public speaking chapter 1

Copyright © 2011 Cengage Learning 1.1Chapter 1 – Public Speaking, Ethics & You

Essentials of Essentials of Public SpeakingPublic Speaking

Cheryl Hamilton, Ph.D.

5th Edition5th Edition

Public SpeakingEthics and

You

Chapter 1

Cheryl HamiltonCheryl Hamilton


Key IdeasKey Ideas

Benefits of taking Public speakingBenefits of taking Public speaking The basic types of public speechesThe basic types of public speeches The communication process and the speakerThe communication process and the speaker The public speaker’s ethical obligationsThe public speaker’s ethical obligations


Flashback . . . Flashback . . .

Educated Greeks and Romans studied Educated Greeks and Romans studied rhetoric rhetoric —the art of persuasive public speaking. —the art of persuasive public speaking.

Aristotle’s Aristotle’s RhetoricRhetoric divided speaking into: divided speaking into:• ForensicForensic (speaking in court) • DeliberativeDeliberative (political or legislative speaking) • EpideicticEpideictic (ceremonial speaking)


Benefits of Public SpeakingBenefits of Public Speaking

Enhances personal developmentEnhances personal development Influences your worldInfluences your world Advances your careerAdvances your career

Copyright © 2011 Cengage Learning 1.5

Enhances Personal DevelopmentEnhances Personal Development

Builds personal communication confidenceBuilds personal communication confidence Gives you more control over your lifeGives you more control over your life

– Helps you construct arguments and present positions– Develops critical thinking skills

Makes you a more flexible communicatorMakes you a more flexible communicator Helps you from feeling manipulatedHelps you from feeling manipulated

Chapter 1 – Public Speaking, Ethics & You


Influences Your WorldInfluences Your World

Better prepared for involvement in campus Better prepared for involvement in campus issuesissues

Better prepared for involvement in civic Better prepared for involvement in civic issuesissues

Better prepared to share information relevant Better prepared to share information relevant to a particular positionto a particular position


Copyright © 2011 Cengage Learning 1.71.7

Advances Your Career:Advances Your Career:Example: EngineeringExample: Engineering


Electrical engineers spend over 4 hours per Electrical engineers spend over 4 hours per

day communicating (Vestal et al. 1996)day communicating (Vestal et al. 1996)

About 50% of all engineers value oral skills About 50% of all engineers value oral skills

above technical skills (Darling & Daniels, 2003)above technical skills (Darling & Daniels, 2003)

Oral skills ranked second to importance after Oral skills ranked second to importance after

problem-solving skills (Evans et al. 1993)problem-solving skills (Evans et al. 1993)

Copyright © 2011 Cengage Learning 1.81.8Chapter 1 – Public Speaking, Ethics & You

Types of SpeechesTypes of Speeches

InformativeInformative - - Focuses on conveying facts and promoting understanding. PersuasivePersuasive - - Seeks to influence choices & opinions. Special occasionSpecial occasion - - Lends a sense of distinction to special occasions.


Informative Vs. PersuasiveInformative Vs. Persuasive

InformativeInformative Promote Promote

understanding of a understanding of a body of factsbody of facts– Performing Heimlich

maneuver– Effects of stress on the

body– Growth of YouTube and

Twitter

PersuasivePersuasive Seek to influence Seek to influence

beliefs, choices or beliefs, choices or opinionsopinions– On-campus parking

should be expanded– Daily exercise is

necessary for health– City and country libraries

are the surest avenue for maintaining our demcracy



Special OccasionSpecial Occasion

Gives sense of distinction to important eventsGives sense of distinction to important events Examples of special occasionsExamples of special occasions

– Weddings– Funerals– Award ceremonies– Introducing a new student



The Communication Process:The Communication Process:


LISTENER

Motivation

SPEAKER

MessageDecoded

MessageEncoded

Stimulus


Frame of ReferenceFrame of Reference

BeliefsBeliefs AttitudesAttitudes ValuesValues Background (e.g. education, gender, race, Background (e.g. education, gender, race,

hometown)hometown) ExperiencesExperiences


Differences in Cultural ValuesDifferences in Cultural Values


Americans Japanese Arabs

1. Freedom 1. Belonging 1. Family Security

2. Independence 2. Group Harmony 2. Family Harmony

3. Self-Reliance 3. Collectiveness 3. Parental Guidance

4. Equality 4. Age/Seniority 4. Age

5. Individualism 5. Group Consciousness

5. Authority

6. Competition 6. Cooperation 6. Compromise

7. Efficiency 7. Quality 7. Devotion

8. Time 8. Patience 8. Patience

9. Directness 9. Indirectness 9. Indirectness

10. Openness 10. Go-between 10. Hospitality




LISTENER

Motivation

SPEAKER

MessageDecoded

MessageEncoded

Code

Stimulus


Communication CodesCommunication Codes

Language Language (Verbal) - spoken or written words Paralanguage Paralanguage (Vocal) - tone, pitch, volume, etc. Non-Verbal Non-Verbal (Visual) - eye contact, facial

expressions, posture, etc.

Vocal & Visual Code

Verbal Code




LISTENER

Motivation

SPEAKER

MessageDecoded

InternalNoise

MessageEncoded

InternalNoise

Code

Feedback

Stimulus

ENVIRONMENT

ENVIRONMENT

ExternalNoise


Speaking of EthicsSpeaking of Ethics

The public’s perceptions of ethical standards The public’s perceptions of ethical standards in several professionsin several professions

Violations and costs of unethical behaviorViolations and costs of unethical behavior The ethical responsibilities of speakersThe ethical responsibilities of speakers Classroom ethicsClassroom ethics


The Public’s View of Ethical The Public’s View of Ethical StandardsStandards

Table 1.2

Percentage of people as rating each profession

as having “High” or

“Very High” ethical standards

Profession 2003

2004 2005 2006 2007

2008

2009

Nurses 83 79 82 84 79 84 83

Druggists, pharmacists

67 72 67 73 67 70 66

Medical doctors 68 67 65 69 63 64 65

Clergy 56 56 54 58 53 56 50

Police officers 59 60 61 54 53 56 63

Accountants — — 39 — — 38 --

Journalists 25 — 28 26 — 25 23

Bankers 35 36 41 37 35 23 19

Lawyers 16 18 18 18 15 18 13

Real estate agents — — 20 — — 17 --

College Professors 59 — 64 58 — 54

Business executives 18 20 16 18 14 12 12

Stockbrokers 15 — 16 17 12 12 9

Congresspersons 17 20 14 14 9

Senators 20 -- 16 15 -- -- 11

Advertising practitioners

12 10 11 11 9 10 11

Car salespeople 7 9 8 7 6

Insurance salespeople 12 -- -- 13 -- -- 10

Copyright Cengage © 2011


Costs of unethical behaviorCosts of unethical behavior

2007: Dismissal from job2007: Dismissal from job(Marilee Jones Admissions Dean at MIT due to (Marilee Jones Admissions Dean at MIT due to untrue facts on resume)untrue facts on resume)

2006: Re-defense of dissertations 2006: Re-defense of dissertations (Investigation Ohio University 37 former engineering (Investigation Ohio University 37 former engineering graduate students plagiarized portions of theses or graduate students plagiarized portions of theses or dissertations)dissertations)

2007: Dismissal from job 2007: Dismissal from job (producer of (producer of Katie Katie Couric’s notebookCouric’s notebook for not giving credit to for not giving credit to Wall Street Wall Street Journal articleJournal article for lines quoted in piece) for lines quoted in piece)



Exaggeration, Distortion and Exaggeration, Distortion and PlagiarismPlagiarism Exaggeration Exaggeration

– Overstating – Presenting facts as more important than they are

Distortion - Distortion - – Misrepresenting or twisting facts– Stating facts are true when only partially true

PlagiarismPlagiarism– Using ideas of others without giving credit– Using material from the Internet without giving credit



Classroom EthicsClassroom EthicsSpeakerSpeaker

1. Always show up when scheduled to speak.

2. Show respect by being prepared.

3. Respect audience opinions4. Be honest—no plagiarism,

exaggeration, or distortion of facts or visuals. Cite sources

5. Limit use of Internet sources.

6. Carefully research all sides of topic.

AudienceAudience1. Support speaker—no

homework or daydreaming.2. Be on time; take job as

audience evaluator seriously.

3. Respect speaker’s opinions.

4. Be open-minded; don’t take offense during speeches or class discussions.

5. Don’t distract speaker in any way.

6. Give honest, tactful critiques including strengths and weaknesses.


Essentials of Essentials of Public SpeakingPublic Speaking

Cheryl Hamilton, Ph.D.

5th Edition5th Edition

Public SpeakingEthics and

You

Chapter 1

Cheryl HamiltonCheryl Hamilton

public speaking chapter 1

Education