reflects customar& law. 4ertain

provisions of t%e 4onvention ma& be regarded a

reflective of customar& international law0 suc% as t%rules on interpretation0 material breac% an

fundamental c%ange of circumstances. t%ers ma& no

be so regarded0 and constitute principles binding on

upon state parties.

. W$at are t$e "te)" in t$e creation of treatie">:. Negotiation0 aut%entication of te<t0 consent to b

bound0 entr& into force.

. W$at do ne#otiation" inole>

:. Negotiation is done t%roug% foreign ministriesLarger multilateral treaties are negotiated in diplomatconferences. Negotiators must possess powers tnegotiate. :n act relating to t%e conclusion of a treatb& one w%o %as no proper aut%ori'ation %as no legaeffect unless confirmed b& %is state.

. W$o $a" )ower" to ne#otiate>:. : person is considered as a representative of /tate if %e aA produces appropriate full powers or bA appears from t%e practice of t%e /tates concerned ofrom ot%er circumstances t%at t%eir intention was tconsider t%at person as representing t%e /tate. :rtic-A.

. W$o are con"idered a" re)re"entatie" of -tate>

:. 3%e following are considered as representing t%e/tate0 wit%out %aving to produce full powers

aA Heads of /tate0 Heads of ?overnment aninisters for !oreign :ffairs0 for t%e purpose o

performing all acts relating to t%e conclusion of treat&J bA %eads of diplomatic missions0 for t%purpose of adopting t%e te<t of a treat& between t%accrediting /tate and t%e /tate to w%ic% t%e& araccreditedJ cA representatives accredited b& /tate tan international conference or to an internationaorgani'ation or one of its organs0 for t%e purpose oadopting t%e te<t of a treat& in t%at conferenceorgani'ation or organ.

. W$en do ne#otiation" end>

:. It concludes wit% t%e signing of t%e documen:rticle 9 provides t%at t%e adoption of t%e te<t of treat& at an international conference ta(es place b& t%

vote of two7t%irds of t%e /tates present and votingunless b& t%e same ma5orit& t%e& s%all decided to appa different rule. 3%e signatures can serve aaut%entication of t%e document.. (ow doe" a -tate eK)re"" it" con"ent to !

!ound>

:. :rticle ,, provides t%e various wa&s b& w%icconsent to be bound is e<pressed. 3%ese are bsignature0 e<c%ange of instruments constituting treat&0 ratification0 acceptance0 approval or accessionor b& an& ot%er means if so agreed.




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. (ow doe" t$e P$ili))ine" ratif2 a treat2>

:. :rticle II0 /ection 2, of t%e 4onstitution providest%at no treat& or international agreement s%all be validand effective unless concurred in b& at least 28 of allt%e embers of t%e /enate.

. W$at are re"eration">:. :rticle 2 defines reservations as a unilateralstatement0 %owever p%rased or named0 made b& a/tate0 w%en signing0 ratif&ing0 accepting0 approving oracceding to a treat&0 w%ereb& it purports to e<clude orto modif& t%e legal effect of certain provisions of t%etreat& in t%eir application to t%at /tate.

. /u"t a re"eration !e con"ented to !2 all)artie" for it to !e effectie>

:. Reservations to t%e ?enocide 4onvention I4+Reports ,9>,A states t%at a state w%ic% %as made andmaintained a reservation w%ic% %as been ob5ected to

b& one or more parties to t%e 4onvention but not b&ot%ers0 can be regarded as a part& to t%e 4onvention ift%e reservation is compatible wit% t%e ob5ect andpurpose of t%e 4onvention. 3%e 4ourt added t%atcompatibilit& could be decided b& states individuall&since if a part& to t%e 4onvention ob5ects to areservation w%ic% it considers incompatible wit% t%eob5ect and purpose of t%e 4onvention0 it can considert%at t%e reserving state is not a part& to t%e4onvention. Ender t%is view0 it is possible for differentlegal relations%ips to arise among parties to t%e sametreat&.

. W$en do treatie" enter into force>

:. 3reaties enter into force on t%e date agreed uponb& t%e parties. @%ere no date is indicated0 t%e treat&enters into force once consent %as been given.ultilteral treaties generall& contain a provision w%ic%sa&s %ow man& states %ave to accept t%e treat& beforeit can come into force.

. (ow are treatie" inter)reted>

Q. 3reaties are interpreted according to t%e ordinar&meaning of t%e words. @%ere t%ere are ambiguities int%e meaning of a treat&0 resort ma& be made tosupplementar& sources. :rt 8,A 3%us0 t%e purpose oft%e treat&0 and t%e special meaning given b& t%eparties ma& be appreciated.

In case t%ere is conflict among )official te<ts*0 t%elanguage t%at is agreed b& t%e parties as aut%oritativeis followed.

. W$at are t$e #round" t$at would &aJe a treat2inalid>

:. ;rror of fact0 fraud0 corruption of a representative ofa /tate0 coercion of a /tate b& t%e t%reat or use offorce. oreover0 a violation of jus cogens invalidates a

treat&.

. W$at i" t$e difference !etween a&end&ent an&odification of treatie">

:. :mendment is a formal revision done wit% t%participation0 at least in its initial stage0 b& all t%parties to t%e treat&. odification involves onl& some ot%e parties.

. (ow are treatie" ter&inated>

:. 3%e following are wa&s in w%ic% a treat& ma& bterminated ,A e<piration of a period 2A consent of aparties 8A accomplis%ment of t%e purpose =A materiabreac% repudiation not sancioned b& t%e prese4onventionA >A impossibilit& of performance rebus sstantibusA.

. W$en one "tate cea"e" to eKi"t and i"ucceeded !2 anot$er on t$e "a&e territor2: i" t$new "tate !ound !2 t$e co&&it&ent" &ade !2 it)redece""or>

:. :rticle ,F of t%e ,9- ienna 4onvention on t%/uccession of /tates wit% Respect to 3reaties

1 : newl& independent /tate is not bound to maintaiin force0 or to become a part& to0 an& treat& b& reasoonl& of t%e fact t%at at t%e date of t%e succession o/tates t%e treat& was in force in respect of t%e of t%territor& to w%ic% t%e succession of /tates relates.

Validit2 of t$e BaliJatan EKerci"e"7 3%e !: permits Enited /tates personnel to engage0 onan impermanent basis0 in activities0 t%e e<act meaning o w%ic% was left undefined. 3%e e<pression is ambiguouspermitting a wide scope of underta(ings sub5ect onl& to t%approval of t%e P%ilippine government. :fter studiereflection0 it appeared farfetc%ed t%at t%e ambiguit

surrounding t%e meaning of t%e word activities arose fromaccident. In our view0 it was deliberatel& made t%at wa& tgive bot% parties a certain leewa& in negotiation. In t%ismanner0 visiting E/ forces ma& so5ourn in P%ilippinterritor& for purposes ot%er t%an militar&.

:s conceived0 t%e 5oint e<ercises ma& includtraining on new tec%niues of patrol and surveillance tprotect t%e nations marine resources0 sea searc%7andrescue operations to assist vessels in distress0 disasterelief operations0 civic action pro5ects suc% as t%e buildinof sc%ool%ouses0 medical and %umanitarian missions0 ant%e li(e Lim vs. Honorable ;<ecutive /ecretar&0 ?.R. No,>,==>0 :pril ,,0 2CC2A.

TREAT AREE/ENT

,. Basic politicalissuesJ c%anges ofnational policies

,.:d5ustment of detaicarr&ing out establis%enational policies

2. PermanentInternational :greements

2. 3emporar& :rrangement

8. T(E UNITED NATION-a. Historical Bac(groundb. Purpose and Principles :dvocatedc. embers%ipd. Principal rgans




Page *1 of 2

e. Privileges and Immunitiesf. Role of EN in International Peace and /ecurit&

"#$#" a. (i"torical BacJ#roundIt is an international organi'ation created at t%e /an!rancisco 4onference w%ic% was %eld in t%e Enited/tates from :pril 2> to +une 2F0 ,9=>. 3%e E.N.0 as itis commonl& called0 succeeded t%e League of Nationsand is governed b& a 4%arter w%ic% came into force onctober 2=0 ,9=>. composed originall& of onl& >,members0 t%e EN %as grown rapidl& to include most oft%e states in t%e world.

W$o wa" t$e adocate of for&in# t$e UN>In %is famous !ourteen Points for t%e peacesettlement0 @oodrow @ilson called for t%eestablis%ment of a )general association of nations for world peace under specific covenants for mutualguarantees of political independence and territorial

integrit& to large and small /tates ali(e.* :nd so0 t%eLeague of Nations was formed.

W$o coined t$e na&e UN>It was President Roosevelt w%o suggested earl& in,9=2 t%e name EN for t%e group of countries w%ic% were fig%ting t%e :<is powers.

!. Pur)o"e and Princi)le" Adocated

W$at are t$e )rinci)al )ur)o"e" of t$e UN>,. 3o maintain international peace and securit&2. 3o develop friendl& relations among nations

8. 3o ac%ieve international cooperation in solvinginternational economic0 social0 cultural and%umanitarian problems

=. 3o promote respect for %uman rig%ts>. 3o be a center of %armoni'ing t%e actions of

nations towards t%ose common goals.

W$at are t$e )rinci)le" of t$e UN>,. :ll its members are eual and all are committed tofulfill in good fait% t%eir obligations under t%e 4%arter2. 3o settle t%eir disputes wit% eac% ot%er b&peaceful means8. 3o refrain form t%e t%reat or use of force in t%eir

international relations=. 3o refrain from assisting an& /tate against w%ic%t%e EN is ta(ing preventive or enforcement action.

c. /e&!er"$i)

* ind" of /e&!er"$i)a. riginalb. ;lective 1 t%ose subseuentl& admitted upon t%erecommendation of t%e EN /ecurit& 4ouncil.

ualification" for /e&!er"$i)a. ust be /tateb. ust be Peace7lovingc. ust accept t%e obligations as memberd. In t%e 5udgment of t%e rgani'ation0 be able and

willing to carr& out suc% obligation.

(ow i" Ad&i""ion conducted>,. Recommendation of a ualified ma5orit& in t%e/ecurit& 4ouncil7 3%e affirmative vote of at least 9 membersincluding t%e Big >.

2. :pproval of t%e ?eneral :ssembl& ?:A b& avote of at least 28 of t%ose present and voting.

Note Bot% /4 and ?: votes must be complied wit%.

-u")en"ion of /e&!er"$i)/uspension ma& occur w%en a preventive orenforcement action %as been ta(en b& t%e /4.3%e /4 ma&0 b& a ualified ma5orit&0 recommendsuspension to t%e ?: w%o s%all in turn concur wit% a 28 vote of t%ose present and voting.

Discipline does not suspend t%e memberGsobligations but onl& t%e e<ercise of its rig%ts andprivileges as a member. nl& t%e /4 ma& lift t%esuspension b& a ualified ma5orit&.

EK)ul"ion of a /e&!er

3%e penalt& of e<pulsion ma& be imposed upon amember w%ic% %as persistentl& violated t%eprinciples in t%e EN 4%arter. /ame votingreuirement as to suspension.

@it%drawal of embers%ip 1 Indonesia 4ase 3%e 4%arter is silent regarding wit%drawal ofmembers%ip. In ,9>0 Indonesia wit%drew itsmembers%ip from t%e EN and it was notcompelled to remain. /ubseuentl&0 uponPresident /u(arnoGs overt%row0 Indonesiaresumed its members%ip0 w%ic% was accepted b&

t%e EN.

d. T$e Princi)al Or#an",. ?eneral :ssembl& ?:A2. /ecurit& 4ouncil /4A8. ;conomic and /ocial 4ouncil ;/4A=. 3rustees%ip 4ouncil 34A>. International 4ourt of +ustice I4+AF. /ecretariat




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a. eneral A""e&!l2

i. Composition: :llmembers of t%e EN as of ,99F ,>member /tatesA

ii. unction. 3%e ?: ma&discuss an& uestion or matter wit%in t%escope of t%e 4%arter or relating to t%e

powers and functions of an& ot%er organ. Itis also vested wit% 5urisdiction over mattersconcerning internal mac%iner& andoperations of t%e EN.

!. -ecurit2 Councili. Composition: ,> members

− > Permanent embers 4%ina0 !rance0 EM0E/0 RussiaA

− ,C non7permanent elected for 2 &ear terms b&t%e ?eneral :ssembl&

ii. unction. t%e maintenance of internationalpeace and securit&.

-. What is the =dou9le veto=3

#. In all non>procedural matters0 eac% permanentmember is given a eto 7 a /ecurit& 4ouncil decisionis ineffective if even one permanent member votesagainst it. 3%e veto does not ordinaril& appl& to

procedural matters. However0 a permanent memberma& e<ercise a double eto w%en it vetoes an&attempt to treat a uestion as procedural0 and t%enproceed to veto an& draft resolution dealing wit% t%atuestion.

c. -ecretariat 1 4%ief :dministrativergan of t%e Enited Nations.

d. Econo&ic and -ocial Council 7organ c%arged wit% promoting social progress andbetter standards of life in larger freedom.

e. Tru"tee"$i) Council 7 organ c%arged wit% administration of International 3rustees%ip/&stem.

f. International Court of 3u"tice 7 5udicial organ of t%e EN.

T(E INTERNATIONAL COURT O% 3U-TICEa. MO)tional Clau"eM and Contentiou"

3uri"diction

:s a rule0 t%e I4+ can operate onl& on t%e

basis of t%e consent of /tates to its 5urisdiction./uc% ma& ta(e t%e form of a special agreeentbetween /tates to submit an e"isting disputebefore t%e 4ourt i.e.0 compromisA.

However0 under t%e o)tional clau"e art.8F2A0 I4+ /tatuteA0 a /tate ma& declare inadvance t%at t%e& recogni'e t%e 5urisdiction of t%e4ourt as compulsor& ipso facto and wit%out needof special agreement0 in relation to an& ot%er /tateaccepting t%e same obligation0 in all legal disputes

concerningi. 3%e interpretation of a treat&Jii. :n& uestion of international lawiii. ;<istence of an& fact w%ic%0 if establis%ed

would constitute breac% of internationaobligationJ and

iv. Nature or e<tent of reparation to be mad

for breac% of international obligation.b. 3%e I4+ ma& give adi"or2 o)inion on an

legal uestion at t%e reuest of w%atever bodma& be aut%ori'ed b& or in accordance witt%e 4%arter of t%e Enited Nations to ma(e suca reuest.

c. -tare Deci"i" does not appl& to t%e I4+. Endet%e statute of t%e 4ourt0 previous decision%ave no binding forceJ in practice0 %owevet%e 4ourt alwa&s ta(es past decisions intaccount.

-. What does it ean to decide a case >? #>-01

>T 1N13: It is to rule in 5ustice and fairness0 euit& overrideall ot%er rules of law. 3%e I4+ %as no power to decide case e) aeBuo et bono0 unless all parties agree t%eret6art. 82A0 I4+ /tatute.

-. Who has standing 9efore the '()3

# nl& /tates ma& be parties in contentiouproceedings before t%e I4+ art 8=0 I4+ /tatuteA.

I&&unit2 of t$e United Nation" is spelled out b& :r,C> of t%e EN 4%arter and supplemented b& t%?eneral 4onvention on t%e Privileges and Immunitieof t%e Enited Nations and t%e 4onvention an

Privileges of /peciali'ed :gencies.

I&&unit2 of international or#ani4ation" comes fromt%e conventional instrument creating t%em a cleae<ample of t%e grant of immunit& creating t%em. 3%eimmunit& is not based on sovereignt& but on t%e neefor t%e effective e<ercise of t%eir functions.

-u!"idiar2 Or#an" 1 t%ose w%ic% was createdb& t%e 4%arter itself or w%ic% it allows to becreated w%enever necessar& b& t%e /4 or ?:.

,. Little :ssembl& 1 Interim 4ommittee0 created

in ,9=- for a term of one e&ar and re7establis%edin ,9=9 for an indefinite term. 4omposed of onedelegate for eac% member7state0 it meets w%ent%e ?eneral :ssembl& is in recess and assists t%isbod& in t%e performance of its functions.

2. ilitar& /taff 4ommittee8. Human Rig%ts 4ommission




Page *, of 2

-)eciali4ed A#encie" 1 not part of t%e EN0 but%ave been broug%t into close contact wit% itbecause of t%eir purposes and functions0 suc% as,. @orld Healt% rgani'ation2. International onetar& !und8. 3ec%nical :ssistance Board

Pro)o"al" for A&end&ent" to t$e UN C$arterand Ratification

* wa2" of ado)tin# )ro)o"al"+a. directl&0 b& 28 votes of all ?: membersb. b& 28 of a general conference called for t%ispurpose b& 28 of t%e ?: and an& 9 members oft%e /4.

:n& amendment t%us proposed s%all be sub5ect toratification b& at least 28 of t%e ?:0 including t%epermanent members of t%e /4.

"#$#"

UN eneral A""e&!l23%is is t%e central organ of t%e EN. 3%e principaldeliberative bod& of t%e organi'ation and is vested wit% 5urisdiction over matters concerning t%einternal mac%iner& and operations of t%e EN.

A Co&)o"ition4onsists of all t%e members of t%e EN. ;ac% memberis entitled to send no more t%an > delegates and >alternates and as man& tec%nical and ot%er personnelas it ma& need.

3%e reason for t%is s&stem of multiple delegates is toenable t%e members to attend of several meetings t%atma& be ta(ing place at t%e same time in t%e differentorgans or committees of t%e rgani'ation.

However0 eac% delegation is entitled onl& to one votein t%e decisions to be made b& t%e ?:.

A -e""ion",. Re#ular "e""ion" 1 ever& &ear beginning t%e

t%ird 3uesda& of /eptember.2. -)ecial "e""ion" 1 ma& be called at t%e reuestof t%e /40 a ma5orit& of t%e member states0 or onemember wit% t%e concurrence of t%e ma5orit&.8. E&er#enc2 ")ecial "e""ion 1 ma& be called wit%in 2= %ours at t%e reuest of t%e /4 b& vote of an&9 members or b& a ma5orit& of t%e members of t%e EN.

-o&e I&)ortant %unction" of t$e A

,. Deli!eratie 1 discuss principles regardinmaintenance of international peace and securit& anma& ta(e appropriate measures toward t%is end.

2. -u)eri"or2 1 receives and considersreports from t%e ot%er organs of t%e EN.

8. Electie 1 important voting functions are alsovested in t%e ?:0 suc% as t%e election of t%e non7permanent members of t%e /40 some members oft%e 34 and all t%e members of t%e ;/40 and wit%t%e /4 selects t%e 5udges of t%e I4+J alsoparticipates in t%e amendment of t%e 4%arter.=. Budgetar& 1 controls t%e finances of t%e EN>. 4onstituent 1 amendment of t%e c%arter.

A Votin# Rule";ac% member or delegation %as , vote in t%e ?:.Important Questions are decided b& 28 ma5orit&of t%ose present and voting. :ll ot%er matters0

including t%e determination of w%et%er a uestionis important or not0 are decided b& simplema5orit&.

I&)ortant ue"tion" include+aA peace and securit&bA members%ipcA electiondA trustees%ip s&stemeA budget

A /ain Co&&ittee"ost uestions are t%en discussed in its si< mai

committeesU ,st 4ommittee 7Disarmament V International/ecurit&U 2nd 7 ;conomic V !inancialU 8rd 7 /ocial0 Humanitarian V 4ulturalU =t% 7 /pecial Political V Decoloni'ationU >t% 7 :dministrative V Budgetar&U Ft% 7 Legal

/ome issues are considered onl& in plenar& meetings w%ile ot%ers are allocated to one of t%e si< maincommittees. :ll issues are voted on t%rougresolutions passed in plenar& meetings0 usuall

towards t%e end of t%e regular session0after t%committees %ave completed t%eir consideration ot%em and submitted draft resolutions to t%e plenar&:ssembl&.oting in 4ommittees is b& a simple ma5orit&. Iplenar& meetings0 resolutions ma& be adopted bacclamation0 wit%out ob5ection or wit%out a vote0 or t%evote ma& be recorded or ta(en b& roll7call.




Page *7 of 2

@%ile t%e decisions of t%e :ssembl& %ave nolegall& binding force for governments0 t%e& carr& t%e weig%t of world opinion0 as well as t%e moral

aut%orit& of t%e world communit&.

3%e wor( of t%e EN &ear7round derives largel& fromt%e decisions of t%e ?eneral :ssembl& 7 t%at is to sa&0t%e will of t%e ma5orit& of t%e members as e<pressed inresolutions adopted b& t%e :ssembl&. 3%at wor( iscarried out

a. b& committees and ot%er bodies establis%ed b&t%e :ssembl& to stud& and report on specificissues0 suc% as disarmament0 peace(eeping0development and %uman rig%tsJ

b. in international conferences called for b& t%e:ssembl&J and

c. b& t%e /ecretariat of t%e EN 7 t%e /ecretar&7?eneral and %is staff of international civil servants.

"#$#"

UN -ecurit2 Council:n organ of t%e EN primaril& responsible for t%emaintenance of international peace and securit&. 3%eirresponsibilit& ma(es t%e /4 a (e& influence in t%edirection of t%e affairs not onl& of t%e rgani'ation butof t%e entire international communit& as well.

-C %unction" and Power"+a. to maintain international peace and securit& in

accordance wit% t%e principles and purposes oft%e ENJ

b. to investigate an& dispute or situation w%ic% mig%tlead to international frictionJ

c. to recommend met%ods of ad5usting suc% disputesor t%e terms of settlementJ

d. to formulate plans for t%e establis%ment of as&stem to regulate armamentsJ

e. to determine t%e e<istence of a t%reat to t%e peaceor act of aggression and to recommend w%ataction s%ould be ta(enJ

f. to call on embers to appl& economicsanctions and ot%er measures not involvingt%e use of force to prevent or stop aggressionJ

g. to ta(e militar& action against an aggressorJ

%. to recommend t%e admission of newembersJi. to e<ercise t%e trustees%ip functions of t%e EN

in strategic areasJ and,C. to recommend to t%e ?eneral :ssembl& t%eappointment of t%e /ecretar&7?eneral and0toget%er wit% t%e :ssembl&0 to elect t%e +udges oft%e International 4ourt of +ustice.

-C Co&)o"ition

4omposed of ,> members0 > of w%ic% arepermanent. 3%e so7 called Big !ive are 4%ina0!rance0 t%e ;uropean Enion0 t%e Enited Mingdom0and t%e Enited /tates.

3%e ot%er ten members are elected for 27&earterms b& t%e ?:0 > from t%e :frican and :sianstates0 , from ;astern ;uropean states0 2 fromLatin :merican states0 and 2 from @estern;uropean and ot%er states. 3%eir terms %avebeen so staggered as to provide for t%e retirementof W of t%em ever& &ear.3%ese members are not eligible for immediate re7election.

4%airmans%ip of t%e /4 is rotated mont%l& on t%ebasis of t%e ;nglis% alp%abetical order of t%enames of t%e members.

-C -e""ion"

3%e /4 is reuired to function continuousl& and to %olditself in readiness in case of t%reat to or actual breacof international peace. !or t%is purpose0 all members%ould be represented at all times at t%e seat of t%rgani'ation.

-C Votin# Rule";ac% member of t%e /4 %as , vote0 but distinctionis made between t%e permanent and t%e non7permanent members in t%e decision ofsubstantive uestions.

alta Votin# %or&ula

a. Procedural matters 1 9 votes of an& of /4membersb. /ubstantive matters 1 9 votes including >permanent votes.

No member0 permanent or not0 is allowed to vote onuestions concerning t%e pacific settlement of adispute to w%ic% it is a part&.

<ule of 5reat@Power 0naniity a negative vote ban& permanent member on a non7procedural matteroften referred to as )veto*0 means re5ection of t%e drafresolution or proposal0 even if it %as received 9

affirmative votes.

7 :bstention or absence of a member is not regardedas veto

Procedural and -u!"tantie /atter"Di"tin#ui"$ed

Procedural &atter" include+




Page *9 of 2

a. uestions relating to t%e organi'ation andmeetings of t%e 4ouncilJb. t%e establis%ment of subsidiar& organsJ andc. t%e participation of states parties to a dispute in t%ediscussion of t%e /4.

/ubstantial matters include t%ose t%at ma& reuiret%e /4 under its responsibilit& of maintaining orrestoring world peace to invo(e measures ofenforcement.W$at i" t$e role of a /e&!er of t$e UN !ut not a&e&!er of t$e -ecurit2 Council>

:lt%oug% not a member of t%e /40 it ma&participate wit%out voteA in t%e discussion of an&uestion before t%e 4ouncil w%enever t%e latter feelst%at t%e interests of t%at member are speciall&affected. /uc% member is li(ewise tobe invited b& t%e4ouncil to participate wit%out voteAin t%e discussion ofan& dispute to w%ic% t%e ember is a part&.

+ Loola)aloo4a conducted ille#al ina"ion andconue"t a#ain"t /oooKaKa. T$e UN -ecurit2Council called for enforce&ent action a#ain"tLoola)aloo4a. Doe" enforce&ent action include"endin# of fi#$tin# troo)">: N. 4ompliance wit% t%e resolution calling forenforcement action does not necessaril& call for t%esending of fig%ting troops. 3%ere must be a specialagreement wit% t%e /4 before sending of fig%tingtroops ma& be %ad and suc% agreement s%all governt%e numbers and t&pes of forces0 t%eir degree ofreadiness and general locations0 and t%e nature of t%e

facilities and assistance to be supplied b& ENmembers.d. Priile#e" and I&&unitie"

I&&unitie"Because t%e& en5o& international personalit&0 t%e& canalso be given t%e immunities and privileges ofinternational persons.

Hasis for immunity: Not sovereignt& but t%e need fort%e effective e<ercise of t%eir functions.

3%ere is no common law doctrine recogni'ing t%e

immunit& of Is. 3%eir immunities come from t%econventional instrument creating t%em.

3%e P%il. 4ourt0 in several cases0 %as affirmed t%isimmunit&. However0 it was %eld t%at t%eir immunit& isnot absolute. It is limited to acts performed in an officialcapacit&.

e. Role of UN in InternationalPeace and -ecurit2

/aving succeeding generations from t%e scourge o war was t%e main motivation for creating t%e EniteNations0 w%ose founders lived t%roug% t%e devastatioof two world wars. /ince its creation0 t%e EN %as oftebeen called upon to prevent disputes from escalatininto war0 or to %elp restore peace w%en armed conflicdoes brea( out0 and to promote lasting peace isocieties emerging from wars.

3%e /ecurit& 4ouncil0 t%e ?eneral :ssembl& and t%/ecretar&7?eneral all pla& ma5or0 complementar& rolein fostering peace and securit&.

ver t%e decades0 t%e EN %as %elped to end numerouconflicts0 often t%roug% actions of t%e /ecurit& 4ouncilt%e organ wit% primar& responsibilit&0 under t%e EniteNations 4%arter0 for t%e maintenance of internationapeace and securit&. 3%reats to peace are discussed i

t%e /ecurit& 4ouncil and it can issue ceasefirdirectives to prevent wider %ostilities. It ma& appoinspecial representatives or reuest t%e /ecretar&?eneral to do so or to use %is good offices.

3%e /ecurit& 4ouncil also deplo&s Enited Nationpeace(eeping operations to %elp reduce tensions itroubled areas0 (eep opposing forces apart and creatconditions for sustainable peace after settlements %avbeen reac%ed. 3%e 4ouncil ma& decide oenforcement measures0 economic sanctions suc% atrade embargoesA or collective militar& action.

Conflict Preention 4onflict prevention remains one of t%e %ig%eob5ectives of t%e Enited Nations. In toda&s worldpreventive action e<tends well be&ond traditionpreventive diplomac& to involve a broad constellation oEN entities wor(ing across a wide range of disciplinespovert& eradication and development0 %uman rig%tand t%e rule of law0 elections and t%e building odemocratic institutions and t%e control of small arms0 tname 5ust a few.

PeaceJee)in# 3%e first EN peace(eeping mission was establis%ed i

,9=0 w%en t%e /ecurit& 4ouncil aut%ori'ed t%deplo&ment of t%e Enited Nations 3ruce /upervisiorgani'ation EN3/A to t%e iddle ;ast to monitot%e :rmistice :greement between Israel and its :raneig%bours. /ince t%en0 t%ere %ave been a total of FEN peace(eeping operations around t%e world.

ver t%e &ears EN peace(eeping %as evolved to meet%e demands of different conflicts and a c%anginpolitical landscape. Born at t%e time w%en t%e 4ol




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@ar rivalries freuentl& paral&'ed t%e /ecurit& 4ouncil0EN peace(eeping goals were primaril& limited tomaintaining ceasefires and stabili'ing situations on t%eground0 so t%at efforts could be made at t%e politicallevel to resolve t%e conflict b& peaceful means.

EN peacema(ing e<panded in t%e ,99Cs0 as t%e end oft%e 4old @ar created new opportunities to end civil wars t%roug% negotiated peace settlements. : largenumber of conflicts were broug%t to an end0 eit%ert%roug% direct EN mediation or b& t%e efforts of ot%ersacting wit% EN support. 4ountries assisted included ;l/alvador0 ?uatemala0 Namibia0 4ambodia0o'ambiue0 3a5i(istan0 /ierra Leone0 and Burundi. :st%e decade drew to a close0 continuing crises led tonew operations in t%e Democratic Republic of t%e4ongo0 t%e 4entral :frican Republic0 3imor Leste0/ierra Leone and Mosovo.

3%e nature of conflict %as also c%anged over t%e &ears.

riginall& developed as a means of dealing wit% inter7/tate conflict0 EN peace(eeping %as been increasingl&applied to intra7/tate conflicts and civil wars. :lt%oug%t%e militar& remain t%e bac(bone of most peace(eepingoperations0 toda&s peace(eepers underta(e a widevariet& of comple< tas(s0 from %elping to buildsustainable institutions of governance0 t%roug% %umanrig%ts monitoring and securit& sector reform0 to t%edisarmament0 demobili'ation and reintegration offormer combatants0 and demining.

Peace!uildin# 3%e e<perience of recent &ears %as also led t%e Enited

Nations to focus as never before on peacebuilding 7efforts to reduce a countr&s ris( of lapsing or relapsinginto conflict b& strengt%ening national capacities forconflict management0 and to la& t%e foundations forsustainable peace and development.

Building lasting peace in war7torn societies is amongt%e most daunting of c%allenges for global peace andsecurit&. 3%e Enited Nations establis%ed t%ePeacebuilding 4ommission in 2CC> to better anticipateand respond to t%e c%allenges of peacebuilding.

Wo&en: )eace and "ecurit2

@%ile women remain a minorit& of combatants andperpetrators of war0 t%e& increasingl& suffer t%egreatest %arm. 3%e EN /ecurit& 4ouncil recogni'edt%at including women and gender perspectives indecision7ma(ing can strengt%en prospects forsustainable peace wit% t%e unanimous adoption ofresolution ,82> on women0 peace and securit&. 3%elandmar( resolution specificall& addresses t%e situationof women in armed conflict and calls for t%eir

participation at all levels of decision7ma(ing on conflicresolution and peacebuilding.

Di"ar&a&ent In 2C,C0 world militar& e<penditures e<ceeded som,.> trillion E/ dollars. 3%e need for a culture of peacand for significant arms reduction worldwide %as nevebeen greater. :nd t%is applies to all classes o weapons from nuclear weapons to conventionafirearms and landmines./ince t%e birt% of t%e Enited Nations0 t%e goals omultilateral disarmament and arms limitation %ave beedeemed central to t%e maintenance of internationpeace and securit&. 3%ese goals range from reducinand eventuall& eliminating nuclear weapons0 destro&inc%emical weapons and strengt%ening t%e pro%ibitioagainst biological weapons0 to %alting t%e proliferatioof landmines0 small arms and lig%t weapons.3%ese efforts are supported b& a number of (e& Einstruments. 3%e 3reat& on t%e Non7Proliferation o

Nuclear @eapons NP3A0 t%e most universal of amultilateral disarmament treaties0 came into force i,9-C. 3%e 4%emical @eapons 4onvention entered intforce in ,99-0 t%e Biological @eapons 4onvention i,9->. 3%e 4ompre%ensive Nuclear73est7Ban 3rea was adopted in ,99F0 %owever it %as not &et entereinto force. 3%e ,99- ine7Ban 4onvention came intforce in ,999.

UN Action to Counter Terrori"& 4ountering t%e scourge of terrorism is in t%e interest oall nations and t%e issue %as been on t%e agenda ot%e Enited Nations for decades. :lmost no wee( goe

b& wit%out an act of terrorism ta(ing place somew%erin t%e world0 indiscriminatel& affecting innocent peop w%o 5ust %appened to be in t%e wrong place at t% wrong time.;ig%teen universal instruments fourteen instrumentand four amendmentsA against international terrorism%ave been elaborated wit%in t%e framewor( of t%Enited Nations s&stem relating to specific terroriactivities.: global strateg& to counter terrorism was agreed /eptember 2CCF w%ic% mar(s t%e first time t%at aember /tates of t%e Enited Nations %ave agreed to common strategic and operational framewor( to fig%

terrorism. 3%e /trateg& forms a basis for a concretplan of action to address t%e conditions conducive tt%e spread of terrorismJ to prevent and combaterrorismJ to ta(e measures to build state capacit& tfig%t terrorismJ to strengt%en t%e role of t%e EniteNations in combating terrorismJ and to ensure t%respect of %uman rig%ts w%ile countering terrorism.

Or#ani4ed Cri&e




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rgani'ed crime t%reatens peace and %uman securit&0violates %uman rig%ts and undermines economic0social0 cultural0 political and civil development ofsocieties around t%e world.3ransnational organi'ed crime manifests in man&forms0 including as traffic(ing in drugs0 firearms andeven people. :t t%e same time0 organi'ed crime groupse<ploit %uman mobilit& to smuggle migrants andundermine financial s&stems t%roug% mone&laundering. 3%e vast sums of mone& involved cancompromise legitimate economies and directl& impactpublic processes b& bu&ing elections t%roug%corruption.

rgani'ed crime %as diversified0 gone global andreac%ed macro7economic proportions illicit goods ma&be sourced from one continent0 traffic(ed acrossanot%er0 and mar(eted in a t%ird. 3ransnationalorgani'ed crime can permeate government agenciesand institutions0 fuelling corruption0 infiltrating business

and politics0 and %indering economic and socialdevelopment. :nd it is undermining governance anddemocrac& b& empowering t%ose w%o operate outsidet%e law.

3%e transnational nature of organi'ed crime meanst%at criminal networ(s forge bonds across borders andadapt as new crimes emerge. In s%ort0 transnationalorgani'ed crime transcends cultural0 social0 linguisticand geograp%ical borders and must be met wit% aconcerted response.3%e Enited Nations ffice on Drugs and 4rimeEND4A wor(s to combat transnational organi'ed

crime and is t%e guardian of t%e Enited Nations4onvention against 3ransnational rgani'ed 4rimergani'ed 4rime 4onventionA and t%e t%reesupplementar& Protocols 7on 3raffic(ing in Persons0/muggling of igrants and 3raffic(ing of !irearms.

. DIPLO/ATIC AND CON-ULAR LAWa. Diplomatic Lawb. 4onsular Lawc. /pecial issionsd. Prevention and Punis%ment of 4rimes again

Diplomatic :gents "#$#"

a. Di)lo&atic Law,. Rig%t of diplomatic intercourse

2. Rig%t of t%e state to send and receiv




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diplomatic missions wc enables state to carr&on friendl& intercourse

8. ?overned b& t%e ienna 4onvention onDiplomatic Relations ,9F,A

a. :ctive rig%t of legation 1 senddiplomatic representatives

b. Passive rig%t of legation 1 receive

diplomatic representatives

%unction" of Di)lo&atic /i""ion"+,. representing sending state in receiving stateJ

2. protecting in receiving state interests ofsending state and its nationalsJ

8. negotiating wit% government of receiving stateJ

=. promoting friendl& relations between sendingand receiving states and developing t%eireconomic0 cultural and scientific relationsJ

>. ascertaining b& all lawful means conditions anddevelopments in receiving state and reportingt%ereon to government of sending stateJ and

F. in some cases0 representing friendl&governments at t%eir reuest.

a. A#reation 1 process in appointment ofdiplomatic envo&. @%ere states resortto an informal inuir& enuir&A as tot%e acceptabilit& of a particular envo&0to w%ic% t%e receiving state responds wit% an informal conformit&agrementA.

b. Letre de CreanceLetter ofCredenceA 1 wit% t%e name0 ran( andgeneral c%aracter of %is mission0 and areuest for favorable reception and fullcredence.

A#ent" of Di)lo&atic intercour"e,. Head of state2. !oreign secretar& or ministr&8. embers of t%e diplomatic service

=. /pecial diplomatic agents appointed b& t%e %eadsof state

>. ;nvo& ceremonial

Diplomatic 4orps

7: bod& consisting of all diplomatic envo&saccredited to t%e same local or receiving state

:ppointment of :mbassador

,. In t%e P%ilippines it is t%e president w%o appoints/ec.,F0 :rt.- of t%e constitutionA send V instructs t%ediplomatic consular representatives V %is prerogativeto determine t%e assignments of t%e countr&Gsdiplomatic representatives caanot be uestioned. ?Rno. 9=C-CA

Ter&ination of t$e di)lo&atic &i""ion+

,. Deat%. 2.A Resignation. 8.A Removal. =.A ;<tinction o

t%e state. >.A @ar. F.A :bolition of office. -.A Recall.

Dismissal.

b. 4onsular Lawc. /pecial issions

d. Prevention and Punis%ment of 4rimeagainst Diplomatic :gents

Minds of 4onsuls

,. consules missi 1 professional or careerconsuls w%o are nationals of sendingstate and are reuired to devote t%eir full7time to disc%arge t%eir dutiesJ and

2. consules electi 1 ma& or not be nationalsof sending state and perform consularfunctions onl& in addition to t%eir regularcallings.

1. RanJ"+

2. consul7general 1 %eads several consulardistricts0 or one e<ceptionall& largeconsular districtJ

8. consul 1 ta(es c%arge of a small district otown

=. or portJ>. vice7consul 1 assists t%e consulJ and

F. consular agent 1 usuall& entrusted wit%t%e performance of cerain functions b&t%e consul.

-. Duties. Protection of t%e interest of t%e sending state

9. Promotion of t%e commercial economic0cultural V scientific relations of t%esending V receiving state.

,C. bservations of condition Vdevelopments in t%e receiving state Vreport t%ereof to t%e sending state.

,,. Issuance of passport V ot%er travel tonationals of t%e sending state V visas orappropriate documents to persons wis%ing to travel to t%e sending state.

,2. /upervision V inspection of vessels andaircraft to t%e sending state.

A))oint&ent ? * or &ore docu&ent" arenece""ar2 !efore t$e a""u&)tion of con"ularfunction+

,. Letters patent7 letter of appointment orcommission wc is transmitted b& t%esending state to t%e secretar& of foreignaffairs of t%e countr& w%ere t%e consul isto serve.

2. ;<euator7 t%e aut%ori'ation given to t%econsul b& t%e sovereign of t%e receivingstate0 allowing %im to e<ercise %isfunction wit%in t%e territor&.




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Ter&ination of con"ular &i""ion+

,. @it%drawal of t%e e<euaturJ 2.A e<tinction oft%e stateJ 8.A @arJ =.A usual wa&s of terminatingan official relations%ip.

Priile#e" and i&&unitie"+

,. Inviolabilit& of t%eir correspondence0 arc%ives0 Vot%er documents.2. !reedom of movement V travel

8. Immunit& from 5urisdiction for acts performed inofficial capacit&

=. ;<emption from certain ta<es V duties.>. /pecial ission 1 not foundA

F. Prevention and punis%ment of crime against t%ediplomatic agents

1. Per"onal Iniola!ilit2 0 not lia!leto an2 for& of arre"t or detention.

R.:. -> penali'es a person w%o assaults0 stri(es0

wounds0 offers violence to t%e person of anambassador in addition to RP4 penalties and sub5ectto t%e rules of reciprocit&A

- e<cept self7defense

- reasonable p%&sical restraint

*. Iniola!ilit2 of )re&i"e" and arc$ie"

- premises occupied b& t%e mission receivingstate ma& not enter wo

- private residence of diplomatic agent t%econsent of t%e envo& e<cept e<treme

necessit&

8. Rig%t of official communication7 no interference wit% t%e rig%t to communicate tosending state or ot%er envo&s in receiving state b& an&means

=.A Immunit& from local 5urisdiction 7 criminalA w%et%erfor official or private acts. Remed& is to as( for recall.Immunit& from civiladministrative 5urisdictions notabsolute.;<ceptions are

aA real action relating to private immovable foundin receiving state

bA action relating to succession 7 diplomat ise<ecutor0 administrator0 %eirlegatee

cA action relating to professionalcommercialactivit& in t%e receiving state outside of officialfunctions. easures of e<ecution ma& be ta(en againstenvo& provided t%at it will be done wit%out infringing t%einviolabilit& of %is person or residence.

>.A ;<emption from subpoena 7 Diplomats cannot becompelled to testif& 5udicial or administrativeA wit%outt%e consent of t%eir governments. Not even b&deposition.F.A ;<emption from 3a<ation 7 :ll duesta<es

personal0 real0 national0 regional0 municipalAe<cept

aA indirect ta<es

bA duesta<es on private real propert& inreceiving state unless being %eld onbe%alf of sending state for t%e purpose oft%e mission

cA estate0 in%eritance0 successiondA ta<es on private income and source from

receiving state and capital ta<es oninvestments in commercial ventures inreceiving state

eA c%arges levied for specific services

fA registration0 court or record fees0mortgage dues0 stamp dut& wit% respectto immovable

-.A ;<emption from customs dutiesta<esaA articles for use of missionbA personal use of envo& or famil& %ouse%oldA

cA baggage and effects entitled to free entr&and normall& wit%out e<amination

dA :rticles addressed to ambassadors0ministers0 c%arges de affairs0 e<emptfrom customs inspection

eA :rticles addressed to representativesot%er t%an c%iefs of mission 7 usualcustoms treatment




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public and private international law version 5.0

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