q. 1 what is communication? explain the process of ... · extrapersonal, 2. intrapersonal, 3....

2110002 – Communication Skills 1. Basics of Communication

1 Prof. Bhavika Vyas, Prof. Dhara Tejura

Q. 1 What is Communication? Explain the process of communication. Answer: The term ‘COMMUNICATION’ comes from the Latin word ‘COMMUNICARE’, which means ‘to share’. So,

‘COMMUNICATION’ is the process of passing information, idea and Knowledge between a sender and a receiver

through an accepted code of symbols.

Process of Communication:

For sharing information, two parties are required: the sender and the receiver. They should have a mutually accepted

code of signals making up a common language.

So, communication is termed effective only when the receiver receives the message intended by the sender in the

same perspective. Otherwise it becomes miscommunication.

Communication process is cyclic in nature.

Communication Cycle:

In first step, the sender forms the content of the message to be sent.

The sender encodes the message and sends it through a channel.

This channel is nothing but the language use – words, actions, signs, objects or combination of these.

The receiver receives the message, decodes it, and acts on it.

If the message received is the same as the message sent, there will be a response; if not, there has been a

breakdown of communication. This may happen because of noise.

The transmission of the receiver’s response to the sender is called feedback. If we are sending a message to

somebody, our communication cycle is complete only when we get a response from the recipient of your message.

Otherwise, we need to resend the message. Our communication is fully effective only when we get the desire

response from the receiver.

The essential of effective communication are as follows:

1. A well-defined communication environment

2. Cooperation between the sender and the receiver

3. Selection of an appropriate channel

4. Correct encoding and decoding of the message

5. Feedback

Q. 2 What is Non-verbal communication? Discuss the main elements of

non-verbal communication. Answer: Non-verbal communication refers to all communication that occurs without the use of words, spoken or

written. Non-verbal communication is concerned with body movement (kinesics), space (proxemics), and vocal

(paralinguistic) features. It includes all unwritten and unspoken messages, both intentional and unintentional.



Elements of Non-verbal communication:

Non-verbal communication is concerned with body movement (kinesics), space (proxemics), vocal (paralinguistic), and

time (chronemics). They are discussed in the following sections.

Kinesics [Body Language]

Body language or the science of kinesthetic is very revealing. Watching the way people use their body movement and

gestures to express themselves can bring you a lot closer to the truth than simply listening to what they say. When a

speaker presents himself, we see him before we start hearing him. Immediately, we begin developing impressions of

his ability and attitudes based on the non-verbal signals he sends. This is why body language is so important in oral

communication.

Kinesics is the name given to the study of the body’s physical movements. Kinesics includes:

1. Personal Appearance

Personal appearance plays an important role; people see before they hear. As you adapt our language to an audience,

we should also dress appropriately. Appearance includes clothes, hair, jewelry, cosmetics, and so on. Today, the

purpose of clothing has altered from fulfilling a basic need to expressing oneself. Clothes also highlight the body’s

movements, and the choice of clothes reveals a lot about the wearer’s personality and attitude.

2. Posture

Posture generally refers to the way we hold ourselves when we stand, sit or walk. One’s posture changes accordingly

to the situation. If nervous, one would normally be seen pacing, bobbing the shoulders, fidgeting with notes, jingling

coins, moving constantly, or staying glued to the ground.



3. Gesture

Gesture is the movement made by hands, head, or face. Skillful and appropriate gesture can add to the impact of

verbal communication. A well-timed gesture not only drives a point home but also enhances the value of what is being

said. Similarly, an awkward gesture (like playing with a key chain or button) can mar the effectiveness of the message.

4. Facial Expression

Facial expressions also play an important role in presentation. The face is the most expressive part of our body. A smile

stands for friendliness, a frown for discontent, raised eyebrows for disbelief, tightened jaw muscles for antagonism,

etc. The six basic facial expressions are: happiness, surprise, disgust, fear, anger, sadness.

5. Eye Contact

Eyes are considered to be the windows of the soul. We look at the eyes of a speaker to help find out the truthfulness

of his speech, his intelligence, attitudes, and feelings. Eye contact is a direct and powerful form of non-verbal

communication. Looking directly at listeners builds rapport. Looking directly at listeners, builds friendly

understandings. Eye contact is a rich source of feedback. For example, prolonging the eye contact for 3 to 5 seconds

(without giving impression of staring) tells the audience that the presenter is sincere in what he says and he wants us

to pay attention.



Proxemics

Proxemics is the study of physical space in interpersonal relations. In a professional setting, space is used to signal

power and status. Your gestures should be in accordance with the space available. Edward T Hall in his‚ ‘The Hidden

Dimension‛ divides space into four distinct zones.

1. Intimate

This zone starts with personal touch and extends just to 18 inches. Members of the family, spouses, relatives, and

parents fall under this zone. This zone doesn’t need active conversation only whisper is enough. A handshake, a pat

on the back, or a hug, all comes into this zone.

2. Personal

This zone stretches from 18 inches to 4 feet. Close friends, colleagues, peers etc fall in this zone. Instead of whispering

sounds, there can be normal conversation in this zone. Sitting or standing so close brings one closer to the listener and

gives the impression of friendliness and warmth.

3. Social

Social events take place in this radius of 4 feet to 12 feet. In this zone, relationships are more official. These situations

involve less emotion and more planning. The number of people decides whether it should be sitting-sitting or sitting-

standing position. To be authoritative with a large audience, a sitting-standing position can be used.

4. Public

This zone starts from 12 feet and may extend to 30 feet or to the range of eyesight and hearing. Events that take place

in this zone are formal. The audience is free to do whatever it feels like. The speaker has to raise his voice or use a

microphone to communicate. The speakers like the Prime Minister of a country have to maintain this distance for

security reasons.



Paralinguistics

Paralinguistics communication refers to the study of human voice and how words are spoken. The words are static on

a page, voice gives extra life to our delivery. Voice is useful to understand the characteristic of voice, namely quality,

volume, rate, pitch, articulation, pronunciation, voice modulation, and pauses.

1. Quality

It is a characteristic that distinguishes one voice from another. Voice quality depends on its resonating mechanism. It

cannot be changed but can be trained for optimum impact. Very few people are naturally blessed with deep and

resonant quality. For example, Narendra Modi.

2. Volume

Volume is the loudness or the softness of the voice. Voice should always project but need not always be loud. If our

volume is too high, it sounds boorish and insensitive. If our volume is too low, it conveys an impression of timidity, and

also give the impression that we are not well prepared and lack of confidence to express ourselves.

3. Rate/Pace

Rate is the number of words that one speaks per minute. It varies person to person and from 80 to 250 words/min.

The normal rate is 120 to 150 words/min. If the speech is too slow and monotonous, the speaker is most likely to be

considered a dull speaker. If the speech is too fast, listeners do not get enough time to grasp message.

4. Pitch

Pitch refers to the number of vibrations of our voice per second. The rise and fall of the voice conveys various emotions.

‘Thank you’ is such a phrase. The low pitch expresses sadness, shock, dullness, guilt, etc. while the high pitch expresses

excitement, joy, anger.

5. Articulation

Speaker should be careful not to slop, slur, chop, truncate, or omit sounds between words or sentences. If all the

sounds are not uttered properly, the flow of understanding gets interrupted.

6. Pronunciation

Pronunciation requires us to speak out sounds in way that is generally accepted. We follow British Received

Pronunciation. One should be careful enough to pronounce individual sounds along with word stress. Whenever there

is confusion in pronouncing, always consult a good dictionary and try to pronounce it accordingly.

7. Pauses

A pause is a short silence flanked by words. It helps the listener reflect on the message and digest it accordingly. It also

help speaker glide from one thought to another. Being too self-conscious may make the process look artificial.

Chronemics

Chronemics is the study of how human beings communicate through their use of time. In order to use time as an

effective communication tool, we should understand its impact on the various aspects of our lives and act accordingly.



We must attempt to use time as effectively as possible. In the professional world, time is a valuable resource. For

example, when we are late for an appointment, people react negatively. If we arrive early, we are considered either

over-eager or aggressive. So, we should always be on time.

Q. 3 Discuss the levels of communication. Answer: Human communication takes place at various levels: 1. Extrapersonal, 2. Intrapersonal, 3. Interpersonal, 4.

Organizational and 5. Mass

1. Extrapersonal Communication

Communication between human beings and non-human entities is extrapersonal. For example, when your pet dog

comes to you wagging its tail as soon as you return home from work, it is an example of extrapersonal communication.

More than any other form, this form of communication requires perfect coordination and understanding between the

sender and the receiver because at least one of them transmits information or responds in sign language only.

2. Intrapersonal Communication

Intrapersonal communication takes place within an individual. We know that the brain is linked to all parts of the

body by an electrochemical system. For example, when you begin to ‘feel hot’, this information is sent to the brain

and you may decide to ‘turn on the cooler’, responding to instruction sent from the brain to the hand.



3. Interpersonal Communication

Communication at this level refers to the sharing of information among people. It includes a few participants who are

close to one another. Here many sensory channels are used and immediate feedback can be obtained. Also, the roles

of the sender and receiver keep alternating. Interpersonal communication can be formal and informal.

4. Organizational Communication

Communication in an organization takes place at different hierarchical levels. Since a large number of employees are

involved in several different activities, the need to communicate effectively becomes greater in an organization. With

a proper networking system, communication in an organization is possible even without direct contact between

employees. Organizational communication can be further divided into: 1.nternal-operational, 2. External-operational,

3. Personal

5. Mass Communication

Mass communication is meant for large audiences and requires a medium to transmit information. There are several

mass media such as journals, books, television, and newspapers. The audience is heterogeneous and anonymous, and

thus the approach is impersonal. This type of communication is more persuasive in nature than any other form, and

requires utmost care on the part of the sender while encoding the message



Question: 4 Explain various barriers of communication.

Answer: If we classify barriers according to the process of message formation and delivery, we can identify three types:

1. Intrapersonal, 2. Interpersonal and 3. Organizational

[A] Intrapersonal Barriers

Individuals are unique because of differences in perceptions, experiences, education, culture, personality, etc. Each of

us interprets the same information in different ways, as our thinking varies. These differences lead to certain

intrapersonal barriers. The common causes that lead to intrapersonal barriers are as follows:

1. Wrong Assumptions

Wrong Assumptions are made because the sender or the receiver does not have adequate knowledge about each

other's background. For example, when a doctor tells his patient that he has to take some medicine only ‘SOS’ (i.e.,

during an emergency), without knowing whether the patient understands the term ‘SOS’. Here the doctor has made

a wrong assumption about her patient’s level of knowledge.

2. Varied Perceptions

Individuals in an organization also perceive the same situation in different ways. For example, if you are close to one

of them, you are likely to be biased. You may perceive your friend’s arguments as correct and hence may not be able

to appreciate his opponent’s point of view. The best way to overcome this barrier is to step back and take a wider,

unbiased perspective of the issue.

3. Differing Background

No two personas have a similar background. People vary in terms of their education, culture, language, environment,

age, sex, financial status, etc. To enhance your communication skills, it is necessary to know the background of your

audience. You can accordingly use that information to construct your message.

4. Wrong Inferences

Wrong inferences take place when there is a failure in understanding what actually exists and what actually assumed.

Inferences are more dramatic than facts, so they give more scope for gossip and rumor to society. So inferences

supported by facts are essential for all.

5. Blocked categories

In general, we react positively to information only if it is in consonance with our own views and attitudes. Conversely,

when we receive information that does not conform to our personal views, habits and attitudes, or appears



unfavorable to us, we tend to react negatively. So people who are very rigid in their opinions may face problems in

communicating effectively.

6. Categorical Thinking

People who feel that they "know it all" are called pan-sophists. This type of thinking exists in people who feel that they

know everything about a particular subject, and therefore refuse to accept any further information on that topic. This

type of thinking can cause a major barrier, leading to a failure in communication.

[B] Interpersonal Barriers

Interpersonal barriers occur due to the inappropriate transaction of words between two or more people. The most

common reason for interpersonal barriers are:

1. Limited Vocabulary

Inadequate vocabulary can be a major hindrance in communication. Therefore, one should make constant efforts to

increase one’s vocabulary by regularly reading a variety of books and listening to native speaker of the language.

2. Incompatibility of Verbal and Non-verbal Messages

Misinterpreted non-verbal communication acts as another barrier to effective information flow. Non-verbal

communication usually enhances and enlivens verbal communication. Physical appearance often serves as one of the

most important non-verbal cues. It can be improved by: dress according to the occasion, wear neat and clean cloths,

choose an appropriate hairstyle and wear clean and polished shoes.

3. Emotional Outbursts

Emotions are an integral part of our being, whether in business or personal encounters. Excessive emotional

involvement can be an obstacle in communication. For example, rational discussion is not possible when one is in

extreme anger. Positive emotion like happiness and excitement also interfere in communication.

4. Communication Selectivity

If you are the receiver in a communication process, and you pay attention only to a part of the message, you are

imposing a barrier known as communication selectivity. You do this because you are interested only in that part of the

message which may be of use to you. In such a situation, the sender is not at fault. It is the receiver who breaks the

flow of communication.

5. Cultural Variations:

This is one of the predominant factors in communication failure. To compete successfully in today's globalized business

environment, we must overcome the communication inadequacy arising from different languages and cultures.

6. Poor Listening Skills

A common obstacle to communication is poor listening habits. The various distractions that hinder listening can be

emotional disturbances, indifference, aggressiveness and wandering attention. Listening requires careful attention

and accurate decoding of the signals received from the speaker so as to improve listening skills.

7. Noise in the Channel

Noise interferes greatly in the transmission of signals. Noise is any unwanted signal which acts as a hindrance in the

flow of communication. Noise occurs in visual, audio-visual, written, physical or psychological forms e.g. illegible

writing, less coverage in telephone lines, poor quality of a reading paper, etc.

[C] Organizational Barriers

Communication barriers are not only limited to an individual or two people but exist in entire organizations. Every

organization has its own communication techniques and nurtures its own communication climate. In organizations

with many levels of communication, messages have a greater chance of being distorted. This occurs due to poor



listening, lack of concentration or a person's tendency to leave out part of the message. The main organizational

barriers are enumerated below:

1. Too many transfer stations

Message gets distorted in huge organizations because it has many layers of communication channel. The message gets

distorted at each level because of poor listening, lack of concentration, and a person's tendency to leave out part of

the message.

2. Fear of Superiors

In rigidly structured organizations, fear of the superiors prevents subordinates from speaking frankly. An employee

may not be pleased with the way his boss works but is unable to put his point across because of losing his boss's

goodwill. An open environment is beneficial to increasing the confidence and goodwill of a communicator.

3. Negative Tendencies

Many organizations create work groups. However, on some occasions, it is possible to have a communication barrier

due to confliction of ideas between members and non-members of a group. Sometimes this generates the negative

mindset which can be avoided with open discussion.

4. Use of Inappropriate Media

Some of the common media used in organization are telephones, FAX machines, mails, computer presentation,

teleconferencing, and video conferencing. While choosing the medium to send messages consider the following

factors: time, cost, type of message and intended audience. So, usually a mix of media is best for effective

communication.

5. Information Overload

One of the major problems faced by organizations today is the availability of huge amounts of data which the receiver

is unable to handle effectively. This is known as information overload. It brings fatigue, disinterest, and boredom.

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2110002 – CS – Study Material

2. Presentation Strategies

Prof. Bhavika Vyas and Prof. Dhara Tejura.

Question: 1 what is presentation? Discuss the steps involved in planning a presentation.

Answer: When you meet a group of people to talk about a new product, idea, topic or piece of work, it is called

a Presentation.

Planning for Presentation:

Effective preparation enables us to answer all the questions and doubts about our speech before they arise. The contents of our speech and how we deliver it, are based on five Important factors: 1. Occasion, 2. Audience, 3. Purpose, 4. Thesis, 5. Material. [1] Occasion

Occasion refers to the factors such as the facilities available for our presentation, time and context of our presentation. Facilities include the venue or locale along with the projection equipment, lighting, seating, ventilation, etc. Every location has its unique physical environment. If we identify problems in advance, we can either ask for alternative arrangements or modify our materials, visual aids and style to suit the environment. Time refers to both the time: the day of presentation and the duration of the talk. Straightforward and factual presentations may work well during the morning hours. Most professional presentations are brief so we should present the important point in the first few minutes. Context refers to the events surrounding our presentation. For example, when we are presenting in a team we need to consider the team members. They might have left a positive or negative impression in the minds of the audience. The recent happenings in our company can also affect the presentation. For example, you cannot present a new proposal on budget just after your company has suffered a financial loss. [2] Audience

All audiences have one thing in common. They are at the receiving end of our communication. They may be our friends, foes, clients, colleagues or unfamiliar faces. The nature of our audience has a direct impact on the strategy we devise for our presentation. Hence, it is necessary to have some prior knowledge of the audience, and its level and cultural background so that our presentation can be effective and acceptable. Understanding of audience would help the presenter (speaker) to o Build support o Anticipate problems o Consider Strategies o Tune the approach o Competent delivery of content Moreover speak with confidence and conviction, demand the questions from audience

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that in turn would make you acceptable. [3] Purpose

There can be three different purposes of a presentation: to inform, to analyze, or to persuade. The purpose

of a presentation not only decides the content and style but also affects the amount of audience interaction.

When our purpose is to provide information or to analyze situation, we generally interact with the

audience in a limited manner. Example of presentation with an informative purpose can be a presentation at

the new employee-orientation program or an explanation of our project status.

On the other hand, when our purpose is to persuade people to take a particular action, collaborate with

them in solving a problem, or making a decision, the interaction would be more.

[4] Thesis Statement

The thesis statement is very important in a presentation because it spells out the subject and establishes

its impact among the audience. It is also a central idea of a presentation.

Using a question or a sentence fragment should be avoided. Simple language should be used to frame a

complete, declarative statement.

[5] Material

Once we complete formulating our thesis, we need to develop the information that elaborates it.

Collecting material requires some research.

For most of the professional presentations, we may have to consult the library, Internet, magazines,

newspapers, organizational records, statistics and publications. Sometimes, we may even have to collect

information through surveys or interviews.

Once we finish collecting material and ideas for our presentation, we should assemble them at one place.

We may list all the ideas on a piece of paper and then organize them.

Question 2: Discuss Modes of delivery for Presentation.

Answer: Having something to say is not enough; one must also know how to say it. Most audiences prefer

delivery that combines a certain degree of formality with the best attributes of good conversation - directness,

spontaneity, animation, vocal and facial expressiveness, and a lively sense of communication.

There are four modes of delivery which can be used for making presentations:

[1] Extemporaneous Mode

Extemporaneous presentation is the most popular and effective method. Here rehearsal of presentation

to be made is must but cramming must be avoided.

It also requires meticulously and well organized content so as to make the presentation more effective.

[2] Manuscript Mode

In manuscript presentation, material is written and the speaker is supposed to read it out aloud word for

word. You should be wise enough not to attempt to read a speech until you have become proficient reader.

Unfortunately most speakers are not good readers. They make it uninteresting by reading in a dull and

monotonous way.

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For effective use of this mode, you should have gone through the material several times before and till you

become absolutely familiar with the text. You should know what is written where.

[3] Impromptu Mode

The impromptu mode, as the word suggests, is what you use when you have to deliver an informal speech

without preparation. For example, at a formal dinner party you may be invited to deliver a vote of thanks.

Don’t panic and babble something in an unmethodical way. Be as brief as possible during your impromptu

presentations.

[4] Memorization Mode

This method of presentation is very difficult for most of us. Probably a handful of you can actually

memorize an entire speech.

This type of delivery stands somewhere between extemporaneous and manuscript presentation.

Question 3: Prepare an outlining of presentation on any topic which you want to deliver.

Answer: Role of students in national development

Introduction

Today’s students are Tomorrow’s future. The role of students in developing a country is huge. You can’t expect

a country to develop if it doesn’t have literate people. These students who are studying would be working

tomorrow. They would be working for the public, private sector etc. These students would be the pillars on

which the country would be standing on. So the role of students is like building blocks of nation and if they are

left unnoticed might cause long term major problems for the country. So don’t underestimate a student today

and a student won’t let you underestimated in future.

Students in a developing country can work for social and national progress.

University and college students can educate the uneducated people and can be engaged in a universal

education program. Both male and female students can serve their country by getting militarily trained.

Students can take part in social welfare activities for general social progress. If they all join, they can develop

the following things.1) Education 2) Agriculture 3) Industry 4) Society 5) Economy 6) Indian financial market 7)

Indian politics 8) Defense.

Examples:

1 .Ankit Fadia is an independent computer security consultant.

2. Harine Ravindran worked on project to eliminate voltage fluctuations.

3. Saina Nehwal is well-known Indian badminton player.

4. Vijender singh Beniwal is an Olympic medalist Indian boxer from Kalwash, Bhimani district in Haryana.

5. Suhas Gopinath was announced as “Young Global Leader” for 2008 -2009 by the world economic forum,

Davos.

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Conclusion

Today things have changed and once again we are a free nation. However, the glory of the past is yet to be

achieved. Honesty is another important trait that enables people to discharge their duties and responsibilities

in a proper manner. This should be learnt and developed during the student life itself. The students can revive

the lost glory of India with a strong will, sacrifice, honesty and character.

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3. Listening Ability

Prof. Bhavika Vyas & Prof. Dhara Tejura

Question: 1 What is Listening? State the differen e etween Listening and Hearing . E plain in rief, the t pes of Listening.

Answer: Liste i g is a pro ess of re ei i g, interpreting and reacting to a message received from the

speaker.‛

Difference between Hearing and Listening

Hearing and listening are not the same. In fact, hearing is solely depends on the ears, is a physical act,

everyone can hear without deliberate effort.

On the other hand, listening requires voluntary attention and then making sense of what is heard. It

requires a conscious effort to interpret the sounds, grasp the meanings of the words and react to the mess.

Types of Listening

1. Appreciative listening

Appreciative listening is listening for deriving aesthetic pleasure, as we do when we listen to a comedian,

musician, or entertainer.

2. Empathetic listening

When we listen to an upset friend who wants to expel his feelings, we provide emotional and moral support

in the form of empathetic listening. For example, when psychiatrists listen to their patients, their listening is

classified as empathetic listening.

3. Comprehensive listening

This type of listening is needed in the classroom when students have to listen to the lecturer to understand

and comprehend the message. Similarly, when someone is giving you directions to find the location of a

place, comprehensive listening is required to receive and interpret the message.

4. Critical listening

When the purpose is to accept or reject the message or to evaluate it critically, one requires this type of

listening. For example, listening to a sales person before making a purchase. Similarly, when you read a book

with the objective of writing a book review, you use your critical abilities.

5. Active Listening

Active listening is the most useful and important listening skill. In active listening, we are also genuinely

interested in understanding what the message means, and we are active in checking out our understanding

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before we respond with our own new message. We repeat or paraphrase our understanding of their

message and reflect it back to the sender for verification.

6. Passive Listening

We listen passively and attentively. Passive listening occurs when a listener does not verbally respond to the

speaker e.g. watching TV.

Question: 2 Explain traits of a Good listener.

Answer: Although acquiring the skill of active listening needs much effort, it is not impossible. A few

guidelines are given below:

1. Being Non-evaluative

The speaker is not to be evaluated for his personal qualities. Our behavior should convey the impression that

we accept the speaker without making any judgment of right or wrong, good or bad, suitable or unsuitable.

2. Paraphrasing

To clarify a point, one can simply paraphrase what the speaker has said and enquire from the speaker

whether one has heard it accurately. Use phrase like the following ones to ensure that the information has

been paraphrased correctly:

As I gather, ou a t to tell …

So ou ea to sa that …

Oh! Your feeli g to ards …

Do ou ea that …

3. Reflecting Implications

The liste er s ai here is to refle t eager ess a d zest er al or o -verbal means, thereby giving positive

feedback. One can use phrases like:

I am sure if you did that, ou ould e i a positio to …

So this ight lead to a result hi h …

So you are suggesti g that e ight …

Will that help us to alle iate the pro le of …

If you use this technique with genuine intention of understanding more, one can certainly help the speaker

by boosting his confidence and making him believe that the listener has grasped the content well.

4. Reflecting Hidden Feelings

Sometimes, one has to go beyond the explicit feelings to unravel the underlying feelings, intentions, beliefs,

or alues that a e i flue i g the speaker s ords. The listener must try and empathize or identify

themselves with the speaker, to e perie e hat the feel. O e a e press o e s se ti e ts usi g phrases such as:

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If I were in your place, I would not have handled the situation so ell.

That must have ee a satisf i g e perie e.

If I was in such a situatio , I d ha e ee er upset.

If that had happened to e, I d ha e ee er upset.

5. Inviting Further Contributions

In a situation where we have not heard or understood enough yet to respond with empathy and

understanding, we must prompt the speaker to give more information.

Phrases such as the following can be used:

Ca ou thro ore light o …

It would be great if ou a e pa d ore o this.

What happened after that?

Ho did ou rea t he …?

When we want a speaker to expand on his subject, we must ask open-ended questions, which require more

than a straight yes or no answer. Open-ended questions encourage a speaker and help the listener gain

more information. The listener must keep statements and questions short and easy to understand.

6. Responding Non-verbally

Listener can show active interest by adopting certain postures and sending non-verbal signals that

communicate their interest in what the speaker is saying. These include regular eye contact (without

staring), body leaning slightly towards the speaker, etc. Occasionally, certain receptive utterances such as

es a also e used to indicate that one is following what the speaker is saying, while being careful not to

overdo it. By giving such non-verbal signals, the listener help the speaker feel more confident and reflects

interest and understanding. This also helps generate more trust between the listener and the speaker.

Question: 3 What is Listening. Discuss barriers to effective listening.

Answer: Liste i g is a pro ess of re ei i g, i terpreti g a d rea ti g to a essage re ei ed fro the speaker.‛

Thinking is the biggest obstacle in listening process which diverts the mind from the original track and hence,

the speaker does t a hie e the good respo se fro liste er. I additio , some more barriers affect too.

They are:

1. Physical Barriers

Physical barriers to listening could be noise and physical discomfort or any physical factor.

2. Psychological Barriers

Any psychological or emotional disturbance can prove to be a barrier to effective listening because it leads

to lack of interest and concentration.

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3. Linguistic Barriers

If one listens to something in a language or dialect that he is not able to follow, a communication will

breakdown.

4. Cultural Barrier

If the speaker and listener belong to different cultures and share different values, listening and

comprehension could become a difficult process.

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4. Reading Fluency


Question 1: Explain types of Reading.

Answer: We read different texts for different purposes. There are two types of reading according to

the purpose of reading: Intensive reading and Extensive reading

[1] Intensive Reading

Intensive reading is reading carried out for a complete or comprehensive understanding of the text by

focusing on vocabulary, sentence structure and also the coherence among the various parts of text. It may

also be called academic reading.

Intensive reading involves several skills like predicting the content, understanding the gist, scanning,

identifying the topic sentence and its role in each paragraph of the text, transferring of information,

understanding discourse coherence, and sequencing of sentences.

Example: When we read a textbook on Chemical Engineering, we may sincerely try to grasp the meaning

of almost all words. We may also have to retain the grasped information in our memory over a period of

time for answering question in examinations, performing practical sessions, etc.

[2] Extensive Reading

Extensive reading is a type of reading that is carried out for an overall or a general understanding of the

text without aiming for 100% comprehension.

When you are involved in extensive reading, you may not focus on vocabulary, syntax, etc. but you may

try to differentiate between the core and supporting ideas.

Example: We read a newspaper article to get information and facts quickly, read a novel for pleasure,

read a notice to get information.

Question 2: What is reading comprehension? Narrate reasons for poor comprehension and state how

comprehension skill can be improved.

Answer: Reading comprehension refers to the ability to understand information presented in

written form.

This skill usually involves in understanding textbooks assignments, articles in newspapers and journals,

various business documents, reading passages given in competitive examinations, etc.

O e s le el of readi g co prehe sio skills ill affect e e o e s i terpretatio of directions, such as

hat to do a d he to do that appear o certai docu e ts such as instruction manuals, puzzles, etc.

[A] Reasons for Poor Comprehension

The reason for lack of understanding could be situational, depending on the type of reading matter, the

subject of the material, and your mental or physical state.

Not all failures in all contexts can be attributed to the same factor. For example, inability to understand a

biology text may be due to vocabulary problems or unfamiliar technical jargon, while failure to comprehend

a mathematical text may be conceptual, or lack of understanding of the fundamental concepts.

The main reasons for poor reading comprehension are:

2


4. Reading Fluency


o Inability to understand a word

o Inability to understand a sentence

o Inability to understand how sentences relate to one another

o Inability to understand how the information fits together in meaningful way

o Lack of interest or concentration

[B] Improving Comprehension Skills

Improved reading comprehension skills can positively impact many aspects of student academic

performance. Performance in exam and quizzes could greatly improve as students become more proficient

and effective reader.

The following are some of the ways in which comprehension skills can be improved:

o Read a variety of materials. Do not limit yourself to textbooks.

o Read a fairly long portion of the material. It would be difficult to assess reading comprehension based on

one or two paragraphs. Try to read an entire section or chapter instead.

o Circle unknown or unfamiliar words as you read.

o After reading, recall as much of the information as possible. Jot down points if you like. Then check the

accuracy and completeness of your recollections. If the main ideas are presented in a particular order, see if

you can recall the structure.

o Consider how interesting the subject matter is and how much you already know about the subject.

o Answer questions about the material after reading it.

These strategies may help you in achieving the following purposes:

o To enhance understanding of the content in text

o To improve understanding of how information is organized in a text

o To improve attention and concentration while reading

o To make reading a more active process

o To increase personal involvement in the reading material

o To promote critical thinking and evaluation of reading material

o To e ha ce registratio a d recall of te t i for atio i o e s e or

Question 3: write a short note on “ki i g a d “ca i g as eadi g tech i ue. Answer: Skimming

3


4. Reading Fluency


Before starting to read a text in detail, you should take a moment to preview the text. Read quickly,

without pausing to study the details. This is called skim reading or skimming.

You should u dersta d…

o For which audience the text was written (general public, professionals, la e ,…);

o What type of text it is (report, informal letter, formal letter, article, ad ertise e t…);

o What the purpose of the author is (to describe, to inform, to explain, to instruct, to persuade); and

o The general contents of the text

Scanning

After having skimmed the text, you can study it in more detail, reading more slowly and carefully and

looking for specific information that you are interested in. This is called scanning.

1


6. Literature


POEMS

1. The Road not taken By Robert Frost

About the Poet:

Robert Lee Frost was born in San Francisco, California, US on March 26, 1874 and died at Boston,

Massachusetts at the age of 88 on January 29, 1963. In his life of eighty-eighty years he has written

profusely. He has written some of the most important plays and poems of American English literature. But,

his name is famous for the optimistic poems he has written. He is one of the most critically acclaimed poets

of the twentieth century. He was awarded four Pulitzer prizes of his poetry and Congressional Gold Medal

for his poetical work. His major theme of poetry is existential questions that we face in our day-to-day life.

Critical appreciation of the Poem:

As e tio ed a ove, the asi the e of F ost s poe s is existe tial uestio s. The p ese t poe is also written in the same genre. In our life, we humans are always faced with some certain options, and at times it

becomes a difficult task to select one, correct option for us. The poem is speaking for all those humans, it has

a universal appeal. We all have faced such situation somewhere, sometimes. And what to do at that time

becomes a crucial question. The poet narrates his story through the medium of the poem. And he concludes

that his hoi e of oad ot take ade all diffe e es i his life.

The Narration:

The narration begins with the confusing point in poet s life. He is standing at an entrance of the wood, where

he could see two clear paths and he had to decide which path to take. Being a single human and living a

single life, he cannot choose both the roads, he cannot travel on both the choices available to him. Thus, it

has become mandatory for him to select one road. He stood there and looked upon both the roads carefully

till he could observe them. One road was clear and well-travelled. It certainly leads to some destination, but

that path was chosen by many and hence it was clear and travelled. The poet chooses the road not

taken or less travelled , which indicates the poet s courage and his desire for adventure and doing

something new and different. It was not clear and destination was not determined, it was a sheer risk ant

the challenge that the poet is taking up. But, if we don t take the newer path, then we will not be able to

do anything new, anything different and challenging. In the last stanza, poet confesses that the decision of

choosing the road not taken made all the differences in his life and today, he is different and probably

superior from the others.

Conclusion:

By using the metaphors of woods and roads, poet here talks about the very important issue of human life.

We are always in the dilemma on various aspects of our life. We are not sure what to do and why. The

people who think of security first, they select the life lived by many, following them blindly without thinking

about personal aspiration and dreams. But, there are people who their dreams, which live to make their

dreams come true. For such people every juncture of life is a new challenge and they accept it happily and

fulfill their dreams. They choose The Road Not Taken , to do the things which are hitherto untried. These are

the people who bring the positive change to our world and life.

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6. Literature


Question: 1

Explain Central idea of The Road not taken

Answer: The poem “The Road not taken “is from Robert Frost s poetry collection titled ou tai interval.

The poem The road not take is a wonderful and simple poem. It is about the reality of every human being

who needs to make choices during their lives. The poem The ‘oad not taken by Robert Frost has an

interesting theme, because he wrote this poem thinking about his friend Edward Thomas who went to the

War in 1916. The Road not taken makes us think about some situations that make us choose which way

to go! They can be between two jobs, two countries, two universities or any other challenge that let us

confused, unsure about facing the fear of choice. And in our lives indeed, the choices are not always easy,

because either we win or lose a lot because of them. An example of this would be when Robert Frost says,

Though as for that the passing there

Had worn them really about the same

This means that the roads were basically the same, yet they were different. The basic theme of Frost s

poem is existential questions. In our life, we humans are always faced with certain options, and at time it

becomes a difficult task to select one, correct option for us. The poem is speaking for all those humans, it has

universal appeal. We all have faced such situation somewhere sometimes. And what to do at that time

becomes a crucial question. The poet narrates his story through the medium of the poem. And he concludes

that his choice of The ‘oad ot taken made all the differences in his life.

2. Goodbye Party for Miss Pushpa T.S. By Nissim Ezekiel

About the Poet:

Nissim Ezekiel is a Bombay born Jew, Indian poet, critic and Play writer. He was born on 24th December 1924

at Bombay and died on 9th January 2004 at the age of 79 in modern day Mumbai. He has been awarded

many times from literary and government organizations. His collection of poetry, Letter-Day Psalms was

awarded Sahitya Akademi Award by Bhartiya Sahitya Akademi. His poems are modernist in nature and

thematically really very complex. He is very realistic in his approach to writing. He has published ten books of

the collection of his poetry.

Critical appreciation of the Poem:

The present poem is written in the genre of Satire. It is a humorous satire on the English spoken by non-

English speakers, especially the Guajaratis living in Bombay. The title of the poem itself suggests that this is

not an ordinary poem written in typical poetic format. Normally, poems the es are romance or nature, but

here the theme is also completely different and unique. And of course, Ezekiel is famous for this uniqueness.

The poem is full of grammatical errors, not that the poet was not a proficient English user. It is because the

poet is writing about the people who prefer to use English in spite of their poor command of the language.

The story here is very simple. A lady Miss Pushpa is departing for some foreign country and her colleagues

have organized a farewell party. The poem begins and ends with the speech of one of the colleagues which is

hilarious especially for the kind of English the person has used. There is a lot of continuous construction in

place of simple present tense or simple past tense. Apart from using just English, speaker also inserts some

3


6. Literature


French to exhibit his scholarship. Here, English language has been used more as a status symbol than as a

need for the communication, because everyone present there can easily understand Gujarati or Hindi. Some

of the mistakes are so hilarious that they produce completely contrary meaning. Many phrases and

sentences are appearing to be direct translation of Gujarati, and hence the poem looks more like the prose.

The Narration:

The poem begins with the vocation of the party members by the word 'Friends', in normal English

circumstances; we use 'Ladies and Gentlemen'. Then, instead of saying 'our dear friend' the speaker says 'our

dear sister' following the typical Gujarati tradition to call everyone brother or sister. The 'ing' form is used

with the verbs like 'know'. And instead of saying that 'Miss Pushpa is very sweet', the speaker says, 'what

sweetness is in Miss Pushpa'. She is 'smiling and smiling even for no reason', but because she is 'feeling'. All

these constructions are like boomerang for the addressee, because they mean quite different from what was

intended. The speaker also stresses the fact that Miss Pushpa 'is coming from very high family', implying that

she belongs to a well known family. When the name of Surat appears the speaker jumps into nostalgia, and

starts narrating about his visit to Surat which was completely irrelevant for the present purpose. And then

'Coming back to Miss Pushpa' he states that 'she is most popular lady with men also and ladies also', and

then speaker talks about her 'good spirit' adding 'Pushpa Miss is never saying no'. And ultimately, he bids

'bon voyage' to her. Interestingly, everything spoken by the speaker is grammatically erroneous. The speaker

tries to give impression that he is well versed with English language. And in trying to prove that, he proves

the contrary in a rare hilarious manner. The title's word 'Goodbye Party' is also misnomer; it should have

been 'farewell party'.

Conclusion:

Ezekiel's bitter satire is reflected in this short poem. He has spent most part of his life in Bombay among

these Gujarati people; he is well-aware about their typical habits and exhibiting pseudo knowledge of English

language. He mimics that mentality here in this poem with a bitter sense of humor, what is normally known

as black-humor. Each line of the poem Exhibits some or the other type of grammatical and lexical

abnormality used by the poet in the mouth of the speaker.

Question: 2

Explain Central idea of Goodbye Party for Miss Pushpa T.S.

Answer: The poem Goodbye Party for Miss Pushpa T.S. was written by Nissim Ezekiel, one of India s

foremost Indo-Anglien poets. Most of Ezekiel s poems are difficult to understand. In this poem Ezekiel uses

simple Indian English. It is a kind of satirical making fun of the people who cannot speak English properly and

whose mother tongue is not English but still want to speak in grammatically incorrect English. The poem has

arrangements of words and direct translation of expressions in Indian languages, particularly those who stay

in Gujarat! Actually the poem does not look like a poem but it is more like prose. The poem begins with the

vocation of the party members by the word Friends , in normal English circumstances. We use Ladies

and Gentlemen then, instead of saying Our dear friends – the speaker says our dear sister

following the typical Gujarati tradition to call everyone brother or sister. The ing form is used with the

verbs like know . And instead of saying that Miss Pushpa is very sweet , speaker says, What

sweetness is in Miss Pushpa . She is s ili g and smiling even for no reason , ut e ause she is feeli g .

All these constructions are like boomerang for the addressee, because they mean quite different from what

was intended.

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6. Literature


The speaker also stresses the fact that Miss Pushpa is coming from very high family , implying that she

belongs to a well-known family. When the name of Surat appears the speaker jumps into nostalgia, and

starts narrating about his visit to Surat which was completely irrelevant for the present purpose. And then

o i g back to Miss Pushpa he states that she is most popular lady with men also and ladies also, and

then speaker talks about her good spirit adding Pushpa Miss is never saying no. and ultimately, he

bids bon voyage to her. Interestingly, everything is spoken by the speaker is grammatically erroneous;

the speaker tries to give impression that he is well-versed with English language. And in trying to prove that

he p oves a e . The title s word Goodbye party is also misnomer; it should have been farewell

party.

5


6. Literature


SHORT STORIES

The Eyes Are Not Here By Ruskin Bond

Question: 3

Explain Central idea of The Eyes Are Not Here

Answer: The Eyes Are Not Here is a short story by Ruskin Bond who is an Indian author of British

descent. He is one of the best among Indian writers who write for children and are also a recipient of the

Sahitya Akademi award for English writing, for his short stories collection. His stories show a deep love for

nature and people. A young man is sitting alone in a compartment of a train when he realizes a woman

entering after bidding goodbye to her parents. The woman does not notice that the man is blind, and he

does not tell her. In their casual conversation, through a series of questions, he finds out many things about

her. They converse pleasantly with each other for a long time. When her station comes, she gets off the

train. At that stop, another male enters in the compartment and mentions that the young woman who just

left the compartment was blind. The first young man who chatted with her for a long time did not even

know or realize that she was blind. The lady also fails to perceive that young man was blind may be the third

person who enters the compartment after the lady gets off, also does not realize that the young man who

was sitting there was blind! Such a complex story about the limits of human perception!

The Romance of a busy Broker By O. Henry

Question: 4

Explain Central idea of The Romance of a busy Broker .

Answer: The Romance of a busy Broker is the great literary work which is written by O.Henry. He was a

very talented writer who gave surprise ending to all of his stories. He wrote about average people living in

New York City. Whenever a story is to be written, the writer must be clear in his/her mind about the

characters he/she is giving to use. The character analysis can be done by describing their physical

intellectual, emotional, social and philosophical attributes. For example, in this story Maxwell has grey eyes;

he is forgetful but hard working. Ms. Leslie is beautiful with dreamy eyes; she is professional, happy and so

on. O.Henry had mastered this art. Henry Maxwell is a broker in the New York Exchange. Leslie is his

secretary for over a year. Mr. Pitcher is the personal clerk in the office. Leslie asks Pitcher whether Maxwell

had asked him to look for someone else to take the place of is secretary. After sometime Pitcher comes

along and tells Maxwell that he had brought one lady as was asked by him to be his new secretary. Maxwell

loots up in surprise and says that his original secretary, Miss Leslie is very good and can continue as long as

she wishes and plunges into his work again. The rush of the stocks and bonds, loans, shares and securities is

going on till the lunch hour. Actually Maxwell is already married to Leslie the previous evening at eight

o clock at the little church around the corner which he was forgotten totally because Maxwell keep himself

so busy in his work that he forgets everything! Of course this is hard to believe but the element of surprise in

the story surprises the reader!

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5. Writing Skill

Prof. Bhavika Vyas and Prof. Dhara Tejura

Paragraph Writing

1. The Greenhouse Effect

The Earth, the third planet from the sun, is the only planet whose name is not derived from Roman or

Greek mythology. When the Earth is seen from space, it is seen as a beautiful blue and white ball. Out of all

pla eta i ages, the Ea th s i age is t ul the ost eautiful. Ho e e , life o ou eautiful pla et is threatened by the greatest environmental threat of our time: global warming. A thick layer of atmosphere,

which grows thinner further out into space, surrounds the Earth. The atmosphere is composed primarily of

Nitrogen 21% of the atmosphere is oxygen while just around 1% of the atmosphere consists of other gases

like Carbon Dioxide. When sunlight strikes the Earth, some of it escapes back into the atmosphere, but the

p ese e of g ee house gases like a o dio ide, it ous o ide, etha e p e e ts all the adiatio f o es api g out i to spa e. These gasses t ap the su s adiatio , heat a d e e g a d the efo e, the Ea th s temperature remains warm. If these gasses were not present at all, the Earth would be cold like Mars. This is

called the Greenhouse Effect, because it keeps the Earth insulated and warm, in the same manner as a

greenhouse keeps plants warm. It is believed that over the past century the Earth has grown warmer by

around 1 degree F. This is called global warming, which occurs due to the greenhouse effect. Although 1

degree F does not seem like much, it in fact has a profound effect on various other ecological systems. As the

temperature goes up, glaciers start melting, adding more water to the oceans. In addition, warm

temperature cause water molecules to expand. As a result of these phenomena, the sea level starts rising.

This could lead to coastal flooding. The salt water and coastal flooding may wipe out certain kinds of plant

life along the coasts. Increases in temperature can also bring droughts in other hot climates, certain foods

grown in certain temperature increases, crops may be destroyed.

2. Importance of Communication Skills for Engineers

Ever thought what is the importance of communication skills for engineers? In contrast with the

technical abilities, Communication skills come as an integral part in an engi ee s g oo i g a d effe ti el lead to a prosperous growth in future. Communication skills does not only involve speaking in front of a large

crowd, but it also incorporates the sense of managing the resources alongside effective written skills in order

to convey the message to rest of public. If you are a computer engineer, one of the prominent part in the

software development lifecycle tends to be the role of business analyst. While gathering require8ments for

the project, an analyst needs to have so that information can be flown to both the concerned parties in a

channelized manner. Same goes for electrical or instrumentation engineers who are supervising large scale

mechanical equipments, if they are not dealt with properly and their usage is not well known to them,

communicating at a low level to their associated might come across as a palling task. Which communication

skill is most important: Listening, Writing or Speaking? Given the nearly non-stop use of email and social

media in every aspect of you life ou ight espo d i ediatel ith itte o u i atio s. Gi e a fe o e o e ts to thi k a out it, ou ight hoose spoke o utatio s o e iti g. You spe d a lot of time engaged in conversations on your mobile or face to face. But in both ases ou e off the a k. While iti g a d speaki g effe ti el a e i po ta t skills to e plo dail i ou life, the a e t the ost important when it comes to communicating. That spot is reserved for listening. The importance of listening

2 August 1, 2016


5. Writing Skill


is likel so ethi g ou ha e hea d efo e. If it as t ou pa e ts s oldi g us fo ot liste i g, the it as Epi tetus fa ous uote e i di g us, Natu e ga e us o e to gue a d t o ea s so e ould hea t i e as

u h as e speak . Numerous studies have highlighted the importance of communication in the average

pe so s life, poi ti g out that ost people spe d up to 80% of thei aki g hou s i ol ed i so e ethod of communication. This is further broken down to about 25% writing and reading, 30% speaking, and 45%

listening. Not surprising, numerous studies also show that we are horrible listeners. Not good.

Communication skills are absolutely essential to our existence and they are the foundation for our success. If

your skills are lacking, begin first by focusing on your listening skills. Strengthen these and you will be in a

very solid position.

Exercise Write paragraph on given topics:

1. Effect of Cinema on Youth

2. Qualities I admire in a Professional.

3. Movies: A Tool to Educate

4. Paperless World

5. An IPL cricket Match you enjoyed.

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5. Writing Skill


Business Letter

Letter (7 Marks)

Heading (1 mark)

Date (0.5 Mark)

Inside Address (0.5 mark)

Salutation (1 Mark) Body (3 Marks)

Body

Complimentary Close (0.5 Mark)

Signature Block (0.5 Mark)

2 August 1, 2016


5. Writing Skill


Complaint Letter

Write a complaint letter to a manufacturer that the goods you

have received is less in quantity.

SHIVA AUTO

M.G.Road

Ahmadabad.

17TH

August, 2016

KRISHNA BATTERIES

M.G.Road

Ahmadabad.

Dear Sir,

Sub: Complaint for shortage in quantity

We have received the consignment sent by you. We appreciate the prompt execution of our order. However,

we would like to draw your attention to the following complaint.

On opening the consignment, we found 50 batteries less in number. We cannot ignore such a big shortage.

Therefore, we request you to send us the remaining 50 batteries as early as possible.

We expect prompt response from you.

Yours faithfully,

X.Y.Z

(Proprietor)

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5. Writing Skill


Exercise Write letter on given topics:

1. You have recently purchased a mobile from High-tech Mobiles, ISKON Mall, Ahmadabad. While using the

mobile you have found that it is not working properly. Draft a letter of complaint detailing the problems you

are facing. Mention clearly the adjustment you wish.

2. Soniya Modi from 4/20, Nirmal Society, Opp. Gujarat Township, Mehsana writes a letter to the Manager,

Shashi Computers, 84-0, Grand Enclave, Paldi Char Rasta, Ahmadabad complaining about the damaged

condition of the computer she received recently. Write the letter on her behalf.

3. As the Purchase Manager of Alpha Engineering Co., Salt Lake City, Kolkata, you placed an order for 15 HP

scanners to National Systems Limited, Electronic city, M.G. Road, Bangalore- 560100. You received only 12

scanners. Write a letter to General Manager (sales & marketing) of NSL, making a complaint and asking him

to send the remaining 3 scanners immediately (Use block layout format).

4 August 1, 2016


5. Writing Skill


Email Writing

Write an email for Editorial Assistant Position.

To: [email protected]

CC:

BCC:

Subject: Editorial Assistant Position – Susan Sharp

Dear Manager,

I would like to express my interest in a position as editorial assistant for your publishing company. As a

recent graduate with writing, editing and administrative experience. I believe I am a strong candidate for a

position at the 123 publishing company.

You specify that you are looking for someone with strong writing skills. As an English major, a writing tutor,

and an editorial intern for both a government magazine and a college marketing office. I have become a

skilled writer with a variety of experience.

Although I am a recent college graduate. My maturity, practical experience and eagerness to enter the

publishing business will make me an excellent editorial assistant. I would be a beneficial addition to the 123

publishing company.

I have attached my resume. Thank you so much for your time and consideration.

Sincerely

Susan Sharp

Susan Sharp

123 main street,

Xyz/own, NY 11111

Email: [email protected]

Cell: 555-555-5555

mailto:[email protected]


5 August 1, 2016


5. Writing Skill


Write an email to interchange the mark sheet of 17 students of B.E

1st sem.

To: [email protected]

CC:

BCC:

Subject: Mark sheet of 17 students of B.E 1st

sem.

Dear Sir,

Kindly refer the mark sheet of 90 students of B.E 1st

sem .Exams of Electrical Engineering held in Dec 2015.

17 mark sheets are not printed correctly. The columns of I.A and semester exams are interchanged. Please

rectify the error in the computer and fax the correct mark sheets.

Thanking you

K.N (Academic)

Delhi college of Engineering.

Exercise Write an email on given topics:

1. As a student career development coordinator of your college, draft an email to invite HR Manager, Acer

India, to deliver a talk to the students of Information Technology.

2. Your depart e t ishes to ake a isit to Tata Motors’ pla t for the Tata Na o at “a a d. “e d a inquiry mail to the HR Manager Sanand Branch requesting for the permission to visit the plant. Give

necessary details like date, time of visit, approximate no. of students and faculty members.

3. Draft an email to abroad university asking information for courses that you want to learn more.

4. Write an email to complaint for fault in electronic utility meter.

5. Send an email to the principal of all technical colleges in Faridabad and Gurgaon that your college will

organize a technical fest sometime next month and that a team of students be sent to participate in it.


6 August 1, 2016


5. Writing Skill


Report Writing

Memo Format

Q.1 Bharat Textile Mill, Kanpur, manufactures several kinds of

cotton and Synthetic clothes .For the last five years there has

been a gradual decline in profits owing to various causes

including fall in sales .The Managing Director has asked the

marketing manager to investigate the causes, make suitable

recommendations and submit in Memo Format. (Assume yourself

as a Marketing manager).

Bharat Textile Mill, Kanpur.

Date: 21st

, November, 2014

To : Mr. Mukesh Jain

Managing Director

From: Mr. Ravin Doshi

Marketing Manager

Subject: Investigative report about decline in profits and fall in sales.

Report:

Introduction:

In the last meeting with you held on November 18, 2014. I, marketing manager was asked to carry

out an investigation and thereby to find out the probable causes behind gradual decline in profits

from 5 years including fall in sales along with recommendation. Hence, herewith I write report on

the same.

Procedure:

In order to find out the active reasons responsible for these. From the gathered data and its

scrutiny. I have found out some causes. They are as under.

Causes:

1. Our product is charging very high.

2. The packing style is not attractive.

3. It lacks proper advertisement.

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5. Writing Skill


4. It is difficult to be easily achieved.

Recommendations:

1. We should hire a celebrity for proper advertisement.

2. We should find out proper alternative material to lower the cost.

3. Its packing should be eye catching.

4. It should be easily available in the market.

Conclusion:

If these recommendations will be given to a sincere thought then I assure you that our company will

profit more and it will also win the lost reliance of the customers.

Social Format

A report on a flag salutation ceremony at a college. Rajkot,

16th

August

It Was 15th

August. There was a flag salutation in my college. All the students had gathered in our

college campus. The students with full uniform had been orderly stood in front of the flag post. Our principal

performed the flag salutation in the morning. It was attended by all the students and faculties of my college.

The flag was hoisted exactly at 8:00 a.m. our principal gave a short speech asking all to love the country and

inspired us to be brave. In the end, all sang the national anthem. There was an elocution competition on

Patriotis a d Patriots . There as a pai ti g o petitio . The su je ts of the pai ti gs ere o arious events of our freedom fight with British. A competition of group songs of patriotism was held. All enjoyed

and appreciated the competitio s. At o’ lo k all ere prese t i the asse ly hall. The i ers of the differe t o petitio s ere gi e ra k a d prizes. The progra e as ru u til o’ lo k. At ight, a documentary film on our freedom fighters was shown to us in the assembly hall. It was a thrilling event for

the students.

Exercise Write a report on given topics:

1. Your company has sent you to visit a reputed factory to observe its manufacturing process. Write a full

length report mentioning your recommendations to the Chief Manager of your company to implement in the

same process in your company.

2. Smart Mobile Company wishes to launch a new mobile in the market. They have asked you to do a survey

on the features which are mostly preferred by youngsters in their mobiles. You have conducted a survey of

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5. Writing Skill


the students on the Features Preferred by Collegians in a Mobile. Draft a report to be submitted to the

Production Manager of the company.

3. A survey conducted on satisfaction about college professor in your college. Write a report summarizing

your findings.

4. Draft a 100-word report on a technical festival hosted by your college.

5. Micromax co. Ltd, Mumbai wants to establish a new plant near Sanand, Gujarat. As a consultant engineer,

write a feasibility report on establishing a factory in Sanand, Gujarat.

6. The education minister has found that students in rural areas of Gujarat have lack of English Language

competence. You, as an Educational commissioner, are asked to prepare a report on the reasons and

remedies of this problem.

9 August 1, 2016


5. Writing Skill


1

2110002 – Communication Skills Grammar

Prof. Bhavika Vyas, Prof. Dhara Tejura

Grammar Exercise

Tense 1. How many books ________ by the school this year? (had been purchased, have purchased, have been purchased)

2. When the post man came, I ________ my meal. (had taken, have taken, took)

3. The government ________ the bridge for several months. (is making, has been making, was making)

4. Listen, Lata Mangeshkar ________ a nice song from ‘Barsat’. (sings, has been singing, is singing)

5. Who ________ now? (shouts, is shouting, was shouting)

6. When I reached the party plot, they ________ their dinner. (were taking, took, are taking)

7. My father ________ tea every day. (was not taking, does not take, is not take)

8. ________ you ________ with me in next ball dance party? (Will---dance, Are---dancing, Do---dance)

9. The Earth ________ around the Moon. (moves, is moving, does not move)

10. We ________ horror movie at 7 o’clock tomorrow. (will watch, will be watching, will watching)

11. No, Poonam ________ my book yet. (has returned, had not returned, has not returned)

12. By 2025, scientists ________ the cure for cancer. (will find, will found, will have found)

13. He became sorry after he ________ me. (had insulted, insulted, has insulted)

14. At that time, my mother ________ a woolen frock for three months. (had been knitting, was knitting, is knitting)

15. Rehana ________ beautiful ballad in her last show. (plays, played, was played)

16. Mr. Sharma ________ Irish coffee often. (drinks, drink, is drinking)

17. I found my lost pen when I ________ to the staff room. (went, am going, was going)

18. Nirmala ________ her birthday cake at 12 o’clock tomorrow. (will be cutting, will cut, will cutting)

19. Hear, someone ________ in the corner of the dark room. (was crying, is crying, will be crying)

20. ________ you ________ sandwich in your last lunch? (Do---eat, Will---eat, Did---eat)

21. Facsimile machine ________ analog data into digital data. (converts, convert, is convert)

22. ___ English ___ by your teacher well when Mr. Shah came? (Was---being taught, Was---teaching, Is-teaching)

23. I ________ just ________ my work. (will---finish, have---finished, has---finished)

24. The homework ________ to the students before the bell rang. (had given, had been given, was been given)

25. Before next Sunday, I ________ my work. (will do, will done, will have done)

26. Students _________ their homework at the present. (are doing, were doing, do)

27. By 2018, he ________ there for twenty years. (has been living, had been living, have been living)

28. It is Rajesh who ________ all the appreciation. (deserves, deserve, is deserve)

29. The car ________ by the mechanic. (has repaired, is repairing, is being repaired)

30. The phone rang while I ________ dinner. (was having, am having, had)

31. Yesterday, Shri Raj Shah ____ as the chief advisor of the company. (had selected, was selected, were selected)

32. ________ you ever seen Mr. Shah ________ on violin? (Have----playing, Had---played, Has---playing)

33. My brother _______ to college last Monday. (gone, went, goes)

34. My mother ________ chapatti for me now. (making, is making, was making)

35. _______ they ________ fresh vegetables always? (Do---bring, Are---bringing, Will---bring)

36. Rajesh bhai ________ in his school since 1982. (is serving, has been serving, has serving)

37. Hurry up. The train ________ already ________. (has---arrived, have---arrived, had---arrived)

38. She ________ to bed at 10 o’clock yesterday. (go, gone, went)

39. The river Nile ________ into the Mediterranean. (flows, flow, flowing)

40. We usually ________ vegetables in our garden. (grows, grow, grew)

41. Tom ________ tennis with his friends last Sunday. (plays, played, play)

42. ________ you ________ songs right now? (Are---listening, Was---listening, Is---listening)

43. ________ you ________ tea daily? (Did---take, Do---take, Did---took)

44. ________ you ________ to hospital next morning? (Will---go, Do---go, Are---going)

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45. I ________ the map, before I went on tour. (has not studied, had not study, had not studied)

46. Dinesh bhai ________ in the garden, when I saw him. (was working, is working, worked)

47. At that time, Radhika ________ a novel for two months. (was writing, had writing, had been writing)

48. They _________ us for long time now. (have been teaching, has been teaching, had been teaching)

49. Two plus two ________ four. (makes, make, made)

50. The Sun ________ in the east. (rises, rise, rose)

(Answers: 1.Have been purchased 2. Had taken 3. Has been making 4. Is singing 5. Is shouting 6. Were taking 7. Does

not take 8. Will - dance 9. Does not move 10. Will be watching 11. Has not returned 12. Will have found 13. Has insulted

14. Had been knitting 15. Played 16 drinks 17.was going 18. Will be cutting 19. Is crying 20. Did eat 21. Converts 22.

Was – being taught 23. Have – finished 24. Had been given 25. Will have done 26. Are doing 27. Had been living 28.

Deserves 29. Is being repaired 30. Was having 31. Was selected 32. Have playing 33. Went 34. Is making 35. Do – bring

36. Has been serving 37. Has arrived 38. Went 39. Flows 40. Grow 41. Played 42. Are – listening 43. Do – take 44. Wii

– go 45. Has not studied 46. Was working 47. Had been writing 48. Have been teaching 49. Make 50. Rises.)

Articles 1. Mrs. Brown was _____ European lady. (a, an, the)

2. Mitali is doing _____ M.B.A. (a, an, the)

3. _____ English defeated ____ French. (A---the, The---the, An---the)

4. I have _____ one rupee coin. (a, an, the)

5. _____ Geeta is _____ holly book. (The---a, The---the, A---the)

6. There is _____ lion in the forest. ______ lion is roaring. (the---The, the---A, a---The)

7. _____ harder you work, _____ grater will be rewarded. (The---the, the---a, The---an)

8. What _____ beautiful flower it is! (a, an, the)

9. ______ Ganga is a holy river. (a, an, the)

10. My grandmother tells _____ story every day. (a, an, the)

11. ______ rose is a beautiful flower. (A, An, The)

12. All _____ girls stood in a queue. (a, an, the)

13. This is really ______ enchanting scene. (a, an, the)

14. 14. He is _____ honest boy. (a, an, the)

15. Economic is _____ difficult subject for some people. (a, an, the)

16. Mr. Ramesh is _____ university professor. (a, an, the)

17. _____ water in that jug is dirty. (A, An, The)

18. Please, open _____ door. (a, an, the)

19. She is _____ daughter of _____ retired teacher. (a---the, the---the, a---a)

20. ______ tiger is our national animal. (A, An, The)

21. He came here as _____ servant. (a, an, the)

22. Who is _____ eldest son among you? (a, an, the)

23. Mr. Thaker has _____ small book shop. (a, an, the)

24. I shall come back within _____ hour. (a, an, the)

25. It was _____ unexpected event. (a, an, the)

(Answers: 1. a 2. an 3. The, the 4. a 5. The, a 6. a, the 7. The, the 8. a 9. The 10. A 11. The 12. The 13. an 14. an 15. a

16. a 17. The 18. the 19. a – the 20. The 21. a 22. the 23. A 24. an 25. an.)

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Preposition 1. The dog jumped ____ the lake. (into, in, onto)

2. Bats are seen ____ night. (in, at, on)

3. The serial is over. It is time to go _____ bed. (to, in, on)

4. While the younger son Rahul was looking _____ his ill mother Mayaben, her elder son Narendra was looking

_____ the lost bag in the house. (at, into, for, after)

5. Birds are flying _____ my head. (on, above, at)

6. Rahul has been working _____ two hours. (for, out, at)

7. My favorite Chinese restaurant is just ______ the street. (over, across, under)

8. ______ the flowers and vegetables, we also need some milk. (Besides, On, In)

9. Her birthday falls _____ a Wednesday. (at, in, on)

10. The bank is _____ the cinema. (on, in, opposite)

11. I like that picture hanging _____ the wall _____ the living room. (on, in, at)

12. Nita’s house is not so far, it is just _____ my house. (at, between, near)

13. I’m reading a book ____ Anurag Mathur. (by, on, at)

14. He is suffering _____ T.B. (in, from, with)

15. They travel _____ bus daily. (in, above, by)

16. We were all sitting _____ the café. (into, inside, onto)

17. I love to play _____ my pet dogs. (at, to, with)

18. I am sitting ____ Radha. (near, beside, on)

19. My English text book is ____ the newspaper. (under, at, in )

20. We ate our lunch ____ 2 o’clock. (in, on, at)

21. The cricket match is _____ the evening. (on, in, at)

22. It rained ____ the night. (on, above, during)

23. My house is ____ garden and hospital. (between, in, near)

24. My books are _____ the desk. (into, on, above)

25. Students finished their work _____ five hours. (on, at, before)

(Answer: 1. into 2. At 3.to 4.after- for 5.above 6. For 7.across 8.besides 9.on 10.opposite 11.on – in 12.near 13.by

14.from 15.by 16.inside 17.with 18.beside 19.under 20.at 21.in 22.during 23.between 24.on 25.before.)

Degree of Comparison 1. One of my sisters _____ going on a trip to France. (is, are)

2. A pair of scissors _____ required to cut the cloth. (is, are)

3. One of the most influential _____ Mahatma Gandhi. (leader was, leaders was, leaders were, leader were)

4. The blue whale is _____ of all animals in the world. (the larger, the largest, as large)

5. Town Hall is _____ building in our town. (older, olderer, the oldest, oldest)

6. Our car is bigger _____ your car. (if, than, then)

7. My sister is much ____ then me. (tall, tallest, taller)

8. Some people think that English is the _____ language. (more difficult, most difficult, difficult)

9. She works _____ than me. (hard, hardest, harder)

10. Mount Everest is _____ mountain in the world. (the highest, the higher, more highest)

(Answer: 1.is 2.is 3.leaders was 4.the largest 5.the oldest 6.than 7.taller 8.most difficult 9.harder 10.the highest)

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Question tag 1. Shubhadra will follow all the informations carefully. ___________

2. He is an engineer in multinational company. __________

3. I play cricket in the morning. __________

4. He watches a movie. __________

5. I am a lecturer in the college. __________

6. My uncle sang a song. __________

7. I shall drink milk. __________

8. Nobody solved the problem. __________

9. Let’s go for a picnic. __________

10. Don’t show me your face. __________

(Answer: 1.won’t she? 2.isn’t he? 3. don’t I? 4.doesn’t he? 5.aren’t I? 6.didn’t he? 7. Shan’t I? 8.did they? 9.shall we?

10.will you?)

Direct-Indirect Speech 1. She said, “The English teacher teaches very well.”

2. Kavita said, “Mona will learn English.”

3. Milan said to Nalin, “Will you lend me your dictionary for one day?”

4. Mr. Joshi said to Mr. Desai, “Why did you teach English?”

5. The teacher said to the students, “Br regular.”

6. She said, “What a beautiful flower it is!”

7. The boys said to the teacher, “Let us play for half an hour.”

8. My elder sister said, “Honesty is the best policy.”

9. He said to me, “I saw you yesterday.”

10. Kiran said to her teacher, “Good morning.”

(Answers: 1. she said that the English teacher taught very well. 2. Kavita said that Mona would learn English. 3. Milan

asked Nalin if he would lend him his dictionary for one day. 4. Mr. joshi asked mr. desai why he had taught English. 5.

The teacher advised the students to be regular. 6. She exclaimed with praise that it was a very beautiful flower. 7. The

boys requested the teacher to let them play for half an hour. 8.My elder sister said that honesty is the best policy. 9.

He told me that he had seen me the previous day. 10. Kiran wished her teacher good morning.)

Voice 1. Mala does not bring homework.

2. Do you play chess?

3. When did you get the prize?

4. Who will save the wounded man?

5. Why should I sing a song?

6. Which of the teachers is teaching you English?

7. I was not eating Pani-puri there.

8. Who was writing the score of the batsmen?

9. Dinesh hasn’t finished your work.

10. Which girl has submitted the assignment?

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11. Had he warned the tiger before firing the gun?

12. Who had broken the glass when I went outside?

13. Sita will have finished her homework before 6 o’clock.

14. Who must have built that beautiful castle?

15. Mitali having finished the practical left the laboratory.

16. Neha was to finish this work.

17. Tea is too hot for to drink.

18. You should have designed the house.

19. What has nature given us?

20. Are you buying the tickets for “Rustom”?

21. The man had sold his house before we went to see it.

22. Who is teaching you communication skills?

23. Has our team won the match?

24. The teacher is asking us questions.

25. The box is light enough to lift.

(Answer: 1. Homework is not brought by Mala. 2. Is chess played by you? 3. When was the prize got by you? 4. By

whom will the wounded man be saved? 5. Why should a song be sung by me? 6. By which of the teachers is English

being taught to you? 7. Pani puri was not being eaten there by me. 8. By whom was the score of the batsmen being

written? 9. Your work hasn’t been finished. 10. By which girl has the assignment been submitted? 11. Had the tiger

been warned by him before firing the gun? 12. By whom had the glass been broken when I went outside? 13. Sita’s

homework will have been finished by her before 6 o’ clock. 14. By whom must that beautiful castle have been built?

15. The practical having been finished by Mitali, she left the room. 16. This work was to be finished by Neha. 17. Tea

is too not to be drunk. 18. The house should have been designed by you. 19. What have been given by the nature? 20.

Are the tickets for “Rustom” being bought by you? 21. The house had been sold by the man before we went to see it.

22. By whom are you being taught communication skills? 23. Has the match been won by our team? 24. We are being

asked the questions by the teacher. 25. The box is light enough to be lifted.)

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q. 1 what is communication? explain the process of ... · extrapersonal, 2. intrapersonal, 3....

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