public transport reformin seoul

Public Transport Reform

in Seoul2015. 20. November

SANGJUNE PARKKorea Transport Institute

20.11.2015 III международный градостроительный форум

UrbanБайрам

1.Backgrounds2.Seoul’s Public Transport

Reform3.Outcomes

Contents

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1. Backgrounds Overview of Seoul Transport problems

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1. Backgrounds◆ Overview of Seoul (1)

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1. Background◆ Overview of Seoul (2)

● Population : 10.3 million (Area : 605Km2)

● Density : 17,134 person/Km2

BUSES #Buses : 9(Thousand), # of Routes : 5958.8 Million passengers/day

SUBWAY 332Km : 9 Lines, 3 Operation Company307 Stations, 12.6 Million passengers/day

TAXI # Veh : 72(Thousand)

PASSENGER CAR # Veh : 3013(Thousand)

As of 2014

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● Population : 2times−1970 : 5.4 M−2003 : 10.4 M

1. Background◆ Situations before the Public Transport Re-form

● No. of Vehicles : 46 times

−1970 : 60,000−2003 : 2.8 M

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1. Background

◆ Transport issues in Seoul’s transport before the reform

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1. Background

◆ Problems of bus operation● Unstable Service by deteriorated bus company

−Unpunctuality, abolition of bus routes

● Unstable employment−Continuous reduction of labor (driver’s low salary)

● Excessive competition to increase revenue−Reckless driving : accident, uncomfortable ride

● Routes owned by private bus company as a patent−Hard to adjust routes by demands

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1. Backgrounds◆ Bus industry before the reform

Increasing vehicles Inefficient bus management system

Limited road capacity→congestion

Decrease of bus users Abolition of bus service Bankrupt of bus company

Poor punctuality Poor reliability Slow speed

stress on driver fromtraffic congestion

unfriendly to passenger,and causing accident

no other options except periodic fare raising

Worsen bus oper-ating conditions

Lack of bus priority policies

(bus lane & subsi-dies)

abolition of route,→ reduced operation,

periodic increase of fare labor dispute

→ inconvenience for citizen

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1. Background

◆ Business environment of bus industry

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1. Situations◆ Modal share change

1996 2002

Subway29.4 %

Sub-way35.5

%Bus26.2

%

Bus30.1

%Car

24.6 %Car

25.5 %

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1. Situations◆ Vicious circle in PT

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2. Seoul’s Public Transport Re-form

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◆ Social situations before the reform2. Seoul’s Public Transport Reform

● Road congestions : one of social problems−Due to exponential growth of population since 1950s−Insufficient transport infrastructures

● Unsuccessful attempts on PT improvement−How to deal with the influx traffic to Seoul−One of main issues to be changed

● Need a strong leadership to implement the plan−Former President Mr. Lee Myung-Bak−Holding a meeting every week to check the progress

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◆ Vision of the reform2. Seoul’s Public Transport Reform

● Competitive public transport(Public transport > private vehicles)

− speed− convenience− safety− social fare

World Best Transit City

● Low cost · High efficiency city

− 30 passenger car’s capacity = 1 Bus

● Economize on energy● Reducing air pollution

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◆ Object of Seoul bus system reform2. Seoul’s Public Transport Reform

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◆ Median Bus Lane System2. Seoul’s Public Transport Reform

● Install bus lane and stations in the middle of the road

● Other lanes are used by pri-vate cars

■ Problems caused by roadside bus lane● Established in 1986 for effective management of existing

roads− Stopping by the road is dangerous to bus passengers− Causes traffic congestion when buses try to cut into inner lanes

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2. Seoul’s Public Transport ReformAhead◆ Integrated Fare System

■ Integrate all public transportation (bus, subway) fare sys-tems – Free or discounted fare system for transferring between buses or between bus and subways

● Free transfers within 10km regardless of number of transfers− Lessen the fare burden for citizens living in remote, outskirt area

● Develop a system that automatically calculates revenues for transporta-tion agencies (bus operators, subways)

− Automatic calculation to allocate transportation revenues to each agency − Resolve inconveniences between transportation agencies in advance

● Develop T-money card system for automatic transfer− Multi-functioning transportation card– i.e. shopping and tax payment

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◆ Smartcard System2. Seoul’s Public Transport Reform

■ Adopt T-Money, new smart card system for integrated fare collec-tion

New Smart Card System

● Flexible to various fare policy− unified distance-based and time

difference fare system● Provides multi-functional services

− Transport, shopping and civil service, etc

● Adopted International standards− Type A / B

● Enhances security− adopt EMV

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◆ Unified Fare System with Free Transfer2. Seoul’s Public Transport Reform

Concept of N/W Integra-tion

New fare sys-tem

Bef

ore

Afte

r

Independent Fare Structure

Unified Fare Structure

BusBus

Bus Bus

MetroLine

Line Line

One Seamless ModeType LineLine

Type Line Type

Single Mode Flat Fare

Combined Mode

Distance- based Fare

Unified Distance-based Fare(Bus#Bus / Bus#Metro / Metro#Metro)

Bus Metro

■ Adoption of distance-based unified fare system irrespective of transport mode

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◆ 4 types of buses● Trunk lines, Feeder lines, Circular, Wide area

−to simplify the system and reduce confusion

2. Seoul’s Public Transport Reform

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◆ Transfer facilities2. Seoul’s Public Transport Reform

YeoidoTransfer Termi-nal

: (Secondary) city center : Boundary : Suburb

■ Building transfer terminals at node between trunk line and feeder line connected with bus and metro

Cheong- ryangni Transfer Terminal

Transfer Terminal for Downtown and Suburban

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2. Seoul’s Public Transport Reform◆ BMS (Bus Management System) / BIS (Bus Information System)

<Bus information>- City Hall stop (30)

No.62 bus left last bus stop

HeadwaysHeadways

Order for keeping headway

Order for re-served vehicle

Internet

Mobile

ARS

No. 62 bus left last bus stop

Dispatch Mgmt.

Real-time Information

Real-time Information

■ Bus operation information collecting at control center through GPS

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2. Seoul’s Public Transport Reform◆ Transport Operation & Information System

Image Data

Traffic Volume Data

Analyzing accumu-

lated data and

improve-ment

Providing conges-tion in-

formation

597

865 884 891 896

909

317

810 802

893

748( ) 727

529510 ( )

650

601 613 610

665 664 673 675638

-

100

200

300 322 309 316298

400 435

500

600

700

800

900

1,000

6 24 6 26 6 30 7 2 7 4 7 8 7 10 7 14( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

( / )

Speed Data Monitoring

real-time traffic sta-

tus

Data Gathering Monitoring & Management

■ Supporting on- the - spot traffic control using real - time traffic data

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◆ Quasi-Public Management2. Seoul’s Public Transport Reform

● Establish bus route system based on the citizens’ needs− Increase operation of inconvenient bus routes with low rev-

enues− For bus operators, remove factors that cause deficits occurring

from intensive competition

● Operate collective system to control transportation revenues Joint management of bus operation revenues

− calculate and allocate revenues to bus operators based on their operational performance

● Secure stable profits for bus operators by providing subsidies− Seoul subsidizes deficits for bus operators after calculating the

profits Eliminate factors that result loss for bus operators

■ SMG controls transportation revenues to lower fis-cal deficit and promote bus route arrangements

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3. Outcomes

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◆ Achievement ( 2003 vs. 2004)3. Outcomes and Way Ahead

● Increase of passengers− 4.0% increase ( 2004. Jul ~ Dec vs. 2003 Jul ~ Dec )

● Increase of bus speed− Generally 10 ~ 20 km/h increased

● Improvement of on-time operation− Improved punctuality of bus operation− Arrived within 1~2 minutes of expected

(Km/hour) BeforeAfter

Differ-ence

Jun 2004 Dec

2004Dobong-Mia

RoadBus 11.0 22.0 11.0↑

Car 18.5 21.6 3.1↑

Susaek-Seongsan Road

Bus 13.1 21.5 8.4↑

Car 20.3 22.3 2.0↑

Kangnam Road

Bus 13.0 17.3 4.3↑

Car 18.0 18.6 0.6↑

Before After

Punctuality(Variation

Coefficient)0.537 0.493

On-time Operation

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3. Outcomes ◆ Achievements

Bus

Bus speed (km/h)13%

↑19.817.6

19.9

2010

21.7

5% ↑ 24.022.

9

2005

2000

2000 20052010

Passenger Car

● Increase in public transportation users: Average of 840K users /day(9.2%)● Faster bus & vehicle speed: Buses rose by 13%, and passenger cars by 5%

● Establish scientific foundation for public transportation man-agement

− Improve bus operation management based on the data including ridership by each vehicle and service intervals

− Bus service interval management based on the number of users by routes, time-based number of passengers, and routes with many users

● Secure social equity of fare system - free transfer− Improve fare systems unfair to the areas without bus or subway routes− Reduce average price of using inner-bus city (average of 29 KRW per trip)20.11.15 III международный градостроительный форум UrbanБайрам

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3. Outcomes ◆ Achievements

Year 1996 2002 2005 2009Total Traffic Volume 2,779 2,968 3,100 3,194Traffic Volume (Suburban area ↔ Seoul) 618 876 917 928

Year 1996 2002 2005 2009Public Transportation 59.5 60.6 62.3 63.0

(Bus) (30.1) (26.0) (27.5) (27.8)(Subway) (29.4) (34.6) (34.8) (35.2)

Passenger Car 24.6 26.9 26.3 25.9Taxi 10.4 7.4 6.5 6.2Other 5.5 5.1 4.9 4.9

(Unit: %)

(Unit: 10K trips)● Change in Traffic Volume

− Despite stagnation of population increase in Seoul, total traffic volume and the amount of traffic between Seoul and the outskirt of the city is increasing.● Modal Share

− Continuous increase in use of public transportation: 59.5% (’96)→ 63% (’09)20.11.15


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public transport reformin seoul

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