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PYCHE.

THE ENTOMOCECIDIA.

Introduction.

BY FERDINAND ANTON FRANZ KARSCH, BERLIN, GERMANY.

[Translated by B Pickman Mann, from Entomologische nachrichten, July I834, jahrg. Io, p. 2o5.2o9.

I propose to offer, under the abovetitle, within the next few years, a list,arranged by families according to a

zoological system, of the galls (cecidia)which are produced on plants by insects,

(entoma), so far as such a list will serveto fill up gaps now existing. The cate-

gory "plant-galls" is to be taken in thewidest sense of the word, i. e., it is to

embrace all those modifications whichlie outside of the normal methods ofdevelopment of the plant, and which are

presumed to be due to the influence ofa definite insect in any stage whateverof its development, fl’om the egg to theimago. Usually only those vegetal for-mations are designated by the term"galls," which, while they do lie outsideof the normal structure of the plantunder consideration, yet show forms sodefinite and so perfect in themselves thatthey might rather be spoken of as an

ornament than as a pathological phe-nomenon of growth. Of this kind arethe well-known puff-balls of our oaks,the bedeguars of our roses, and the spi-rally twisted petioles of our poplars.But a wider knowledge of such forms,and the observation that anomalieswhich are far less obvious, and there-fore are usually overlooked by the laity,

are due to exactly the same formativeimpulses (such, for instance, as thecrumpling of the leaves of trees by thesuction of certain aphididae), make it

necessary to broaden the category"galls," and now every creative reactionof a part of a plant against an irritationwhich affects it, whether proceedingfl’om an animal or a plant, is conceivedof as a gall-making activity, and the re-sultant structure (cecidium) is termed a

mycocecidium if a fungus figures as theimpulse of the pathological formation,and as a zoocecidium if it is due to ananimal.

If a coleopterous larva devour theparenchyma of a leaf, or a caterpillarspin together the margins of the leavesin order to make itselfa shelter and toprepare itself a closed storehouse forfood, the inhabited part of the plantopposes no obstacle to the doings of theanimal, and the "miners" are very wellto be distinguished from the cecidozoa.Bladder-galls, on the contrary, arise inanother way, when the parenchyma ofthe leaf increases instead of becomingless, and the affected place thickens;and cecidia arise when leaves of trees

expand in a direction other than theusual one, solely because of the irrita-

332 [October--December 88..

tion resulting from the sucking action ofan animal, without being cemented bythreads. In this sense some of the in-sects included among the gall-makers(cecidozoa) by F. Rudow (Uebersichtder gallenbildungen, velche an Tilia,Salix, Populus, Artemisia vorkommen,nebst bemerkungen zu elnigen anderengallen Zeitschr. ffir d, ges. naturwis-sensch., 875, v. 46, p. 37-z87) [p.269- cannot be considered as such, butTrachys minula Fabr. and )hyllotomamicroceihala Klug must rather be desig-nated as miners. The resinous galls*also,which are included among the galls byHaimhoffen, in his Beobachtungen fiberdie menge und das vorkommen der pflan-zengallen und ihre specielle vertheilu,agaufdie verschiedenen pflanzengattungenund arten (Verh. K.-k. zool.-bot, ges.in Wien, 858 v. 8, p. z85-294), cannotbe placed there without a distinction, iftheir method of formation presumes no

real reaction on the part of the plantagainst the attacks of the enemy. Therebelongs, for example, the "mannatihal,"-which, a saccharine secretion,serves as an abode and for the transfor-mations ofsome coleopterous larvae, theZarius me@qcusJeckel and Z. macu-lalus Falderm., and which occurs notuncommonly in Persia, on species of

Echin@s.?It is another matter, however, when

such formations arise only accessorily,as for instance they are connected with

Cf. I(irchner, Leop. Ant. Die harzgallen der nadel.NSlzer Kaplitz. (Lotos, Jan. 865:, 6, p. 9-.)

Cf. tIanbury, Daniel. Note two insect productsfrom Persia. (Journ. proe. Linn. soe. Lond., 859, 3,p. x73-85, fig.)

the swelling of the wood in the case ofthe effect of Z’ortrix zebeana Ratz.On the other hand, since the recentlypublished exhaustive investigations ofGraf zu Solms-Laubach and P. Mayer,it can no longer be questioned, as it hasbeen repeatedly in the past, that thecaprificators belong to the cecidozoa.

It has been asserted that the cecido-zoa preferably or solely attack diseasedplants or parts of plants indeed Ratze-burg goes so far as to set up the viewthat tenlhredinidae are purposed toclear away diseased vegetal matter.Every day observation teaches thatlittle weight is to be attached to gener-al statements of this kind the branch-es of oaks and elms, while loaded withgalls, show forth in autumn in the mostluxuriant green!The list which I have planned is

alone to comprise the palearctic ento-mocecidia and their producers, but is totake into consideration also those of therest of the regions, so far as attainable.At the same time the number of plant-galls as yet made known, which areproduced by exotic insects, from all therest of the geographical regions, is a rel-atively very small one--with the singleexception of some of those of the ant-arctic region, whose entomocecidiahave already been partly described innumerous North American periodicalshard to get at.

By the gradual publication of a com-plete codex of entomocecidia I believeI shall partially supply the need of acodex of zoocecidia in general, whichneed has long been greatly felt, and has

October--Decembet 1885. PSICtIE. 333

constantly become more pressing. Theexistence of such a need is sufficientlyshown by the circumstance that singleparts of this codex have already beenworked out by illustrious men. Thus,in regard to insects, Julius elder yon

Bergenstamm and Paul Loew havecompiled a "Synopsis cecidomyida-rum," Wien, 1876. (Published by theauthors, l’rom Verb. K.-k. zool.-bot.ges. in Wein, 1876 v. 26, p. -io4. )Among all the anima!s (cecidozoa)

which produce cecidia, the insects formdecidedly by far the greater majority.Jklmost all the orders furnish at leastone or another representative, and oftenfrom systematically very distant fam-ilies. The number of species of ceci-dozoa among the lepidoptera, coleo-ptera and hemiptera is small; it is fargreater among the hymenoptera anddiptera among the rest of the animals,gall-makers are found only among theminute acarida, among the micro-scopic rolaloria (living beings usuallysubordinated to the crustacea), andfinally among the zemaloda. Amongthe acarida it is exclusiveIy the genus2hytoptus Duj. (which has been veryimperfectly investigated as yet in regardto its species) which gives rise to plant-galls (phytoptocecidia, the erinea,)Ohyleriaceae, cephaloneae of the oldbotanists) of the most manifold config-uration of shape. The plant-galls ofEurope, produced by Phyt@tus, havebeen worked up rather exhaustively,especially by their most distinguishedconnoisseur, Friedrich Thomas, inOhrdruf near Gotha, who has publishedthe results of his investigations in nu-

merous works (namely, in the Zeit-schrift f. d. ges. naturwiss...Giebel,and the Nova acta d. Kais. leop.-carol.-deutschen acad. der naturfor-scher) during a long series of years,and by several articles by Franz Loewin theVerh. K.-k. zool.-bot, ges. inWien). Of the rotatoria solely 2Volom-mata werneckii Ehrenb. has been madeknown as a cecidozoon in algae, speciesof Vaucheria,* and the cecidozoaamong the nematoda belong to somedozen species of the two genera ofanguillulidae, ylenchus Bastian a’ndtIeterodera Schmidt. Interesting ma-terial regarding these two genera ofcecidozoa may be fotnd compiled byKarl Mueller: Neue helminthocecidienund deren erzeuger (in Thiel’s land-wirthscaftliche jahrb(icher, 883, 5P’, 4 pl., and as a Berlin doctorate-dis-sertation).A great part of the material with

which we have to deal was arranged tenyears ago in j. H. Kaltenbach’s ’Diepflanzenfeinde aus der klasse der insec-ten," Stuttgart, J. Zlo2ff’mann 18748--t-848 p. Yet this otherwise veryuseful handbook, besides being very in-complete in a cecidological regard, suf-fers in the lack of any reference tosources, which is however an indispen-sable requisite to a critical appreciationof the accumulated material.

In spite of the large nulnber of factsalready made known, the study of theentomocecidia and their producers stillcontinues to offer a wide field for new

*el. hrenberg. Notommata werneckii. (Mittheil.der Gesells. naturf, freunde Berlin, July 836, p.33.)

334 PST’CHE. [October--December I88fi;.

investigations, and it is not only of greatimportance fl’om a purely entomologicalpoint of view, inasmuch as the rearingof galls yields insects which belong tothe parasites and inquilines, whichcould not probably be obtained in anyother way, but it is so also because itbinds together inseparably two great

fields of human investigation, botanyand entomology. But the study ofplant-galls has moreover a deep prac-tical interest in two other directions, inan industrial and agricultural regard.An all-sided consideration of the subjectshould not leave these sides of it un-attended to.

ON THE RELATIONS OF FUNGI TO GALLS AND TO LARVAEOF CECIDOMYIA LIVING IN GALLS.

BY HERMANN AUGUST HAGEN, CAMBRIDGE MASS.

[Reprint, with slight amendment, of abstract with the title, by Hermann August Hagen (Canadianentom., July 1885, 17, p. i36.i37), of review, by Friedrich August Wilhelm Thomas (Irmischia, 1885, 5,P. 4- ), based record by Fritz Ludwig (Botan. centralblatt, 2% p. 356- of W Trelease’s "Notes therelations of two cecidomyians to fungi" (Psyche, Aug-Sep. 1884, , p. i95-2oo), Trelease’s paper not having beenseen by Thomas.]

Larvae of Cecidomyia living in thespore-layers of uredineae are alsofound in Thuringia, Germany. In factthe discovery of the community in thesame layer of two otherwise very differ-ent parasites is at first somewhat won-derfll and startling. The right expla-nation will be a double symbiosis of aphanerogamous plant and a fungus, andof a fungusand an entomozoon. Yearsago I received from Gotha such larvaeout of the rust-fungus of Rosa. Asimilar manner of living is known inGermany for O@losis coriopagraWinnertz and for D. caeomaNs Winn.Their larvae were found by F. Loewin the rust-fungus of several plants(cf. Verh. Zool.-bot. ges. Wien, 874,p. I55-). I am able to add two newfacts. I found larvae of Cecidomyiaon Vaccinium uliginosura in thespore-layers of Thecosflora myrlillinaKarsten (2Vfelam2bsora vaccinii Alb. etSchn.), on the Beerberg in the Thuer-ingerwald. The other one was sent tome by Dr. E. Levier, from Florence,

Italy. The leaves of Tazacetum bal-samita L. (Erba di Santa Maria) had,in the Puccinia tanaceti 8alsamitaeD C., many small red larvae of Ceci-domyia. I am not of opinion that thisguard is of prominent advantage fortheplant. The enormous numbers of thespores of the rust-fingus will scarcelybe diminished by these larvae to anyextent, that the guard may be consid-ered to be a practical advantage forthe plant.The second point of interest in Mr.

Trelease’s paper is that the larvaeopen the way for the fungus in theplants. I may state as an analogousfact, that here the pustulae and pockson the leaves of pomaceae, made by)hyt@lus, are not rarely filled byfungi, especially by the carbonizedones. The last plant I received bythe late Alex. Braun, in 877, fromBlankenburg, Harz, was a leaf of Sor-us aucuparia, with fungus immig-rated in the galls of the mites.

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