qqristianobis gavrcelebastan ertad, qristianul tazrebsi ...press.tsu.ge/data/image_db_innova/nino...

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti

qarTuli literatura

nino CakunaSvili

saswauli Suasaukuneebis qarTul sasuliero da saero literaturaSi

filologiis doqtoris (Ph.D.) akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad

warmodgenili

d i s e r t a c i a

samecniero xelmZRvaneli: filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori,

profesori elguja xinTibiZe

Tbilisi

2011

2

S i n a a r s i

Sesavali -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3

Tavi I saswaulis gagebisaTvis sasuliero

literaturaSi -------------------------------------------------------------------- 9

1. fizikuri Zalis hiperbalizacia da brZola ukeTur

ZalebTan ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 23

2. sneulTa gankurneba ------------------------------------------------------ 37

3. cxovelTa samyarosTan urTierToba --------------------------- 40

saswaulis gagebisaTvis saero

literaturaSi -------------------------------------------------------------------- 43

1. fizikuri Zalis hiperbalizacia da brZola ukeTur

ZalebTan -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 45

2. sneulTa gankurneba ------------------------------------------------------ 59

3. cxovelTa samyarosTan urTierToba

Tavi II saswauli rogorc Suasaukuneebis saero

romanis avantiura------------------------------------------------------------- 67

1. usasrulo gza, tye ----------------------------------------------------- 101

2. mojadoebuli koSkebi, baRebi, qvabulebi ----------------- 119

3. saswaulebrivi arsebebi da nivTebi --------------------------- 132

4. gza, saidanac arcerTi gmiri ar brundeba da yvelaze

didi avantiura ------------------------------------------------------------ 137

daskvna ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 141

3

Sesavali

qristianobis SemosvlasTan erTad, saswaulis Tematika ikavebs

mniSvnelovan adgils wmindanTa cxovrebaSi. agiografiul

TxzulebaTaTvis erT-erTi ZiriTadi Sabloni xdeba wmindanTa

saswaulebis aRwera, rac mogvianebiT, garkveulad transformirebuli

saxiT gadadis saero mwerlobaSi.

Qcnobilia, rom qristianobis gavrcelebasTan erTad, qristianul

taZrebSi aucilebeli gaxda RvTismsaxurebis Sesruleba saRvTo wignebis

gamoyenebiT. amasTanave, RvTismsaxurebis aucilebel elementad iqna

miCneuli wmindanTa cxovreba-martvilobebis kiTxvac, aman ganapiroba

agiografiis (berZ. Άγιος `wmindani~ da γράφω `wera~), rogorc Janris

Camoyalibeba da Semdgomi ganviTareba. rogorc cnobilia, qristianuli

mwerloba Tavisi Camoyalibebis pirvel etapze farTod iyenebda antikur

literaturul da filosofiur tradiciebs da Zveli literaturuli

Jaanrebis transformaciiTa da modernizaciiT warmoqmnida axal Janrebs

(52, gv.156).

agiografiaSi gamoiyo ZiriTadi qveJanrebi. pirvel etapze es iyo

`wmindanTa mowameobrivi cxovrebis aRwera~, xolo meore etapze (V-VIII

ss.) `cxovreba da moqalaqeoba~. SemdgomSi `es qveJanrebi gaerTianebuli

saxiTac gvxvdeba, maTSi wmindanTa cxovrebac aris aRwerili da wamebac.

aseTebi atarebenEN `cxovrebisa da martvilobis~ saxels (5, gv. 3).

VII-VIII saukuneebSi ukve damkvidrda garkveuli tradiciebi da

mkacri kanonebi agiografiul cxovrebaTa aRwerisaTvis. Ees gamowveuli

iyo imiT, rom agiografiuli Txzulebis avtori xSirad wmindanis

cxovrebis aRwerisas mxatvrul fantazias iSveliebda da `agiografiis

xalxur SemoqmedebasTan daaxloebis saSualebas qmnida~ A(38, gv. 170). am

procesma gansakuTrebiT Tavi iCina apokriful nawarmoebebSi.

4

apokrifuli Janris mwerlobis popularoba, ganpirobebuli iyo

imiT, rom xalxis warmosaxva ar kmayofildeboda imiT, rasac

mouTxrobda biblia da axali aRTqma. maT undodaT gaegoT ra moxda ama

Tu im movlenis Semdeg. rogori iyo am wmindanebis Semdgomi bedi, ra

saswaulebi gadaxdaT maT Semdgom. yuradReba unda gavamaxviloT imazec,

rom am periodis avtorebi ZiriTadad mimarTaven msmenelebs da ara

mkiTxvelebs. Ddominanti roli akisria zepirad warmoTqmul teqstebs da

ara wakiTxulT. am teqstebs ki adamiani iRebda rogorc namdvil, utyuar

faqts. amitom, didi emociuri datvirTva eniWeboda smenas, am periodis

adamiani ufro metad ismenda, vidre kiTxulobda. sainteresoa is faqtic,

rom Suasaukuneebis mwerali ar mimarTavs magias imisTvis, rom

daadasturos nawarmoebSi moxmobili faqtebis utyuaroba, magram is

arwmunebs mkiTxvels, rom STagonebulia RvTis mier.

AA apokriful niadagze Seqmnili Txzulebebi, romlebic wmindanTa

saswaulebriv Tavgadasavlebze mogviTxroben, metad saintereso da

popularuli sakiTxavebi iyo. `bevr apokriful Txzulebasa da

TqmulebaSi iseTi daujerebeli ambebi iyo gadmocemuli, romelic

namdvil zRapars moagonebda mkiTxvelso~, aRniSnavs k. kekeliZe (21. gv.

431).

Eeklesiis warmomadgenelni drogamoSvebiT aqveynebdnen apokrifuli

wignebis nusxas, sadac mkiTxvels SeeZlo gaerCia namdvili wigni

apokrifisgan.

mas Semdeg, rac dakanonda mkacri kanonebi agiografiuli

Txzulebis aRwerisaTvis, avtorebi cdiloben naklebad moiSvelion

mxatvruli fantazia da ZiriTadi aqcenti gadaitanon im tipis

saswaulebze, romlebic met-naklebad yvela agiografiuli

TxzulebisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli.

rac Seexeba agiografiuli teqstis siuJetur nawils da

5

agebulebas, ufro xSirad wmindanis cxovreba warmoadgenda Txrobas

gmiris gamorCeul bavSvobaze, keTil saqmeebze, saswaulebze da

wmindanis aRsasrulze, romelic umniSvnelovanesi epizodi iyo wmindanis

cxovrebaSi.

saswaulebis aRwerisas qarTul agiografiaSi aRweril saswaulebs

ori mTavari wyaro eZebneba : biblia A(agiografebi, metwilad

metafrasebi, analogiisaTvis xSirad miuTiTeben Zveli aRTqmis

saswaulebs) da sakuTriv agiografiuli Txzulebebi (maTSi aRwerili

saswaulebi, xSirad erTgvari wyaro xdeboda sxva agiografiuli

TxzulebebisTvis) Tumca unda gaviTvaliswinoT gardamocemebic

(werilobiTi da zepiri), romlebic samonastro wreebSi Cndeboda da

viTardeboda da aseve `wminda folkloruli warmoSobis legendebic,

romlebic sasuliero mwerlobaSi xvdeboda garkveuli literaturuli

gadamuSavebis Semdeg~ (5, gv. 37).

qarTul enaSi, sityva `saswauls~, upiratesad qristianuli

datvirTva aqvs. Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikonSi igi ganmartebulia,

rogorc `niSi~, `sakvirveleba, `ganswavluloba~, momaswavlebeli niSani

(2, gv. 370), sulxan-sabas `leqsikoni qarTuli~ ki amgvarad ganmartavs

sityva saswauls _ saqme gamoCenili, dResaswauli, niSani (34, gv. 56).

Tavad `saswauli~ Tavis sferoSi moicavs rogorc samyaroSi, ise

samyaros miRma arsebul sagnebsa da movlenebs. aseTi gansazRvrebiT,

saswauls qristianobaSi hyavs Tavisi avtori, romelic mxolod RmerTi

SeiZleba iyos. saswauli mxolod RmerTis Canafiqrzea damokidebuli

(samyaros Seqmna, wmindanebi saswauls RvTaebrivi ZaliT axorcieleben).

saswauli religiur cnobierebaSi dakavSirebulia zebunebrivis

gamoCenasTan. Ees aris bunebrivi movlena, romelic RmerTis nebiT xdeba,

raTa miaRwios mniSvnelovan religiur mizans sulis gadarCenis gzaze

(72, gv. 498).

6

britanuli enciklopediis Tanamedrove eleqtronul versiaSi

saswauli amgvaradaa ganmartebuli _ daujerebeli movlena,

romelsac miaweren ukidures moqmedebas an RvTiur Zalas.

saswauli arsebobs yvela xalxis religiur cnobirebaSi.

(http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/384816/miracle) (112).

Q qristianul religiaSi saswaulis ZiriTadi daniSnulebaa moutanos

sargebloba adamians, Seqmnas adamianis zneobrivi ideali.

Cveni sadisertacio naSromis Temis sagani aris saswaulis rolisa

da mniSvnelobis gansazRvra qarTul sasuliero da saero mwerlobaSi da

misi tipologiuri paralelebis Zieba dasavlur, kerZod frangul

literaturaSi.

ramdenadac Tanamedrove filologia da literaturaTmcodneoba

arsebiT mniSvnelobas aniWebs sxvadasxva qveynis literaturaTa

Seswavlasa da kvlevas SedarebiTi meTodiT, amdenad saintereso da

aqtualuria amgvari muSaobis Catareba Cveni naSromidan gamomdinarec.

Cven mier warmodgenili Temis aqtualobas ganapirobebs am tipis samuSaos

Catareba Suasaukuneebis qarTuli mwerlobis Sesabamis epoqasa da

frangul literaturasTan mimarTebaSi, rac xels uwyobs kulturaTa

Soris paralelTa Ziebas, konkretulad saswaulis Temis, adgilis,

rolisa da mniSvnelobis gansazRvras am periodis literaturul

azrovnebaSi.

sadisertacio naSromi miznad isaxavs sasuliero da saero

literaturis qarTul da Suasaukuneebis franguli literaturis

ramodenime nawarmoebSi saswaulis Tematikis mimoxilvas, maT Soris

arsebuli paralelebis safuZvelze msgavi Tu gansxvavebuli niSnebis

gamovlenasa da Cvenebas. naSromSi aris cda agiografiuli da saero

nawarmoebebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli saswaulebis msgavsi elementebis

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/384816/miracle

7

gamoyofisa da im transformaciis Cvenebisa, romelic sasuliero

mwerlobidan saero literaturisken gadasvlis procesSi ganicada

saswaulis formam da gaazrebam.

sakvlev masalad warmodgenilia Semdegi qarTuli agiografiuli

Txzulebebi: `grigol xanZTelis cxovreba~, ìovane zedaznelis

cxovreba~, `serapion zarzmelis cxovreba~, `Siosa da evagres cxovreba~

da `daviT garejelis cxovreba~.

qarTuli saero romanebidan àmirandarejaniani~ da

`vefxistyaosani~, xolo amave periodis dasavluri literaturidan

kretien de truas romani ìveni anu lomis raindi~, èreki da enida~,

tomas beluris `tristani da izolda~, tomas meloris àmbavi mefe

arTuris zeobisa~ da ucnobi avtoris òkaseni da nikoleta~.

pirvel TavSi mimoxilulia termin saswaulis etimologia,

sxvadasxva SexedulebaTa Sejerebis safuZvelze warmodgenilia

saswaulis arsis da funqciis ganmartebis mcdeloba. Aam TavSi

ganvixileT is ZiriTadi saswaulebi, romlebic saerToa, rogorc

qristiani moRvawisTvis, ise Suasaukuneebis saero literaturis

gmirisTvis. amasTan erTad saWirod miviCnieT, rom saswaulis, rogorc

Suasaukuneebis msoflaRqmis erTi umniSvnelovanesi faqtoris

problematika Segveswavla im Teoriuli bazisis safuZvelze, rac

evropul samecniero literaturaSia gamovlenili. es saSualebas

mogvcems saswaulis Tema ganvixiloT komparativistuli kvlevis

meTodis safuZvelze.

Ddisertaciis meore TavSi SevecadeT gangvexila saswauli rogorc

Suasaukuneebis saero romanisaTvis damaxasiTebeli ZiriTadi niSani,

romelic avantiuris fonze iSleba da viTardeba.

Cvens mizans warmoadgens satrfialo da saraindo romanebis

8

Seswavlis fonze ganvixiloT saswauli, rogorc avantiuris ZiriTadi

motivi, warmovaCinoT ra saxiTaa mocemuli garkveuli avantiura qarTul

da evropul literaturaSi. aqvT Tu ara maT saerTo damaxasiaTebeli

niSani da aris Tu ara saswauli, Suasaukuneebis qarTul saraindo

romanebSic avantiuris ganxorcieleba.

9

Tavi I

saswaulis gagebisaTvis sasuliero literaturaSi

qarTuli sasuliero mwerloba, romelic bizantiuri literaturis

kvaldakval viTardeboda, garkveulwilad emorCileboda im sqemebs,

romelTac mkveTrad Camoyalibebuli Sablonis, Stampis xasiaTi miiRes da

romlebic Semdgom savaldebulo gaxda bizantiur kulturul

samyarosTan dakavSirebuli yvela xalxis mwerlobaSi, maT Soris _

qarTulSic. am sqemebma ki `gamovlineba hpoves literaturul formaSic,

da im siuJetur motivebSiac, romelTac am Janris literaturaSi vxedavT~

(21, gv. 99).

Sesabamisad, am periodSi, qarTuli literaturis ganviTarebis xazi

warimarTa bizantiuri literaturis kvaldakval.

wmindanis cxovrebaSi meti yuradReba eqceoda misi cxovrebis

aRweras RvTaebrivi WeSmaritebisken mimaval gzaze, vidre mis biografias.

amiT iyo albaT ganpirobebuli is, rom standartuli motivebis

gamoyenebisas, agiografi avtorebi met yuradRebas uTmobdnen wmindanis

cxovrebas misi sulieri moRvaweobis gzaze, vidre biografiul

detalebs. dasavlur da aRmosavlur kulturaSi sxvdasxvagvari

gamoxatuleba hpova am tendenciam. kerZod, dasavlur literaturaSi

naCvenebia wmindanobis gzaze mimavali gmiris mTeli cxovreba, rogorc

10

garkveuli gza, romelsac igi gadis, raTa moipovos wmindanis saxeli,

amis dadasturebaa misi gardacvalebis Semdeg mis saflavze

ganxorcielebuli umaravi saswauli. evropaSi farTod iyo gavrcelebuli

azri imis Sesaxeb, rom gardacvlili wmindanis saswaulis Zala

metismetad didia. Mmis saflavs iseTi saswaulebis moxdenis unari aqvs

rom am mxriv cocxali wmindanis saswaulTmoqmedeba mas ver Seedreba.

(108, gv. 11). marTalia, am mxriv arc aRmosavluri literaturaa

gamonaklisi, wmindanTa wminda nawilebi da saflavebi, saswaulmoqmedi

ZaliT gamoirCevian aqac, magram aq agiografiuli gmiri sicocxleSive

ukve namdvili wmindania. amaze metyvelebs misi gamorCeuli bavSvoba da

sicocxleSi Cadenili uamravi saswauli. avtoris ZiriTadi aqcenti

swored sicocxleSi Cadenil saswaulebzea gamaxvilebuli.

E es mimarTuleba kargad aisaxa dasavlur ikonografiaSic, sadac

wmindani umteswilad naCvenebia rogorc uflis gzisken mavali,

gansxvavebiT bizantiuri ikonografiisagan, sadac wmindani ukve

warmogvidgeba rogorc caTa sasufevlis mkvidri (89, gv. 74)

wmindanobisaken mimaval gzaze, wmindans bevri winaaRmdegobis

gadalaxva uxdeba, igi ebrZvis da amarcxebs borot Zalebs.

wmindanis cxovrebaSi udidesi yuradReba eqceva mis mier

davrdomilTa gankurnebas, brmaTaTvis Tvalis axelas da zogierT

SemTxvevaSi mkvdris gacocxlebasac ki, rac wmindanis saswaulmoqmed

Zalaze da mis RvTiTgamorCeulobaze mianiSnebs.

saswaulTmoqmedebani (miracula) agiografiis umniSvnelovanesi

Semadgeneli nawilia, SeiZleba iTqvas, gadamwyveti sityva agiografiaSi

maszea, radgan igi yovelTvis wmindans ukavSirdeba. Hagiografiuli

Txzuleba ki sxva araferia, Tu ara wmindanis `martviloba~ an

`cxovreba~. wmindans gamorCeulobas sZens is saswauli, an saswaulTa

mTeli wyeba, romelic mis saxels ukavSirdeba. Aamaze miniSneba

11

araerTgzis gvxvdeba qarTul agiografiul ZeglebSic. `grigol

xanZTelis cxovrebis~ aRmweri giorgi merCule, gulistkivils gamoTqvams

imis gamo, rom grigolis `saswaulni maTni JamTa simravlisagan miecnes

siRrmesa daviwyebisasa, yovlsa saxsenebelTa maT gansakvirvelTa netarTa

kacTa saqmeni keTilni da cxoreba ubiwo, romelnica igi brwyinvides

viTarca mTiebni zecisa samyarosa~ (12, gv. 126).

wminda nawilebis qona da saswaulTmoqmedi wmindanebis yola

erTgvar privilegias warmoadgenda qveynisaTvis. es damaxasiaTebeli iyo

rogorc dasavluri, ise aRmosavluri samyarosTvis. sainteresoa is

faqti, rom dasavlur samyaroSi farTo gavrceleba hpova wminda nawilTa

gatacebebma, raze miniSnebasac qarTul agiografiul Tu istoriul

ZeglebSi ver vxvdebiT. Tu ar CavTvliT imas, rom morwmuneebs xSirad

Cumad uxdebodaT wmindanTa nawilebis aReba da maTi saimedo adgilas

daflva, rac qveyanaSi arsebuli garkveuli politikuri faqtorebiT iyo

ganpirobebuli. Tumca qarTul agiografiul literaturaSi da

qristianul ZeglebSi xSirad gvxvdeba miniSneba qveynis gamorCeulobaze

da qveyanaSi momxdar saswaulebze. Aam tipis saswaulTa simravle erT-

erTi moqmedi argumenti iyo mcire qveynebis eklesiebisaTvis jer

avtokefaliis mosapoveblad, Semdeg saerTaSoriso avtoritetisaTvis

sabrZolvelad.

Eerovnuli wmindanis Temas icnobs rogorc agiografia, ise

himnografia. rogorc cnobili mecnieri g. imedaSvili aRniSnavs,

martvilis mowameobrivi Rvawli erovnuli TviTSegnebis impulss

warmoadgenda... martvilma sarwmunoebrivi grZnobis TvalTaxedviT

daiWira is adgili, romelic mebrZol gmirs uWiravs erovnuli moZraobis

TvalsazrisiTA(17, gv. 48).

ioane sabanisZe `abos wamebaSi~, pirdapir acxadebs `aha, esera

qarTlisaca mkvidrTa aqus sarwmunoeba da wodebul ars dedad wmidaTa,

12

romelTame ucxoTa da sxviT mosrulTa Cven Soris Jamad-Jamad...~ (18, gv.66)

sayuradRebo mosazrebas gamoTqvams e. xinTibiZe Tavis naSromSi: `VIII

saukunis qarTvelma mweralma ioane sabanisZem qarTul literaturaSi

axali, manamde ucnobi motivi Semoitana. mweralma mTeli Tavisi

Txzuleba `abo Tbilelis wameba~ erT ideaze, erT dedaazrze aago. igi

gascda agiografiuli mwerlobis CarCos da agiografiuli masala erTi

RerZis garSemo daalaga. es erTi RerZi ki, mecnieris azriT,

warmoadgenda ioane sabanisZis mier qarTul literaturaSi erovnul-

ganmaTavisuflebeli brZolis motivis SemoRebas da qarTuli

nacionaluri kulturis prestiJis farTo masStabiT dayenebas (52, gv. 92).

XII saukuneSi kaTalikosma basili vaCes Zem Seadgina erT-erTi

asureli mamis, Sio mRvimelis, saswaulTa krebuli, romelsac waumZRvara

winasityvaoba, sadac avtori wuxils gamoTqvams qarTvelTa mier Tavisi

upiratesobis gamouyenlobis gamo konstantinepolis eklesiasTan

mimarTebaSi (5, gv.66).

werilis Sinaarsi ki amgvaria : `xolo RmerTman eseviTariTa

keTilTa arcaRa queyanad ese Cueni daaklo, aramed ufroisRa gardahmata

uxuebiTa wyalobiTa TÂsTaÁTa movlinebiTa wmidaTa didebulTa

mamaTaÁTa... da mravalTa niSTa da sakÂrvelebaTa mier ganTqmul yvna

igini RmerTman... aravin iRuawa aRwerad... vinaÁTgan âmeca mravalTa

TvaliTa CemiTa mxilvel var saswaulTa wmidisa amis da didisa mamaisa

SioÁsaTa TÂT Cem zeda aRsrulebulTa da sxuaTaca mravalTa.~ (1, gv. 200).

M nikoloz gulberisZis Txzuleba, `galobani suetisa cxovelisani~

romelic sveti cxovlis mier ganxorcielebul uamrav saswaulze

mogviTxrobs, migvaniSnebs imazec, rom swored qarTli gaxda uflis

kvarTis, am didi siwmindis flobis Rirsi, avtori ambobs, rom `wmidaÁ

igi kuarTi, wmidaÁve ukue daSTa da wmidadve hgies~, magram rodesac

13

mravali wlis Semdeg aderk mefis Zmiswulma moindoma `Zieba ese

samoslisa misTÂs, garna ver SeZlo povnad, rameTu daubrmes Tualni

maTni, xolo adgili igi aravin scna mier JamiTgan vidre dResamomde

Cuenda, sada mdebare ars wmidaÁ igi kuarTi~ (13, gv. 16).

saswauli, romelic ukavSirdeba svetivcxovlis aRmarTvas, sveti

cxovlis Semdgom saswaulebs, dakavSirebulia isev uflis kvarTTan,

udides siwmindesTan, es ki gamorCeulobas sZens saqarTvelos rogorc

qveyanas. saintereso faqtia, rom am periodis moRvaweebi ar eridebian

saswaulTa ambebis Sesaxeb Txrobas TviT istoriul TxzulebebSic. ivane

javaxiSvils es faqti naklad ar miaCnda arc qarTuli literaturisTvis

da arc saistorio mwerlobisTvis, igi aRniSnavda, rom `Wkvianis da

niWieri istorikosis mier aRwerils saswaulTmoqmedebis ambebSi

maSindeli yofa-cxovrebisa da istoriisaTvis bevri Zvirfasi cnobebi

gvxvdeba xolme~ (57, gv. 399).

sainteresoa TavisTavad is faqti, rom saswaulebi literaturaSi,

religiuri TvalsazrisiT iseTive realobas warmoadgenda, rogorc

konkretul-istoriuli faqtebi. rogorc r. siraZe SeniSnavs,

saswaulmoqmedebani zogadi ideali iyo sasuliero mwerlobisTvis (38, gv.

169).

mkvlevari z. aleqsiZe aRniSnavs, rom idealis Ziebas literatura

garkveuli Sablonisken, trafaretisken mihyavs, is akonkretebs, rom

gulisxmobs ara kompoziciur, aramed Sinaarsobliv Sablonebs, romelic

damaxasiaTebelia agiografiuli mwerlobisTvis, aqedan gamomdinare

iqmneboda tipuri biografiebi, romelebic erTi xalxis SemoqmedebaSi ki

ar iCenda Tavs, aramed gadadioda erTi qveynis mwerlobidan meoreSi.

Mmkvlevari iqve dasZens, rom gansakuTrebiT Zlieria trafaretebis

gavlena saswaulebis aRwerisas. siuJetebi aseT SemTxvevaSi, daaxloebiT

iseve vrceldeba, rogorc xalxur zRaprebSi da SesaZloa yovelTvis

14

literaturuli pirvelwyaros gavlenis Sedegi arc iyos (5, gv..9-10).

Tumca saswauli ar yofila mxolod qristianuli movlena,

saswauls icnobs warmarTuli releigiebic.

Q qristianobisa da warmarTobis Sexvedra ar iyo harmoniuli.

qristianobam ver SeZlo aRmoefxvra bolomde warmarTobis elementebi.

zogierTi Zveli Cveuleba qristianul samyaroSic Sevida da mogvianebiT

gaxda kidec misi nawili. Aaxali rwmenis dasamkvidreblad saWiro gaxda

warmarTuli saswauli ufro didi saswauliT gadaefaraT. es misia

wmindanebs daekisraT, maTi cxovreba qristianul cxovrebebSi saswaulis

niSniTaa aRbeWdili, maT ZaluZT adamianis gankurneba rogorc

sicocxleSi, ise gardacvalebis Semdeg. brmaTaTvis Tvalis axela, xmeli

totis ganedleba, gatexili sasmisis gamTeleba, mxecTa moTviniereba,

saiqios movla, gzasacdenili kacis gamosworeba da a.S.

rac Seexeba qristianul ZeglebSi, agiografiul TxzulebebSi

asaxul saswaulebs, maTac garkveuli transformacia ganicades.

Qqristianuli swavlebis ganviTarebasTan erTad, sityva saswauli

iZenda sxvadasxvagvar gagebas. wmindanis mier Cadenili saswaulebi

iyofoda or did jgufad: wmindanis cxovrebaSi Cadenili saswaulebi

(niSnebi dabadebisas, winaswarmetyveluri sizmrebi, gankurneba) da

sikvdilis Semdgomi (wmindanis gamocxadeba mowafeebTan, saswaulmoqmedi

wminda nawilebi).

qarTul samecniero literaturaSi saswaulis Tema agiografiul

literaturasa da qristianul mwerlobaSi ganxilulia araerT

samecniero naSromSi.

saswaulis Temas exeba Tavis sadisertacio naSromSi r. xalvaSi _

tbel abuserisZis `saswaulni wmidisa mTavarmowamisa giorgisani da

qarTuli literaturuli tradicia~. mkvlevari aRniSnavs, rom

agiografiis ganviTarebis pirvel etapze Janris gamoyofas gansazRvravda

15

ara Txrobis literaturuli Taviseburebebi, aramed sagani da Tema,

rasac teqsti eZRvneboda. agiografiuli nawarmoebebis saTaurebSi

mocemulia amgvari gansazRvreba : `saswauli~, `xilva~, cxoreba~, `wameba~

da sxv. Aamis kvalobaze, Txrobis sagnis gansazRvra gadaizarda

literaturul niSan-TvisebaTa erTobliobaSi, rasac Suasaukuneobrivi

literaturis etiketis mixedviT unda dakavSireboda es sagani da

dasZens, rom qarTul agiografiaSi sakuTriv `saswaulTa~ Janris yvelaze

adreuli dadasturebaa miqel parexelis `niSni da saswaulni~, romelic

dakargul Zeglad iTvleba, xolo saswaulis Janrobrivi gansazRvreba

wminda saxiT aris mocemuli tbel abuserisZis teqstSi, romlis

saTauria: `saswaulni wmidisa mTavarmowamisa giorgisani~ (50).

saswaulis Temas exeba nawilobriv n. ingoroyva Tavis sadisertacio

naSromSi _ asketuri moRvaweobis asaxva Zvel qarTul mwerlobaSi, igi

erTmaneTs adarebs `wminda antonis cxovrebasa~ da `grigol xanZTelis

cxovrebaSi~ aRweril saswaulebs da am SedarebaTa fonze askvnis, rom

orive ZeglSi aRwerili saswaulebi tipologiurad emsgavseba erTmaneTs,

saswaulTa aRwerisas orive Txzulebis mixedviT xSiria bibliuri

paralelebi (19).

n. soxaZe, Tavis samecniero naSromSi _ grigol didis `dialoRoni~,

ganixilavs saswaulis sxvadsxvagvar tipebs : pirvelwmindanebTan

msgavsebis motivi, avadmyofTa gankurneba da eSmakTa gansxma,

micvalebulTa saflavebze ganxorcielebuli saswaulebi, mistikuri

saswaulebi da a.S. mkvlevarma Sinaarsoblivad daajgufa tradiciuli

saswaulebi, romlebic damaxasiaTebelia TiTqmis mTeli agiografiuli

mwerlobisaaTvis (41)

16

n. mrevliSvils, sakandidato disertaciaSi, grigol noselis

`grigol sakvirvelmoqmedis cxovrebis~ qarTuli versia, ganxiluli aqvs

grigolis saswaulebi, romelTa ZiriTad wyarod biblia aris miCneuli

(30).

saswaulis Temas exeba iv. amirxanaaSvili naSromSi _ `saswaulis

kompozicia~. Mmkvlevari aRniSnavs, rom `saRvTismetyvelo literaturaSi

saswaulis sinonimadaa miCneuli niSanic, kurnebac da TviT

sakvirvelebac, Tumca bibliuri tradiciis mixedviT, TiToeuli es cneba

damoukidebuli Sinaarsis erTeuladac moiazreba. MmagaliTad, Mmoses

xuTwigneulSi saswauli gagebulia rogorc niSani; axal aRTqmaSi

rogorc kurneba ; agiografiaSi yvelaze xSirad sakvirvelebis

mniSvnelobiTaa gamoyenebuli. saerTod ki saswauli agiografiul

TxzulebaSi niSanic aris, kurnebac da sakvirvelebac (7, gv. 11).

yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, unda aRvniSnoT isic, rom

yovelgvari saswauli miRebuli iyo rogorc sruliad utyuari faqti.

xolo saswaulTmoqmedebaTa WeSmaritebad miCneva xels uwyobda

mxatvruli hiperbolis Semotanas mwerlobaSi. rogorc r. siraZe

SeniSnavs, saswaulebis aRweram, imisda miuxedavad, `tipuri iqneboda

saswauli Tu `originaluri~, xeli Seuwyo mwerlobaSi gamonagonis

farTod Semotanas. Mmwerlebi ki erTgvarad irwmunebian, rom

WeSmaritebas aRweren maSinac, roca saswaulTmoqmedebas mogviTxroben da

maSinac, roca konkretul-istoriul faqts gadmoscemen (38, gv. 170).

saswauli, agiografiul TxzulebaSi, kompoziciuri TvalsazrisiT,

atarebs gansazRvrul funqcias. igi gamoiyeneba mtkicebulebad wmindanis

saRvTo misiis funqciisaTvis. Txrobis struqturaSi CarTulia rogorc

magaliTi an mtkicebuleba da aqedan gamomdinare, unda gairCes saswaulis

faqtologiuri da esTetikuri funqciebi. saswauli bibliur sazriss

17

eyrdnoba da gansxvaveba mxolod maSin iCens Tavs, rodesac avtori

beletristul wiaRsvlebs mimarTavs, Tumca ZiriTadi arsi saswaulis

bibliuri koncefciisa ucvleli rCeba (38, gv. 76)

r. baramiZe miiCnevs, rom saswauli da sizmari agiografiuli Zeglis

organuli ujredia, romelic ganapirobebs kidec nawarmoebis

arqiteqtonikas da maT gareSeE gaugebari iqneba personaJTa xasiaTebis

Camoyalibeba da evolucia. MMMmisi azriT, agiografi avtori

iTvaliswinebda adreuli da saSualo saukuneebis morwmuneTa

fsiqologias, maT msoflmxedvelobas da amitom saswauli, sizmari da

Cveneba aqcia im Zlier faqtorad, romelmac ganapiroba personaJis

moqmedebis damarwmunebloba. Aamitom maT gareSe auxsneli rCeba

nawarmoebis ideuri Sinaarsi da agiografiuli Zegli dakargavs

mxatvrul Zalas (10, gv. 71).

SeiZleba iTqvas, romAswored qarTulma agiografiulma mwerlobam

Seqmna is Zlieri literaturuli tradicia, romelsac Semdgom

saukuneebSi daemyara mTeli qarTuli Suasaukuneebis literatura.

mxatvruli hiperbola, mxatvruli gamonagoni, saswaulebi da

saswaulebrivi garemo, romelSic Sua saukuneebis gmirebs uwevT

cxovreba, met-naklebad davalebulia swored agiografiuli

mwerlobisgan. A

amis Sesaxeb SeniSnavs k. kekeliZe, rodesac wers, rom saero

mwerlobam sasulierosgan imemkvidra savsebiT damuSavebuli

literaturuli ena, man gaimeora misi mTavari Janrebi (eposi, lirika) da

kompoziciuri xerxebi; meore mxriT _ Sinaaarsoblivi: satrfialo-

samijnuro da sadevgmiro motivebi, romelnic warmodgenilni arian

klasikuri periodis saero literaturaSi... hagiografiuli

beletristikisaTvis araa ucxo is siuJetebi da motivebi, romlebic

saero mwerlobaSi gvxvdeba. msgavsi mxatvruli formebi da saxeebi,

18

msgavsi siuJeturi motivebi da situaciebi nebas gvaZleven vTqvaT, rom

saqme gvaqvs erTs mTlian ganuwyvetel procesTan (22, gv. 3-4).

qarTul saero mwerlobis warmoSobaze msjelobisas, k. kekeliZem

gamoyo oTxi elementisagan Semdgari agiografiuli Txrobis

kompoziciuri Sabloni, romlebic agiografiis personaJTagan Semdgom

iqcnen saero mwerlobis gmirTa saxeebad:

1. `wmindani~ bavSvobaSive iCens sulier simSvenieres da iseT Tvisebebs,

romlebic mas ganasxvaveben amxanagebisagan. Aasevea poemebSic: esa Tu is

piri araiSviaTad jer kidev bavSvobaSi iCens araCveulebriv Tvisebebs,

romlebic gviCveneben, rom is momavalSi marTlac araCveulebrivi gmiri

iqneba.

2. davaJkacebuli `wmindani~ namdvili `sulieri gmiria~. is ibrZvis da

sZlevs yovelgvar amqveyniur cTunebas, amarcxebs adamianisa Tu

cxovelis saxiT movlenil èSmaks~ da asrulebs iseT `saswaulebs~,

romelnic mas bunebis kanonebze maRla ayeneben. Aàsevea poemebSic.

àmirandarejanianis~ gmirebi uamrav dabrkolebas gadalaxaven, romlebic

maT eRobebaT gveleSapebis, urCxulebis da sxvadsxva cxovelebis saxiT..

ìsini namdvili `zekacebi~ arian, maT mier Cadenili `saqmeni sagmironi~,

iseTive fantastikaa, rogorc `wmindanebis~ saswauli.

3. `wmindanis~ amqveyniuri cxovreba esaa msaxureba da erTguleba

RvTisadmi. uflis siyvarulisaTvis igi iTmens da itans yovelgvar

gansacdels. `wmindani~ namdvili `mijnuria~ RvTisa. Aaseve arian saero

poemis gmirebi, maTi mijnuroba, rainduli samsaxuri da Tavdadeba

satrfosTvis, maTi sulTqma-oxvra da cremlSeuSrobeli tirili amis

dasturia.

4. `sulieri gmiri~, anu `wmindani~, zogjer mowamebrivad aResruleba da

ewireba Tavis mizans, zogjerac xangrZlivi asketuri cxovrebis Semdeg

bunebrivi sikvdiliT kvdeba, magram orive SemTxvevaSi is keTilis

19

gamarjvebiT sruldeba. poemebSic, rogoric ar unda iyos gmiris bedi,

isini mainc gamarjvebulebi rCebian borotebasTan WidilSi (21, gv.7).

Cven winamdebare sadisertacio naSromSi, sasuliero Janris, kerZod,

agiografiul TxzulebaTa struqturasTan Suasaukuneebis literaturuli

stilis mimarTeba gvinda ufro farTo Sinaarsoblivi formiT da

paralelebis Ziebis doneze ganvixiloT da saswaulis Tematikis

farglebSi moviazroT.

Cvenis mxriv, Cveni sadisertacio naSromis pirvel TavSi SevecdebiT

mimovixiloT is ZiriTadi saswaulebi, romlebic saerToa, rogorc

qristiani moRvawisTvis, ise saero nawarmoebisTvis gmirisTvis.

sanam uSualod gadavalT saswaulebis aRweraze, SevecdebiT

mokled mimovixiloT damokidebuleba saswaulisadmi Suasaukuneebis

evropul samecniero literaturaSi. Cven saSualeba gvaqvs am sakiTxze

vimsjeloT cnobili frangi mkvlevrebis naSromebze dayrdnobiT.

cnobili frangi medievisti Jak le gofi Tavis naSromSi (L’imaginaire

Medieval _ Suasaukuneobrivi warmodgenebi), aRniSnavs, etimologiuri

gansazRvrebiT, laTinur enaSi, sityva mirabilia modis Ziridan mir (miroir,

mirari-gaoceba, gaocebiT cqera), rac dakavSirebulia vizualur aRqmasTan.

xolo Tavad sityva mirabilia aRniSnavs saswauls, romelic ukavSirdeba

miroir-s, rac frangul enaSi sityva sarkis ekvivalentia (dReisaTvis am

sityvis Tanamedrove saxelwodebaa miracle). semantikuri Ziris Ziebisas

sityva `saswaulis~ gansazRvrisaTvis, gasaTvaliswinebelia erTi

problemac, kerZod, esaa ori enis, am SemTxvevaSi laTinur enasTan erTad

franguli xalxuri enis arseboba. rogorc Jak le gofi aRniSnavs, es

sityva xalxuri enidanaa Sesuli laTinurSi, asevea es ganmartebuli

anglosaqsonur enaSi (90, gv.178).

Jak le gofi aRniSnavs, rom Zvel aRTqmaSi SedarebiT naklebadaa

20

moTxrobili saswaulebze, xolo axali aRTqma mniSvnelovnad

gamdidrebulia saswaulis TemebiT. Qqristianobam moitana da garkveul

periodSi daxvewa gansxvavebuli mcneba _ saswaulisa. imave mecnieris

mtkicebiT, qristianobas araferi axali ar Seuqmnia termin `saswaulis~

gagebaSi, anu igi aRmocenda da dafuZnda uZvelesi samyaros tradiciebze,

romelic saswaulebiT iyo savse. Qqristianoba iZulebeuli gaxda gaerkvia

am samyarosTan Tavisi urTierToba, daekavebina Tavisi adgili. amitomac

qristianulma saswaulma sxva datvirTva SeiZina (90, gv. 180).

B bibliis mkvlevari iehezkel kaufmani miiCnevs, rom Zveli aRTqmis

wignebSi gamovlenilia magiuri teqnikis Tavisebureba, rac imaSi

mdgomareobs, rom mas aRaraa aqvs miTologiuri bazisi, magiis aRsruleba

ZaluZs RvTis mier movlenil adamians. Ees aris ZiriTadi ganmasxvavebeli

niSani, romelic cxadyofs, rom bibliuri saswauli warmarTul

analogebTan SedarebiT sul sxva faseulobebzea orientirebuli (92, gv.

52-57).

rac Seexeba XII-XIII saukuneebs, aq ukve SesamCnevia garkveuli Zvrebi

`saswaulis~ gagebasTan dakavSirebiT. XII-XIII saukuneebSi adamiani xdeba

ufro metad optimisti, Aanarekli RvTiuri xatis, uflebamosili

gaagrZelos amqveynad msaxureba da amiT moipovos Tavisi xsna.

medievisti erix kioleri aRniSnavs, rom Suasaukuneebis

literaturaSi, kerZod kurtuazulSi, Cndeba survili TviTmyofadi,

damoukidebeli kulturis Seqmnisa, romelic misi interesebis sferoSi

iqneba da amave dros ar gaemijneba eklesias, romelic amave dros

aristokratiis interesebsac warmoadgenda. anu literatura, romelic am

periodSi iqmneba, Tavisufalia yovelgvari dogmisgan. igi Tavisufalia

Tavis poetur sityvaSi (96, gv. 144).

saswaulis Tema ganixiles TavianT naSromebSi cnobilma frangma

21

mkvlevarebma: Porion Danile _ Le Merveilleux dans la literature francaise au Moyen Age;

Kappler (Claude) _ Monstres, demons et merveilles a la fin du Moyen Age; Meslin (Michel)

_ Le Merveilleux. L’imaginaire et les croyences en Occident; Jacque Le Goff _ L’imaginaire

Medieval.

Sua saukuneebSi Camoyalibda saswaulis aRqmis anu misi

warmodgenis mimarT sxvadasxvagvari gageba. kerZod, erTmaneTis gverdiT

arsebobs samgvari saswauli:

Mirabilia _ qristianobamdeli saswauli;

Magikus _ saswauli, romelic magiasTan, borot ZalebTanaa dakavSirebuli;

Maricuousus _ qristianuli saswauli

(sqema warmodgenilia Jak le gofis wignSi moyvanili nimuSis mixedviT,

gv. 67).

cnobilia is faqti, rom wmindanis saxe Suasaukuneebis kulturaSi

Camoyalibda ara mxolod qristianuli SexedulebebiT, Aaramed garkveuli

gadamuSavebiT xalxuri fantaziidan, jadosnuri zRapridan,

folkloridan, warmarTuli Sexedulebebidan.

Cven SevecadeT warmogveCina, rogori fonia Seqmnili samecniero

literaturaSi saswaulis Temis gagebasTan dakavSirebiT, rogorc

qarTul, ise evropul, kerZod frangul literaturaSi.

N naSromis ZiriTadi mizania, erTi Temis, saswaulis Temis kvlevis

fonze warmoaCinos am Temis aqtualoba rogorc agiografiul, ise saero

literaturul ZeglebSi. Gganixilos Tu ra datvirTva hqonda am Temas

literaturuli nawarmoebebisaTvis, ra cvlileba ganicada sasuliero

mwerlobidan moyolebuli da ra saxiT gadavida is saero mwerlobaSi.

agiografiaSi damkvidrebuli tradiciuli saswaulebidan gamovyofT

ramodenime maTgans da SevecdebiT ganvixiloT swored is saswaulebi,

romelic damaxasiaTebelia, rogorc qristiani moRvawisaTvis, aseve

Suasaukuneebis romanis gmirisaTvis.

22

imisaTvis, rom ukeT gamoikveTos, Tu ra imemkvidra

Suasaukuneobrivma gmirma qristianuli wmindanis saxe-xasiaTisgan,

gamovyofT sakiTxTa sam rigs, romelTa farglebSic SevecdebiT

Suasaukuneebis tipur saswaulTa klasifikacias.

1. fizikuri Zalis hiperbolizacia da brZola ukeTur ZalebTan,

(eSmakTan, gveleSapTan...)

2. sneulTa gankurneba


N

23

1. fizikuri Zalis hiperbolizacia da brZola ukeTur ZalebTan


A agiografiul ZeglebSi wmindanTa Zala xSir SemTxvevaSi

hiperbolizirebulia. adamianis Zalis hiperbolizireba ki

damaxasiaTebeli iyo miTosuri samyarosaTvis. safiqrebelia, rom es

elementi miTosidan unda gadmosuliyo agiografiaSi, xolo

agiografiidan Suasaukuneebis saero literaturaSi.

marTalia, wmindanTa Zala hiperbolizirebulia, magram es ar aris

im tipis fizikuri Zalis floba, rasac floben miTosuri personaJebi.

wmindanTa Zliereba emyareba maT rwmenas da sulierebis im safexurs,

roca wmindani, wmindanobis garkveuls sazoms aRwevs, roca mas SeuZlia

daqanebuli lodi rwmenis ZaliT SeaCeros, eSmaki locviT gandevnos

adamianis sxeulidan, an sityvis ZaliT daimorCilos gveleSapi.

G `grigol xanZTelis cxovrebaSi~ grigoli moxseniebulia rogorc

`sawaulT-moqmedi~. Mmisi mowafeebic gamoirCevian saswaulmoqmedebiT.

erT-erTi maTgania grigolis mowafe zaqaria, romelmac uzarmazari

lodis dacemisagan ixsna monasteri da berebi. TxzulebaSi vkiTxulobT,

rom netari grigolis msgavsma `mRvdelT-mTavarman zaqaria ese saswaulni

qmnna: rameTu monastersa tbas axlos myofarsa mas gverdsa saSineli

lodi iZvroda da SiSisagan monazonni ivltodes TvisTa saxlTagan.

xolo zaqaria sasoebiT mdgomareman hrqva maT `xvalve ixiloT lodi ese

24

mdebare adgilsa, romelsa Cven ara gvevnos~ da iyo egre, rameTu yovlad

ver cnes mamaTa maT SeZrva misi. Dda xvalisa dRe mougonebelsa adgilsa,

sadaca hrqva wmindaman man, mun myarad idva~ (12, gv. 201).

Agrigoli jvris gamosaxviT SeaCerebs daqanebul Zels da

sikvdilisgan ixsnis moxucebul bers.

`Jamsa yinelisasa tyesa mas xanZTisasa STamoyrides Zelsa. Dda maT

Tana iyo netari grigoli. erTi Zma sakmaod moxucebuli `adgilsa Zelisa

savalsa ganvidoda da ZmaTa maT sxvaTa umecrad Zeli friad didi

ganuteves da viTarca ixila Zmaman man Zeli igi mZafrad mimavali

SeSinda Zalian da gaiqca. xma iyo didiTa xmiTa ` mamao Semewie!~ xolo

man jvari dawera Zels da uTxra; `saxeliTa qristesiTa dadeg, Zelo!~ da

sityvaman misman, viTarca kldeman uZravman, daayena adgilsa mas myafarsa

myinvarsa zeda moqanebuli saSinelad, da ubrZana Zmasa mas guldebulad

gansvla~ (12, gv. 187).

zaqarias ZaluZs Tavisi kverTxiT mosras mkali, romelic mosavals

ganadgurebas uqadis:

`odesme mkali uricxvi movida maxlobelad anCisa sazRvarsa, xolo

netarman episkoposman zaqaria wina miegeba kverTxi Tvisi mRdelTa

xeliTa da ufalman madlisTa monisa TvisisaiTa mosra simravle igi

mkalTa, romeli dahfarvida haersa mzisaisa~ (12, gv. 201).

`Sios da evagres cxovrebaSi~, wminda mamebis saswaulTmoqmedebis

Zala imdenad hiperbolizebulia, rom maT Zalauflebas emorCileba

bunebrivi da stiqiuri movlenebic ki.

nawarmoebSi vkiTxulobT, rom evagrem ixila, rogor mohqonda

mtreds sazrdeli wminda SiosTvis, romelic `mjdomare iyo quabsa Sina~.

mieaxla mas evagre da uTxra, cxovel ars ufali, ara dagiteo Senda

arca warvide saxed Cemda~. maSin Siom gadawyvita gamoecada misi rwmenis

simtkice da misca kverTxi da uTxra: `warved da kuerTxi ese Cemi Cayav

25

mtkvarsa, xolo igi gza-gcems da ganved Ãmelad da warved saxed Senda

da yovelive sacxovrebeli Seni ganage da warmoved da viTarca moiwio

mtkuarsa zeda, kualad Cayav kuerTxi Cemi da ukeTu gza-gces, moved

Cemda da ukeTu ara gza-gces, warved Sina, rameTu ara sTanavs RmerTsa

saqme ege, romelsa hlami~. Eevagre asec moiqca da `STayo kuerTxi igi

berisaÁ da wyalman gza sca da Ãmelad ganiara (46, gv. 220).A

ase gamoscada Siom evagres rwmenis simtkice, rac saswaulebrivi

qmedebiT aRibeWda nawarmoebSi.

sainteresoa is SemTxvevac, rom xSirad wminda mamebi Tavad

interesdebian, Tu wmindanobis ra sazoms aris `miwevnili~ misi esa Tu is

mowafe. amis magaliTia `Sios da evagres cxovrebis~ erTi epizodi.

Mmama ioanem moindoma raTa enaxa Tavisi mowafeni, Tu wmindanobis

`romelsa sazomsa miwevnul arian~ da moiTxova sasmeli. moarTva mas

elia diakonma Wiqa da misca bers, xolo netarma berma uTxra, pirvelad

episkoposma ilocoso. wminda iovanem aiRo `WiqaÁ igi da dadga viTarca

myarsa queyansa zeda. Dda viTar myovar Jam epyra WiqaÁ igi haersa Sina.~

wminda Siom aiRo `nakerCxali da daikriba nebsa zeda marjuenasa

SiSuelsa da daasxa sakumeveli mas zeda da aRuteva sakumevelman suli

surneli da iwyo mokumevad da ukumia mun myofTa.

winaSe RmerTisa araraÁ SeuZlebel ars da misi ars sakÂrvelT

moqmedebaÁ ese~, Aambobs Sio (46, gv. 223).

N nawarmoebis erT epizodSi wmida mamebi miadgnen mdinare qsans.

wmida Siom RvTismSobels mimarTa `moved Cem zeda, wmidao dedofalo,

SewevnaÁ Sengan SobilisaÁ, raÁTa wyali ese daguemorCilos. Dda viTar

myovar Jam iloca da merme ganyo kuerTxi romeli aqunda ÃelTa, da

Tqua: saxeliTa uflisa Cuenisa iesu qristesiTa getyÂ Sen, wyalo

Semoudeg kuerTxsa amas Cemsa~. xolo queyanaÁ igi uqmi iyo, daRmrdeboda,

viTarca kuerTxi igi mieTria da wyali ukuana mividoda. Dda esreT

26

miiyvana saydarsa wmidisa dedoflisasa wilkans~ (iqve, gv. 224). es

saswauli amgvaradaa axsnili _ Sios xelT aqvs saswaulebrivi kverTxi

da am ukanasknelis Sexebam iqonia zegavlena dinebaze da gaukafa gza

evagres.

nawarmoebis avtori iqve Seasxams qebas wminda mamebs da ambobs: `eha

didebuli sakÂrveli, rameTu kacTa miwisaganTa wyalnica daemorCilebian!

erTi haersa warmoadginebs msaxurad da meore cecxlisa bunebasa

daSrets da warsdevnis mÃurvalebasa missa, sxuaÁ wyalsa da miwisa

bunebasa daimorCilebs~ (iqve, gv. 224).

zemoT aRvniSneT, rom xSir SemTxvevaSi wmindanis Zala

hiperbolizirebulia da es miTosidan unda iyos gadmosuli

agiografiaSi. aqve davsZenT imasac, rom qristianis TvalTaxedviT,

wmindani, romelsac xelewifeba saswaulis Cadena, yovlisSemZlea da

wmindanebic, iseve rogorc miTologiuri gmirebi ebrZvian borot Zalebs,

romelnic qristianul RvTismetyvelebaSi ukve erTi saxelis qveS arian

gaerTianebulni: eSmaki, demoni. zogierT SemTxvevaSi wmindani

gveleSapsac ebrZvis. msgavsi epizodebi gvxvdeba rogorc qristianul

ZeglebSi, aseve ikonografiaSic, amaze qvemoT visaubrebT. Aaxla ki

yuradRebas SevaCerebT ukeTur Zalebze, romlebic wmindanebs ebrZvian da

romelTac wmindani RvTis SewevniT da locviT amarcxebs.

rodesac grigolisa da misi mowafeebis dauRalavi Sromis Sedegad

xanZTa aRorZinda, movida iq didi meudabnoe mama miqeli, romelic

daemkvidra parexs da martodmyofi msaxurebda ufals. `xolo mteri

eSmaki iglovda friad, rameTu xedvida wmidaTa kacTa ganmravlebiTa

Jamisa Tvisisa Semoklebasa da miqelisaTvis didsa saucrebasa cxadad da

farulad hyofda~, magram mama miqeli qristes SemweobiT advilad

amarcxebda yovelgvar aseT mcdelobas. erTxel, rodesac mama miqeli

ganSorebuli iyo Tavis senaks da idga maRal kldeze, `kadnier iqmna mis

27

zeda beliar da simaRlisa misgan gardamoagdo qve. `xolo daicva igi

uflis Zalam da igi sruliad uvnebeli wamodga. M mama grigols mainc

acnobes amis Sesaxeb da igi saCqarod mivida Zmis dasaxmareblad ùflis

SewevniT `ganamxno igi suliTa`. Ggrigolma aRmarTa ori Zelis jvari mis

safarvelad da gansaoteblad mterTa da uTxra miqels: ùSiSad iyav

SewevniTa wmidisa samebisaiTa da ZaliTa patiosnisa jvarisaiTa. xolo

ukueTu warhvlo, kvalad ganicado uZviresad pirvelisa~ (12, gv 168).

A ase ebrZvian wminda mamebi borot da ukeTur Zalebs, romelTac an

locviT devnian, an pirjvris gadaweriT. marTalia, am saswauls wmindani

uflis daxmarebiT sCadis, magram xSiria iseTi SemTxvevebic, roca ufali

Tavad gvevlineba wmindanis mcvelad da wmindanis augad moxsenieba, an

masTan dapirispireba wmindanis Carevis gareSe mTavrdeba ukeTur ZalTa

damarcxebiT. ukeTur ZalaSi SeiZleba vigulisxmoT am SemTxvevaSi

rogorc uwminduri Zala, ise ukeTuri adamiani, romelic xels aiRebs

wmindanis mosaklavad, arad Caagdebs mis sityvas da a.S.

G`grigol xanZTelis cxovrebaSi~Naris erTi aseTi epizodi: netari

epifane mkis dros did abulasads eaxla da roWiki iTxova xanZTisaTvis,

razedac Tanxmoba miiRo. rasac erTi dRis ganmavloba sulieri Zmebi

momkidnen, maT sakuTrebaSi darCeboda. Ddaiwyes Zmebma mka, magram

ukeTurma kacebma dedofals acnobes, rom `sruliad mohmkian vidre

mwuxradmde ifqlsa mas friad keTilsa~-o, dedofalma saswrafod

gagzavna msaxurebi da mosTxova berebs SeCerebuliyven, magram epifanem

da misma Zmebma yurad ar iRes danabarebi, ganrisxebulma dedofalma sxva

kacebi wargzavna da `mZlavrebiT gansxnes yanisa misagan~ wminda mamebi.

EmaSin epifanem Tqva: ùfalo, Seundve mxevalsa Sensa Cueni ese

Seuracxeba da umjobesi izrunve misTvis gansacdelTa miSvebiTa mcired,

raTa iswaos ara gmoba glaxakTa~.

D da uecrad dedofali `dasca igi sulman ukeTurman, rameTu

28

kadnierebisa misTvis ganeSora suli madlisa~. es ambavi saswrafod

acnobes epifanes. da saSvelad mouxmes. igi Tavis sulier ZmebTan erTad

gaeSura dedoflis sanaxavad, maT iloces sneulisTvis da `igi mswrafl

ganikurna~ im dRidan moyolebuli `keTilad Seicvala da Seuvrda

epifanes da ZmaTa maT~ (12, gv. 184).

aseTive uCveulobiT gamoirCeva cqiris epizodi, romelic grigol

xanZTelis dauZinebel mtrad aris moxseniebuli nawarmoebSi, igi

grigolis mosaklavad wargzavnis erT ukeTur kacs.

netari mama grigoli marto modioda xanZTas da Tan locvebs

ambobda. maSin didi saswauli ixila grigolis mosaklavad gagzavnilma

kacma, `sveti naTlisa friad brwyinvale cad aRwevnuli hfarvida mas. Dda

iyo Tavsa missa jvari TvalSeudgami garemo misa cisartyelisa saxed~.

aseTi didebis naxvis Semdeg, kaci SiSma da Zrwolam Seipyro `dahsxdnen

ZarRvni mklavTa misTani da zarisa misgan didisa dacemuli idva

qveyanasa zeda. SeSinebuli evedreboda mama grigols, Seminde da

ganmkurneo. maSin wminda grigolma jvari daswera da gankurna igi~ (12, gv.

203).

magram cqiris borotebas sazRvari ara aqvs, igi siZulviliTaa

aRsavse da rodesac mama grigolma da deda febroniam gankveTes igi

mRvdelT-moZRvarTa pativisagan, cqiri Tbiliss gaemarTa sahak amirasTan

da misi SemweobiT da mZlavrebiT kvlav daipyro anCis taZari. `Sekriba

eri anCisa da waravlina darRvevad xanZTisa~ maSin uTxra maT mama

grigolma: `Svilno dro meciT me da ZmaTa CemTa vidre SuadRemde, raTa

wmidasa Sina eklesiasa vyoT vedreba winaSe qristesa da SeviwioT wminda

giorgi da yovelni wmidani da yos ufalman saswaul keTil~. xolo maT

ismines moxucebulis sityva, `rameTu exilvnes misgan saswaulni~. RmerTma

Seiwyala maTi locva da wminda angelozis saxiT auwya, rom `saRmrTo

Surisgeba ewia borotsa mas mtersa Tqvensa. Dda aha moiwios qadagi,

29

viTarmed: mokvda igi~ (iqve, gv. 204). gamovida mama grigoli da auwya

SekrebilT, nu SegeSindebaT Tqveni warmomgzavneli cqiri ukve mkvdaria,

ufalma risxviT mokla igio. AaseT ucnaur viTarebaSi moakvdina uflis

xelma boroti cqiri.

rodesac ama Tu im gmirze veranairi msjeloba ver axdens

zegavlenas, am dros agiografi avtori xSirad mimarTavs saswauls,

rogorc yvelaze WeSmarit mtkicebulebas, romlis xilvis Semdeg, moqmedi

gmiri Tmobs Tavis pozicias. javaxeTis saeklesio krebaze, sadac arsenis

gakaTolikosebis sakiTxi unda gadawyvetiliyo, guarami sastikad

daupirispirda arsenis kandidaturas, miuxedavad imisa, rom grigol

xanZTeli mis mxardamWerad iTvleboda. Yyvela eloda grigolis

gamoCenas, rogorc udidesi avtoritetis da maT ixiles SaravandediT

Semkuli momavali grigoli, saswaulis xilvam ganaiaraRa guarami da man

maSinve daTmo sakuTari pozicia, ixila ra RvTaebrivi saswauli.

`wminda daviT garejelis cxovrebaSi~ vkiTxulobT, rom wminda

daviTis mosaklavd xmali aiRo vinme `barbarozman man hunesa

mjdomareman~ da `meyseulad SehÃma igi da iqmna viTarca SeSaÁ.~ maSin

mixvda igi Tavis ugunurebas, davarda wminda mamis winaSe da evedreboda

mitevebas. maSin Seiwyala netarma igi da Seaxo ra xeli `meyseulad

ganikurna igi SewevniTa RmrTisaÁTa (47, gv. 235)

M moxmobili epizodebidan wmindani fizikuri ZaliT ar

upirispirdeba arc erT mowinaaRmdeges, es ar xdeba arc maSin, roca

wmindans gzaze EeRobeba iseTi Zlieri cxoveli, rogoric aris gveleSapi.

wmindanisa da gveleSapis dapirispirebis epizodebi qarTul

agiografiul ZeglebSi naklebad, magram mainc gvxvdeba. sanam uSualod

movixmobT am epizodebs, unda mivuTiToT, rom drakoni anu urCxuli, anu

gveleSapi, aris erT-erTi ZiriTadi personaJi mravali miTisa Tu zRapris.

30

MmiTebi gmirisa da urCxulis saswaulebriv Serkinebaze arsebobs TiTqmis

yvela xalxis miTologiasa Tu zRaparSi.

D gveleSapis saxe agiografiul cxovrebebSi miTologiidan unda

gadmosuliyo, Tumca arc bibliisaTvis aris ucxo gveleSapis mier

adamianis gadaylapva. iona winaswarmetyveli, romelsac RvTis brZanebiT,

ninevelebisTvis unda euwyebina, rom daiRupebodnen, Tu codvebs ar

moinaniebdnen, ar daemorCila uflis brZanebas, ar moisurva israelis

mtrebisaTvis eqadagebina da gaqceva ganizraxa. zRvaSi gasulT Tavs

qariSxali daatyda, am qariSxalis mizezi ki iona iyo, romelmac RvTis

sityvas gadauxvia. igi zRvaSi gadaagdes da uzarmazarma Tevzma

gadaylapa, sami dRe-Rame iyo RvTis rCeuli gveleSapis mucelSi, bolos

ufalma Seiwyala da Tevzmac napirze gamoriya igi (28, gv. 56). daaxloebiT

aseTive siuJets vxvdebiT berZnul miTologiaSic, unda aRiniSnos, rom

berZnuli miTologia mravlad icnobs urCxulmebrZol gmirebs.

erTi gadmocemiT, troelTa mefem, laobedinma, Tavisi asuli

hezione kldes miajaWva, raTa msxverplad Seewira poseidonis zRvis

urCxulisaTvis, romelic mosvenebas ar aZlevda mis qveyanas. Hherkulesma,

romelmac Tvali mohkra mSvenier asuls, gadawyvita misi xsna, SeebrZola

saSinel urCxuls da daamarcxa igi, marTalia, urCxulma gadaylapa

herkulesi, magram sami dRis Semdeg man SeZlo Tavi daeRwia sazareli

cxovelisTvis da gareT gamosuliyo (74, gv. 231). Mmsgavsi saxecvlilebiT

es epizodi gvxvdeba qarTul `amiranianSic~ da `wminda giorgis

cxovrebis~ zogierT redaqciaSi, sadac wmindani swored mefis asulis

gamosaxsnelad Seebmeba urCxuls.

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, qarTuli folklori, iseve rogorc sxva

qveynebis folklori, araa gamonaklisi da SeiZleba iTqvas, rom drakoni,

igive gveleSapi, qarTuli zRapris popularuli personaJia. igi

borotebis gansaxierebaa, mravalTaviani, cecxlis mfrqveveli, basr-

31

kbilebiani urCxuli, romelic boroti misiiTa da mavne funqciiT

upirispirdeba keTil gmirebs. zRaprebsa da legendebSi igi ukavSirdeba

wylis stiqias da xSirad gvevlineba sasmeli wylis mimtaceblad,

romelic wylis safasurad adamians Txoulobs. rogorc sikeTisa da

sinaTlis mteri, igi STanTqavs mzes da mziur gmirebs. Mmas mavne

funqciaSi xSirad enacvleba devi (43, gv. 98).

cnobili mecnieris n. maris gamokvleviT, veSapi, borot gvels,

gveleSaps aRniSnavs, magram mas zogjer Tevzis mniSvneloba aqvs. rogorc

mecnieri ganmartavs, termini viSap anu veSapi kavkasiuri warmoSobisaa da

RvTaebis saxels warmoadgens (69, gv. 101).

qarTul folklorSi boroti gveleSapis saxe warmogvidgeba

`amiranianSi~. Aamirans sam gveleSapTan mouxda SebrZoleba, man daindo

devis Tavidan amosuli Wiebi, romlebic Semdeg gveleSapebad iqcnen da

mas daupirispirdnen. berZnuli herkulesis msgavsad, gveleSapmac

gadaylapa amirani, magram gmirma moaxerxa Tavis daRweva da misi

damarcxeba.

aseve gvxvdeba jadosnuri, (saswaulebrivi) nivTebis mcveli

gveleSapi, magram boroteba anu urCxuli miTologiasa da zRaparSi

yovelTvis marcxdeba an ZaliT, an moxerxebiT.

Aqristianul literaturaSi ki zogierTi gamonaklisis garda,

wmindanebi sityviT imorCileben gveleSapebs. aqve unda aRvniSnoT isic,

rom qristesa da qristianobisTvis brZolaSi, zogierT SemTxvevaSi,

qristianuli moRvawe warmodgenilia rogorc urCxulebTan mebrZoli,

uSiSari gmiri, romelic amarcxebs amqveyniur borotebas, urCxuls,

gveleSaps.

sayovelTaod cnobilia wminda mxedrebis saxe qristianul

literaturaSi, romelic warmoadgens erTgvar saxecvlilebas

32

miTologiuri gmirisas. wminda mxedari gvevlineba, rogorc qristes

samsaxurSi Camdgari moRvawe, romelic mzadaa yovelgvari gansacdeli

daiTminos qristianobis samsaxurSi.

cnobili mecnieri s. kakabaZe aRniSnavs, rom X saukunis saraindo

organizaciaSi mTavar wmindanad miRebuli iyo wminda giorgi. dasavleT

evropaSi raindad dalocva xdeboda RvTis, wminda miqel

mTavarangelozis da wminda giorgis saxeliT. Mmkvlevari iqve ganmartavs,

rom saqarTvelos eklesiaSi miRebuli iyo miqel-gabriel mTavar

angelozTa da wminda giorgis kulti (gansakuTrebiT es ukanaskneli) (20,

gv. 195).

berZnul eklesiaSi wminda mxedrebis jgufi ase formirdeba: wminda

giorgi, Teodore, demetre, prokofe da merkuri, maTgan yvelaze

popularulia wminda giorgi.

maT mxedrebi ewodaT qristesa da qristianobisTvis gaweuli

samsaxurisaTvis, isini uiaraRo mebrZolebi arian da amave dros wminda

mxedrebi, aseTi gansazRvreba misca qristianobis dacvis samsaxurSi myof

mxedrebs cnobilma mkvlevarma delaim (85, gv. 13).

agiografiul TxzulebebSi, iseve rogorc folklorSi, gveleSapis

damarcxeba mxolod metafora ar aris, qristianul legendebSi

gvelTmebrZolebi simbolurad ganasaxiereben brZolas borotebis

winaaRmdeg.

sainteresoa isic, rom arc qarTuli agiografiaa am mxriv

gamonaklisi, kerZod, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, gveleSapis saxes icnobs

qarTuli agiografiuli mwerlobac. marTalia, wmindani umetesad ebrZvis

demons, eSmaks, magram borotebis gansaxiereba SeiZleba iyos gveleSapic,

romlis damarcxeba da damorCileba wmindans xelewifeba.

`daviT garejelis cxovrebaSi~, gvxvdeba aseTi epizodi:

parexis qvemoT, sadac imyofebodnen wminda daviT garejeli da

33

lukiane, `iyofeboda veSapi didi da sazareli, romelsa esxnes Tualni

sisxlis ferni da rqaÁ iyo Sublsa da missa~. erT dRes Seipyro veSapma

erTi nukri da SeWama, SeSinebulma irmebma daviTTan miirbines saSvelad.

gamovida daviTi da ÃelTa aqunda kuerTxi. Ddainaxa veSapi da uTxra: `

boroto veSapo, rad mavnebel eqmen iremTa CuenTa, romelni momcna

RmerTman nugeSinissacemelad uZlurebasa ÃorcTa CuenTasa? Aaw gamoved

adgilTa magiT da warved SorTa udabnoTa, da ukueTu ara ismino Cemi,

ZaliTa uflisa Cuenisa iesu qristesiTa CemiTa amiT kuerTxiTa muceli

Seni ganvxeTqo da saWmel matlTa gyo Sen~ (47, gv. 232).

SeSinebulma veSapma upasuxa, nu Semrisxav wmida mamao, `aRmomyev

Tavadmde amis mTisa da Tavs-mdeb meqmen, raÁTa ara miaqcivne Tualni

Senni Cemgan, vidre ara STavide wyalsa mas, romeli dis samxriT kerZo

mTisa amis, rameTu meSinis me mexis-texisagan da miT ver gamoval me~.

wminda daviTi dapirda, rom asec moiqceoda. igi win gauZRva veSaps

da Tan fsalmuns kiTxulobda. `xolo slvasa mas veSapisasa lodni igi

mis adgilisani iryeodes~. wminda daviTi avida mTis mwvervalmde. `xolo

veSapma iwyo swrafad slva~. Aam dros uflis angelozma dauZaxa daviTs

`da mixedvasa mas missa veSapsa mas eca mexi da daiwua igi sruliad. maSin

viTarca ixila ese wmidaman daviT, Sewuxda Zalian da Tqva: ufalo,

ratom mokali is veSapi, `rameTu sasoebiT mondobil iyo igi Cemda, xolo

Sen sastikad warswymide igi?~

U uflis angelozma ki upasuxa: `raÁsa mwuxare xar, saTnoo uflisa

Cuenisa iesu qristeso? rameTu ukeTumca STasrul iyo veSapi isi wyalTa

Sina, mier warvida zRuaTa Sina da mas Sina TevzTa WamiTa gandidneboda

friad da mravalTa navTa daaqcevda zRuaTa Sina da mravalTa sulTa

warswymedda wyalTa Sina. Dda nu mwuxare xar misTÂs~ (47, gv. 232).

sainteresoa es epizodi imiTac, rom aqamde, wminda mamebi ukeTur

Zalebs upirispireben locvas, nakurTx wyals, magram arsad ar gvxvdeba

34

raime iaraRiT àRWurvili~ wmindani. MmarTalia, kverTxi ar SeiZleba

iaraRad miviCnioT, magram sainteresoa is faqti, rom am SemTxvevaSi

wminda daviTi kverTxs iyenebs rogorc iaraRs, romliTac emuqreba

dapirispirebul borot Zalas _ ùkueTu ara ismino Cemi, ZaliTa uflisa

Cuenisa iesu qristesiTa CemiTa amiT kuerTxiTa muceli Seni ganvxeTqo da

saWmel matlTa gyo Sen~ (iqve, gv. 232). Uunda SevniSnoT, rom wmindanis

saxe metad realistur aspeqtSia daxatuli.

`grigol xanZTelis cxovrebaSic~ gvxvdeba iseTi epizodi, sadac

mRvdelT-mTavari zaqaria locvis ZaliT klavs or saSinel veSaps.

`kvalad orni saSinelni veSapi gamoCndes anCisa venaxsa da mevenaxeni

ivltodes. xolo zaqaria locviTa moakvdinna igini da kacni igi

sixaruliT hmadlobdes qristesa~ (12, gv. 201).

Aam epizodSi saintereso is momentia, rom zaqaria locviT ki ar

imorCilebs veSapebs, aramed locviT klavs maT. aseTi SemTxvevebi Zalian

cotaa dasavlur wmindanTa cxovrebebSi.

DSeuZlebelia ar davasaxeloT iakob voraginelis òqros legenda~.

rogorc cnobilia, XIII saukuneSi moRvaweobda genueli episkoposi, iakob

voragineli, romelmac Seagrova wmindanTa cxovrebani. udidesi

popularobis gamo, am krebuls daerqva òqros legenda~ (laT. Legenda

Aurea) masSi Sesulia dasavleT evropis yvelaze popularuli wmindanTa

cxovrebani. AaRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom es wigni iyo erT-erTi

gamorCeuli wigni SuasaukuneebSi, romelic bibliis Semdeg, udidesi

popularobiT sargeblobda. eWvs gareSea, rom informaciuli wyaro

òqros legendisTvis~, aris miTosuri gadmocemebi (109, gv. 43-50).

am krebulSi Sesuli legendebi CvenTvis sainteresoa imiT, rom aq

wmindani gvevlineba rogorc drakonebTan mebrZoli gmiri, romelic

ebrZvis am miTologiur arsebebs da amarcxebs maT uiaraRod.

moviyvanT ramdenime magaliTs:

35

`wminda giorgis cxovrebaSi~ vkiTxulobT, rom wminda giorgi

erTxel qalaq selenSi mivida, romlis macxovreblebi saSineli

drakonisgan itanjebodnen, romelic msxverplad patara bavSvebs

Txoulobda. wminda giorgi dapirda xalxs, rom gaaTavisuflebda maT am

tanjvisagan im pirobiT, Tu es ukanasknelni Semdeg gaqristiandebodnen.

saSinel brZolaSi, wminda giorgim daamarcxa drakoni da moutana

Sewuxebul mosaxleobas simSvide.

`wminda marTas cxovrebaSi~ aRwerilia, rom erT mdinaresTan

cxovrobda uzarmazari drakoni, naxevrad mxeci, naxevrad Tevzi. Mmas

hqonda lomis Tavi da gvelis kudi. is imaleboda zRvebSi da Ziravda

gemebs. Mmosaxleoba Sewuxebuli iyo am saSineli mxecisgan, magram misi

damamarcxebeli aravin iyo. mxolod wminda marTam SeZlo misi damarcxeba

pirjvris gadaweriT. Semdeg nakurTxi wyali apkura da drakonic uceb

morCili da damjeri gaxda.

`wminda silvestris cxovrebis~ mixedviT vgebulobT, rom romis

maxloblad cxovrobda drakoni, romelmac uamravi adamiani imsxerpla.

wminda silvestrs gamoecxada wminda petre, romelmac STaagona wmindans

waekiTxa locva drakonisTvis, wmindanic ase moiqca da drakoni locvis

wakiTxvis Semdeg daemorCila mas (109, gv. 332).

moyvanili epizodebidan, wmindanebi, garda wminda giorgis

SemTxvevisa, mxolod imorCileben gveleSapebs da uwyinar cxovelebad

aqceven maT.

Qqristianuli drakologia ZiriTadad efuZneba cecxlismfrqveveli

da Sxamiani urCxulis iobis wigniseul aRweras, Semdgom ki im simbolur

mniSvnelobas, rac drakonma apokalifsSi miiRo, gveleSapi, gveli

bibliaSi gvxvdeba iobis wignSi (26, 13) esaia winaswarmetyvelTan (esaia 27,

1; 51, 9), ioane winaswarmetyvelTan (iona 2, 1), Ddaniel winaswarmetyvelTan

(danieli 14, 22-28), fsalmunebSi (73, 13-14; 90, 13). GgveleSapi yvelgan

36

borotebas ganasaxierebs.

Aamgvarad, agiografiul ZeglebSi wmindanis Zala xSir SemTxvevaSi

hiperbolizebulia, rac savaraudod, miTologiidan unda iyos gadmosuli.

qristianis TvalTaxedviT, saswaulis Camdeni wmindani yovlisSemZlea.

igi miTologiuri gmiris msgavsad ebrZvis borot Zalebs, romlebic erTi

saxelis qveS arian gaerTianebulni _L demoni, eSmaki. zogierT

SemTxvevaSi ki gveleSapi, romelsac wmindani xan sityviT, xan ki

maxviliT uswordeba. gveleSapis mokvla ki agiografiul ZeglebSi

saswauladaa kvalificirebuli, romelsac wmindani uflis daxmarebiT

axorcielebs.

37


sainteresoa is faqti, rom xSirad, rodesac wmindanebi gankurnebis

saswauls axdenen, es gankurnebac erTgvar brZoladaa moazrebuli

ukeTur sulTan, radgan wmindani avadmyofis sxeulidan devnis eSmaks,

romelic dauflebulia mis sxeuls. morwmuneTa TvalSi, yvelaze

amaRlebul niSnad iTvleboda wmindanis unari ganekurna morwmune.

Ggankurnebis saswauli ufro metad socialuri daniSnulebis iyo.

sagulisxmoa is faqtic, rom wmindanTa cxovrebaSi aRweril

saswaulTagan yvelaze meti swored gankurnebis saswaulze modis.

Suasaukuneebis qristianisTvis wmindani iyo yovlisSemZle,

universaluri mkurnali. warmarTul folklorSi aris rwmena

Zliermoqmed saSualebebze, jado-wamali, romelic kurnavda yovelgvar

Wrilobebs da avadmyofobas, acocxlebda mkvdrebs `sicocxlis balaxiT~,

rwmena `wminda qvebiT~ gakeTebuli amuletebis da a.S. magram qristianuli

saswauli, romelsac ZaluZs davrdomilTa gankurneba, brmaTaTvis Tvalis

axela, mkvdarTa gacocxleba, emyareba upiratesad uflis rwmenas,

gankurneba xdeba uflis SemweobiT.

wmindanTa saflavebis da wminda nawilebis saswaulmoqmedeba qmnida

survils axali saswaulisas da xels uwyobda Seeqmna iseTi atmosfero

saswaulis wyurvilisa, romelSic cxovrobda mTeli Suasaukuneobrivi

samyaro.

Ooficialuri Teologia wmindanTa SesaZleblobebs, CaedinaT

38

saswauli, xsnida imiT, rom maTze gadmodioda RvTiuri madli (Gratia Dei).

`SuSanikis wamebaSi~, avtori naTlad warmogviCens SuSanikis

saswaulmoqmed adamianad gardaqmnis process. sicocxleSi wmindanad

aRiarebuli dedofali, qristianuli moZRvrebis SemweobiT unayofoebs

Svilierebas aniWebda, sneulebs hkurnavda, brmebs Tvalis sinaTles

ubrunebda. `da mieriTgan ganiTqua yovelsa qarTlsa saqmÀ misi. Dda

movidodes mamani da dedani aRnaTquemTa Sesawiravad da, raÁ vis uÃmda,

miemadleboda wmidiTa locviTa netarisa SuSanikisiTa, romelsa

moscemda mas kacTmoyvare RmerTi: uSviloTa Svili, sneulTa kurnebaÁ,

brmaTa TualTa aRxilvebaÁ~ (15, gv. 34).

èvstaTi mcxeTelis wamebaSi~, Txzulebis anonimi avtori gvamcnobs,

rom sasjelis aRsrulebamde, mowamem Tavad SesTxova qristes àqundes

madli da kurnebaÁ ZualTa CemTao~. EevstaTis es survili misi

dakrZalvis Semdgom asrulda. Aavtori ambobs, rom `vidre aqamomdis

iqmnebian kurnebani sneulTani madliTa uflisa Cvenisao~ (27, gv. 57).

ìoane zaedaznelis cxovrebaSi~ vkiTxulobT, rom masTan miiyvanes

èSmakeuli friad guemuli, romeli sityuadca ver SemZlebel iyo. Dda

ixila igi da Seewyala. Mmiugo wmidaman iovane da hrqua: `sulo ukeTuro,

raÁsa stanjav magas, rameTu micemul ars Senda adgili udabnoÁ da

urwyuli. getyÂ Sen saxeliTa uflisa Cuenisa iesu qristesiTa, ganved

kacisa magisgan!~ xolo igi brZanebisave Tana missa ganvida. Dda ganikurna

kaci igi (48, gv. 217).

`grigol xanZTelis cxovrebaSi~ aris Semdegi epizodi: iyo erTi

mdidari kaci anWkoras, romelsac erqva werta, romelsac hyavda

dabadebidan yru-munji asuli, cameti wlis iyo igi, rodesac dedamiss

esizmra, rom epifane gamoecxada da uTxra, kaci warmogzavne da `xelTa

Cemi nabani movsce Senda da asv igi asulsa Sensa da scxe Tavsa missa da

gankurnos igi qristeman vnebaTa misTagan~. qali asec moiqca. asuli sami

39

dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi mZinare iyo da rodesac gaiRviZa Tqva: `dideba

RmerTsa da wmidasa samebasa, romelman locviTa netarisa mamisa

epifanesiTa ganmkurna da mixsna me eSmakisagan~ (12, gv. 220).

erTxel mama grigolTan erTma dedakacma ori wlis Svili moiyvana,

`romlisa xelni da ferxni mterisagan mixvmul iyvnes da piri

garemiqceul iyo~ movida qali da tiriliT evedreboda mama grigols.

Svilis gankurnebas wmidans Seebrala qali da iloca misTvis `romelica

saxvil mxdomsa eqmnnes, rameTu kacTagan uxilavad Seswvida mZlavrsa mas

ukeTursa eSmaksa locvani grigolisni da ganiotebdes mas.

maSin Tqva wminda mamam; saxeli qristesi gangxdis, eSmako, ganeSore

ukunisamde CCvilsa amisagan umankoisa da dawera jvari (iqve, gv. 188).

maSinve ganSorda mas boroti suli da ganikurna sruliad is yrma.

didi epifane, romelic iyo grigolis mowafe `cremlTa daTxeviTa

sulTa ukeTurTa gansxmida da sneulTa mswrafl ganhkurnebda da

mravalTa sxvaTa saswaulTa iqmoda.. morwmuneTa locviTa sikvdilisagan

ixsnida~ (iqve, gv. 182).

Aamgvarad, zogadad unda aRiniSnos is, rom wmindanTa cxovrebaSi

aRweril saswaulTagan yvelaze meti swored gankurnebis saswaulze

modis. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sneulTa gankurneba. wmindanis mxridan,

erTgvar brZolas warmoadgens ukeTur ZalebTan, wmindans xSirad uxdeba

avadmyofis sxeulidan eSmakis, boroti sulis gandevna. Suasaukuneebis

qristianis TvalSi ki wmindani aris swored yovlisSemZle da

universaluri mkurnali, romelsac ZaluZs morwmuneTa gankurneba

rogorc sicocxleSi, aseve sicocxlis Semdegac.

40


rogorc k. kekeliZe SeniSnavs, `cxovelTa motivi~ agiografiul

mwerlobaSi metad aqtualuria. aseTi Temebis damuSavebisas, agiografebi

garkveuli tendenciebiT xelmZRvanelobdnen: maT surdaT amgvari

faqtebiT eCvenebinaT qristianuli moralis sidiade (25, gv. 166).

wmindanebisa da cxovelebisa urTierTobas sainteresod asaxaven

agiografi avtorebi. xSir SemTxvevaSi cxovelebi emorCilebian da

msaxuroben wmindanebs. wmindans SeuZlia iseTi mZvinvare cxoveli,

rogoricaa _ lomi, daTvi Tu mgeli, morCilebaSi amyofos da Tavis

nebas dauqvemdebaros.

`ioane zedaznelis cxovrebaSi~ vkiTxulobT, rom erT dRes netari

elia diakoni mivida wyarosTan wylis asaRebad da dainaxa didi da

saSineli daTvi. Ggaiqca SeSinebuli da `uTxra ese ambavi ioanes. ioane

mivida da etyoda daTusa ese _ ukeTu ara gisuams wyali ege, su da

vidode~ daTvic daemorCila `viTarca megobari tkbilad metyuelsa~ da

gaecala iqaurobas (48, gv.168)

erTxel jurRmulSi Cavarda wmindani, garSemo mSieri lomebi

exveodnen, Tumc `ver ikadrebdes mxecni igi Sexebad misa, aramed

loSnides ferxTa misTa~ (48, gv. 215)

`Sios da evagres cxovrebis~ mixedviT, roca berebis dauRalavi

Sromis Sedegad ufro gaizarda samonastro mSenebloba, meti saxedrebi

dasWirdaT samonastro samuSaoebSi dasaxmareblad da moamravles kidec

isini, magram iq tyiani adgili iyo, mgeli xSirad itacebda pirutyvs.

41

maSin Siom locviT mouwoda mxecebs. `xolo locvasave missa Tana

yovelni igi mÃecni movides winaSe berisa da hrqua maT: raÁsaTÂs

mavnebel eqmnebiT karaulTa imaTa CuenTasa? Aaw getyÂ Tquen saxeliTa

uflisa Cuenisa iesu qristesiTa, warvediT areTagan amaT Soris, xolo

erTi oden dadegin sadideblad RmrTisa Cuenisa, raÁTa adidebdes

karaulTa imaTa CuenTasa. maSinve yvela mgeli ganerida im adgils.

Mmxolod erTi mgeli dadga mowiwebiT da uTxra wminda berma _ `aZoebde

karaulTa CuenTa, viTarca mwyemsi keTili, raÁTa amiT ukmouzRo, romel

Segiwuxebian Zmani ese Cemni da sazrdel Senda iyos, romliTaca Cuen

vizardebiT.. xolo mgeli igi iqmna morCil, viTarca monaÁ~ da amis

Semdgom arcerTi saxedari ar dakargula im midamoebSi (46, gv. 220-221).

A agiografia icnobs iseT SemTxvevebsac, rodesac wmindani da lomi

erTmaneTs umegobrdebian. Mmag. G`gerasime wiaRiordanelis cxovreba~,

sadac wmindanis mier moSinaurebuli lomi beris saxedars uvlis, magram

SemTxveviT am saxedars meqaravne waiyvans da Sercxvenili lomi

morCilebiT asrulebs wmindanis sasjels, kisrulobs saxedris funqcias

da moaqvs mdinaridan wyali, sanam ar poulobs dakargul saxedars (25,

gv. 104-105).

`daviT garejelis cxovrebaSi~, amgvari epizodia moyvanili,

nadirobisas barbarozma `miuteva qori kakabsa maxlobelad adgilsa mas,

sada ilocvida wmidaÁ daviT. da kakabica igi miivltoda berisa da dajda

igi ferÃTa Tana misTa, xolo qori maxlobelad misa. da ese iqmna

gangebiTa RmrTisaÁTa~ (47, gv. 234).

RvTis gangebam mouvlina daviT garejelsa da mis moswavle

lukianes irmebi, raTa maTTvis sazrdo gaeCina udabur adgilas.

wmindanisa da cxovelis amgvari urTierToba saswaulis niSniTaa

aRbeWdili, aris SemTxvevebi, roca cxoveli adamianuri eniT elaparakeba

42

wmindans. marTalia, es saswaulebrivi garemo agiografiul nawarmoebs

zRaprul garemosTan aaxlovebs, magram morwmune mkiTxvelisTvis es

utyuar da WeSmarit faqts warmoadgens.

Eunda SevniSnoT isic, rom es Tema imdenad popularuli da

saintereso gamxdara, rom daviT garejis samonastro kompleqsis

moxatulobaSic upovia asaxva. rogorc S. amiranaSvili aRniSnavs, daviT

garejelis cxovrebis cikls qarTul mxatvrobaSi iseTive adgili

uWiravs, rogorc italiur xelovnebaSi wminda francisk asizelis

cxovrebas. daviT garejeli mfarvelobas uwevda frinvelebsa da irmebs,

man gandevna veSapi, es epizodebi garejis udabnos kedlis mxatvrobaSia

gamosaxuli (6, gv. 12).

43

saswaulis gagebisaTvis saero

literaturaSi

Cven ganvixileT wmindanTa saswaulebi da SevecadeT wina planze

wamogvewia swored is saswaulebi, romelTa tipuri paralelebi met-

naklebi intensivobiT gvxvdeba saero literaturis ZeglebSic.

rogorc cnobilia, qarTuli klasikuri periodis mwerloba sami

nawarmoebiTaa cnobili: `visramiani~, àmirandarejaniani~, da

`vefxistyaosani~. TiToeul am nawarmoebSi gvxvdeba saswaulebi,

romlebic Tavisi arsiT garkveulwilad scildeba agiografiuli

Txzulebis personaJTa mier Cadenil saswaulebs. Tumca SinaarsiT

uaxlovdeba kidec maT. Aamave periods ganekuTvneba frangi mwerlis

kretien de truas nawarmoebebic. SevecdebiT zemoT dasaaxelebuli

saswaulebis fonze ganvixiloT qarTuli saero nawarmoebis ori Zegli _

àmirandarejaniani~ da `vefxistyaosani~ da kretien de truas romani

“iveni anu lomis raindi~.

àmirandarejaniani~ sagmiro-safalavno xasiaTis Txzulebaa.

saswauls gmiri mxolod fizikuri Zalis meSveobiT axorcielebs.

àmirandarejanianSi~ gvxvdeba iseTi epizodebi, romlebic saerToa

qarTuli agiografiuli Txzulebebis pasaJebisa da giorgi kapadokielisa

da Teodore stratelatis `wamebebSi~ aRwerili epizodebisa. k. kekeliZis

azriT, miuxedavad didi msgavsebisa, SeuZlebelia vTqvaT, rom mose

44

xonelma es epizodebi giorgisa da Teodores `wamebebidan~ gadmoiRo.

Tumca k. kekeliZe imasac aRniSnavs, rom saero romanebis avtorebi

`sasuliero romanebis~ formulebiTa da saxeebiT sazrdooben. maT

garkveuli literaturuli skola hqondaT gavlili da siuJetebisa da

situaciebis garegnuli msgavseba itacebdaT, rac mkiTxvels

agiografiuli beletristikidan saero romanze gadasvlas uadvilebda

(22., 7-12).

SemdgomSi, qarTulma saraindo romanma, Camoicila is zRaprul-

fantastikuri elementi, romelic ase mZafrad SeiniSneba

`amirandarejanianSi~ da Seqmna adamianis axleburi modeli, rac

`vefxistyaosanSi~ ase naTlad aisaxa, Tumc bolomde uari ar uTqvams

saswaulze.

U unda aRvniSnoT isic, rom SuasaukuneebSi saswaulma deformacia

ganicada Eda sakmaod gaafarTova Tavisi sazRvrebi: goliaTebi, devebi,

qajebi, spilenZis lomebi da fizikurad Zlieri adamianebi, eseni ar

arian Cveulebrivi arsebebi, magram aseTi saswaulisTvis mzadaa

Suasaukuneobrivi samyaro da am periodis adamianic.

45

1. fizikuri Zalis hiperbolizacia da brZola ukeTur ZalebTan,


A amirandarejanianis gmirebi mamacobas da uSiSrobas iCenen ara

mxolod falavnebTan brZolisas, aramed miTiur da fantastikur

cxovelebTan brZolisasac.

A amirandarejanianis gmirebi Seupovari mebrZolebi arian, maTTvis ar

arsebobs dabrkoleba. brZolaSi sakuTari Zalis imedad gadian da kargad

aqvT gacnobierebuli, rom an gaimarjveben, an mokvdebian. amiran

darejanisZe arabunebrivi Zalis patronia, roca ali dilami da indo

Wabuki Seipyres devebma, man àiRo fari da Seuxda cixisa Zirsa. wamodges

zeda laSqarni da esrodes qvasa. Seuxda zeda da Selewa karni. Sevida da

daxocna martom mTeli laSqari~ (56, gv.312).

àmbri arabis ambavSi~ moTxrobilia, rogor SeebrZola aTas samasi

kaci uricxv laSqars, romelsac `daepyra qveyana, rome iyo ricxvi

ufrosisa bevri aTasisa. uTanaswaro brZolaSi aTas samasi mebrZolidan

`mciredi kaci daakldaT` xolo uTvalavi laSqridan `ricxvi ara iyo~

moklulisa (iqve, gv. 327).

xSirad uTanasworo Zalis mqone gmirebi marto ebmebian brZolaSi,

gmiris mowinaaRmdege aTi da oci ki ara SeiZleba erTdroulad asi

mxedaric iyos.

indo Wabuki marto Seeba `darCeul~ as kacs da ìseTi omi Seiqmna,

46

rome eniTa veRara iTqmis. Mmis asisa kacisagan samoci kaci mokla da

ormoci Zliv gardaexvewnes.~ Semovida indo Wabuki gamarjvebuli,

gvamcnobs avtori (gv. 344).

roca iaman Wabuki da amiran darejanisZe erTmaneTs Seebnen, gaiyvana

cxeni iaman Wabukma` dahkra cxenisa Tavsa darejaniZisasa da mohkveTa

Tavi da sruliad Camoagdo.~ ganrisxebulma amiran darejanisZen `mihyo

xeli da ukanasa ferxsa moekida cxenisa misisasa, ukuzidna da qveyanasa

dahkra cxeni da kaci orive~ (gv. 366).

Aamiran darejanisZe Seupovari falavania, misi Zalis

demonstrirebas araerTgzis axdens avtori:

Aamiran darejanisZem dainaxa, rogor mostaces dedas lomebma Svilebi,

maSinve mivarda, `mihyvna erTiTa xeliTa aiRo da erTiTa _ erTi, Tavi

Tavsa Seutaka da tvini mklavTa gardaesxa (gv. 385).

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, SuasaukuneebSi saswaulma gaafarTova

Tavisi areali, xSirad gmirs uxdeba iseT arsebasTan SebrZoleba,

romelic ucnauri warmomavlobisaa.

TilismaTa ambavSi moTxrobilia, rom falavnebi erT dilas

gaemarTnen gzad da moesmaT lomis yvirili. TvaliT ver dainaxes, magram

roca miuaxlovdnen, dainaxes `iyo lomi spilenZisa da yviroda, ra

dagvinaxa, ufro daiwyo yvirili da Cven kerZ mosvla manca da bevrman

sxvamanca, romel ara iyo ricxvi maTi. vxocdiT da ara moxda leva. rac

met meomars xocdnen, meti mteri modioda, bolos mixvdnen gmirebi, rom

es meomrebi am ucnauri lomis yvirilze mravldebodnen da dalewes es

spilenZis lomi (gv. 382).

ganagrZes gza da dainaxes `iyo spilenZisa Seqmnili marT viTa

kalo, viTa xarixi kibed da kibed. Mmas gzasa zeda dga kaci spilenZisa

didi, romel ara minaxavs sxva kaci egzom didi, da mas sxvave kaci udga

gverdsa spilenZisave da buki hqonda xelTa. Dda ra Cven dagvinaxa,

47

dauwyo mas buksa cema da daiwyo laSqarman modena, romlisa ara iyo

ricxvi. Seibnen da iyo didi omi, is kaci ar wynardeboda da arc laSqari

wyvetda modenas. (gv. 383). maSin Seutia amiran darejanisZem, orive xeliT

hkra kombali da dalewa is spilenZis kaci.

`amirandarejanianis~ gmirebi ebrZvian ara mxolod falavnebs da

ucnaur arsebebs, aramed gveleSapebsac.

erT mSvenier walkots gveleSapi darajobda, am walkotis

silamazis ambavi, xalxs mxolod gadmocemiT smenoda, iq Sesvlas ki

veravin bedavda, radgan gveleSapi darajobda, roca amiran darejanisZem

amis Sesaxeb gaigo, gadawyvita SebrZoleboda mas. `RmerTsa ubrZanebia

xeliTa CemiTa mis walkotisa xsnao,~ gadawyvita gmirma da Tavis

Tanmxleb megobrebTan erTad gaeSura am walkotisaken. walkots ori kari

hqonda. erT kars saSineli veSapi icavda da meore kars sxva, ufro

patara veSapi, orive kari spilenZis iyo. roca miuaxlovdnen, wamodga

kaci, romelic iq darajad idga da ise daiyivla, rom `gamovida igi

veSapi saSineli, aeSmko piri da cecxli gamovidoda pirisa misisagan.

hqonda xma sazareli, viTa grgvinva cisa. Mmeoresa karsa gamovida igi

umcrosi veSapi. wamodges zeda kacni spilenZisani da maT kacTagan

gamovidoda xma rame ucxo da sakvirveli~ (gv. 399).

Seiba amiran darejanisZem ori xmali da gaimarTa saSineli brZola,

veSapi imdenad didi iyo, rom mis xaxaSi cxeniani kaci Tavisuflad

daeteoda. Ddidi brZolis Semdeg daamarcxes orive veSapi da samefoSi

yvela amas ambobda `aravin yofila kacTa naTesavi swori amiran

darejanisZisa da arc arvis egeTni ymani hyolebiano~ (gv. 399).

A amiran darejanisZis Zmobili sefedavle, Tavis mxleblebTan erTad,

erT mSvenier qalaqs miadga, sadac saSineli mxeci cxovrobda. roca

gadaixedes da erT qeds Caxedes, dainaxes martorqa, romelic iyo, `sami

48

pilos odeni~, sefedavles mxleblebs SeeSindaT da ukan gabruneba

gadawyvites, magram sefedavlem `xiStni aixvna~ da Tqva, vaJkacis wesi

araa isriT martorqis mokvlao, hkra xiSti mkerdSi am sazarel cxovels

da naxevramde Caaso `mere hkra xrmali zurgsa da, viTa kata, egre

Suazedan gadawyvita~ (gv. 418).

`mzis Wabukis~ ambidan vgebulobT, rom mzis Wabuki da misi

Tanmxlebi falavnebi erT saucxoo sanadiro adgilas mividnen, magram

axlomaxlo aranairi qalaqi da sofeli ar iyo, radgan im adgilebSi

erTi ucnauri mxeci budobda, `romlisa saxeli Cven ara viciTo, eubneba

falavnebs ambis mTxrobeli _ didia uzomod da pilos odeni. Aaris

msgavsi lomisa da piri kacisa aTqs. Mmagra Sebma misi mouvali aris

kacisagan, azom rome, martorqa iyo mas qveyanisa uzomod did, aiRo igi,

dasca da mokla. Mmas kacsa lom-kaci hqvian~ (gv. 455). mzeWabukma aiRo

xiSti, Caicva abjari da Seeba mxecs, sazareli brZola gaimarTa, magram

Zlia mzeWabukma da daamarcxa sazareli mxeci.

`balxeTs Sesvlis ambavSi~ moTxrobilia, rom amiran darejanisZe

da misi ymani mividnen balxeTis qalaqSi, iyvnen nadirobasa da

mxiarulebaSi, da im qalaqis maxloblad iyo devi, romelmac mravali

adamiani mokla. amiran darejanisZem gaigo, rom `devi aris didi da

veSapsa zeda ziso, xrmali amowvdili aqvso. visaca mixvdebis, hkravs da

mohklavso. Aamiran darejanisZis megobrebi SeSindnen, roca gaiges, rom

amirani maTTan SebrZolebas apirebda. amis gagonebaze amirans gaecina da

uTxra maT _ `Zmano, RmerTman icis, ara gwadian omio, magra naxoT

Wabukoba Cemio~. brZola marTlac saSineli iyo. `cxensa umaRle iyo igi

veSapi da aeSkmo piri CasanTqmelad. Mmagram amiranma xiSti daartya da

mokla veSapi, devma cxeni moukla amirans, Tumca amiranma `hkra xrmali~

da mokla Ramaz devi (gv. 509). G

`amiradarejaniani~ sagmiro-safalavno Txzulebaa, nawarmoebSi

49

warmodgenili gmirebis brZolis areali ukideganoa, mizani ki erTaderTi

_ moixveWon saxeli. Nnawarmoebis gmirebi toveben saxlebs, sasaxleebs,

sxvadasxva qveynebs, xSirad sisxlis fasad mopovebul mefis asulebs da

isev miemarTebian samogzaurod, raTa isev `Wabukoba eZion~, anu saxeli

da dideba ar daCrdilon ukve mopovebuliT. gmirebis mTeli cxovreba

ganuwyveteli Tavgadasavlebis Ziebaa. Bbunebrivia, rom

`amirandarejanianis~ gmirTa mTeli Tavgadasavali Rrma Sinaarsis

matarebelicaa. rogorc n. naTaZe SeniSnavs, ~amirandarejanianis~ idealur

gmirTa Sinagani samyaro, miuxedavad misi simartivisa, TviTkmaria da

realuri. igi tovebs srulebiT mkafio STabeWdilebas, rom aq garkveuli

epoqisa da sociluri fenis _ qarTveli samxedro wodebis realuri,

cxovrebiseuli idealia asaxuli da es ideali raindobis idealia,

romelic analogiuria DAdasavleT evropis rainduli idealisa (31, gv. 245

262).

sasawaulis ganxorcilebiT, mTavari miznis aRsruleba da saxelis

moxveWa, is ZiriTadi Tematikaa, romelsac gverds ver uvlian

Suasaukuneebis qarTveli da evropeli mwerlebi. marTalia, momdevno

saukuneebSi es dausrulebeli Zieba graalis mopovebisaken swrafvaSi

gadaizrdeba dasavlur literaturaSi, magram pirveli damaxasiaTebeli

niSani, rac saerToa am periodis nawarmoebTaTvis es aris brZola,

romelic umetesad saswaulis niSniT xorcieldeba. Tumca amas Tavisi

gamarTlebac axlavs, gmirma saxelis mosaxveWad yovelgvari borotebis,

realuri Tu irealuri arsebis damarcxeba unda SeZlos. Uunda

gaviTvaliswinoT isic, rom adreuli Suasaukuneebis adamianis adamianuri

cxovrebis ZiriTadi mizani da faseulobebi, romlisTvisac isini

ibrZodnen, iyo _ RmerTi, samoTxe, imqveyniuri cxovreba.

`vefxistyaosani~, romlis siuJetic mTlianad keTilisa da borotis

dapirispirebis fonzea gaSlili da nawarmoebis finalSi sruldeba

50

kidec sikeTis gamarjvebiT, naklebadaa gajerebuli iseTi zRaprul-

fantastikuri motivebiT, romelic saswaulis niSniT xasiaTdeba, Tumca

mTlianad araa mowyvetili aseT motivebs.

Tu agiografiul nawarmoebis avtori Tavad mianiSnebs wmindanTa

hiperbolur Zalaze, `vefxityaosnis~ gmirebi Tavad saubroben sakuTari

SesaZleblobebis Sesaxeb.

tarieli uambobs avTandils sakuTar bavSvobaze:

`xuTisa wlisa Seviqmen msgavsi vardisa Slilisa;

Wirad ar miCndis lomisa, mokvla, marT viTa silisa;~ (37, 322)

`vburTobdi da vTamaSobdi, viT katasa vxocdi lomsa~ (330)

`Zalad lomsa, Tvalad mzesa, tanad vhgvandi edems zrdilsa~ (334)

tarielis fizikuri Zalis demonstrirebas avtori Tavd axdens,

rodesac ucxo da sakvirvel moymes garkveuli idumalebiT Semoiyvans

nawarmoebSi. misi vinaobis gasagebad misul mefe rostevanis ymebs, Zal-

gulovani raindi sananeblad gauxdiT saqmes:

`hkra erTmanerTsa, daxocna Tavsa xel-aRupyrobelad,

zogsa gadahkris maTraxi qve mkrdamdis gasapobelad~ (95).

tarielma Tavisi uZleveloba da saswaulebrivi Zala ramaz

mefesTan Serkinebis drosac gamoamJRavna, ramaz mefis razmSi SeiWra da:

`kaci kacsa Semovtyorci, cxen-kacisa davdgi gori;

K kaci Cemgan Senatyorci, brunavs viTa tanajori,

erTob srulad amovwyvide wina kerZi razmi ori~ (450).

avTandilis fizikuri Zliereba rusTvelma maSin asaxa, roca

mekobreTagan SeSinebul vaWrebs mxsnelad uZleveli gmiri mouvlina.

avTandilma masxrad aigdo SeSinebuli vaWrebi da yovelgvari

Tavmdablobis gareSe moaxsena:

`Tqven vaWarni jabanni xarT, omisaca umecarni,

Sors isriTa ar dagxocen, CaixSeniT Tana karni,

51

marto mnaxeT, viT Seveba, viT vixmarne lomni mxarni!

M mekobrisa navisani sisxlni hnaxeT monaRvarni~ (1040)

avTandili abjriT Seimosa, xelT rkinis keti aiRo da marto

SeebrZola mekobreebs, romelTac Zeli hkres avTandilis navs.

AavTandili uSiSrad idga navze da Tavad gadavida Setevaze, rkinis keti

hkra maT gems da Zeli mostexa:

`SeSindes igi laSqarni, gza Zebnes gardsaxveweli;

veRar gardeswrnes, garduxlta mterTa mi da mo mleweli;

A ar darCa kaci cocxali mun misgan daufreweli (1043).

A zogi navsa Seanarcxis, zogsa hyrida Sigan zRvasa

erTmanerTsa Semostyorcis, rva cxrasa da cxra hkris rvasa~ (1044).

ase gausworda avTandili mekobreebs.

Groca gaxarebuli vaWrebi avTandils miegebnen da `uzomo qeba

Sehkadres~, avTandilma Sors daiWira saqebari sityvebi da upasuxa:

`madli RmerTsa, Semoqmedsa, arsTa mxadsa,

visgan Zalni zecierni ganageben aqa qmnadsa~ (1050).

Ees gamarjveba avTandilma uflis SewevniT axsna, magram rusTvelma

isic aRwera poemaSi, Tu rogor axorcielebs misi gmiri am saswauls. es

ar iyo mxolod fizikur Zalaze damyarebuli gamarjveba. avTandilma

mekobreTa dasamarcxeblad gonebac CarTo, moifiqra Wkvianuri gegma maT

winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad.

avTandilis, tarielisa da fridonis saswaulebrivi Zala,

rusTvelma qajeTis cixis aRebisasac gviCvena, rodesac gmirebi uZlevel

mowinaaRmdegeebs qajebs daupirispira. magram saswaulis

gansaxorcileblad gmirebs mxolod survili ar amoZravebT, survilTan

erTad moqmedebs goneba, racio. gmirebs kargad aqvT gacnobierebuli, rom

mxolod fizikuri ZaliT isini ver daamarcxeben mowinaaRmdeges, amitom

SeimuSaveben garkveul samxedro strategias da sakuTari gonebis,

52

fizikuri Zalisa da uflis SewevniT amarcxeben kidec qajebs.

`vefixtyaosanSi~ ori jadosnuri personJi gvxvdeba: devi da qaji.

qarTuli folkloris leqsikonSi qaji ganmartebulia rogorc

jadosnuri zRapris personaJi, romelic flobs jadosnur

SesaZleblobebs. dRes cvlis Ramed. Tavisuflad dadis wylis zedapirze

da a.S. (44, gv. 142).

Qqajebs uxorco da usulo personaJebad moixseniebs poemis avtori:

`qajni saxelad maT hqvian, arian erTad krebulni

kacni grZnebisa mcodnelni, zeda gaxelovnebulni,

yovelTa kacTa mavnebni, igi vervisgan vnebulni;

maTni Sembmelni wamovlen dambrmalni, dawbilebulni~ (1247)

`iqmen rasme sakvirvelsa, mtersa TvalTa daubrmoben,

qarTa aRsZvren saSinelTa, navsa zRva-zRva daamxoben,

viTa xmelsa gairbenen, wyalsa wmidad daaSroben,

swaddes_dResa bnelad iqman, swaddes_bnelsa anaTloben~ (1248).

Qqajebi uxorco arsebebi arian, maTTvis ucxoa yvelaferi adamianuri.

roca fatmani gaigebs, rom nestan-darejani qajebs SeupyriaT da qajebis

ufliswul_rosanze upireben gaTxovebas, gakvirvebuli kiTxulobs:

`qaji yvela uxorcoa, raman Seqmna xorcielad? (1245)

`magra qajni uxorconi ras aqneven, mikvirs qalsa?!~ (1246)

marTalia, rusTvelma qajebi uZlevel da daumarcxebel arsebebad

warmogvidgina nawarmoebSi, magram rusTvelis gmirebisTvis ar arsebobs

aranairi dabrkoleba, sikeTisa da siyvarulisTvis brZolaSi. sainteresoa

z. avaliSvilis SeniSvna: `rusTavels mTeli ganmarteba dasWirda am

53

qajebis vinaobisa, _ im mizniT, rom mkiTxvelisTvis dasajerebeli

gamxdariyo nestan-darejnis namdvili tyveoba da qajebTan

`vefxistyaosnis~ gmirTa saxelovani da namdvili omi.

fatmanisa da avTandilis saubarSi qajebis Sesaxeb, avTandilis

piriT gadmocemulia qajebze rusTvelis droindeli warmodgena, xolo

fatmanis piriT misi kritika.. rusTveli maT sakvirvel Tvisebas ar

uaryofs. Uuamisod ra qajebi iqnebodnen? Mmagram maTi qajoba ar

moindoma _ uxorco xalxTan omi rarig iqneboda ? es arc Seefereboda

romanis xasiaTs da mis sakompromiso aRweraSi qajobac daculia da

`uxorcobac~ uaryofilia (3, gv. 99-101).

rac Seexeba devs, romelic rusTvelis poemaSic gvxvdeba da

romelic qarTuli jadosnuri zRapris ganuyreli personaJia,

folkloris leqsikonSi ganmartebulia amgvarad fantastikuri zRapris

personaJi, borotebis sawyisi, eSmaki, demoni. Zvel qarTul ZeglebSi

avsulis, eSmakis gagebiT ixmareba. devi iTavsebs gveleSapis garegnul

funqciebs da garegnul niSnebs. igi xSirad flobs simdidres (43, gv. 131-

132).

rusTvelma poemaSi devebi Semoiyvana, marTalia, poetma mxolod erT

winadadebaSi moaqcia tarielis mier devebis daxocvis ambavi, magram es

jadosnuri personaJebi mainc axsena poemaSi, radgan garkveuli

TvalsazrisiT, es faqti misi gmirebis uZlevelobis damadasturebel

erT-erT winapirobad SeiZleba CavTvaloT. rusTveli gakvriT, magram

mainc SeniSnavs, rom tarieli devebTan meomari gmiria.

N

rusTvelis gmirebis mTavari damxmare yovelgvar gmirul saqmeSi

ufalia, Tumc gmirebi sakuTar Zalas da SesaZleblobebsac aranakleb

mniSvnelobas aniWeben, isini Aarc grZneuli monebis daxmarebaze amboben

uars da maTac sakuTari miznebis gansaxorcileblad iyeneben, roca amis

54

SesaZlebloba eZlevaT.

F fatmans ori grZneuli mona hyavs, romelTac SeuZliaT uCinrad

Sesvla nebismier adgilas.

`me orni Savni monani myvanan savseni grZnebiTa:

uCinod mivlen, wamovlen maTiTa xelovnebiTa~ (1238).

es saswaulebrivi arsebebi mxolod imitom Semohyavs avtors

nawarmoebSi, rom maT poemis gmirebs garkveuli daxmareba gauwion.

roca avTandili fatmans sTxovs, iqneb ufro dawvrilebiT Seityos

nestanis adgilsamyofeli, fatmani maSinve grZneul monas moixmobs, da

nestanTan werilsac gaatans. avtori gveubneba, rom:

M `man grZneulman moli rame wamoisva zeda tansa,

M masve wamsa daikarga, gardafrinda baniT-bansa~ (1276).

cixisa karni daxSulni Sevlna marT viTa Riani,

Sevida zangi pir-Savi, Tma-grZeli, tan-nabdiani~ (1278).

grZneuli mona Tavis funqcias pirnaTlad asrulebs nawarmoebSi.

igi naxulobs tyveobaSi myof nestans, miaqvs misTvis fatmanis werili da

moaqvs ukan werilis pasuxic. yovelive es saswaulis niSniTaa

saxeldebuli, romelsac erTi mizani aqvs, daexmaros poemis gmirebs.

Tavad saswaulze rusTveli iSviaTad saubrobs. poemaSi, iseve

rogorc agiografiul nawarmoebebSi, saswauli aRqmulia rogorc

realuri, utyuari faqti, tarielis, rogorc sruliad adamianuri

personaJis Semosvlas nawarmoebSi meti idumaleba axlavs da met

gaocebas iwvevs mnaxvelebSi, vidre grZneuli monis, uCinari mosasxamis

sakvirveli abjrisa Tu devebisa da qajebis arseboba.

Uucxo moyme nawarmoebSi sruliad bunebrivi saxiT Semohyavs

55

avtors, mefe da misi mxleblebi Soridan dainaxaven wyaros piras mjdom

mSvenier rainds, romelsac gverds Savi cxeni umSvenebs. miuxedavad

adamianuri garegnobisa, misi ukvalod gauCinareba mefes did sagonebelSi

agdebs. ucxo raindi, marTlac ucnaurad uCinardeba:

`hgvanda qvesknels CaZromilsa anu zecad anafrensa,

eZebdes da ver hpovebdes kvalsa misgan wanarbensa~ (98).

ucxo moyme ukvalod ar gauCinarebula, man mefis razmi umowyalod

daxoca da mxolod mefis mosvlis Semdeg gauCinarda, magram mefisTvis es

sakmarisi araa, rom misi adamianuri arseboba iwamos. daeWvebuli

rostevani TinaTins eubneba:

`ucxosa da sakvirvelsa ymasa rasme gadvekide~ (110).

roca me daminaxa:

`viTa eSma damekarga, ar kacurad gardamkocna,

jerTca ese ara vici, cxadi iyo, Tu meocna~ (111).

`kacTa xorcisad viT iTqmis isre TvalTagan faruli?!~ (112).

TinaTinis rCevis Sedegad, mefe samefos oTxiv kuTxiT gagzavnis

mdevrebs ucxo moymis ambis gasagebad, roca ukan dabrunebuli monebi

mefes moaxseneben, rom misi mnaxavi da ambis mcodnelic ki veravin

vnaxeTo, maSin mefe ijerebs, rom:

`vnaxe rame eSmakisa sicude da sibilweo,

Cemad mterad wamosruli, gardmoWrili zeciT zeo~ (119).

rostevani yovelive momxdars ucnaur ambad aRiqvams, magram

ijerebs, rom es moCveneba eSmakisgan iyo movlenili, iviwyebs am ambavs da

56

lxenas miecema.

saswauli, romelic nawarmoebSi am saxiT Semodis, mefis mier

aRqmulia ubralod eSmakisgan movlenil cud ambad, moCvenebad.

imis axsnas, Tu rogor xdeba xiluli uxilavi, anu rogor xdeba

ucxo moymis gauCinareba, avtori ar gvaZlevs. im droindeli

msmenelisTvis saswauli ar saWiroebs interpretacias, is iRebs amas,

rogorc esTetikur faqts, siuJetis logika iTxovs, rom gmiri gaxdes

uxilavi da is xdeba uxilavi, siuJeti iTxovs, rom grZneulma monam

gaarRvios cixis kedlebi da is asrulebs amas, moisxams ra jadosnur

mosasxams.

saswauli Suasaukuneebis romanebSi, gagebulia rogorc sruliad

bunebrivi aqti, romelic nawarmoebSi gmirTa Tavgadasavlis erT-erTi

Semadgeneli komponentia, saswauls axorcieleben ise, rom avtori umetes

SemTxvevaSi ar gvaZlevs amis detalizacias. saswauli xdeba situaciidan

gamomdinare da misi Sesruleba gmirTa neba-survils eqvemdebareba.

sanam uSualod kretien de truas romanSi, `iveni anu lomis

raindi~, moyvanil saswaulebze visaubrebdeT, unda aRvniSnoT, rom

damokidebuleba saswaulisadmi ufro mZafri iyo Suasaukuneebis

dasavleTSi, vidre saqarTveloSi. Aam periodis dasavlur literaturaSi

mravlad gvxvdebian ucnauri arsebebi: jadoqrebi, jujebi, feriebi,

mojadoebuli sasaxleebi da a.S., saswaulis areali metad farToa, Tumca

saerTo damaxasiaTebel niSnad rCeba is faqti, rom saswauli aqac

gagebulia, rogorc WeSmariti, utyuari faqti, romelic gmiris

Tavgadasavlis Semadgeneli nawilia, saswaulis aRsrulebis gareSe, gmiri

ver aRwevs mizans. K

kretienis gmiri, iveni, gamorCeuli raindia. `amirandarejanianis~

gmirebis msgavsad, isic faTeraksa da Tavgadasavals eZebs, raTa saxeli

moixveWos. Mkretieni Tavisi gmiris daxasiaTebisas, nawarmoebis

57

dasawyisSive aRniSnavs, rom iveni uZleveli raindia, romelmac

bavSvobidan moyolebuli ar icis ra aris SiSi.

K erT-erT samefo wveulebaze, mefe arturis karze, kalogrenani

yveba uCveulo ambavs, romelic mas broseliandis jadosnur tyeSi

gadaxda, sadac is ucnaurma raindma orTabrZolaSi daamarcxa. Mmefe

arturi da misi Tanmxlebni am ambis Semdeg cdiloben swrafad mividnen

im jadosnur tyeSi, romelic amden saswauls malavs, magram iveni

gamoeyofa maT, da Seecdeba pirveli mivides am adgilebSi, raTa raindTan

brZolis upiratesoba mas darCes. sainteresoa is faqti, rom es raindi

fizikurad Zlier gmirad aris asaxuli avtoris mier, magram misi

gamoCena saswaulebrivi niSniT xdeba nawarmoebSi. broseliandis tyeSi

aris wyaro, romlis gverdiT xarobs fiWvi, masze oqros jaWviT aris

dakidebuli sura, xolo Zirs devs Zvirfasi TvlebiT Semkuli qva. Tuki

romelime mgzavri am qvas am suriT wyaros wyals daasxams, saSineli

qariSxali amovardeba, magram moulodnelad gadaiwmindeba irgvliv

yvelaferi, mgalobeli frinvelebiT gaivseba jadosnuri muxa da

gaocebul mgzavrs, romelsac uWirs gaerkves ra xdeba mis irgvliv, Tavs

daatydeba ucnauri raindi, swored am rainds SeebrZoleba iveni da

amarcxebs kidec.

M magram ivens brZola uxdeba ara mxolod raindebTan, aramed igi

SeebrZoleba saSinel cecxlismfrqvevel gvels, romelic cdilobs

daaxrCos lomi. ivens ebraleba lomi da cdilobs daexmaros mas, gvelis

cecxli saxes wvavs gmirs, magram is bolomde ibrZvis da klavs

sabolood mas.

M uTavbolo xetialisas, igi moxvdeba mojadoebul koSkSi. erT didi

oTaxSi igi naxavs samas qalwuls, romlebic mZime samuSaos asruleben.

maTi sxeuli, Zveli samosis da mZime samuSaos danaxvaze, ivens

sibraluliT evseba guli da uWirs am suraTis cqera. mas surs gaecalos

58

iqaurobas, magram es jadosnuri koSkia, iq moxvedrili adamiani Tavisi

nebiT ukan veRar gamova. iveni ver garkveula ra xdeba, bolos erTi

qalwulTagani auxsnis, rom am cixe-koSkis mflobeli ori eSmakia,

romlebic demonis Svilebi arian. erTxel, am cixe-koSkTan axalgazrda

monarqma gamoiara da TavSesafari iTxova. eSmakebma mas brZola

gaumarTes, magram mefe Zalian axalgazrda iyo, rom es brZola moego.

amitom dasajes is uwmindurma Zalebma da aiZules yovel wels ocdaaTi

qalwulis gamogzavna maTTvis. es gagrZeldeba ase, sanam ar mova vinme

gmiri raindi, romelic daamarcxebs am uwmindur Zalebs. Cven ocnebis

uflebac aRar gvaqvs, radgan Cveni mZime xvedri maradiulia _ amboben

qalwulebi, _ Cven mwir purs gvaZleven da mZime Sromis safasurad

mxolod groSebs gvixdian. iveni gadawyvets daexmaros qalwulebs da

aRuTqvams maT, rom gaaTavisuflebs am saSineli yofidan. igi RmerTs

SesTxovs daxmarebas da gaemarTeba satanebisken, romlebic lomis

danaxvaze SeSindebian da moiTxoven lomis bnel sardafSi gamomwyvdevas.

satanailebis kombalma ivens muzaradi gautexa. brZola aSkarad

uTanasworo gamodga, ivens gabeduleba ar aRmoCnda sakmarisi or

uwmindur ZalsaTan sabrZolvelad. Bbnel sardafSi damwyvdeulma lomma

igrZno patronis gasaWiri da swored maSin, roca ivens sikvdili

emuqreboda, gamoCnda lomi da yelSi eca eSmaks, waaqcia da daaxrCo.

avtori xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom ara iveni, aramed lomi aSinebs maso.

Llomi ivens amoefara ukan da am brZolaSi meore satanailic daamarcxa.

es aris marcxi uwminduri Zalis, romelic ver imarjvebs sikeTeze.

momdevno nawilSi kargad Cans, rogor morbian gaxarebuli adamianebi da

rogor ulocaven erTmaneTs am gamarjvebas. iveni aTavisuflebs tyveebs

da iRebs uamrav dalocvas gaTavisuflebeuli adamianebisgan.

Aase ebrZvis iveni borot Zalebs, brZola uwmindur ZalasTan yvela

SemTxvevaSi saswaulTanaa dakavSirebuli. zRaprul-fantastikuri garemo

59

qmnis imis safuZvels, rom uTavbolo Tavgadasavlebis maZiebeli raindi

nawarmoebis dasasruls borotebze gamarjvebul gmirad aqcios.


rac Seexeba sneulTa gankurnebas, es Tema saero literaturis

ZeglebSi Taviseburadaa gadaWrili.

AàmirandarejanianSi~ gvxvdeba mxolod erTi SemTxveva, rodesac

brZolis dros, sefedavle darispanisZe omad madisZes cxenidan

Camoagdebs da mxars motexs. sefedavle friad Sewuxdeba am ambiT da

saCqarod eqims mouyvans damarcxebul TanamebrZols.

`vefxistyaosanSi~ mkurnalis, anu dastaqaris saxe, aqa-iq gakrTeba

nawarmoebSi. eqimis saxes ar ukavSirdeba aranairi saswauli. es saxe,

Tanaxmad rusTvelis mxatvruli stilis realisturisaken swrafvisa,

Cveulebriv mkurnal eqimTan ufroa axlo, vidre jadoqrebTan da

feriebTan, romelTa saxeebiTac ase mdidaria dasavluri romanebi.

Nnestanis xilviT dabnedil tariels garSemo uamravi qadagi da

mkiTxavi Semoexveva, romelTac tarieli `mter-dacemuli~ egonaT. tarieli

ambobs, rom:

àqimnica ikvirvebdes: èse seni ragvaria?

samkurnalo ara sWirs ra, sevda rame Semohyria~ (355).

roca nestanis unayofo ZebnaSi garTuli tarieli daWril fridons

gadaeyreba, ambobs, rom:

èrTi mona dastaqari myva da wylulni Seuxvivna

60

isris pirni amouxvna, dakodilni ar atkivna~ (601).

`cnobierTa dastaqars~ uwodebs avTandils rusTveli. es sruliad

axali saxea Suasaukuneebis romanSi. MavTandili iTavsebs sulieri

mkurnalis funqcias, romelic kargad icnobs adamianis fsiqologias da

Tavisi codnis wyalobiT, `im qveynad~ gasul tariels, cxenze Sejdomas

aiZulebs da `am qveyanas~ daubrunebs.

sruliad gansxvavebuli damokidebuleba gvxvdeba kretienis romanSi

mkurnalis mimarT.

Ggmiris gankurneba aq saswaulebrivad xdeba.

roca lodina ar apatiebs ivens ficis gatexvas, iveni gadaikargeba

da Rrma tyes Seafarebs Tavs, sadac igi SeSliliviT dadis da

yvelasTvis Sesabralisia. tyeSi SemTxveviT mas naxavs moseirne

qalbatoni mxleblebTan erTad da gadawyvets umkurnalos. samkurnalo

saSualeba ki aris feria morganas mier micemuli jadosnuri balzami,

romelsac codvili sulis gadarCena da ivenisTvis bednierebis motana

SeuZlia. Aavtori gveubneba, rom balzami marTlac saswaulmoqmedia, mas

SeuZlia avadmyofi tkivilebisgan gankurnos da sikvdilis piras myofi

gaacocxlos, is melanqoliisganac kurnavs.

ivenis gankurnebis mosurne qalbatoni Cumad damalavs cxenebs, didi

muxis qveS mZinare ivenTan miva da jadosnur balzams Tavidan fexebamde

scxebs. iveni male gaiRviZebs da aRmoaCens, rom Tan araferi mosavs. es

Jesti imaze metyvelebs, rom mas daubrunda cnobiereba, igi ganikurna.

iveni saswarafod Caicmevs gverdiT dadebul samoss da saswrafod

gaecleba im adgils sruliad gajansaRebuli.

A agiografiuli nawarmoebebisgan gansxvavebiT, Suasaukuneebis

romanebSi mkurnalis roli ufro socialuri daniSnulebis gaxda.

saswaulebrivi gankurnebis motivi mxolod kretienis romanSi gvxvdeba

61

da es gankurnebac saswaulebrivi personaJis, ferias mier damzadebul

jadosnur balzamTanaa dakavSirebuli.


cxovelTa samyaro saero literaturis ZeglebSi mravalferovani

saxiTaa warmodgenili. `amirandarejanianis~ avtori uamrav ucnaur

cxovels SeabrZolebs nawarmoebis gmirebs, magram es ucnauri `pilos

odeni~ cxovelebi, `spilenZis lomi~, gveleSapi, devi, uzarmazari

martorqa Tu adamianis saxis mqone uzarmazari mxeci, es saswauli

cxovelebi mxolod imitom Semohyavs avtors nawarmoebebSi, rom maTi

damarcxebiT, gmirTa Zalgulovnebas, fizikur Zalas da gabedulebas

gausvas xazi.

`vefxistyaosanSi~ vefxis saxe simboluri mniSvnelobisaa, Mmagram

uSualod cxovelTa samyaros mxolod erTi datvirTva aqvs,

daadasturos gmiris fizikuri Zala.

A agiografiuli gmiris msgavsad, romelic morCilebaSi amyofebs

cxovelebs, qarTuli saero literaturis gmirebi ar iqcevian. aseTi

SemTxveva gvxvdeba kretienis romanSi.

G gzad mimavali iveni dainaxavs, rogor Semoexveva cecxlismfrqveveli

gveli loms kudze da cdilobs mis daxrCobas, iveni dgas da fiqrobs,

romels gauwios TanagrZnoba da bolos arCevans lomze gaakeTebs,

gadawyvets mas daexmaros da gvels SeebrZoleba.Aamieridan lomi misi

erTguli Tanamgzavri xdeba, romelic mas emorCileba da exmareba

yvelaferSi.

M mojadoebul koSkSi, sadac iveni brZolas gaumarTavs or eSmaks,

62

loms akisria mTavari funqcia, eSmakebs ar eSiniaT ivenis, magram maT

aSinebT lomi, nawarmoebSi xazgasmulia, rom swored lomis daxmarebiT

amarcxebs iveni uwmindurebs.

nawarmoebSi aris kidev erTi aseTi epizodi: mSieri mxeci da iveni

inadireben, iveni cecxls anTebs da xorcs wvavs, mSieri lomi zis da

moTminebiT elodeba Tavis wils. Llomi aris ivenis Tanmxlebi, misi

mudmivi Tanamgzavri, misi damxmare da ivenic amayobs masTan megobrobiT.

(80, gv. 23-58).

***

amgvarad, Cven SevecadeT gangvexila saswaulis Tema agiografiul

nawarmoebebsa da Suasaukuneebis saero romanebSi. warmogveCina ra

datvirTva hqonda am Temas sasuliero da saero romanebSi. gadavida Tu

ara saero romanebSi agiografiaSi SemuSavebuli saswaulis garkveuli

sqemebi da Tu gadavida, ra saxiT.

gasaTvaliswinebelia is SemTxvevac, rom Suasaukuneebis saswaulma

garkveuli transformacia ganicada, im gagebiT, rom Seicvala adamianis

damokidebuleba samyarosadmi da RmerTisadmi. `grigol xanZTelis

cxovrebaSi~ moyvanili epizodi mogviTxrobs, rom grigolis mowafe

miqeli, maRali kldidan gadmoagdo abeliarma, magram RmerTi Seewia

wmindans da igi sruliad uvnebeli wamodga miwidan. sainteresoa am mxriv

`tristansa da izoldaSi~ moyvanili epizodi, roca mefe markis

sasaxleSi ganmartoebul mijnurebs, karebTan mcvelebis xma SemoesmebaT,

tristani gadawyvets gadaxtes koSkidan, raTa Tavidan aicilos

63

samarcxvino sasjeli. igi Sevardeba samlocvelo oTaxSi da gadaxteba

koSkidan. Nnawarmoebis avtori gveubneba, rom RmerTma igi Seiwyala, qarma

misi tanisamosi aafriala, raindi zeviT aswia da kldis ZirSi, brtyel

qvasTan Camosva (49, gv. 115).

Tumca tristani arRvevs garkveul zneobriv normebs, ufali mainc

Seyvarebuli gmiris Semwed gvevlineba. Ggmiris saswauli zogjer

RvTiuri saswauliT aris ganpirobebuli.

A amave nawarmoebSi gvxvdeba Semdegi epizodi: meSurne darbaislebi,

romelTac ar sjeraT dedoflis erTgulebis, mefes urCeven, izoldam

wminda nawilebze daificos gaxurebuli SanTiT xelSi da amiT Tavisi

umwikvloba daamtkicos. izolda daTanxmda saSinel gamocdas, misi

TxovniT mefem daibara didebulebi, raTa enaxaT rogor gaimarTlebda

Tavs dedofali. Mmefis msaxurebma koconi aanTes. Aam mZime gamocdas

izoldam moxerxebiT daaRwia Tavi da sakmaod ostaturad gaacura mefec

da didebulebic, roca ficis dros mTavar Secodebad sabralo mwirTan

(anu tristanTan) moxveva daasaxela.

sainteresoa is faqti, rom udanaSaulobis dasamtkiceblad, izolda

xels Cayofs gavarvarebul saxmilSi, amoiRebs SanTs, gadadgams cxra

nabijs da xelebs win gaiwvdis jvris saxed. irgvliv myofni naxaven, rom

izoldas xelis gulebi sruliad jansaRi da uvnebelia.

RmerTi uSvebs amgvar saswauls, radgan is, am SemTxvevaSic

mijnurTa mxarezea.

Mmiuxedavad garkveuli kontrastisa, saswaulis gagebasTan

dakavSirebiT, rogorc saero, ise sasuliero romanebSi SeiniSneba

Semdegi:

1. saswauli aris movlena, romelic realuri ambis saxiT aris aRqmuli;

saswauli Tavisi funqciiT arRvevs samyaroSi arsebul realobas da

migvaniSnebs zebunebrivze, RmerTze, romlisganac momdinareobs es

64

saswauli.

2. Qqristianul religiaSi saswaulis ZiriTadi daniSnulebaa moutanos

sargebloba adamians. esaa avadmyofis gankurnva, brmisTvis Tvalis

axela, adamianis moqceva WeSmaritebis gzaze da a.S. Suasaukuneebis

romanSi saswaulis ZiriTadi funqciaa daexmaros gmirs, moutanos mas

garkveuli sargebloba borotebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi (sakvirveli

abjari, grZneuli monebi, sakvirveli xmali, jadoqris balzami da

a.S.)

3. saswauli ar aris bunebis kanonebis darRveva; qristianul samyaroSi

yvelaferi saswaulis niSniTaa aRbeWdili; wmindanTa mier cxovelTa

damorCileba wilnayaria pirvelyofil samoTxis harmoniulobasTan,

Suasaukuneebis romanis gmirebic am harmoniisaken miiswrafvian,

rusTvelis gmirebTa sabrZanebelSi `Txa da mgeli erTad sZovs~.

4. wmindani uflis saxeliT moqmedebs, RvTis SemweobiT amarcxebs

borot da ukeTur Zalebs. brZolaSi gasuli saero romanis gmirs,

uflis Semweobis imedi aqvs (Tumca sakuTar Zalasac ara nakleb

mniSvnelobas aniWebs).

saswaulis gagebasTan dakavSirebiT sasuliero da saero romanebis

personaJTa Soris SeiniSneba Semdegi gansxvavebani:

1. wmindans aqvs privilegia RvTiuri sityvis gacxadebis, am unars

moklebulia saero nawarmoebis gmiri.

2. wmindans xelewifeba davrdomilTa saswaulebrivi gankurneba, maSin

roca saero literaturis gmiri, TviTon saWiroebs (zogierT

SemTxvevaSi) gankurnebas.

3. wmindans sikvdilis Semdegac SeuZlia saswaulis moxdena, maSin

roca raindis samoqmedo asparezi mxolod miwieri niSniTaa

Semofargluli.

65

4. saero romanebSi saswauli ukve modificirebulia, realuri

gamarTleba eZebneba moqmedebas.

Nnawarmoebebis ganxilvis fonze, saswaulis modificirebisas da misi

realurobisaken svlis kvaldakval, SeiZleba gamoiyos Semdegi

safexurebi:

P pirveli etapi es aris ganviTarebis yvelaze dabali done, sadac

yvelaze meti datvirTva eniWeba fiqcias, mwerlis mxatvrul enas,

romelic sufTa gamonagonze, zebunebriv samyaroze da saswaulebriv

arsebebzea aqcentirebuli. Mmwerali qmnis mistikur-idumal samyaros,

romelSic aranairad ar cdilobs agvixsnas gmiris esa Tu is qmedeba.

Aaxsnas rogor xdeba xiluli uxilavi, rogor amarcxebs gmiri masze

bevrad Zlier miTiur arsebebs. rogor uCinardeba esa Tu is personaJi,

Tu is jadonsur mosasxams moisxams da a.S. faqtia isic, rom

imdroindeli msmenelisaTvis saswaulis logika ar saWiroebs

interpretacias. is iRebs amas rogorc esTetikur faqts da es faqti

misTvis aris obieqturi yofa _ ontologiuri faqti da ara

fsiqologiuri. Aanu saswauli iqmneba ar mxolod saswaulisTvis, aramed

im sazogadoebisTvisac, romelsac am periodSi ufro metad msmenelis

pozicia ukavia, vidre mkiTxvelis. Asazogadoeba TviTon xdeba damkveTi

saswaulis. Suasaukuneobrivi samyaro saswaulzea orientirebuli. Aam

etapis nawarmoebTa ciklSi SegviZlia gavaerTianoT mose xonelis

`amirandarejaniani~, kretien de truas romanebis is pasaJebi, romelic

zebunebrivi saswauliTaa gajerebuli da rusTvelis `vefxistyaosnis~

ramdenime epizodi (qajebi, devebi, jadosnuri mosasxami, devebis mier

danatovari sakvirveli abjari).

M meore etapi es aris intermedialuri zona, sadac mwerlebi

aqcentirebas axdenen personaJTa gmirul saqmeebze. marTalia, xSir

66

SemTxvevaSi gmirTa fizikuri Zala da qmedeba hiperbolizirebulia,

magram zogierT avtorTan, ukve aris mcdeloba realurobis elementebis

Semotanisa da damkvidrebisa. (avTandilis brZola mekobreebTan; TaTbiri

qajeTis cixis aRebis win da a.S,).

ganviTarebis mesame etapad, SegviZlia is safexuri miviCnioT, sadac

metad xdeba realurobis xazgasma da mcdeloba axsnisa, rogor Zlia

gmirma esa Tu is mowinaaRmdege. Aamavdroulad, am etapze unda

davasaxeloT is qveynebi, romelTac sruliad realisturi elferi adevT

da romelTa konkretizirebas avtorebi xSirad axdenen nawarmoebis

manZilze. Aam etapze Cven ar vxvdebiT mistikur samyaros, romelsac

predominanti roli ukavia pirveli etapis ganxilvisas, Aaramed gvaqvs

sruliad realuri baza arsebuli qveynisa. amiT xdeba xazgasma da

miniSneba imisa, rom nawarmoebis gmirebi sruliad realuri personaJebi

arian.

A amgvarad, rusTvelis `vefxistyaosani~ SeiZleba CaiTvalos im tipis

nawarmoebad, romelic realurobis ganviTarebis mxriv, aSkarad win

uswrebs sxva ganxilul nawarmoebebs. poemaSi wamoWrili idealebi ki

mxolod imaze mianiSnebs, rom rusTvelisTvis saswauli poemis logikuri

Txrobis nawilia da ara mTavari mizandasaxuloba.

67

II Tavi

saswauli, rogorc Suasaukuneebis saero romanebis avantiura

sadisertacio naSromis pirvel TavSi, SevecadeT gangvexila im

tipis saswaulebi, romlebic saerToa rogorc saero, ise sasuliero

TxzulebebisaTvis. aseve aRvniSneT is gansxvavebanic, romlebic am tipis

nawarmoebebSi SeiniSneba. Ddisertaciis meore TavSi SevecdebiT

ganvixiloT saswauli, rogorc Suasaukuneebis romanisaTvis

damaxasiTebeli ZiriTadi niSani, romelic avantiuris fonze iSleba da

viTardeba.

Cven mizans warmoadgens satrfialo da saraindo romanebis

Seswavlis fonze ganvixiloT saswauli, rogorc avantiuris ZiriTadi

motivi. warmovaCinoT ra saxiTaa mocemuli garkveuli avantiura qarTul

da evropul literaturaSi. aqvT Tu ara maT saerTo damaxasiaTebeli

niSani da aris Tu ara saswauli Suasaukuneebis qarTul saraindo

romanebSic avantiuris ganxorcieleba. amisaTvis aucilebelia zogadad

mimovixiloT saero romanebis Seqmnis wina periodi rogorc qarTul, ise

evropul literaturaSi; warmovaCinoT adamianis, gmiris is axleburi

modeli da ZiriTadi Rirebulebebi, romlebic Suasaukuneebma moitana da

daamkvidra.

Suasaukuneebis epoqa, gansakuTrebiT XII_XIII saukuneebi, rogorc

aRmosavleTSi, ise dasavleTSi, axal sulier faseulobaTa damkvidrebis

saukunea. samecniero literaturaSi xSirad miuTiTeben, rom Sua

saukuneebis literatura da xelovneba mdidaria simbolur-alegoriuli

68

saxeebiT, es gansakuTrebiT igrZnoba arqiteqturaSi, romelSic mravladaa

fantastikuri figurebi, ucnauri simboloebi, romelTac did

mniSvnelobas aniWebda Suasaukuneebis adamiani. es Tematika ucxo araa

arc am periodis literaturisaTvis. am periodis saraindo Tu

sasiyvarulo romanebi gverds ver uvlian saswaulis Tematikas da

saswauli ufro metad afarToebs Tavis sazRvrebs wina saukuneebTan

SedarebiT, roca literaturul nawarmoebebSi Semohyavs uZleveli gmiri,

romlis samyaroc goliaTebiT, devebiT, feriebiT, qajebiTa da sxva

anTropomorfuli arsebebiTaa dasaxlebuli.

saswaulebrivi Tematikis gamoyeneba, rogorc adamianuri garemos

Semadgeneli nawilis, metad Zveli tradiciebidan modis.Eam tradiciam

saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi sxvadsxvagvari gamovlineba hpova sxvadasxva

qveynis kulturaSi. sainteresoa is faqti, rom sinamdvilesTan

damokidebulebaSi, am Tematikam yoveli eris, Janris da avtoris

koncefciaSi gansxvavebuli mniSvneloba SeiZina. miuxedavad

gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebisa, faqtorebisa da mizezebisa, Suasaukuneebis

qarTul saero romanebsa da amave periodis frangul kurtuazul romanSi

mainc SeiniSneba garkveuli msgavseba. kerZod, es aris avantiuris

ganxorcieleba, romelic ZiriTadad saswaulis niSniT xorcieldeba.

Qqristianobidan moyolebuli adamiani icnobda gmiris sam variants

_ mowame, monazoni da wmindani.

agiografiuli literaturis ZiriTadi amosavali principi iyo

mxolod da mxolod idealuri adamianis asaxva da ara adamianTa

sulieri Tu praqtikuli cxovrebis calkeuli mxareebis Cveneba. rogorc

mecnieri r. siraZe SeniSnavs, adamianTa fsiqologia Tu socialuri

funqcia fasdeba swored Tavisi drois adamianobis zogadi idealisadmi

mimarTebaSi. rogori unda iyos konkretuli pirovnebis cxovreba, raTa

igi gaxdes uSualo gamoxatuleba idealuri adamianis _ ai, esaa ZiriTadi

69

problema agiografiuli nawarmoebisaTvis. esaa sazogadoebis interesi,

idealur gmirs xedavdes konkretuli pirovnebis saxeSi. Aamdenadve,

daSvebulia idealuris konkretulad arsebobis SesaZlebloba. Aamitomac

agiografiis idealuri gmirebi istoriuli pirovnebebia (38, gv. 196-197).

Aagiografiul TxzulebebSi, didi mniSneloba eniWeba gmiris

dabadebas, misi gamorCeuli bavSvobis aRweras. Mmas farTo gavrceleba

aqvs gmiris Semdgom cxovrebaSi. Tumca Suasaukuneebis literaturaSi es

damokidebuleba icvleba. Aam periodis romanis mTavari personaJebisaTvis

amgvari dabadeba ukve aRaraa privilegia. Ees gmirebi nawarmoebebSi

Semodian ukve zrdasrul asakSi da maTi gamorCeulobis xazgasma xdeba

mTeli nawarmoebis manZilze.

Suasaukuneebis avtorebi (rusTveli, aseve misi Tanamedrofe frangi

mwerali kretien de trua), agiografi mwerlisagan gansxvavebiT, ideals

eZeben ara istoriuli gmiris, konkretuli pirovnebis saxeSi, aramed

isini ideals qmnian fantaziaSi.

rusTvelis SexedulebiT, adamiani idealurs uaxlovneba pirovnuli

RirsebebiTa da TvisebebiT. Suasaukuneobriv sazogadoebaSi arsebuli

idealebisadmi wvdomis surviliTa da misken Seupovari swrafviT.

Suasaukuneebis adamianis Sexeduleba garemomcvel samyaroze, misi

mentaloba da aRqma garemomcveli sinamdvilisa, Taviseburad aisaxa im

periodis literaturasa da xelovnebaSi.

frangi istorikosi, Jak le gofi, ase axasiaTebs Suasaukuneebis

adamianis mentalitets: `ra Tqma unda adreul SuasaukuneebSi uSualo,

ZiriTadi mizani adamianuri cxovrebis iyo amqveyniuri cxovreba,

amqveynieri, miwieri Zalaufleba, Tumc ki faseulobebi, romliTac maSin

adamianebi cxovrobdnen da romlisTvisac ibrZodnen, iyo RmerTi,

samoTxe, imqveyniuri cxovreba. Nnebismieri xalxis Suasaukuneebis

literatura Tavisi ZirebiT ukavSirdeba Tavis warsuls. iqneba es miTebi,

70

istoriuli faqtebi, legendebi Tu gadmocemebi saswaulebze, romlebSic

asaxvas poulobs nacionaluri TviTSegnebis xangrZlivi procesi. Eeposi

axdens naciis cnobierebis formirebas. Eepikuri gmiri qmnis idealur

warmodgenas gmirze, adamianze (90, gv. 210).

Suasaukuneebis gmiri nawilobriv Tavisufalia Tavis qcevaSi, igi

moqmedebs siyvarulis, megobrobis, gmirobis saxeliT. rasakvirvelia

aseTi gmiris warmoSobas garkveuli socialuri faqtorebi uZRoda win,

upirveles yovlisa ki es iyo Zlieri feodaluri monarqiis aRmavloba.

XII_XIII saukuneebis saero literatura, romelSic asaxva hpova

rogorc erovnulma TviTSegenebam, ise epoqis wes-Cveulebebma, axali

tipis gmiris ideali daamkvidra. is ZiriTadi faqtorebi, romelTac

gavlena iqonies Suasaukuneebis saero romanis Camoyalibebaze qarTul

sinamdvileSi, rogorc k. kekeliZe ganmartavs, iyo Semdegi: 1. saqarTvelos

gaerTianeba damoukidebeli monarqiis farglebSi. 2. saxelmwifoSi saero

feodaluri da samxedro elementebis dawinaureba, romelTa sxvadasxva

saxis moTxovnileba mxatvrul gaformebas eZebda Sesaferisi stilis

literaturaSi... mas sWirdeboda sakuTari literatura iseTi gmirebiT,

romelTac ara marto Ronieri mklavi aqvT, aramed keTili gulic... es is

socialur-kulturuli tipia, romelic dasavleT evropaSi kurtuaziul

mxedar-raindiTaa warmodgenili. 3. politikuri da ekonomiuri Zliereba

feodaluri monarqiisa, ramac Seasusta cxovrebisadmi pesimistur-

asketikuri damokidebuleba... Seigno amqveyniuri cxovrebis ideali,

SeimuSava humanuri idealebi da miswrafebani. 4. monarqiuli brwyinvale

samefo karis arseboba. samefo kari gadaiqca saero mxatvruli

literaturuli cxovrebis mTavar centrad. Mmonarqis karis

brwyinvalebasTan da mis keTildReoba-warmatebasTan iyo dakavSirebuli

saero literaturis warmatebac. 5. centralizebuli monarqiis rainduli

Sinaarsi. im sadevgmiro da samijnuro-romantikuli motivebis damuSaveba,

71

romelnic asazrdoebdnen axlad aRmocenebul saero literaturas (22, gv.

13-14).

Y yvela zemoT CamoTvlil fatqorTagan umniSvnelovanesia swored

monarqiis dawinaurebaa, Zlieri mefe, romelic ara mxolod Zlieri

xelisufali, aramed xelSeuvali monarqicaa, romlis Zalauflebis

ganmtkicebas mesianisturi koncefciac uwyobs xels.

sainteresoa am mxriv Suasaukuneebis warmosaxviTi samyaros

Seswavla. warmosaxviT samyaroze miniSnebebi araerTgzis gvxvdeba

Suasaukuneebis kulturaSi. cnobili frangi mecnierebi, pol alfanderi

da alfons diuproni, Seecadnen daemtkicebinaT, rom dasavleli

qristianebi jvarosnul laSqrobebSi gaemgzavrnen upirveles yovlisa

imitom, rom isini STagonebulni iyvnen zeciuri ierusalimis

warmosaxviTi saxiT. warmosaxvis istoria, es aris CaRrmaveba

cnobierebaSi, warmosaxva stimuls aZlevs adamians da ubiZgebs samoqmedo

asparezisken (104,. gv.69-74).

Sua saukuneebis warmosaxviT samyaroSi mniSvnelovan adgils

ikavebs saswauli. Ees Tema aqtualuria da gamoxatulebas poulobs

adamianTa samyaroSi, bunebaSi, literaturasa da xelovnebaSi. ESua

saukuneebis adamianebi gansxvavdebodnen rogorc mentalobiT, aseve

qceviT, azrovnebiT, reaqciiT garesamyaroze, rogori ganviTarebulic ar

unda yofiliyo esa Tu is individi, misi saukunis garemomcveli faqtori

mniSvnelovan kvals tovebda masze. amiT iyo albaT ganpirobebuli isic,

rom saswauli, iqneboda es gamJRavnebuli xelovnebasa Tu

literaturaSi, am periodis adamianisTvis misaRebi da sarwmuno xdeboda.

sainteresoa am periodis sazogadoebis damokidebuleba mefisadmi,

rogorc xelSeuvali monarqisadmi, romlis Camomavloba saqarTveloSi

arsebuli tradiciis mixedviT, RvTiuri xaziT sacnaurdeboda.

Llegenda bagrationTa RvTiuri warmoSobis Sesaxeb adreve Seiqmna.

72

yovel SemTxvevaSi IX saukuneSi sakmaod gavrcelebuli iyo qarTul,

somxur samyaroSi, xolo X saukuneSi mas mezobeli bizantiis saistorio

mwerlobac icnobda.

XI saukuneSi Seiqmna sagangebo saistorio Txzuleba, romelSic

mocemulia bagrationTa sagvareulos mwyobri genealogia. Aam

TxzulebaSi bagrationebi bibliuri daviTisa da solomonis meSveobiT

ieso qristes Camomavlebad arian gamocxadebulni. amiT iyo

ganpirobebuli, rom qarTveli mefeebi TavanT Tavs iesian, daviTian,

solomonian bagratovanebs uwodebdnen, xolo mefobas RvTis mier

dadgenilad da boZebulad Tvlidnen. Aaseve erisTavebic cdilobdnen

TavianTi warmoSoba sxvadsxva legendarul gmirebTan daekavSirebinaT da

amiT ganedidebinaT sakuTari gvari (26, gv. 70). Mmomdevno saukuneebSi am

ideologiam formulireba mesianisturi koncefciis saxelwodebiT miiRo,

romlis mixedviT, Tamari mTeli kacobriobis mxsnelad moizareboda.

`CaxruxaZis mier Tamari gamocxadebulia codvili kacobriobis axal

mxsnel mesiad, adamis xsnad mowodebulad (~Tamariani~, 20, 2), mexotbeni

cdiloben argumentacia mouZebnon am Tvalsazriss, axali mesiac (Tamari)

bibliuri mefeebis STamomavladaa gamocxadebuli (54, gv. 697).

Aanalogiuri mdgomareobaa am periodis dasavleTSi. cnobili

medievisti, mark bloki, romelsac ekuTvnis gamokvleva, `saswaulTmoqmedi

mefeebi~, xazs usvams im garemoebas, rom samefo dinastiis aRzevebis

periodSi, Cndeba legenda mefeTa RvTiuri warmomavlobis Sesaxeb.

romelic saTaves iRebs XII saukunidan da grZeldeba TviT XVIII

saukunemde. igi aRniSnavs, rom _ elei, eklesiuri zeTi, romelsac

scxebdnen mefeebs koronaciis dros, ar iyo ubralo zeTi, aramed E

saswaulTmoqmedi siTxe. IX saukuneSi erT-erTi episkoposis mier

Cawerili legendis Tanaxmad, VI saukuneSi mtredis saxiT gadmosulma

wminda sulma Camoitana amqveynad wminda WurWeli, romelic

73

saswaulTmoqmedi zeTiT iyo savse da romelic safrangeTis mefeebisTvis

iyo gankuTvnili. rogorc mkvlevari SeniSnavs, inglisis mefeebi

cdiloben ar CamorCnen safrangeTis mefeebs da XIV saukuneSi avrceleben

legendas, romlis mixedviT XII saukuneSi wargzavnili Tomas beketi

iRebs wminda qalwulisgan fialas RvTaebrivi zeTiT, romelic inglisis

mexuTe mefisTvisaa gankuTvnili (78, gv. 124).

zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, warmosaxviTi samyaro, romelsac qmnian

mefeebi da masze daqvemdebarebuli Zlieri feodalebi, aseve rwmena mefis

Zalauflebisadmi, magiis da saswaulis rwmena, qmnis garkveulwilad

idumal da saswaulebriv garemos, romelSic cxovrobs am periodis

adamiani. Sesabamisad, mwerloba da xelovneba gverds ver uvlis am

Tematikas da warmosaxviTi istoria mniSvnelovan adgils ikavebs am

dargebSic.

XII saukunis gaerTianebuli saqarTvelo, romelsac saTaveSi Zlieri

monarqi edga, socialur-politikur da kulturul-ekonomiur aRmasvlas

ganicdida. gaerTianebuli feodaluri monarqia moiTxovda axal,

cxovrebasTan Seguebul literaturas, axali motivebis Semotanasa da

damkvidrebas mwerlobaSi.

Aam periodis qarTuli mwerloba axlo kavSirSia rogorc

aRmosavlur, ise dasavlur mwerlobasTan. rogorc cnobili mecnieri n.

mari SeniSnavda, `X-XII saukuneebSi qarTvelebs igive sakiTxebi

ainteresebdaT, rac saqristiano msoflios mowinave adamianebs rogorc

aRmosavleTSi, ise dasavleTSi, im gansxvavebiT sxvebisagan, magaliTad

evropelebisagan, rom qarTvelebi sxvebze adre gamoexmaurebodnen xolme

filosofiuri azris uaxles mimdinareobebs, aRWurvilni iyvnen Tavisi

droisaTvis sanimuSo teqstualuri kritikis unariT (54, gv.113.)

Yyvela es faqtori qmnida SesaniSnav garemos qarTuli saero

mwerlobis CamoyalibebisaTvis, romelic `winaaRmdeg sasuliero

74

mwerlobisa, cnobda amqveyniuri cxovrebis, materialuri samyaros

TviTRirebulebas, aSuqebda adamianur sinamdviles da saxavda amqveyniur

idealebs. qarTuli mwerloba humanizmis gziT viTardeboda~ (8, gv. 6).

Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom saero mwerlobis Casaxva da ganviTareba

moxda swored sasuliero mwerlobaze dayrdnobiT. `saero mwerlobam

sasulierosgan daimkvidra savsebiT damuSavebuli ena, man gaimeora misi

mTavari Janrebi (eposi, lirika) da kompoziciuri xerxebi; meore mxriT _

Sinaarsoblivi satrfialo-samijnuro da sadev-gmiro motivebi, romelnic

warmodgenilni arian klasikuri periodis saero literaturaSi,

ukanasknelma elementebis saxiT, apokrifuli beletrestikidanac miiRo~

(22., gv. 39).

saero, rainduli romanebis winamorbedad, k.kekeliZe asaxelebs

wminda mxedarTa agiografias da maT `sagmiro~ Tavgadasavals. amis

sailustraciod moyavs giorgi kapadokielisa da Teodore stratielis

`wamebani~ da miuTiTebs, rom giorgi da Teodore raindul saqmes jer

RvTisa da jvaris daxmareba-SewevniT asruleben, mere ki Tavisi

vaJkacobiTa da mamacobiT.

rogorc k. kekeliZe miuTiTebs, `wminda mxedarTa~ romanebze didi

moTxovnileba dabadebula CvenSi X saukunis miwurulidan, gansakuTrebiT

XI_XII saukuneebSi, rodesac Cveni qveynis teritoriaze yalibdeba Zlieri

feodaluri monarqia. Ees iqedan Cans, rom dasaxelebul mxedarTa

cxovreba-martvilobani iTargmna swored X saukunis gasulidan XII

saukunis meore naxevramde (25, gv. 6). momdevno periodSi ki ukve iqmneba

originaluri saero mwerloba, romlis warmoSoba-ganviTarebaze

garkveuli gavlena mouxdenia rogorc bizantiur agiografiul romans,

ise sparsul literaturas. Kk. kekeliZem gamoyo saero romanebSi

agiografiidan Semosuli oTxi kompoziciuri Sabloni. romelzedac Cven

ukve visaubreT dawvrilebiT Cveni naSromis pirvel TavSi. Aamjerad

75

aRvniSnavT mxolod imas, rom mkvlevarma am Sablonebis ganxilvisa da

dasaxelebis safuZvelze gviCvena, Tu rogor gamoiyena sasuliero gmiris

garkveuli Tvisebebi saero literaturam axali gmiris mxatvruli saxis

Sesaqmnelad.

sainteresoa is faqtic, rom satrfialo motivebis, adiulteris

gaCena qarTuli aristokratiuli fenis garkveul wreebSi bevrad win

uswrebs igive movlenebis gaCenas dasavlur literaturaSi.Dda, rac

mTavaria gamJRavnebulia amisaTvis Seuferebel JanrSi, agiografiaSi.

EmarTalia, es faqti ar gvaZlevs uflebas, rom siyvarulis Tematikis

gavrceleba saero romanebSi agiografiuli mwerlobis gavleniT avxsnaT,

Tundac es agiografia icnobdes iseT Zlier satrfialo motivebs

rogoricaa aSot da adarnase kurapalatebis samijnuro epizodebi,

(`grigol xanZTelis cxovreba~), magram unda vaRiaroT, rom qmnis

garkveul winapirobas saero literaturaSi satrfialo motivebis

Setanisas da damkvidrebisas.

Uunda aRvniSnoT isic, rom rogorc n. naTaZe SeniSnavs, samijnuro

kultis arseboba im saxiT, ra saxiTac is evropasa da me-12 saukunis

saqarTveloSi arsebobda, sxva qveynebis istoriam ar icis. Mmkvlevari

qarTuli da evropuli samijnuro kultis Camoyalibebis saerTo wyarod

arabul kulturas asaxelebs (31, gv. 60).

Suasaukuneebis kulturam mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa qalis

rolisa da bunebis formirebaSi. swored SuasaukuneebSi Camoyalibda

Tvisobrivad gansxvavebuli Sexedulebani qalze, Suasaukuneebma TiTqos

xelaxla aRmoaCina qali rogorc ara borotis, aramed sikeTis sawyisi.

cnobilia, rom qristianuli kulturidan wamovida ori radikalurad

gansxvavebuli Sexeduleba qalze, ori qalis saxe antipodi, _ codvili

eva da qalwuli mariami. Tumca es Sexedulebani ufro metad

popularuli da aqtualuri iyo swored dasavleTSi da ara

76

saqarTveloSi sadac qalisadmi siZulvils mkveTri gamoxatuleba

arasodes qonia.

araerTi naSromi da da gamokvleva mieZRvna am Temas.

magaliTisTvis SegviZlia davasaxeloT ramodenime maTgani, romelTac

uSualod gavecaniT (mag : С. Шейхе _ История женщини в средние века; М.

Лабарж_Женщини в средневнковой жизни; А. Лукас _ Женщина в средние века (J.M.

Ferrante, J.H. Tavard, J.Duby...).

qalis bunebaze warmodgenebs, didi xnis istoria aqvs.

androcentruli kultura aTaseuli wlebis ganmavlobaSi ayalibebda

idealebsa da kulturul xatebs, romelSic wamyvani roli ufro metad

mamkacur sawyiss ekava, qalis roli da saxe ki umetes SemTxvevaSi

damcrobili iyo.

sainteresoa qalis roli miTologiaSi, zRaprebSi, sadac maTi

statusi sakamaod maRalia. dasavleTis miTosi savsea irealuri,

feeriuli qalebiT, romlebic aramiwieri arsebebi arian, magram maTi

rCeulebi umetes SemTxvevaSi miwieri mamakacebi xdebian. magaliTad,

adreul keltur literaturaSi qalebi Tavad irCeven qmrebs da udidesi

pativiT sargebloben. mkvlevarebma ukve aRniSnes is faqti, rom swored

keltebis miTologiuri sasiyvarulo istoriebi uyrian safuZvels

Suasaukuneobriv saraindo romanebs.

asevea qarTul miTosSic, `amiranis Tqmulebidan~¬ vigebT, rom

mamamisi Cveuli mokvdavia, xolo deda nadirobis qalRmerTi dali.

sainteresoa qarTuli jadosnuri zRaprebic, romlis mTavari RerZi

mzeTunaxavi qalia, mis garSemo ikvreba da ixsneba kvanZi.

cnobilia qalis roli saberZneTsa da romSi, sadac pirvel rigSi

idga ara pirovneba, aramed saxelmwifo da aqedan ukve gansazRvruli iyo

qalis roli da statusi. igi ar ganekuTvneboda Tavisufal,

sruluflebian moqalaqeTa wres.

77

xolo rac Seexeba qristianobas, romelmac Zireulad Secvala bevri

ram kacobriobis azrovnebasa da kulturaSi, warmodgenebi qalze aqac

etapobrivad yalibdeboda da icvleboda. rogorc rusi mkvlevari e.

eSevski ganmartavs, dasavlur, ukve gaqristianebul evropaSi, erT-erT

saeklesio krebaze, moazrovneebis winaSe seriozulad daisva aseTi

kiTxva, qali _ aris Tu ara igi adamiani ? _ mravali sawinaaRmdego

mosazrebebis Semdeg, erT-erTma RvTismetyvelma aseTi argumenti moitana :

_ bibliaSi ieso aris RvTis Ze, magram miwaze is aris mariamis Ze, anu

qalis Ze, amisda kvalobaze, qali adamiania, Torem misi Ze ver iqneboda

kacobriobis mxsneli. am argumentis sawinaaRmdego araferi iyo da am

krebaze qali aRiares adamianad (63, gv.39).

isini, vinc amtkicebdnen, rom qali Tavisi bunebiT iyo

arasrulyofili, rogorc fizikuri, ise inteleqtualuri monacemebiT,

apelirebas axdendnen Semdegi frazisas Zveli aRTqmidan (Sesaq. 1.2), rom

qali RmerTma Seqmna mamakacis Seqmnis mere, misi neknisgan da misTvis da

iq ar aris xseneba imisa, STabera Tu ara man suli qals.

axal aRTqmaSi ki Sexeduleba qalze sruliad sxvagvaria. maTesTan,

mariami ara mxolod biologiuri, aramed sulieri dedacaa qristesi,

qalma ki ar daRupa kacobrioba, aramed gadaarCina igi, mianiWa ra

sicocxle kacobriobis mxsnels. isic unda iTqvas, rom mariologiuri

kulti, romelic V saukuneSi iRebs saTaves, farTo gavrcelebas mxolod

XI saukuneSi poulobs.

Tumca qristianuli doqtrinis am elementebs xeli ar SeuSliaT

zogierTi qalTmoZule avtorebisaTvis, romlebic amtkicebdnen, rom

araferi saerTo madonas, mariams, Cveulebriv mokvdav qalebTan ara aqvs

da arc SeiZleba qondes.

sanam uSualod gadavalT Suasaukuneebis kulturaze da qalis

rolze am saukuneebSi, albaT oriode sityviT unda movixsenioT qali

78

qarTuli adreuli periodis nawamoebebSi, kerZod, `SuSanikis wamebaSi~,

sadac SuSaniki gvevlineba, rogorc qali, deda da bolos wmindani.

SuSanikis uflebebi marTalia Selaxulia, magram SuSaniki ar aris iseTi

damcrobili da uuflebo, rogoric am periodis dasavlur, Tundac

aRmosavlur literaturaSi asaxuli qali. SuSaniki garkveulwilad

damoukidebeli pirovnebaa, igi Tavisi nebiT midis qmris saxlidan da

miuxedavad araerTi damcirebisa da Seuracxyofisa, Tavis poziciebs ar

Ralatobs, marTalia, igi gvevlineba rogorc rwmenis udidesi damcveli,

mowame, magram igi bolomde mainc qalia, romelic ver patiobs varsqens

mis winaSe Cadenil danaSaulobebs, mainc ocnebobs, rom RmerTma

gansajos im qveynad orive iq, sadac `ara ars rCeva mamakacisa da

dedakacisa, sadac varsqens miezRveba, rameTu `man nayofni misni uJamod

moisTulna da silamaze misi udrood daaWkno...~ iakob xucesma saocari

realisturobiT asaxa wmindanis da amave dros mokvdavi qalis saxe.

sainteresoa zenonis dis saxec `grigol xanZTelis cxovrebaSi~,

sadac zenonis da TviTon irCevs saqmros da miyveba kidec mas, ojaxis

nebis sawinaaRmdegod.

amiT kidev erTxel dasturdeba, rom qalis statusi bevrad ufro

maRalia imdroindel saqarTveloSi, vidre evropaSi.

unda mivuTiToT imazec, rom `XII saukunis rusTvelamdel qarTul

kulturasa da literaturaSi SeiniSneba igive procesi, rac axal,

progresul azrovnebas mohyva XII-XIII saukuneebis evropaSi. Ees msgavseba

epoqis saerTo suliskveTebiT, azrovnebis ganviTarebis saerTo

kanonzomierebiT unda iyos ganpirobebuli. qarTuli kultura da

azrovneba amaRlda epoqis azrovnebis mwvervalamde da SeiTvisa

saukeTeso, rac aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis kulturebSi iyo. (54,

gv.705).

arsebobs garkveuli etapebi saero literaturis ganviTarebaSi.

79

SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneobis TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa

aRmosavluri samyaros literaturis am etapTa Sedareba dasavluri

eposis da romanis ganviTarebis tendenciebTan. Mmkvlevari a. aleqsiZe

gamoyofs or wres. amaTgan pirvelSi Sehyavs iseTi tipis nawarmoebebi,

rogoricaa X saukunis bizantiuri sagmiro eposi `digenis akritasi~, XI-

XIIss. Ffranguli `rolandis simRera~, qarTuli `amirandarejaniani~

(qalisa da gmirobis kulti, gmiris funqciaTa upiratesad

sazogadoebrivi, samxedro-feodaluri xasiaTi, qalis roli aris

daqvemdebarebuli, meorexarisxovani).

Mmeore wreSi Semohyavs bizantiuri satrfialo da saraindo

romanebi (XII_XIVss.); franguli kurtuazuli romani kretien de truas

avtorobiT (XIIs meore naxevari _ XIII s. ), rusTvelis `vefxistyaosani~

(qali iqceva centrad, siyvaruli nawarmoebis mTavar Temad da gmiris

mTavar funqciad) (4, gv. 76).

avantiuris kvlevis safuZvelze saraindo romanebSi, Cven

SevecdebiT erT wreSi gavaerTianoT rusTvelis, mose xonelis da

kretien de truas nawarmoebebi, raTa ukeT warmovaCinoT Tu ra

ganviTareba hpova avantiuram qarTul da dasavlur saraindo

literaturaSi.

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, qarTuli saero literaturis

Camoyalibebas win uswrebda mdidari qarTuli agiografiuli da

istoriografiuli Zeglebis Seqmna. istoriul matianebSi damkvidrda

garkveuli standarti, romlis mixedviT, yvela istoriuli personaJi,

romelsac mematiane aRwers, idealuria. aRweris amgvarma stilma moitana

da daamkvidra hiperboluroba, adamianis RiresebaTa aRwerisas

hiperboluroba miRebul normad iqca. Ees tendencia kargadaa

SenarCunebuli `amirandarejanianSic~, sadac personJTa Rirsebebze

80

saubari mxolod hiperboliT mimdinareobs. Aamgvarad, saraindo romanis

Camoyalibebaze agiografiul mwerlobasTan erTad, istoriografiulma

wyaroebmac iqonies gavlena.

rac Seexeba frangul kurtuazul romans, mis CamoyalibebaSi

garkveuli roli, sxva faqtorebTan erTad, iqonia sagmiro eposmac.

Chanson de geste, anu sagmiro eposi, rogorc mas frangebi uwodeben,

aris iseTi tipis nawarmoebebi, sadac gmirs, saraindo romanisgan

gansxvavebiT, akisria sruliad sxvagvari funqcia. gmiri ar eZebs

saxifaTo Tavgadasavals, aq mas dakisrebuli aqvs erTgvari movaleoba,

maTi adgili gansazRvrulia garkveul politikur da istoriul

konteqstSi. Ggmirebis mier Cadenil gmirobas aqvs Tavisi funqcia realur

samyaroSi _ isini icaven qveyanas. gansxvavebiT saraindo romanebisgan,

sadac raindisTvis _ aventure _ gadaiqceva gamocdis, TviTdarwmunebis

saSualebad.

franguli sagmiro eposi warmoiSva xalxSi, es iyo erTgvarad

gmiris Ziebis xana istoriuli sinamdvilis fonze. frangul eposSi Cven

vxvdebiT mxolod aristokratiul fenas. marTalia, sazogadod sagmiro

eposi istoriul faqtebzea warmoSobili, magram masSi bevria Sesuli

xalxuri warmodgenebidan, xalxuri fantaziidan. Ggmiri, romelic

warmoSva aseTma sazogadoebam, ukve axali gmiris models qmnis. is aris

morwmune, mefisa da samSoblos siyvaruliT aRsavse raindi, romelic

mzadaa urwmunoTa winaaRmdeg brZolaSi ar dazogos Tavi. gansxvavebiT

Chanson de geste, romelic im tipis nawarmoebebs miekuTvneba, sadac gmirebi

asruleben TavianT vals. Ggmiris mier Cadenil gmirobas aqvs Tavisi

funqcia realur samyaroSi _ isini icaven TavianT samSoblos.

Mmoqmedeben uflisa da samSoblos saxeliT.

cnobili frangi mkvlevris, g. parisis mixedviT, eposi Sedgeba oTxi

ZiriTadi kategoriisagan. Eesaa _ faqtebi (istoriuli da miTologiuri),

81

idea (romlis mixedviTac xdeba eposis formireba. idea aris zneobrivi

da moraluri), personaJebi (mefeebi, xalxi, mteri); forma (eposis formebi

icvleba, ZiriTadi Tema aris omi, xolo momdevno periodSi Semodis

mTxrobelis fantazia) (107, gv. 75).

sagmiro eposSi ukve ZiriTadi aqcenti gadatanilia ara

gveleSapebis da jadoqrebis, aramed mowinaaRmdege mtris damarcxebaze.

marTalia, jadosnuri cxovelebi am tipis nawarmoebebSic figurireben,

magram datvirTva imdeni aRaraa, radgan jadosnuri cxovelebis

damarcxeba ukve qristianuli rwmenis niSniT xorcieldeba. mTavari

aqcenti rwmenazea gadatanili da ara gmiris fizikur Zlierebaze.

qarTuli saero eposi amgvari tipis models, romelic konkretul

istoriul sivrceSi trialebs da mefisa da qveynisaTvis Tavdauzogav

brZolaSic uyoymanod midis, ar icnobs. ZiriTadi wyaroebi, romlebic

erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi ideis popularizacias ewevian, aris

SavTelisa da CaxruxaZis odebi da istoriuli mwerloba, romelsac

oficialurad aRiarebuli ideologiis Rirebuleba aqvT. marTalia,

`vefxistyaosnis~ gmirebisTvis, mefeTaTvis sikvdili caTa sasufevelSi

moxvedris tolfasia da arc samSoblos cnebaa maTTvis ucxo da isic

faqtia, rom erovnuli motivebis monawileoba poemaSi absoluturi

monarqiis ideologiaSia gamoxatuli, magram isini ar arian konkretuli,

istoriuli sinamdvilidan aRebuli personaJebi, romlebic konkretul

istoriul sivrceSi trialeben, gansxvavebiT `rolandis simRerisgan~.

MTumca isic faqtia, rom franguli agiografiuli Zeglebisagan

gansxvavebiT mdidar qarTul agiografiul ZeglebSi kargadaa

warmoCenili konkretuli istoriuli sinamdvile, gvxvdebian konkretuli

personaJebi,Eromlebic xSirad ara mxolod sulierebis gzaze Semdgar

wmindanebad gvevlinebian, aramed cdiloben samSoblosaTvis mZime

istoriul pirobebSi aRadginon `mamulisa Cveulebisaebr slvai~.

82

Tu qarTul literaturaSi sasuliero literaturis Canacvleba

saero literaturiT xdeba, dasavlur literaturaSi sagmiro eposs

kurtuazuli literatura anacvlebs, romelic pirdapir imeorebs

zRaprul motivebsa da fantastikas Dda gulgrili rCeba nacionaluri-

patriotuli Temebisadmi. `TviTon raindebi gmirobas Cadian ara

safrangeTis saxeliT, aramed piradi saxelis didebisaTvis an

feodaluri interesebidan gamomdinare~ (93, gv.198).

saraindo romanSi ukve pirvel adgilzea sasiyvarulo Tema.

siyvaruliT gamowveuli tanjva da sulieri konfliqtebi mniSvnelovan

adgils ikaveben am tipis romanebSi.

`vefxistyaosansa~ da kurtuaziul romanebs Soris arsebuli

kavSirebisa da gansxvavebebis Sesaxeb, mraval qarTvel da ucxoel

mecniers aqvs gamoTqmuli mosazreba (a. baramiZe, n. naTaZe, e. xinTibiZe, z.

gamsaxurdia, m. elbaqiZe, piter dronke, eleazar meletinski, kuleimans

beineni da a.S.). radgan Cveni sadisertacio naSromis ZiriTadi mizani

swored qarTul saraindo romansa da frangul kurtuazul romanebSi

saswaulis niSniT ganxorcielebuli avantiuris Ziebaa, saWirod vTvliT,

mokled mimovixiloT kurtuazuli literaturis arsic.

gamoTqmas kurtuazuli siyvaruli, arasodes iyenebdnen Sua

saukuneebis avtorebi. isini amjobinebdnen terminebs bonne amor, vraie amor _

mSvnieri siyvaruli, WeSmariti siyvaruli. Seyvarebuli xangrZlivi drois

manZilze unda emsaxuros Tavisi siyvarulis obieqts. Tavisi Zalebi man

mTlianad mas unda miuZRvnas, zogierT avtorTan Seyvarebuli raindi

kargavs yovelgvar individualobas. is bavSviviTaa, romelsac sayvareli

qali Tavis nebaze aTamaSebs. `misi gulisaTvis me mzad var viyo

matyuarac da gulwrfelic, erTgulic da moRalatec. uxeSic da

mosiyvarulec, radgan swored mas aqvs ufleba damamciros da amamaRlos~

(94, gv.124).

83

ingliseli mwerali klaiv levisi Tavis wignSi `siyvarulis

alegoria~, axdens kurtuazuli siyvarulis daxasiaTebas da ganixilavs

rogorc specializirebul swavlebas, romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia

iseTi niSnebi, rogoricaa Semrigebloba, kurtuazuloba, Ralati da

siyvarulis religia. Seyvarebuli yovelTvis damcirebulia. is

emsaxureba siyvaruls ise, rogorc feodaluri vasali Tavis batons.

Seyvarebuli emsaxureba Tavis damas da mimarTavs mas rogorc midons,

rac etimologiurad niSnavs ara Cemi qalbatoni, aramed Cemi batoni. Eam

yvelafers ki SeiZleba vuwodoT `siyvarulis feodalizacia~ (98, gv. 114).

Kkurtuazuli koncefciisagan damoukideblad, Sua saukuneebSi mzad

iyvnen miwieri silamaze imqveyniuri silamazis anareklad warmoedginaT.

eklesis fasadze, romelic sen-deniSi mdebareobs, aseTi warweraa

SemonaxuliL `grZnobieri silamazis aRqmiT, suli WeSmarit silamazemde

maRldeba da miwidan zecisken iswrafvis.~ Suasaukuneebis poeziis enaze

es niSnavda imas, rom kurtuazuli qalis Rirseba da upirveles yovlisa

misi silamaze, namdvilad ukvdavia. aseTi silamaze Rirsia `maRali~

siyvarulis, xolo amaRlebuli siyvaruli Rirsia apoTeozis (77, gv.82-85).

kurtuazuli siyvaruli gvTavazobs qalis mimarT mamakacis mier

mamacobis, mokrZalebis da erTgulebis gamoCenas. Ees transformacia

gvTavazobs siyvarulis xelovnebis daxvewil formulas.

Qqorwineba moazrdeboda socialuri daniSnulebis faqtad. maSin

roca kurtuaziis arsSi devs piradi damsaxurebebi da Tavisufali neba.

Qqali es aris suzereni, mamakaci vasali. sakiTxs, Tu rogori istoriuli

Zirebi aqvs kurtuazul siyvaruls, exeboda bevri mkvlevari. zogierTi

maTganis mtkicebiT, qalisadmi siyvaruli gulisxmobda RvTaebriv caritas.

zogi mecnieri ki miiCnevs, rom aq aris RvTismSoblis kultis gavlena.

cnobili mkvlevari erix kioleri werda, kurtuazuli literaturis

Seqmna dakavSirebuli iyo feodaluri fenis klasobriv da kulturul

84

interesebTan, im socialur fenasTan, romelic didebis zenitSi

imyofeboda, magram grZnobda ukve daRmasvlas. Yyovelive amis

gaTvaliswinebiT, igi cdilobda Seeqmna damoukidebeli kultura,

romelic mxolod misi interesebis samsaxurSi iqneboda da amasTan erTad

ar gaemijneboda eklesias im kulturuli saganZuridan, romelic am

periodis raindobas hqonda, mas unda gamoekveTa TviTmyofadi,

damoukidebeli kultura, rac ganaxorciela kidec kurtuazul romanSi

(97, gv. 232).

Mmainc ram ganapiroba kurtuazuli romanis warmoSoba? rCeba sami

wyaro _ pirveli _ es aris ovidiusis poemebi Ars amatoria da Remedia amoris;

meore _ saeklesio tradiciiT miRebuli: met-naklebi sasiyvarulo

urTierTobebi eklesiis msaxurTa da monazonTa Soris (mag. Aabeliaris

da eloizas urTierToba) da aseve vagantebis laTinuri poezia, aseve

arsebobs hipoTeza, romlis mixedviT kurtuazuli siyvarulis

warmoSobis ZiriTad wyarod Tvlian avicenas siyvarulis Teoriisa da

arabuli poeziis gavlenas (72, gv. 480-489).

mniSvnelovan Teoriul Txzulebad kurtuazul siyvarulze

iTvleba andrea kapelanis `traqtati siyvarulze~, romelic dawerilia

1174 wels. safuZveli am traqtatis Seqmnisa gaxda Sampaniis hercoginias

kiTxva, romelmac sTxova sasiyvarulo eTikis axsna kapelans, igi

gamoyofs Tormet wess, romelsac unda mihyves Seyvarebuli, aRsaniSnavia

isic, rom am wesebs mtkiced icavda yvela mijnuri.

Kkurtuazuli romanis mniSvnelovani wyaro aris jadosnuri

zRapari, an misi problematika. kvanZi romanis imaSi mdgomareobs, rom

harmoniuli yofa irRveva da iqmneba niadagi imisaTvis, rom gmirma

Caidinos rainduli gmiroba da aq iqmneba romanuli kolizia.

TviTdajerebuli gmiri arRvevs wonasworobas `siyvarulsa~ da

`raindobas~ Soris. xolo Semdgomi ganviTareba am siuJetisa imaSi

85

mdgomareobs, rom gaivlis ra gmiri gamocda-avantiuras, avtori aRadgens

harmonias. xdeba idealTan miaxloeba (110, gv. 30-31)

iseve rogorc antikuri romani, Suasaukuneebis romanuli eposi da

kurtuazuli (saraindo) romani Mmoicavs mraval gancalkevebul

siuJetebs, damoukidebel epizodebs, Tavgadasavlebs. AromelTa saerTo

damaxasiaTebeli niSani aris avantiura.

saero literaturis ZeglebSi sxva TemebTan erTad (brZolis,

gmirobisFprincipebi), avantiuris motivic gadadis, gadaxalisebulia misi

gamovlenis ubani da farTovdeba moqmedebis arec. eSmakisa da xorcis

siamovnebaTa daTrgunva individualizmis altruistul gagebamde avida.

farTo gza mieca moyvasis sasikeTod sakuTari Tavis gasaWirSi

nebayoflobiT Cagdebas. raindis, moxetiale avantiuristis tipis

Semotana qarTuli saero kulturis yvelaze tipologiuri msagavsebaa

dasavleT evropuli romanebis raindebis mxatvrul saxesTan.

cnobili medievisti e. kioleri aRniSnavs, romAavantiura esaa

SesaZlebloba, romlis saSualebiTac SegiZlia gadalaxo winaaRmdegoba,

romelic arsebobs cxovrebiseul idealsa da realur cxovrebas Soris.

romani axdens avantiuris idealizirebas da amiT sZens mas moralur

faseulobas. Ggamoyofs mas konkretuli wyarosagan da aTavsebs

warmosaxviT feodalur samyaroSi A(96, gv. 143).

avantiuruli romani aris iseTi nawarmoebi, romelSic mxatvrul

formebSi aRwerilia aTasgvari, umetes SemTxvevaSi, fantastikuri

Tavgadasavali ama Tu im pirisa. misi erTi adgilidan meoreze gadasvla.

Aam mxriv, es romani ukavSirdeba fantastikur `mogzaurobaTa~ da

`TavgadasavalTa~ romans. Aavantiurulma romanma yvela Tavisi niSnebiT

gamovlineba hpova umTavresad `raindul romanSi~. Mmijnuris davalebiT

Tu samxedro-sagmiro saxelis mopovebisa da ucnobi qveynis naxvis

surviliT gatacebuli raindi mogzaurobs sxvadsxva ucnaur qveynebSi,

86

ebrZvis mtrebsa da mowinaaRmdegeT, romlebic eRobeba adamianebis,

goliaTebis, saSineli da ucnauri mxecebisa da aTasgvari dabrkolebebis

saxiT.

Aavantiuruli romanis ciklSi Sehyavs k. kekeliZes `vefxistyaosani~

da `amirandarejaniani~. Mmkvlevari am tipis romanebis kvals isev

sasuliero mwerlobaSi eZebs da magaliTad mohyavs makari romaelis

cxovrebaSi Sesuli Txzuleba `mimoslva samTa ZmaTa~. Arogorc mecnieri

miuTiTebs, am Txzulebas gamovyavarT saeklesio-sasuliero TxrobaTa

rkalidan da SevyavarT saero fantastikur-zRapruli nawarmoebebis

sferoSi, sadac mTeli fizikuri buneba, misi movlenebiT, floriTa da

fauniT _ gansulierebuli da adamianis TanamgrZnobia (23, gv. 49).

Cvenis mxriv davamatebdiT, rom raindi, romelic piradi

saxelisTvis, didebisTvis Cadis gmirobas, bevri ramiT gvagonebs

zRaprul gmirs, romelic bolos dedofals da naxevar samefos

moipovebs xolme. maT gmirobas aqvs gamocdis xasiaTi `rTuli davaleba~

_ rac gvxvdeba zRaparSi. aRar vambobT arafers iseT gamocdaze,

rogoricaa iniciacia, romelic romans SeiZleba ememkvidra rogorc

zRaprisgan, ise eposisgan da miTisgan.

sagmiro eposis gmiris Tavgadasavali ganpirobebulia qveyanaSi

arsebuli mdgomareobiT, xalxs Wirdeba gmiri, romelsac warmoSobs

kidec da igi itvirTavs ZiriTad funqcias gaaTavisuflos qveyana

dampyrobelebisagan, gadaarCinos samSoblo. saraindo romanis gmiris

Tavgadasavals ganapirobebs an mijnuris daaleba, riTac mas saSualeba

eZleva daamtkicos sakuTari Zala da siyvaruli satrfosadmi, an gmiri

Tavisi nebiT eZebs faTeraks, raTa daimsaxuros raindis wodeba an ukve

miniWebul wodebas saxeli da dideba Sematos.

qarTul saraindo romanebSi (`amirandarejaniani~, `vefxistyaosani~),

iseve rogorc amave periodis dasavlur literaturaSi, gmiris avantiuris

87

ganxorcielebaSi mniSvnelovan adgils ikavebs saswauli, romelic xSir

SemTxvevaSi an xdeba dasabami mTeli avantiuris, an Tan sdevs avantiuras

mTeli ganviTarebis manZilze. is, rom `vefxistyaosani~ ar aris

gajerebuli im doziT saswaulebrivi elementebiT, rogorc dasavluri

romanebi. jer kidev cnobilma mkvlevarma moris bouram SeniSna _

marTalia, `vefxistyaosani~ saraindo roamania, mas saocrad aklia erTi

elementi, romliTac gaJRenTilia TiTqmis yvela sxva saraindo romani es

aris zebunebrivoba. rasac `vefxistyaosanSi~ vaJkacebi da diacebi

akeTeben, marTlac gansakuTrebulia da Cveulebrivi adamianis Zal-Rones

aRemateba, magram miuxedavad amisa, aseTi moqmedeba mainc SesaZlebelia

da magia aq araviTar rols ar asrulebs. Aam TvalsazrisiT

`vefxistyaosani~ TiTqmis realisturia (11, gv. 12-14).

Tumca unda aRvniSnoT, rom avantiura, romelsac `vefxistyaosnis~

gmirebi axorcieleben, garkveulwilad avlens siaxloves dasavlur

romanebSi aRweril saswaulebriv elementebTan, asevea

`amirandarejaniani~, romlis gmirebi faTerakebisa da Tavgadasavlebis

Ziebisas ufro met siaxloves amJRavneben dasavluri romanebis

raindebTan.

sainteresoa is faqtic, rom gmirebis mier ganxorcielebuli

Tavgadasavali, romelic saswauliTa da zebunebrivi elementebiTaa

gajerebuli, misi drois mkiTxvelisaTvis sruliad realur ambadaa

aRqmuli.

Arogorc g. imedaSvili aRniSnavs, `vefxistyaosanSi~ arcerTi

fantasmagoruli detali ar gvaeWvebs misi adamianuri aRqmis

SesaZleblobaSi, iseve rogorc Cvens SegrZnebaSi, arc rusTvelis gmirTa

xasiaTebi kargaven cxovelmyofelobas imitom, rom isini mogonil

personaJebs warmoadgenen (16, gv. 339).

Mmainc ra datvirTva eniWeba saraindo romanebSi saswauls, iqneba

88

is mocemuli didi Tu mcire doziT?

SeiZleba iTqvas rom `vefxistyaosnisaTvis~, iseve rogorc

franguli kurtuazuli romanebisTvis, jadosnuri samyaro adamianis

gaxsnis, sinamdvilis eqspresiuli Cvenebis xerxad aris qceuli.

rusTvelis originaloba is aris, rom igi ar ganixilavs siyvaruls,

rogorc aranormalur movlenas. misTvis siyvaruli adamianis gulSi

sikeTis gamomavlinebelia. rusTvelis gmirebis samoqmedo asparezsac

siyvaruli udevs safuZvlad.

samyaro, romelsac gmirebi toveben, raTa sabolood mas harmoniuli

yofa daubrunon, usasrulod didia. dro-sivrcis SegrZneba am periodis

nawarmoebebSi, rogorc mixeil baxtini aRniSnavs, e.w. `avantiuruli

drois~ niSniT mimdinareobs. am romanebis personaJebi, ZiriTadad, `ucxo~,

abstraqtul samyaroSi gadaadgildebian da droc Sesabamisad xan

statikuria, xan dinamikuri. dro yvela personaJisTvis gansxvavebulad

gadis, radgan drois aRqma personaJTa cxovrebis weszea damokidebuli

(61, gv.234-407).

saraindo romanisTvis, ise rogorc sagmiro zRaprisTvis

damaxasiaTebelia mogzauroba axal saswaulebriv adgilebSi.

gaTavisufleba da gamoxsna datyvevebulis, brZola ucnaur arsebebTan.

imisaTvis, rom gmiris avantiuras moeZebnos ganxorcielebis saSualeba,

gmirma unda imogzauros. Tavgadasavali da gmiris usasrulo

mogzaurobis Tema aqtualuria am periodis romanebSi. gmirTa

Tavgadasavlebis areali ukideganoa. sainteresoa TavisTavad is faqti,

rodidan Caeyara safuZveli samogzauro Janris Camoyalibebas, romelmac

aseTi farTo gavrceleba hpova Semdgom saraindo romanebSi.

cnobili mkvlevari umberto eko aRniSnavs, rom Sua saukuneebis

mxatvrul nawarmoebSi, Ffantastika gamoiyofa rogorc gansakuTrebuli

saxeoba mxatvruli Semoqmedebis. fantastikuris aRorZineba

89

dakavSirebulia saswaulis esTetikis gadamuSavebasTan, xdeba ganStoeba:

sagmiro zRapari da zRapari kulturul gmirze transformirdeba

sagmiro eposSi _ romelSic mravladaa saswaulebrivi elementebi. Mmagram

yovelgvari saswauli aRqmulia rogorc Cveulebrivi movlena, romelic

CarTulia gmirTa Tavgadasavlebsa da mogzaurobebSi. Hhomerosis

òdisea~ aris upirveles yovlisa fantastikuri monaTxrobi

yvelafrisSemZlebel da daujerebel Tavgadasavlebze. Oòdiseas~

siuJeti gaxda dasabami MmTeli dasavluri literaturis fantastikis,

irlandiuri sagmiro sagebis, wminda brendanis mogzaurobis da a.S

Aamgvarad, jer kidev antikur xanaSi miiRo fantastikam ZiriTadi

mimarTuleba _ fantastikuri mogzauroba (111, gv. 58).

imisaTvis, rom ufro kargad warmoCndes Tu ra tradiciebs

emyareboda Suasaukuneebis gmiri, roca usasrulod daxetialobda

faTerakebis saZieblad, SevecdebiT oriod sityviT im tipis nawarmoebebi

mimovixiloT, romelTac safuZveli moumzades romanebSi avantiuris

SemotanisaTvis, avantiuris, romelic umeteswilad saswaulis niSniT

xorcieldeba.

rogorc mkvlevarebi aRniSnaven, Cvenamde moRweuli Yyvelaze

adreuli nawarmoebebia `gilagameSis eposi~ da òdisea~. Hhomerosis

poemam didi roli iTamaSa am Janris Semdgomi ganviTarebisaTvis.

òdiseas~ modelis mixedviT Seiqmna sxva cnobili antikuri siuJeti.

magaliTad, argonavtebis mogzauroba. Aam periods ganekuTvneba

literaturuli utopiebic (berZ. τοπος — «adgili», υ-τοπος — «adgili,

romelic ar arsebobs»). pirvel utopiad, dasavlur evropul

literaturaSi, iTvleba platonis `saxelmwifoSi~ aRwerili idealuri

sazogadoebis modeli. amas garda utopiuri motivebi gvxvdeba TiTqmis

yvela xalxis miTologiaSi. UutopiebSi xSiradaa warmodgenili

90

fantastikuri mogzaurobebi dausaxlebel kunZulebze (maTi prototipia

homerosis mier aRwerili mogzauroba, rodesac odisevsi xvdeba

sxvadasxva ucnaur kunZulebze. aseTia iambulis `mzis kunZuli~ antonio

Ddiogenes `daujerebeli Tavgadasavlebi tulis mxareSi~, aseve

`aleqsandre didis istoriaSi~ moTxrobili `indoeTis saswaulebi~,

romelic pirveli berZnuli romania, sadac moTxrobilia aRmosavleTis

saswaulebze) (71, gv. 57).

SemdgomSi mecnierebma yuradReba miaqcies pirdapir kavSirs

zogierTi rainduli romanebisa da misi fragmentebisa iseT keltur

JanrebTan, rogoricaa imrama, extra.

irlandiur literaturaSi arsebobda specialuri Janri echtra

romelic aRwerda gmirebis mogzaurobas dedamiwis garSemo. Ees Janri

Zalian axlos dgas immram-is JanrTan, romelic mogviTxrobs gmiris

sazRvao mogzaurobebze.. MmecnierTa kvlevis safuZvelze dadgenilia, rom

es Janri saTaves iRebs kelturi miTologiidan (87, gv. 69).

samecniero literaturaSi miTiTebulia, rom Soreul

mogzaurobebsa da saswaul ambebs Soris Garsebobs garkveuli genetikuri

kavSiri. amis Sesaxeb gvacnoben uZvelesi naratiuli wyaroebi, romlebic

mogviTxroben fantastikuri arsebebiT dasaxlebul ararsebul qveynebze.

aRwerilia miRmuri, anu xTonuri (χθων), imqveyniuri qveynis saswaulebic.

es wyaroebi mogviTxrobdnen utopiur saxelmwifoebze, saucxoo

baRnarebsa da miwebze. aseTi tipisaa uZvelesi logografebis

moTxrobebic (65, gv. 278).

Mmainc ram ganapiroba aseTi Janris gavrceleba Suasaukuneebis

literaturaSi? _ uZvelesi droidan moyolebuli adamianebi ocnebobdnen

im Soreul da bednier qveynebze, sadac adamiani SeZlebda bednier da

91

uzrunvel cxovrebas, sadac ar iarsebebda aranairi adamianuri problema.

miTologiaSi male gaCnda legendebi sxvadasxva fantastikur qveynebze,

saiTkenac miemarTebian miTologiuri gmirebi, zRapris gmirebi, da Semdeg

maT enacvlebian Suasaukuneebis raindebi, Tumca amaze Semdgom. Uunda

aRvniSnoT, rom Tuki Tavdapirvelad arsebobda am tipis ambebis mxolod

moaruli siuJetebi, mwerlobis ganviTarebasTan erTad, Sexedulebebi da

warmodgenebi idealur samyaroze gadavida ukve literaturul

nawarmoebebSi.

antikur literaturaSi Cven gvxvdeba aseTi siuJeti homerosis

`odiseaSi~, sadac nimfa kalifsos kunZulidan momavali odisevsi, xvdeba

kunZul sxeriaze, sadac cxovreben fekarielebi. isini bednier cxovrebas

atareben, ar ician arc dardi da arc avadmyofoba. maTi gemebi uSiSrad

gadian zRvaSi da ukan yovelTvis mSvidobiT brundebian. maTi qalaqi

saucxood mdidruli da lamazia. Oodisevsi ciklopTa qveyanaSic

moxvdeba, sZlevs maT calTvala belads da miadgeba kirkes, romelmac

misi Tanamgzavrebi Rorebad aqcia. Cadis aseve hadesSi da troas omSi

daRupul gmirebs ecnoba. aseve is xvdeba nimfa kalifsos kunZulze,

sadac Svid wels dahyofs da xangrZlivi mogzaurobis Semdeg igi

brundeba samSobloSi .

aseTia kerZod erTi antikuri gmiris saxe da misi mogzauroba

siZneleebiTa da xifaTebiT savse gzaze. miuxedavad imisa, rom odisevsi

xvdeba bednier qveyanaSi, sadac SeuZlia darCena da uzrunveli cxovreba,

igi mainc brundeba ukan, anu saxlSi.

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, irlandiaSi arsebobda immram-is Janri,

romelic aRwerda gmiris mogzaurobas zRvebsa Tu okeaneebSi. Ggmiris

survili iyo emogzaura im bednier qveynebSi, romelzec yvela mokvdavi

ocnebobda. qristianobis SemosvlasTan erTad am tipis nawarmoebebma

garkveuli cvlileba ganicada, kerZod, rogorc am epoqis literaturis

92

mkvlevrebi miiCneven, ZiriTadi wyaro, im ambebisa, romelic ama Tu im

gmiris TavgadasavalSi gvxvdeba, modis keltebis warmodgenebidan `sxva

samyaroze~. momdevno periodSi ki qristianuli Sexedulebebidan.

magaliTisTvis moviyvanT erT nawarmoebs, romelsac aseTi cvlilebebis

kvali atyvia, esaa `mal-duinis mogzauroba~. nawarmoebis mixedviT,

mTavari gmiri miemgzavreba, raTa Suri iZios sakuTari mamis

mkvlelobisaTvis. is da misi Tamxlebni didxans curavdnen zRvaSi, sanam

ar miadgnen jadosnur kunZuls, romelic dasaxlebuli iyo fantastikuri

cxovelebiT, romelnic jadosnuri xiliT ikvebebodnen. Semdeg isini

moxvdnen mSvenieri qalebis kunZulze, es iyo saucxood lamazi kunZuli,

romelsac ar Wirdeboda aranairi movla da zrunva. cxovreba am

kunZulze mudmivi iyo, aravin icoda arc avadmyofoba, arc sikvdili.

Ngmirebi garkveuli drois manZilze rCebian am kunZulze, Tumca bolos

isev brundebian samSobloSi (66, gv. 121).

sainteresoa is faqti, rom miuxedavad aseT bednier qveyanaSi

moxvedrisa, gmirebs, rogorc odisevss, mainc uCndebaT survili ukan

dabrunebisa.

saga `mal-duinis mogzaurobis Sesaxeb~, miekuTvneba irlandiur

fantastikur eposs. misi Zveli versia arsebobda ukve me-7 saukuneSi,

xolo gadamuSavebuli, romelSic ukve mravladaa qristianuli

elementebi, dawerilia X saukuneSi.

saga Tavisi kompoziciiT Zalian hgavs homerosis `odiseas~, gmiri

miemarTeba samogzaurod zRvaSi, is gazadagza xvdeba goliaTebs,

ciklopoebs, gigantur frinvels, romelic jadosnur wyalSi banaobs da

a. S.

Qmomdevno periodis, ukve qristianuli elementebiT gamdidrebuli

saga, mainc ar aris Tavisufali zRapruli saswaulebisa Tu jadosnuri

arsebebisagan, monaTxrobs emateba garkveuli qristianuli warmodgenebi

93

da Sexedulebebi.

Qqristianobis SemosvlasTan erTad gaCnda axali legendebi

Soreul, bednier qveynebze. sakmarisia gavixsenoT edemis baRi, romelic

kacobriobam dakarga codvaTdacemis Semdeg da mTeli Semdgomi

saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi adamianebi cdiloben naxon es bednieri qveyana,

an Seiqmnan garkveuli warmodgena masze. sainteresoa isic, rom am

periodis adamiani cxovel interess iCens jojoxeTis naxvisas. yovelive

aman, xeli Seuwyo apokrifuli Janris Camoyalibebas. Aavtorebma

apokriful niadagze Seqmnes Taviseburi romanebi da moTxrobebi,

`advilad sakiTxavi da saintereso maTi `masobrivi~ da `xalxuri~

xasiaTis gamo. Aam romanebsa da moTxrobebSi mocemulia fantastikuri,

mimzidveli suraTebi, aseT saintereso wignebs mkiTxvelebi xarbad

ewafebodnen~ (21, gv. 430).

Suasaukuneebis literaturaSi adamianis jojoxeTSi Tu samoTxeSi

moxvedra, yovelTvis moazrebuli iyo rogorc mogzauroba, gaRweva

Caketili geografiuli wridan. A

am tipis Txzulebebs, mkvlevrebi xSirad uwodeben qristianul

odiseas. aseTia `wminda brendanis mogzauroba~, am nawarmoebma udidesi

gavlena moaxdina mTeli Suasaukuneebis literaturis Camoyalibebaze, am

nawarmoebSi realurad arsebul adamianze moTxrobilia fantastikur

formaSi.

es nawarmoebi gavrcelebuli iyo irlandiaSi VII saukunidan, xolo

laTinuri teqsti Navigatio – TariRdeba IX saukuniT. benua qmnis am

nawarmoebs henri I sTvis. wminda brendani Cven warmogvidgeba rogorc

morwmune adamiani, romelic erTi surviliTaa Sepyrobili, surs ixilos

samoTxe, sadac cxovrobdnen pirveli adaminebi _ adami da eva.

94

imisaTvis, rom sruli warmodgena SeviqmnaT am teqstze, romelmac

udidesi gavlena iqonia Suasaukuneebis dasavluri romanis ganviTarebaze,

SevecdebiT teqstis mokle Sinaarsi gadmovceT. gvinda aRvniSnoT isic,

rom wminda brendanis Tavgadasavali, misi qristianuli odisea, mdidaria

rogorc miTologiuri, ise qristianuli saxeebiT, is ucnauri brolis

koSki, saswaulebrivi cxovelebi Tu samoTxis baRi, romelTa Sesaxeb

avtori mogviTxrobs, xSir SemTxvevaSi Tanxvedras amJRavneben Sua

saukuneebis romanebSi warmodgenil garkveul pasaJebTanac da unda

aRvniSnoT isic, rom apokriful mimosvlaTa Janris nawarmoebSi gmiri

xSirad miemarTeba samoTxis saZieblad. Ees aris sivrculi _

geografiuli gadaadgileba. momlocvelisTvis samoTxe es aris adgili,

sadac ca da dedamiwa erTmaneTs uerTdeba. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom es araa

warmosaxviTi mogzauroba.

wminda brendani irlandiaSi daibada. man kargad Seiswavla saRvTo

werili, bolos miatova amqveyniuri siame, beris anafora Caicva da tyeSi

dasaxlda ramodenime berTan erTad. Txovna uflisadmi erTaderTi iyo,

eCvenebina misTvis samoTxe. am survilis asaruleblad, wminda mamebma

zRviT mogzauroba gadawyvites. Bberebi gzad uamrav rames ixilaven.

aseTia saSineli, cecxlismfrqveveli gvelebis brZola, romelnic wminda

mamis locvis Semdeg erTmaneTs daxocaven, sazareli grifonebi,

romlebic aseve erTmaneTs gauswordebian. berebi moxvdebian

jojoxeTSic, sadac naxaven rogor itanjeba iuda. bolos naxaven

samoTxes. ucnaur TeTr kedels, romelic uZvirfasesi qvebiTaa mooWvili,

wminda mamebi miadgebian kars, romelsac cecxliviT briala drakonebi

icaven, isini ixilaven saocar xeebs da wyaroebs, moyvavile baRs,

msxmoiare xeebs, rZis mdinareebs, oqros mTebs, ganZiT savse

gamoqvabulebs. Bbrendani ava maRal mTaze, sadac gaigebs saocar xmas, _

ai samoTxe, romelsac eZebdi, jer ar aris dro Seni aq mosvlis,

95

samaxsovrod waiRe oqros qva, romelic Sen Zalasa da gambedaobas

Segmatebs.

wminda brendani Tavis mxleblebTan erTad uZlebs yovelgvar

gansacdels, yovelgvar SiSs, mTeli misi mogzauroba, sanam igi ar

miaRwevs samoTxes, aris erTgvari gamocda, rogorc sulieri, ise

fizikuri (99).

aRsaniSnavia isic, rom wminda brendanis mier ganvlili gza,

romelic aTasi xifaTiT da ucnaurobebiTaa savse (urCxulebi da

grifonebi, romelTa daxocva wmindanis movaleobaSi ukve aRar Sedis,

radgan uflis surviliT es arsebebi erTmaneTTan dapirispirebiT

nadgurdebian), Zvirfasi qvebiT mooWvili kunZuli, romelic ucxo

mcenareebiT, oqroTi savse gamoqvabulebiTa da aTasgvari sikeTiTaa

aRsavse, marTlac erTgvar nimuSs warmoadgens im pirvelyofili

dakarguli walkotisas, romelic samoTxed iyo moazrebuli da romlis

gamoZaxili araerTgzis gvxvdeba saraindo romanebSi, sadac analogiurad

moTxrobilia ucnaur walkotebze, romelic mravali ucnaurobebiTa da

sikeTiTaa savse da a.S. zRaparsa Tu miTSi Ggmiris Tavgadasavali iwyeba

maSin, rodesac mas an samyaros, romelSic is cxovrobs, raRac aklia,

raRac ar yofnis. zRaparSi es SeiZleba iyos raRac umniSvnelo (qali an

jadosnuri nivTi) maSin, roca miTSi es aris bunebriv-kulturuli an

kosmiuri obieqtebi. miTiuri gmiri itacebs ukvdavebis wyals da

jadosnur nivTebs, raTa gankurnos avadmyofi, an itacebs cecxls

sakuTari saxlisTvis. zRapris gmiri aRwevs gamarjvebas mikrokosmosSi,

xolo miTiuri gmiri mTeli qveynis masStabiT (60, gv.85).

wminda brendanis mogzaurobas ki saufuZvlad daedo survili

samoTxis naxvisa, gansxvavebiT zRaprisa Tu miTiuri gmirisgan, Tumca

Tanxvedra am gmirebs Soris imaSi mdgomareobs, rom siZneleebisa da

faTerakebis gadalaxva TiToeul maTgans uwevs, sxvagvarad mizani ar

96

miiRweva.

Suasaukuneebis romanis gmiri, romlis saxe Camoyalibebulia

rogorc zRaprul-miTologiuri, ise qristianuli tradiciebis

gaTvaliswinebiT, nawilobriv imeorebs zRaprul-miTologiuri gmiris

Tavgadasavlis garkveul etapebs, romelsac qristianuli elementebic

emateba. Suasaukuneebis saero romanebSi gmiris Tavgadasavali iwyeba

maSin, roca gmirs survili uCndeba saxelis Ziebisa da moxveWisa.

Gromanis gmiri aris is myari wertili, romlis garSemo xdeba

yovelgvari moqmedeba nawarmoebSi. Ggmiris gza es aris gza bediswerisa,

romelsac igi gadis realur Tu irealur samyaroSi, sadac igi sakuTari

adgilis da Zalauflebis mopovebas cdilobs. xolo daniSnuleba

mdgomareobs SemdegSi, gmirma unda Secvalos arsebuli realoba (103, gv.

12-18).

Ggamocdis saSualeba da sakuTar ZalebSi TviTdarwmuneba, es

avantiuris Taviseburi da idumali formaa. Araindis xasiaTi ixsneba mis

TavgadasavalSi, mis avantiuraSi. Aavantiuris motivi raindis

gamorCeulobasac usvams xazs. mravali gmiri midis Tavgadasavlis

saZieblad, magram yvela araa rCeuli, Yyvela ver axorcielebs mas.

avantiuraSi realizdeba romanis problemebi da integrirdeba

Semdgom sagmiro saqmeebSi. zrunva sustTa dasacavad, erTguleba

qalisadmi, didsulovneba. Aavantiura aZlevs gamarTlebas raindTa

samyaros.

raindTa samyaroSi arsebobs gamorCeulobis garkveuli safexurebi.

avantiuras aqvs gansakuTrebuli Rirseba _ raindi Tavad gansazRvravs

sakuTar cxovrebas, man Tavad unda gaiaros gamorCeulobis safexurebi

da sabolood avantiura xdeba ZiriTadi saSualeba srulyofilebis

miRwevisaTvis (59, gv.146).

Aavantiura rom saswaulis niSniTaa aRbeWdili, amaze saero

97

romanebis ganxilvisas visaubrebT, aRvniSnavT mxolod erTs, rom iseve

rogorc rusTvelis, kretienis gmirebisTvisac amgvari avantiura

aRqmulia imdenad bunebrivad, rom arasodes ayeneben mis realurobas

kiTxvis niSnis qveS.

cnobilma mecnierma lusien karaso bulusma, Seiswavla saswaulis

Tema kretien de truas romanebSi. daskvnis saxiT man gamoyo Semdegi

niSnebi, romlis mixedviT Kkretienis romanSi:

1. gmirebi arian saswaulebrivi fizikuri aRnagobis

2. gmirebi arian fantastikurebi, roca maTi fizikuri Zala

aRemateba adamianur Rones.

3. sagnebi arian fantastikurebi, Tu maTi Zala zebunebrivia.

4. samyaro aris fantastikuri drois SegrZnebis mixedviT

5. epizodi iZens fantastikur elfers, roca misi mizani an mizezi

racionalurad auxsnelia.

K (102, gv. 134).

Tu mocemuli sqemis mixedviT ganvixilavT mose xonelisa da

rusTvelis nawarmoebebs, aRmoCndeba rom is, rasac zemoTdasaxelebuli

mecnieri saswaulis niSnis qveS aTavsebs, sruliad misaRebi da

axlobelia rogorc `amirandarejanianis~ ise `vefxistyaosnis~

samyarosTvis.

is Tvisobrivi msgavseba, rac qarTul da frangul romanebSi,

mocemuli sqemis mixedviT SeiniSneba, uflebas gvaZlevs SevimuSavoT

garkveuli sqema, romelic saSualebas mogvcems gamovavlinoT is saerTo

damaxasiaTebeli niSan-Tvisebebi, romelsac gmirebi avantiuris

ganxorcielebisas avlenen.

98

sqema amgvari saxiT SeiZleba Camoyalibdes:

Suasaukuneebis roamanis raindebi

da maTi valdebulebebi

gza, romelsac raindi gadis, raTa

ganaxorcielos avantiura

raindis saxelis Zieba

U

usasrulo gza, tye

marto brZola

Mmojadoebuli koSkebi, baRebi,

qvabulebi

satrfos davalebis Sesruleba

Msaswaulebrivi arsebebi da

nivTebi

damcirebulTa qomagoba

gza, saidanac arcerTi raindi ar

brundeba

Qqorwineba

yvelaze didi avantiura

M

mocemuli grafisPpirvel nawilSi Cven warmovadgineT is ZiriTadi

movaleobebi da valdebulebebi, romlebic raindul sazogadoebaSi

aqtualuri iyo (rogorc qarTul, ise dasavlur sinamdvileSi) da amave

dros gansazRvravda raindul yofas. raindoba rom ucxo movlena ar

99

yofila Suasaukuneebis qarTul sinamdvileSi, araerTgzisaa SeniSnuli

samecniero literaturaSi. raindoba da rainduli movaleobebi umaRles

rangSia ayvanili rusTvelis poemaSi. s. kakabaZe miuTiTebs, rom

`vefxistyaosani aris Tavisi SinaarsiT upirveles yovlisa qarTveli

raindebis anu, Zveli terminiT, moymeTa ideebis, maTi gancdaTa amsaxveli

idealuri nawarmoebi~ (20, gv. 187).

iseve rogorc àmirandarejanianis~ da `vefxistyaosnis~, aseve

kretien de truas romanebis gmirebi zustad misdeven TavianT raindul

movaleobebs, isini an satrfos davalebiT (`vefxistyaosani~, èreki da

enida~), an piradi iniciativiT (ìveni anu lomis raindi~,

àmirandarejaniani~) midian saxelis saZieblad. raindebs xSirad marto

uwevT brZola, rogorc saxelis maZiebel sxva raindebTan, ise ucnaur da

saswaulebriv arsebebTan. raindisgan moiTxovdnen, rom mas gamudmebiT

unda ezruna saxelze, saxelis SenarCuneba ki mudmiv gamocdas iTxovda

(81, gv. 123-140). raindis Rirsebad iTvleboda aseve mamacoba, guluxvoba,

damcirebulTa qomagoba. raindi gamorCeuli unda yofiliyo Tavisi

silamaziT, mis silamazes xazs usvamda Zvirfasi TvlebiT mooWvili

samosi, romelic mowmobda mis siyvaruls oqrosa da Zvirfasi

Tvlebisadmi (iqve, gv. 145). (amirandarejanianisa da `vefxistyaosnis~

gmirebis samosis Sesaxeb araerTgzis xdeba xazgasma nawarmoebebis

manZilze, Tumca fizikuri silamaze yovelTvis Crdilavs nivTier

silamazes).

saxelis Zieba da keTili saqmeebis Sesaxeb xmamaRali saubari,

raindobis Semadgeneli aucilebeli movaleoba iyo. Aamitom saraindo

romanis gmirebi arasdros eridebian TavianTi gmirobis Sesaxeb xmamaRla

saubars, avTandilisTvis, tarielisTvis, amiran darejanisZisa da sxva

raindebisTvis, es Tematika movaleobis rangSia ayvanili. Aazri ara aqvs

keTili saqmeebis keTebas, Tu is darCeba gaugebari, ambobs kretien de

100

trua. Tumca ar arsebobs sazomi, romelic adgens Cadenili keTili

saqmeebis nusxas. radgan mrgvali magidis irgvliv msxdomi yvela raindi

Tanasworia (86, gv. 221).

saraindo romanebis umetesobaSi qorwineba gmiris cxovrebis erT-

erTi mTavari mizania. Tumca es ar uSlis xels am romanebis gmirebs

amaze SeCerdnen da saxelis Ziebac daiviwyon. Tu rainduli

movaleobebis kuTxiT SevxedavT, SeiZleba amiran darejanisZis

poligamias gamarTlebac moeZebnos, qorwineba amiran darejanisZisTvis ar

aris TviTmizani, is misi faTerakis logikuri dasasrulia, romelze

SeCerebac gmirs ar surs da amitom xelaxla iwyebs faTerakis Ziebas.

Kkretien de truas gmiri, iveni, romelic nawarmoebis dasawyisSive

qorwindeba, male tovebs meuRles, raTa sakuTar saxels axali dideba

Sematos. gansxvaveba ki imaSia, rom ivenis mTeli Semdgomi avantiura

satrfosken ukan dabrunebis mcdelobaa, gansxvavebiT amiran

darejanisZisgan, (romelic sagmiro-safalavno romanis gmiria),

romlisTvis qorwineba meorexarisxovania. `vefxistyaosanSi~ ki qorwineba

wmidaTawminda movaleobaa. Aasevea kretienis roman `ereksa da enidaSi~,

sadac qorwineba nawarmoebis dasawyisSive xdeba, magram erekis mTeli

avantiura meuRlisadmi erTgulebis, siyvarulis da simamacis

dadasturebad iqceva.

Y yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, SevecdebiT mimovixiloT am

romanebis gmirTa avantiura, romelic saswauliTaa aRbeWdili da romlis

gansaxorcileblad gmirebi sxvadsxva faTerakebs gadian. Aavantiura ki

xorcieldeba ara kargad nacnob adgilebSi, aramed _ tyeSi, ucnaur

qvabulebSi, koSkebSi, gzadagza xvdebian saswaulebriv cxovelebs da

situaciidan gamomdinare arc im jadosnur da saswulebriv nivTebze

amboben uars, romelic maT avantiuris ganxorcielebaSi exmarebaT.

101

usasrulo gza, tye

tye, rogorc fizikuri realoba da tye, rogorc simboluri saxe,

araerTgzis gamxdara Suasaukuneebis mkvlevarTa kvlevis obieqti.

saraindo romanis gmirebis avantiuraSi, ukacrieli adgili,

romelic xan udabnod iwodeba, xan tyed, Tavisi ZirebiT Soreul

warsulSi ikargeba.

xSir SemTxvevaSi tyis arqetipad moiazreben udabnos. isic unda

aRvniSnoT, rom mkvlevrebi araerTmniSvnelovnad cdilobdnen daedginaT

erToba udabnosi, rogorc garemosa da udabnosi, rogorc religiuri

TviTSegnebis fenomenisa.

Zvel aRTqmaSi udabno iyo ara mxolod adgili, aramed droc,

mTeli epoqa wminda istoriis, sadac ufali aswavlida Tavis xalxs. A

axal aRTqmaSi udabnos saxe icvleba. ioane naTlismcemlis udabno,

xalxiT dausaxlebeli adgilia. ieso udabnoSi ebrZvis satanas,

iesosTvis es gamocdis adgilia. axal aRTqmaSi udabno arawminda

ZalebiT dasaxlebul adgiladac moazrdeba. apokalipsSi udabno xdeba

TavSesafari qalebis, sionis, wminda mesianuri eris, is xdeba taZari

morwmuneTaTvis.

rogorc mecnieri Jan dekare aRniSnavs, IV saukunidan qristianobis

gavrcelebasTan erTad iwyeba udabnos eposi (84, gv. 64-109).

Qqristianobis gavrcelebis Semdeg, morwmune adamianTa umetesoba

udabnosken miemarTeba. `egviptis udabnoSi dasaxlebul ber-monazvnebs

102

elodebaT demonTan Serkineba, an piriqiT, udabno demonisTvis

mSobliuri saxlia; aseve ber-monazoni cdilobs swored udabnoSi ipovos

RmerTi, swored amisTvis moemarTeba aqeTken (91, gv. 38).

udabno, rogorc fizikuri da geografiuli are, ar iyo yvela

xalxis geografiuli realoba, dasavlel wmindanTa cxovrebebSi xSirad

gvxvdebian wmindanebi, romelTac udabnos magivrobas tye uwevT.

wmindanebi xSirad martovdebian tyeSi, sadac isini lomebTan,

daTvebTan, irmebTan erTad xSirad sruliad mSvid garemoSi

Tanacxovroben.

A arsebobda wmindanTa iseTi kategoria, romelic mocemuli

geografiuli realobidan gamomdinare, ver axerxebda verc tyeSi da verc

udabnoSi ganmartoebas. aseTebi Tavs miuval kunZulebze afarebdnen.

kunZuli-udabno, ase SeiZleba vuwodoT im adgilebs, saiTkenac

mieSurebodnen Tavdapirvelad ber-monazvnebi, miuvalma kunZulebma

Secvala am monazvnebisTvis egviptis udabno (101, gv. 37).

M Tumca aseTi morwmuneebis ricxvi, romelic zRvaSi an udabur

kunZulebze eZebs sakuTar udabnos, Zalian mcirericxovania. evropaSi

udabno rogorc ganmartoebis adgili xdeba tye, fizikuri geografiis

gamo.

SemorCenialia VII saukunis erT-erTi saabatos erTgvari wesdeba,

sadac sityva Forest – moicavs or sityvas, tyes da ganmartoebas.

savaraudod, am sityvam es meore mniSvneloba SeiZina mogvianebiT, mas

Semdeg rac tye gaxda morwmune ber-monazonTa TavSesafari. Ggarda imisa,

rom tye iyo morwmuneTa TavSesafari, erTgvari udabno, mas amave dros

hqonda sxva, realuri funqciac (84, gv. 118).

Rrma simboluri azri tyem SeiZina mxatvrul literaturaSi, rasac

adasturebs Suasaukuneebis frangi avtorebis nawarmoebebi, kreten de

truas romanebi, kerZod, `iveni anu lomis raindi~, `persevali~, `ereki da

103

enida~. aseve òkaseni da nikoleta~, romelic amave periodSi Seqmnili

nawarmoebia (avtoris vinaoba ucnobia). sainteresoa isic, rom

`vefxistyaosanSi~, iseve rogorc àmirandarejanianSi~, tye xSirad xdeba

avantiuris adgili. tyesTan axlos naxuloben avTandili da mefe

rostevani ucxo moymes, tyeSi ipovis arabeTis spaspeti tariels, ucnauri

arsebebiT savse tyeebis gavla uwevT amirandarejanisZis gmirebs da a.S.

Tumca tyis funqcia dasavlur romanebSi ufro simboluria, radgan

aq tyes saswaulebrivis funqciac aqvs dakisrebuli. Nnormandieli poeti

vasi (wace), romanSi, romelic kretien de truas ìveinis~ daweramde cota

xniT adrea dawerili, axsenebs broseliandis tyes, romelic kretienis

nawarmoebebSi centralur adgils ikavebs. Amis romanSi gvxvdeba aseTi

Sinaarsis strofebi _ ar vici ratom, magram Tu bretonelebi ar

gvatyueben, am adgilebSi xSirad xedavdnen feriebs, aseve xSirad

xdeboda saswaulebi. Mme gavemgzavre iq saswaulebis saZebnelad (97, gv.

21-30)

Mmaria francielTan, kretienTan da berulTan tye iZens axal

aspeqts da mniSvnelobas. Mmaria francielis raindi eZebs avantiuras

tyeSi da tye aris adgili, saidanac xdeba gadasvla realuri samyarodan

irealurSi. tye aris ZiriTadi fokusi naratiuli Txrobis. `tristansa

da izoldaSi~ tye aris siyvarulis iracionaluri adgili (82, gv. 34).

tye-udabno naxsenebia chanson de gestes-Sic, kerZod, giliom oranJelis

ciklSi. Tumca mxolod Suasaukuneebis kurtuazul literaturaSi tye

iZens axal funqcias (intrigis Seqmna). igi moazrebulia rogorc

materialur, aseve simbolur obieqtad. tye aris saSualeba saraindo

avantiuris gansaxorcieleblad.

Tavgadasavali, romelsac raindi axorcielebs, swored tyeSi,

tyesTan axlos xdeba. Mmoqmedeba xSirad xdeba samefo karis gareT da

umetes SemTxvevaSi tyeSi, romelic aris ucnobi da idumali.

104

unda ganvsazRvroT ra roli eniWeba tyes Suasaukuneebis adamianis

warmosaxvaSi. Ksaraindo romanSi mefe, romelic saraindo romanebis erT-

erTi ZiriTadi figuraa (Tumca aramTavari), ukve xSirad dadis tyeSi. tye

iTvleba mis sakuTrebad, is nadirobs iq. Nnadirobis scena ZiriTadi da

sayvareli Tema Suasaukuneebis romanistisTvis, xSir SemTxvevaSi swored

nadirobis sceniT iwyeba ama Tu im romanis siuJeti da swored es scena

xdeba mTavari intrigis Sesaqmnelad.

àmirandarejaniani~ tipuri sagmiro-safalavno Txzulebaa, sadac

Tavgadasavlis Zieba da saxelis moxveWa gmiris upirveles movaleobad

iTvleba. Nnawarmoebi mdidaria fantastikur-saswaulebrivi elementebiT,

romelic ZiriTadad gmiris avantiuris Tanmdevia da romelsac avtori

imitom mimarTavs, rom xazi gausvas gmiris araCveulebriv Zal-Rones, mis

gamorCeulobas. àmirandarejanianis~ gmirebi istoriulad ararsebulni,

mxatvruli fantaziis karnaxiT arian Seqmnilni, rogorc saraindo

romanebis gmirTa umtesoba. marTalia, nawarmoebs aklia srulyofili

idealebisken iseTi Rrma wvdoma, rogorc es `vefxistyaosanSi~

gamJRavnda, magram saero romanebis saerTo models, romelic

gansazRvravs raindis qcevas, rainduli eTikis normebs, swrafvas

faTerakebis usasrulo Ziebisaken, avantiuris ganxorcielebas saswaulis

niSniT, rac momdevno periodis saero romanebisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia,

savsebiT miesadageba àmirandarejanianis~ gmirTa modeli, im

gansxvavebiT, rom siyvaruli, SedarebiT sxva saero romanebTan, ar aris

am nawarmoebSi warmarTveli Zala. marTalia, nawarmoebis gmirebs uamravi

gansacdelis gadatana uwevT, raTa ulamazesi asulebi colad SeirTon,

magram maTTvis es ar aris TviTmizani. Ggmirebis erTaderTi mizani

saxelis Ziebaa.

àmirandarejanianSi~ Txroba abesalom mefis ambiT iwyeba, romlis

sayvareli gasarTobi nadirobaa. abesalom mefe sanadirod gzavnis

105

mxleblebs, romlebic sakvirvel qurciks naxaven, `romelsac rqani esxnes

oqrosa ferni. Tvalni da Wlikni _ Savni _ muceli TeTri da zurgi

Zoweuli~. swored am saocari cxovelis ambis gagebis Semdeg gadawyvets

mefe Seipyras es sakvirveli qurciki da es xdeba erTgavari intrigis

sawyisi, romelsac mivyavarT nawarmoebis Semdgom gaSlamde.

Emefis mxleblebi gadawyveten Seipyron qurciki da bolomde

miyvebian mas, magram es ucnauri qurciki ise uCinardeba, mis kvalsac ver

agneben. àdgilsa erTsa mivides kldovansa. Caexvewa qurciki da uCino

iqmna. Daxednes qveyansa, vera-raRa-ra cnes da verca naxes qalaqi da verca

sofeli, verca igi nadiri (56, gv. 280).

isini TiTqos daSordnen realur samyaros da aRmoCndnen ucxo da

ucnaur adgilas. swored aq ixilaven isini qviTkiris ucnaur saxls da

kedelze gamosaxul Wabukebsa da qals.

Ggza, romelsac àmirandarejanianis~ gmirebi gadian Tavisi

avantiuris gansaxorcileblad, aris usasrulo gza. esaa mxecTa qveyana,

udaburi adgilebi, kunZulebi da miuvali cixeebi.

Mmizani, romelic àmrandarejanianis~ gmirebs faTerakebis

saZieblad mierekeba, aris saxelis Zieba.Bbadri iamanisZe pirdapir

acxadebs _ `me Wabukobisa Zebnad wamosuli var saxliT CemiT~ (gv. 299). O

omad madisZe tipiuri raindia, romelic faTerakebis saZieblad tye-

RreSi daexeteba, misi survilia saxeli moixveWos da sakuTari Tavis

rwmena ganimtkicos, bevri saxelovani gmiroba Caidinos, rom Tamamad

SeZlos amiran darejanisZes da sxva uZlevel falavnebs daupirispirdes,

magram raindul wesebs Ralatobs, roca abjarCaucmel sefedavles xmals

mouqnevs da gulSi gaivlebs, amis mokvliT `saxeli damrCebiso~.

marTalia, igi koloritul saxes qmnis nawarmoebSi, magram mainc ver

dgeba iseTi raindebis gverdiT, rogorebic sefedavle darispanisZe,

amiran darejanisZe, iaman Wabuki da sxvebi arian.

106

sefedavle darispanisZe umagaliTo gmiri da mebrZolia, uSiSari da

didsulovani, roca omad madisZes Serkinebisas cxenidan Camoagdebs da

mxars motexs, friad Sewuxdeba da saCqarod eqims mouyvans.

sefedavle Tavgadasavlebis gamudmebul ZiebaSia, WenTa mefis

asulis colad moyvanas ganizraxavs da did da xifaTian gzas daadgeba,

Tumca zustad ar icis, sad unda moZebnes igi. Gmraval qveyanas gaivlian,

aTas xifaTs gaumklavdebian da bolos gzis mcodnelic gamoCndeba,

romelic sefedavles dawvrilebiT auxsnis WenTa asulis

adgilsamyofels _ gzad or Sesasvlels naxavT, romelTac Zlieri

Wabukebi icaven. sami laSqaric iqve dgas, erTgan aTas-aTasi, Tu amaT

daxocavT, zRvaSi rom kunZulia, im kunZulze cixea da iq aris

damwyvdeuli WenTa asulio (gv. 423).

Oomad madisZe yveba, rom wavediT im gzaze, romelic am ucxo kacma

gvaswavla. `vleT aTisa dRisa savali mas ubadoTa qveyanasa, romel ara

ipoveboda RmrTisagan dabadebuli. migvWirda didad~ (gv. 423).

Bbolos erT mSvenier qveyanaSi mivlen, sadac Saosani qali

daexmarebaT, gzas ufro dawvrilebiT auxsnis da sefedavles jadosnur

wamalsac miscems `ferxTa wasasmelad~. erT adgilas mivlen, sadac didi

wyali daxvdebaT, sefedavle etyvis omads, moicxe es wamali fexzeo da

ise Sevlen wyalSi. Uuecrad frTiani adamianebi movlen da xmamaRla

daiyvireben, iseTi wyali movarda uceb, rogorc zRvao. sefedavlem

Tavisi ymebi `Rliasa Semoigdo da iwyo curva, misi saqme kacisagan

naqmrad daujerebeli iyoo~, ambobs omadi. Ggza ganvagrZeT da erT bnel

qveyanaSi mivediT, iseTi sibnele iyo garSemo, gzas ver vignebdiT, aviReT

is jadosnuri wamali vicxeT da gaTenda.

Aamiran darejanisZec tipiuri gmiris saxes qmnis, romelic araviTar

dabrkolebas ar uSindeba da romlisTvisac avantiura TviTdarwmunebis

saukeTeso saSualebaa. sainteresoa is momenti, rodesac omadi madisZe

107

amiras sefedavles saocar Tavgadasavals uambobs da mis Sesaxeb qebas

ar iSurebs, Aamiranic iq imyofeba da avtori gveubneba: `amiran

darejanisZesa egdeni qeba sefedavlesi ara uxarodao~ (gv. 422). Aamirans

surs gamoscados Tavisi Zala sefedavlesTan da moyvrulad da

megobrulad misuli, megobrebis daxmarebiT mainc SeebrZoleba

darispanisZes. marTalia, brZolaSi orive meomari daumarcxebeli rCeba

da avtori imazec mianiSnebs, rom am brZolaSi cotaTi amirani jobdao,

magram amiranis mTavari interesi dakmayofilebulia, mas surda gamoecada

gmiri da gamoscada, naxa, rom is ar aris masze Zlieri da Rirseul

metoqed aRiara gaxarebulma. A

amgvari siuJeti gvxvdeba tomas melorTan, romanSi `ambavi mefe

arTuris zeobisa~. avtori sxvadasxva raindTa Tavgadasavals gviyveba.

erT-erTi gamorCeuli raindia lanselot tbeli, romelsac

daumarcxebeli gmiris saxeli aqvs mopovebuli, igi Tan axlavs erT-erTi

avantiuris dros biumeins, romelic aseve SesaniSnavi mebrZolia.

biumenisTvis lanseloti pativsacemi da Rirseuli raindia, raindad

kurTxevac misi xeliT surs, magram es ar uSlis xels, sakuTari Zalis

gamocdis mizniT mas Seebas. Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom maT ara aqvT brZolis

sababi, mainc erTmaneTs gaafTrebiT utevdnen, seravdnen da uvlidnen.

sabolood gamarjvebuli ar gamovlenila, radgan lanselotma Seaxsena

metoqes, rom maT ar hqondaT brZolis mizezi da jobda daesrulebinaT

es orTabrZola (29, gv. 276).

Aamiranis Tavgadasavali nawarmoebSi ufro mravalplaniania, vidre

romelime sxva gmiris. Mmisi faTerakiani Tavgadasavlebic saswaulis

niSniT xorcieldeba.

roca amiran darejanisZes Seatyobinebes, rom Seni megobari devma

Seipyroo, amirani moZmeebTan erTad mis gamosaxsnelad gaeSura. Ggzad

maRali cixe SexvdebaT, sadac devebi cxovroben, amirani Selewavs cixis

108

karebs, ipovis ali dilams da indo Wabuks, sruliad amowyvets devebs da

gaaTavisuflebs Wabukebs, romlebTan erTadac nosar nisrelis

saZebnelad wavlen.Ggzad uRrani tye SexvdebaT _ xuTas lomsa da vefxvs

moklaven da ise gaivlian am tyes (gv. 312).

A`amirandarejanianis~ raindTa gza, faTerakebis usasrulo Ziebaa.

nawarmoebis gmirebi tyesa da RreSi, kldovan da udabur adgilebSi

mogzauroben, realuri samyarodan sruliad bunebrivad jadosnur

samyaroSi xvdebian, TviTonac xSirad aRniSnaven, rom es udaburi

adgilebi maTTvis ucxo da idumalia. tyes, Tavisi simboluri

datvirTviT, romelic Suasaukuneebis saero romanebSi xSirad moazrdeba

rogorc ganmartoebis adgili, rogorc TavSesafari, `amirandarejaniani~

ar icnobs. tye am nawarmoebSi mxecTa TavSesafar adgiladaa moazrebuli,

igi bunebrivi fizikuri garemoa, sadac xSirad daexetebian nawarmoebis

gmirebi TavianTi mogzaurobisas. gansxvavebiT `vefxistyaosnisgan~, sadac

tye, nawarmoebis mTavar gmirTa samoqmedo asparezadacaa moazrebuli da

TavSesafradac.

`vefxistyaosanSi~ avTandilis avantiuras win uZRvis ucxo moymis

saswaulebrivi gauCinareba.

arabeTis spaspeti da mefe rostevani erTmaneTs nadirobaSi

ejibrebian. avTandilma da rostevanma nadirobiT mindori dalies,

mindors iqeT wyali Camodioda, xolo wylis piras kldovani mTebi iyo

aRmarTuli, SeSinebulma nadirma tyes Seafara Tavi, mefe da avTandili

ki xis Ziras dasasveneblad Camosxdnen. laSqarmac nel-nela daiwyo

modena. daiwyes TamaSi da molxena, Tan wylis pirs gascqerodnen.

Uuecrad, wylis piras mjdomi moyme dainaxes, gverdiT Savi cxeni edga da

aRkazmulobaze etyoboda, rom didgvarovani unda yofiliyo. mefe misi

vinaobis gagebiT dainteresda, magram ucxo moymem mefis gagzavnil

msaxurs xma ar gasca, xolo rodesac Sesapyrobad gagzavnili monebi

109

dainaxa, maSinve wamoxta, maTraxi gadahkra maT da gauCinarda:

`hgvanda qvesknels CaZromilsa anu zecad anafrensa.

eZebdes da ver hpovebdes kvalsa misgan wanarbensa (98).

kvali Zebnes da ukvirda ver-povna nakvalevisa,

agre kval-wmidad warxdoma kacisa, viTa devisa~ (99).

Mmefe friad daaRona am ambavma, gaurkvevlobaSi myofma rostevanma aRar

icis ras miaweros ucxo moymis xilva. CaTvalos es namdvil ambad Tu

moCvenebad, amitom kiTxulobs gakvirvebuli:

`viTa eSma damekarga, ar kacurad gardamkocna,

jerTca ese ara vici, cxadi iyo Tu meocna. (111).

kacTa xorcisad viT iTqmis isre TvalTagan faruli?!

ucilod RmerTsa movsZuldi aqamdis me mxiaruli~ (112).

TinaTinisagan ucxo moymis saZebnelad wasuli avTandili swored

tyeSi naxavs misken momaval eqvs cxenosans, romelTac maTraxiT

Tavgapobili kaci mohyavT da swored maTgan gaigebs ucxo moymis ambavs.

avTandili ukan gahveba ucxo ymas da naxavs, rom igi daburul tyeSi,

didi xeebis piras, erT gamoqvabuls miadgeba. avTandilis avantiura

TiTqos logikur dasasruls uaxlovdeba, magram misi xetiali amiT ar

mTavrdeba, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom `vefxistyaosnis~ gmirTa Soris, igi

yvelaze moxetiale raindia, romelic gamudmebul ZiebaSia, romlisTvisac

erTi Tavgadasavali meores warmoSobs, meore mesames. es bunebrivicaa,

radgan misi cxovrebis kredo, moyvrisaTvis Tavdadeba da Tavganwirvaa.

rusTvelis gmirebi, kretienis gmirebisgan gansxvavebiT, avantiuras ara

mxolod sayvareli qalis saxeliT, aramed megobrobis saxeliTac

110

axorcieleben.

avTandilis meore Tavgadasavals maSin eyreba safuZveli, roca igi

tarielis Tavgadasavals moismens, ucxo moymis tragikuli ambavi imdenad

SeZravs arabeTis spaspets da iseTi siyvaruliT aRinTeba mis mimarT, rom

maSinve ganucxadebs axladSeZenil megobars:

`kvla movide Senad naxvad, SenTvis movkvde, SenTvis viro,

RmerTsa undes, visTvis hkvdebi, misTvis agre ar gatiro~ (667).

avTandilis Semdgomi avantiura megobrisaTvis TavganwirviT,

Zmadnaficis satrfos ZebniTaa saxeldebuli. arabeTSi dabrunebuli

avTandili, mijnurs ucxo moymis ambavs uambobs da imasac uxsnis, rom ar

SeuZlia unegeSo mdgomareobaSi myofi megobris mitoveba, rom misi

dabruneba droebiTia da misi Semdgomi gza ukve megobris samsaxurSi

Camdgari raindis gzaa, romelic mzadaa yvela dabrkoleba gadalaxos,

misi cxovrebis arsic esaa:

`xams moyvare moyvrisaTvis Tavi Wirsa ar damridad,

guli misces gulisaTvis, siyvaruli gzad da xidad~ (231).

arabeTidan wamosuli avTandili tariels inaxulebs da isev gzas

gaudgeba fridonis samefosken. samocdaaTi dRis manZilze midis zRvis

piras da bolos fridonis sabrZanebels miadgeba da fridonTan

Sexvedris Semdeg isev usasrulo Ziebis gzas daadgeba, romelic

gulanSaros samefosTan miiyvans. gulanSaro da fatmanTan misi

sasiyvarulo urTierToba im avantiuris dasasrulis dasawyisia,

romelsac avTandili poemis manZilze axorcielebs.

Uusasrulo gza da Zieba, avTandilis Tavgadasavlis ganuyofeli

111

nawilia, tye mis avantiuraSi fizikuri garemoa, romelsac gmiri xSirad

gadis, gansxvavebiT tarielisgan, romlisTvisac tye ganmartoebis

adgilad qceula, sadac Tavis tragikul xvedrs, devebis gamoqvabulSi

dobil asmaTTan erTad Sexiznuli, mwared dastiris. adamianTa garemo

tarielisTvis ucxo da ucnobia. ucxoobiT da ucnaurobiT amaxsovrebs

is Tavs adamianTa sazogadoebasac. tyis piras Tu tyeSi Semxvedri

adamianebi eWvis TvaliT Sescqerian vefxis tyaviT mosil ulamazes gmirs,

misi garegnoba mSvenierebasTan erTad idumalebiTaa moculi. misi

arseboba kiTxvis niSnis qveS dgeba, radgan misi naxviT gaocebuli

rostevanic da misi mxleblebic, is eqvsi cxenosanic, romelic

avTandils tyeSi SemTxveviT Sexvdeba, gaocebulni rCebian da ver

ijereben, rom sulieri adamiani naxes, sruliad xorcieli da maTi

msgavsi. Aamitomac aridebs Tavs tarieli maTTan Sexvedras. Rrma da

udaburi tye misTvis saimedo TavSesafaria.

cnobilia, rom `velad gaWris~ motivi aRmosavlur literaturaSi

farTod gavrcelebuli movlena iyo. Ddasavlur literaturaSi am

motivis gavrcelebas aRmosavluri literaturis gavleniT xsnian.

siyvaruliT gaxelebuli mijnurisTvisTvis, romelic

sasowarkveTilebis zRvarzea (xSir SemTxvevaSi kargavs satrfos,

uaryofilia satrfosgan da a.S.) erTaderTi gza adamianur sazogadoebas

moSorebaa. es motivi `amirandarejanianSi~ TiTqmis ar arsebobs. gmirTa

ZiriTadi motivacia, romelic upirveles yovlisa saxelis moxveWiTaa

ganpirobebeuli, mxolod imdenad exeba qals, ramdenadac misi

mopovebisTvis xdeba saWiro. adamianTa sazagadoebas moSoreba, vaeba da

uazro xetiali am nawarmoebisTvis ucxoa. `vefxistyaosnis~ orive gmiris

avantiuraSi SeiniSneba gaWris motivi. avTandilis yaribobas rainduli

samsaxuris cneba udevs safuZvlad, magram misi velad gaWra samijnuro

kanonebiTacaa nakarnaxevi. roca misi yma Sermadini, patrons Txovs Tan

112

iaxlos, avTandili pasuxobs:

`ra mijnuri velTa rbodis, marto unda gasaWrelad,

Mmargaliti arvis mihxvdes usasyidlod, uvaWrelad~ (162).

avTandilma martom unda gaasrulos mijnurisaTvis micemuli

piroba da asrulebs kidec am movaleobas. Tumca Semdgom, misi xetiali

megobrisaTvis uangaro Tavdadebasa da daxmarebaSi gadaizrdeba. rac

Seexeba tariels, igi tyes mxolod mas Semdeg mimarTavs, rac nestanis

Zieba uSedegod damTavrdeba da isic sicocxlis yovelgvar interess

dakargavs, amitomac miaSurebs igi tyes da misi mizani am SemTxvevaSi

aris ara mijnurTa wesis Sesruleba, aramed erTgvari Sveba unugeSod

darCenili gmirisTvis, romlisTvisac adamianTa sazogadoebaSi darCena,

gausaZlisis tkivilebis gaxsenebaa.

`tristansa da izoldaSi~, tyes simbolurTan erTad, fizikuri

datvirTvac aqvs. mefe markis risxvisgan Tavis dasaRwevad, tristani da

izolda moruas tyes afareben Tavs. iq tristani usafrTxod grZnobs

Tavs, rogorc cixe-simagreSi, sazrdos nadirobiT Soulobs da iSenebs

TavSesafars. Seyvarebulebi didxans cxovroben tyeSi da tristani da

izolda TiTqos usafrTxod arian iq. moroas tyeSi isini gandegils

naxaven, romelic urCevT moinanion codva da datovon tye, magram

tristani uarzea, igi ambobs, _ ara, me vcocxlob da ar vnanob. Cven tyeSi

vbrundebiT, romelic gvicavs da gvmfarvelobs (49, gv.119), magram

gamoCndeba boroti tyis mcveli, romelic Seyvarebulebis

adgilsamyofels acnobebs mefe marks. roca tristani da izolda amis

Sesaxeb Seityoben, isini toveben moruas tyes. Uudabno-tye amieridan

veRar iqneba maTi TavSesafari.

`tristansa da izoldaSi~, tyes simboluri mniSvneloba aqvs, igi

icavs da ifaravs Seyvarebulebs im garemosgan, romelic ewinaRmdegeba

113

maT siyvaruls, Tumca tyes am romanSi mxolod simboluri mniSvneloba

ara aqvs, igi im periodis fizikuri realobacaa. ymawvil tristans,

norvegieli vaWrebi xomaldze miityueben da rogorc nadavls ise

moitaceben, zRvaSi saSineli qariSxali amovardeba da mekobreebi

mixvdebian TavianT Secdomas. aRTqmas dadeben, rom tristans

gaaTavisufleben Tu qariSxali Cadgeba da asec moiqcevian, tristans

navSi Casvamen da napirisken miacureben. zRvis napirze gadasuli

tristani frialo kldeze acocdeba da usasurulo tyes dainaxavs. Mmefe

markis qveyana araa legendaruli qveyana, romelic truveris

warmosaxviTaa Seqmnili. Ees aris Sua saukuneebis dasavleTis realuri

samyaro, romelic tyeebis Tvaluwvdeneli sivrciTaa Semofargluli.

Suasaukuneebis frangul romanSiF `okaseni da nikoleta~,

Seyvarebulebis erTad yofnas ewinaaRmdegeba okasenis mama, romelic

winaaRmdegia misma Svilma gansxvavebuli rwmenis qali moiyvanos colad.

Seyvarebulebs mravali gansacdelis gadatana uwevT. nawarmoebSi

nikoleta TavSesafris saZebnalad garbis tyeSi, mas xvdebian saSineli

mxecebi, Tumca isini ar vneben mas arafers. Nnikoletas EeSinia mxecebis,

magram mas ara aqvs sxva ufro saimedo TavSesafari da is rCeba tyeSi.

satrfos dakargviT Sewuxebuli okaseni kargavs sicocxlis yovelgvar

niSan-wyals, sruliad uimedod igi mindorSi wevs da elodeba sikvdils.

swored aseT mdgomareobaSi naxavs mas erT-erTi seniori, romelic

urCevs okasens Sejdes cxenze da tyeSi wavides. iq gaiqarvebT naRvels,

dainaxavT balaxebs, yvavilebs, moismenT Citebis galobas da SeiZleba iq

gaigonoT is sityvebi, romelic Tqvens guls Svebas mohgvris, eubneba mas

seniori. sainteresoa is garemoebac, rom swored amgvari xerxiT (cxenze

Sejdomis TxovniT) cdilobs avTandili `gaRma qveynad~ gasuli tarieli

realur cxovrebas daubrunos da axerxebs kidec amas, iseve rogorc

sinioris sityvas damorCilebuli okaseni, romelic jdeba cxenze da

114

miemarTeba tyisken, rogorc savanisken, romelmac mas sulieri simSvide

unda mohgvaros.

sabolood okaseni da nikoleta gamodian tyidan da ubrundebian

adamianur civilizacias (75).

kretien de truas romani, `iveni anu lomis raindi~, mefe arturis

karze Sekrebil raindTa TavgadasavlebiT iwyeba. Uucnauria, magram Svidi

wlis win momxdaur ucnaur faTeraks swored am dRes ixsenebs erT-erTi

raindi, kalogrenanti, romelic Svidi wlis ganmavlobaSi dumda Tavis

Tavgadasavalze, Tavis avantiuraze. Aam ucnauri Tavgadasavlis mosmenis

Semdeg mraval rainds gauCndeba survili Tavad eZios faTeraki, Tumca

maT Soris iveni yvelze metad iCqarebs da dauyovneblad gaeSureba Svidi

wlis win momxdari faTerakis saZieblad. uCveuloa, magram garSemo

yvelaferi ucvleli xvdeba. Ggmiri tovebs realur samyaros da uecradE

zRaprul, mojadoebuli qveyanaSi aRmoCndeba, sadac yvelaferi

ucnaurobebiTa da saswaulebiTaa garemoculi. Giveni amarcxebs ucnaur

rainds da Semdeg colad irTavs mis meuRles, mSvenier lodinas. Tumca

es araa misi avantiuris dasasruli. iveni tovebs meuRles, raTa mefe

arTuris karze gamarTul turnirebSi miiRos monawileoba da amiT

sakuTar saxels meti dideba da saxeli Sematos. ivenma miiRo meuRle

lodinasagan nebarTva, raTa is erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi xleboda mefes,

magram lodinam wauyena piroba _ erTi wlis mere, daTqmul dros, igi

unda dabrunebuliyo ukan, meuRlesTan,, magram ivens aviwydeba dro da

igvianebs dabrunebas, meuRle ar patiobs amas da msaxuri qalis piriT

SeuTvlis, rom mas ufleba aRar aqvs dabrundes ukan. Aam ambis

gagonebisTanave iveini kargavs saRi azrovnebis unars da garbis tyeSi.

igi ganadgurebulia, rogori xmac ar unda gaigos man, araferi

siamovnebs, is cdilobs ufro da ufro ganmartovdes adamianuri

115

garemosgan, rom aravin araferi icodes mis Sesaxeb, amitom is garbis da

mas aravin aCerebs, is ixevs tansacmels da garbis Sors, mas aviwydeba vin

iyo adre. cxovrobs rogorc gareuli adamiani, nadirobs da ikvebeba umi

xorciT.

erTaderTi mowme ivenis tanjvis da misi gagiJebis aris tye. tye,

romelic aris ekvivalenti aRmosavluri udabnosi, ganmartoebis adgili,

nadirobis da raindTa avantiuris adgili. Semdgom igi xvdeba gandegils,

romelic mowyalebis niSnad asmevs mas wyals da aZlevs purs, magram

orive, gandegilic da iveinic stumrebi arian tyeSi.

tyeSi yofnisas waawydeba iveni Semdeg scenas, rodesac lomi da

gveli erkineba erTmaneTs, loms jabnis gveli da iveni maSinve gadawyvets

daexmaros mas, igi ebmeba orTabrZolaSi da klavs gvels, amieridan lomi

xdeba misi Tanamgzavri, misi erTguli megobari.

Kkretienis am romanSi tye ivenisTvis is TavSesafaria, romelmac

misi gaxeleba unda damalos. iveni giJia, igi gaurbis adamianTa

sazogadoebas. erTaderTi adamiani, romelsac igi uaxlovdeba,

gandegilia, romelic sacodav SeSlils purs da wyals aZlevs, amiT

TiTqos cdilobs igi adamianur yofas daubrunos, Tumca ZiriTadi

gardatexa, romelmac ivenis gamojansaRebaSi mTavari roli iTamaSa,

keTili qalis mier motanili jadoqari morganas mier momzadebuli

wamali aRmoCnda.

Kkretien de truas romanSi `ereki da enida~, raoden ucnauric ar

unda iyos, poemis mTavar gmirs _ ereks, swored misi axladSerTuli

meuRle ubiZgebs avantiuris, Tavgadasavlebis Ziebisaken.

E ereki, romelic saukeTeso raindia mefis karze, enidas colad

SerTvis Semdeg iviwyebs Tavis raindul movaleobebs, enida SemTxveviT

gaigonebs, rogor kicxaven sxva raindebi amis gamo ereks, enida

gadawyvets, Tavad Seaxsenos meuRles daviwyebuli movaleoba da ereki

116

uyoymanod imoseba rainduli samosiT da meuRlesTan erTad

Tavgadasavlebis saZieblad midis.

sainteresoa is faqti, rom Erodesac enida ereks rainduli

movaleobebis Seusruleblobas axsenebs, ereki morCilad imoseba

saWurveliT da morCilad miemarTeba sayvareli qalis gverdiT

faTerakebis saZieblad. tarieli ki, romelsac nestani xvarzmSas Svilis

moklvis dayovnebaSi adanaSaulebs, ganawyenebuli wamoiZaxebs: `qali omsa

ragvar mawvev, agre viTa davZabundi?~ (559). tarielisTvis qalis mier

saomari qmedebebis Seusruleblobis Sexseneba Seuracxmyofeli da

damamcirebelia, erekisTvis ki savsebiT misaRebi da gasaTvaliswinebeli.

Eereki da enida gzas daadgebian, magram saiT, aracerTma ar icis. es

aris wminda saxis avantiura, rodesac gmiri midis faTerakebis

saZebnelad, magram ar icis sad. Eereki masze win gauSvebs enidas da

sTxovs, rom rac ar unda dainaxos, xma ar amoiRos araferze.

aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom faTerakebis saZieblad ereki tyis maxloblad

dadis da faTerakic ar ayovnebs. igi gzadagza amarcxebs mowinaaRmdege

raindebs.

Aavantiurebis dinamikisa da ganviTrebis mxriv TavisTavad

sainteresoa mefe arTurze Seqmnili romanebi, maT Soris XV saukunis

ingliseli mwerlis tomas meloris _ `ambavi mefe arTuris zeobisa~.

avtorma Tavisi romanis centrSi arTuris sagmiro saqmeebis aRwera

daayena, da Seecada raindebi da raindTa sazogadoeba kidev erTxel

gamoeyvana asparezze. Tomas meloris nawarmoebebi, ramdenime Tavisgan

Sedgeba da maTSi mefe arTuris karis raindebis Sesaxebaa moTxrobili.

erT-erTi aseTi gmiria lanselot tbeli, romelic saxelovani da

gamorCeuli raindia.

erT dRes lanseloti ganizraxavs _ raime saswaulebriv

Tavgadasavals unda gadaveyaroo da Tavis naTesavs ubrZanebs, salaSqrod

117

gaemzade, xifaTis saZebnelad mivemgzavrebio (29, gv. 237).

FfaTerakebis saZieblad wasuli ser lanselotis gzas ser eqtoric

gaudgeba. Ggzad tye Sexvdeba da metyeves ekiTxeba _ xom araferi gsmenia

axlomaxlo momxdar saswaulebsa da faTerakebzeo?

ser, _ miugo metyevem, _ am midamoebSi ucxo kaci ara var. aqve

maxloblad, erTi gamagrebuli cixea, TxriliT Semovlebuli, Txrili

erTob Rrmaa. iqiT, xelmarcxniv, erTi wyaroa, cxens wyals daalevineb,

kidev cota moSorebiT totebgabarjRuli didi xe dgas. im xeze mravali

fari hkidia, odesRac mamac raindebs rom sWeriaT xelT, Zirsac ori

taStia miWedili, spilenZisa da TiTbrisa. Tu im taStebs Subis tars

samjer dahkrav, axal ambebs gaigeb da iqneb iseT bedsac ewio, rogoric

am mxareSi mravali welia arc erT rainds ar Rirsebia (gv. 238).

aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom rogorc kretienis romanebSi, ise tomas

melorTan, gmirobis da raindobis mTavari sazomi kriteriumi uCveulo,

saswaulebrivi faTerakis ganxorcielebaa, romelsac gamudmebiT daeZeben

mefe arturis gmirebi. Llanseloti dedofali gviniveras siyvarulis

saxeliT uamrav gmirobas sCadis, misi mamacobis ambavi arc

feriebisTvisaa ucxo.

tyis piras mwolare lanselots fea morgana grZnebiT Sekravs, rom

ufro Rrmad daiZinos da mere Tavis sasaxleSi gadaiyvans, gonze mosuls

lamazi msaxuri qalis xeliT saWmels Seugzavnis da sam dedofalTan

erTad gamoecxadeba, raTa lanselotma maT Soris erT-erTi sayvarlad

airCios, Tu arada igi dilegSi sikvdilisTvisaa ganwiruli. lanselotis

pasuxi Semdegia: me mirCevnia am dilegSi movkvde, vidre Cemi survilis

winaaRmdeg erT-erTi Tqvengani Seviyvaro. lanselots moaxle gogo

aTavisuflebs im pirobiT, rom am ukanasknelma monawileoba unda miiRos

raindul orTabrZolaSi, sadac mamamiss daexmareba da raindic Tanxmdeba

am pirobas.

118

A amis Semdeg iwyeba misi usasrulo Tavgadasavlebi da brZolebi.,

Tumca gmirs ar akmayofilebs miRweuli, igi mudmiv ZiebaSia da

gamudmebiT kiTxulobs sakvirveli faTerakebis ambavs.

Aamrigad, aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom rusTvelis poemisgan

gansxvavebiT, `amirandarejanianis,~ kretienisa da meloris romanebis

gmirebi, faTerakebisa da Tavgadasavlebis gamudmebul ZiebaSi arian, maT

Ziebas zogjer aranairi piroba da intriga ar udevs safuZvlad. maTi

mizani xSirad sakuTari saxelis gandidebiT, sayvareli qalis mier

wayenebuli pirobebiTaa ganpirobebuli, maSin roca rusTvelis gmirebis

avantiura maRalzneobrivi idealebisken swrafviT gamoirCeva.

Yyovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba gamovyoT sami

ZiriTadi done avantiuruli romanis ganviTarebaSi. Ppirvel doneze

ganvaTavsebT `amirandarejanianis~ gmirTa avantiuras, romelTa

moqmedebis asparezi mxolod sagmiro saqmeebze da saxelis moxveWaze

gadis. Mmeore done, am tipis romanis ganviTarebisa, esaa swored kretien

de truas romanebi, am romanebis gmirebisaTvis avantiura mxolod

sayvareli qalis saxeliTaa gamarTlebuli. Ggmiri mTel Tavgadasavals,

gmirul gamarjvebebs, falavanTa damarcxebebs da a.S. uZRvnis sayvarel

qals. ganviTarebis umaRles doned SeiZleba miviCnioT rusTvelis

`vefxistyaosani~, romlis gmirebisaTvis avantiura mxolod piradi

saxelisa da satrfos mier nakarnaxevi davalebis zusti aRasruleba ki

ara, megobrisaTvis iseTi Tavdadeba da Tavganwirvaa, romelic poemaSi

altruistul gagebamdea ayvanili.

119

mojadoebuli koSkebi, qvabulebi da baRebi

M

romanebis samyaroSi garkveuli adgili aqvs daTmobili sferos,

romelic zebunebriv, fantastikur, realobisgan gansxvavebul

kategorias ganekuTvneba. Mmiuxedavad amisa, es zebunebrivi samyaro ar

aris realuri samyarosgan mkveTrad gamijnuli. Ees ori samyaro

arsebobs erTmaneTis gverdiT, harmoniul mTlianobaSi. Ggmiri tovebs

xandaxan cixe-simagres da ramdenime saaTis an dRis Semdeg aRmoCndeba

uCveulo adgilas.. `miRma samyaro zogjer mdinaris meore napiridan

iwyeba~ (106, gv. 58).

aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom gmirebis avantiuris ganuyrel nawils

Seadgens mojadoebeuli koSkebi, gamoqvabulebi, ucnauri walkotebi,

romelic dakarguli edemis saxedac moazrdeba zogierT SemTxvevaSi. is

miRma samyaro, romelSic gmiri faTerakebis Ziebisas aRmoCndeba xolme,

gmiris avantiuris ganuyofeli nawilia.

`amirandarejanianSi~ araerTgzis gvxvdeba devebiT dasaxlebuli

cixe-simagreebi, saucxoo walkotebi da ucnauri arsebebiT savse

qvabulebi.

G`amirandarejanianis~ gmirebi, romlebic Tavgadasavlis saZieblad

mieSurebian, gzad gamoqvabuls naxaven, saidanac wiTlosani kaci gamova,

romelic didoT mefea. mas devebma laSqari dauxoces da samefo

waarTves. swored mis samefoSi hyavT damwyvdeuli devebs nosar nisreli.

dido exmareba Zmobilebs gzis gagnebaSi. erT Kkldovan adgilas mivlen,

saidanac uamravi gveli gamodioda, xocdnen, magram amaod. Bbolos

120

amiranma amoiRo mSvildi, tyorcna isari da warkveTa Tavi gvels,

romelic kldis Tavze ijda. roca es ambavi gaiges, kldis karebi gaaRes

da gamovida sami veSapi _amiranma saTiTaod daxoca isini, Tumca Savma

gveleSapma mainc gadaylapa amirani, magram amiranma gauWra muceli da

Tavi daaRwia gveleSaps (56, gv.315).

Aamirani da misi mxleblebi viRac motiral qals Sexvdnen, qalma

tiriliT uambo amirans, badri iamanisZe roca Seipyres devebma, me tyved

wamomiyvanes da mas mere aq varo. SeuZRva amirans kldis Ziras

gamoqvabulSi da didi lodi karze miagora, Turme es qali devi iyo da

amiranis mocTuneba undoda. qvabulSi Sesulma amiranma ucnauri kaci

naxa, romelsac Sublze didi Tvali hqonda. Aamiranma daxoca es kaci da

misi Svili da is qalic zed miayola, Sen kidev vinmes moacTunebo da

mxleblebTan erTad isev gza ganagrZo.

A amiran darejanisZes Ram-RamobiT viRac qali ecxadeboda da

eubneboda _ `Senisa Wabukobisagan piri ar aris, Tu mze qveyanaTa zeda

iyos da igi Sen ar naxo.~ Mmravalgzis gamoecxada es qali da uTxra _ im

qalis saxe, romelzec miganiSnebdi, am kedelze weria, gaiRviZe da naxeo.

Aamiranma es ambavi Tavis megobar savarsamiZes uambo, savarsamisZes es

ambavi uCveulod moeCvena da gaifiqra: `eSmauri rame aris da faTeraksa

davepyrobiTo~ (gv. 371).

Amainc gadawyveten es mSvenieri qali moZebnon da gzas gaudgebian,

Tumca ar ician saiT wavidnen. uecrad cxeniani kaci SexvdebaT, romelic

urCevs, indoeTisken iareT, rom gza gaignoTo da gauCinardeba (gv. 372).

G gzad uamravi faTeraki SexvdebaT, amirani xan wiTlosan Wabuks

ebrZvis, xan Sav Wabuks, aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom wiTeli da mwvane

raindebi kretienis romanebSic gvxvdeba, isini umetes SemTxvevaSi borot

ZalebTan arian gaigivebulni. rogorc cnobili mecnieri e. meletinski

SeniSnavs, Suasaukuneebis romanebSi, kelturi miTologiidan heroikul

121

romanebze gadasvlisas da Semdeg frangul literaturaSi, saxe-cvlileba

ganicades xTonurma arsebebma. Ddemonuri arsebebi moiazrebian ukve

`Savi~ da `wiTeli~ raindebis saxeSi (70, gv.81-88).

`amirandarejanianSic~ amgvari Wabukebi borot Zalas ganasaxiereben

da isini yovelTvis marcxdebian gmirebTan brZolaSi.

tomas melori, Tavis romanSi, raind biuimenze mogviTxrobs.

biumeini rig-rigobiT amarcxebs Sav rainds, mwvane rainds da wiTel

raindsac, am ukanasknels Seiwyalebs mxolod misi qalbatonis Txovnis

safuZvelze. (29, gv.283).

G tilismaTa qveyanaSi raindebi saswaul garemoSi xvdebian da xan

tilismiT Seqmnil spilenZis kacs ebrZvian, xan spilenZis loms.

Ddalewaven am loms da erT kldovan adgilas moxvdebian, garSemo

Tvaluwvdeneli kldeebia mxolod. Mmidian gmirebi, magram ver xvdebian

sad. gaaRweven am idumal da mojadoebul adgilebs Tavs da mivlen

xvareSan qalis samefoSi. qalaqis simdidre marTlac zRaprulia,

sasaxleebi savsea mdidruli nivTebiT, saucxoo TvlebiT, romelTa

sinaTle adamians abrmavebs. Aamirani SeirTavs xvareSan qals, TiTqos es

aris kidec misi avantiuris logikuri dasasruli, magram gmiris gza

moulodneli xifaTebiTaa savse. Mmas kidev erTi brZolis gadatana uwevs

walkotis mflobel devTan, raTa erTxel kidev moxdes misi

uZlevelobis xazgasma da misi avantiurac dasruldes.

badri iamanisZe da nosar nisreli maRal cixeSi hyavdaT devebs

gamomwyvdeuli. `iyo cixe maRali da qalaqi _ Seuvali. Aara egeboda

kacisgan Sesvla da, viTar Rone vera aviReT, davyaviT kvira erTi da

vlamodiT, romelmca gamosuliyo da Segvepyra devi~. Ggadawyvites xerxi

exmaraT. DdidoT mefe CauZRva amirans da mis Zmobilebs im cixesTan,

sadac mSvenieri xeebi idga da wyaro gamodioda. im adgilebSi xSirad

Camodiodnen frinvelni, wyals dalevdnen da isev cixeSi afrindebodnen.

122

Dradgan gmirebma ver moaxerxes cixeSi SeRweva, didom urCia, frinvels

fexT mokideboda erT-erTi maTgani da ise Casuliyo cixeSi. Aamirani asec

moiqca, frivelis daxmarebiT cixeSi moxvda da devebi srulad amoxoca,

mere ki maT ganZs daepatrona (56, gv. 317). `cixesa ara iyo ricxvi ganZisa.

avkideT xuTassa aqlemsa ganZi.~ cixe, qalaqi da saWurWleni didoT mefes

daubrunes. Ggzad gamoiares da yvela dabeWduli ganZi wamoiRes.

A amiran darejanisZe da misi megobrebi tilismaTa qveyanaSi

moxvdebian, sadac yvelaferi tilismiTaa Seqmnili, iqauroba erTi didi

mojadoebuli wrea, romelic axal-axal saswaulebs axvedrebs gmirebs.

erT did gamoqvabulSi tilismiT Seqmnili spilenZis kaci

cxovrobs. xelSi xmali ukavia da swored kveTs. imisaTvis rom gmirebma

es mojadoebuli wre gaarRvion da gavidnen win, raime xerxs unda

mimarTon. radgan xedaven, rom ZaliT am spilenZis kacs ver

daupirispirdebian. Aamirani win aqlems gaigdebs, ukan TviTon gahyveba

kombliT xelSi da roca spilenZis kaci aqlems mokvlas daupirebs,

hkravs kombals da dalewavs (gv. 382). aseTi moxerxebiT klaven isini

spilenZis loms, uzarmazar spilenZis kacs, romlis bukis Cabervaze

uamravi laSqari iwyebs modenas da a.S..

gmirebi tilismaTa qveyanas gaivlian da saocar qalaqSi

moxvdebian: `vnaxeT qalaqi didi, romel kacisa Tvalsa ezom didi ara

unaxavs ra. zRude da saxli yvelai mwvaniTa da wiTliTa qviTa nagebi

iyo, romel ara gaigonebis sikeTe da siSveniere kacisa eniTa. Eezom didi

iyo qalaqi igi, romel ciskrad SevediT da samefosa saxlamdis SuadRe

mivediT. palatni nagebi mwvaniTa qviTa SvenieriTa. Eegreve karni misni,

igica mwvanisa qvisani, vTqvimca, Tu zurmuxtisani ariano. D mas karTa

zeda qalaqisaTa dga aTasi kaci Semosili skaramangiTa, piroqroTa

ridiTa da oqros sartyliTa.~ aseT zRaprul qalaqSi moxvedril amiran

darejanisZes Sesamoslad or Zvirfas mosasxams moutanen. erTi _mwvane,

123

TvaliTa da margalitiTa Sekazmuli da erTi TeTri, isic Sekazmuli. (gv.

386).

saerTod, saraindo romanebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo

TvalismomWreli, kaSkaSa ferebi. `vefxistyaosanis~ gmirTa samosi

saocari silamazisaa da xSirad xelovnebis daxvewil nimuSs

warmoadgens. did yuradRebas aqceven kretienis gmirebic samoss,

silamazes, simdidres.

samecniero literaturaSi SeniSnulia, rom sinaTle iyo

dakavSirebuli simbolurad yvelaze zeaRmatebulTan, maSin roca sibnele

warmoadgenda borotebisa da ubedurebis sawyiss.

rogorc frangi mecnieri, Jan frapie SeniSnavs, Sua saukuneebi aris

kaSkaSa ferebis, sinaTlis saukune. aq aris simdidre, Zvirfasi qvebi,

oqros brwyinvaleba, fufuneba, Warbobs wiTeli, mwvane da yviTeli

ferebi. sinaTlis elementia qera Tmebi, TeTri saxe. Ees aris gazafxuli,

mudmivi sixaruli, bedniereba, romelic simbolizirebulia locus amoenus-

Si (laTinuri termini, romelic niSnavs sasiamovno adgils) (88, gv. 298).

sinaTlem Seqmna silamaze, ambobda cnobili ingliseli

filosofosi da Teologi (XII-XIII ss.) robert grosetesti, romelmac

Seqmna traqtati De luce seu de inchoatione formarum _ sinaTle anu formis

sawyisi, igi axdenda netari avgustines citirebas da ambobda, gaigeb ra

`silamazes~, maSinve grZnob pirvelsawyis naTels. silamaze ganuyofelia

naTlisgan (111, gv. 73).

Suasaukuneebis romanebSi did adgils ikavebs naTlisa da

silamazis simbolika, romelnic harmoniul mTlianobaSi arian

warmodgenilni. nestan-darejanis silamaze iseT naTelTanac sacnaurdeba,

romelic bnel Rames naTels hfens, Tu naTeli silamazea, sibnele borot

ZalebTan igivdeba. simboluria isic, rom mze-nestani, swored Savma

124

monebma, anu borotma Zalebma Casves kidobanSi. adamianur yofas, naTels

mowyvites da kidobanSi gamomwyvedeuli zRvis usasrulo dinebas misces.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom `vefxistyaosnis~ TiToeuli gmiri, sinaTlesTan,

silamazesTan ziarebuli personaJia. TinaTinis silamaze xSirad mzis

brwyinvalebasac Crdilavs da a. S.

Suasaukuneebis romanebSi xSiradaa warmodgenili zRapruli cixe-

qalaqebi, koSkebi, romlebic auracxeli simdidriTaa savse, romanebSi

xSiria ucxo da sakvirveli nivTebis xseneba da maTi uCveulobis

xazgasma, rac ara mxolod materialur simdidriT aRfrTovanebaze,

aramed esTetikur gemovnebazec mianiSnebda. (aseTia `yabaCa da erTi ride~,

Zvirfasi gvirgvinebi, romelsac xoreSan qals uZRvnian, saocari kaba,

romelsac dedofali gvinivera Cuqnis enidas da a.S.).

amiran darejanisZes da mis mxleblebs xvareSan qalis samefoSi

ucnaur xils miarTmeven msaxurebi, roca xilis sadaurobas ikiTxavs

amirani, dedofali cdilobs daumalos namdvili ambavi, magram ficis

Semdeg iZulebulia simarTle uTxras: am qveyanaSi walkoti iyo, `romel

ara yofila misebri qveyanasa zeda gansasvenebeli mefeTa, romelTa Sina

arian xilni eseni. Nnaxa xili igi baqjar qvelman da SeSurda igi sxvaTa

kacTaTvis da ubrZana jamasars. Dda Seqmna tilismani da muniTgan iqi

aRarvin Sesrul ars da verca vin Sevals~ (56, gv. 396)

amirani mzadaa axali faTerakisTvis, amitom uSiSrad miemarTeba

walkotisken. walkots didi galavani hqonda Semovlebuli. ori kari

hqonda Sesasvleli, erTs didi veSapi darajobda, meores ufro patara.,

orive kari spilenZis iyo da `isrodes qvaTa didgvarovanTa eseTTa rome,

rasaca suliersa maTi nasroli qva ecis, wamsve moklis (gv. 397).

amiran darejanisZe da misi mxlebelni saSinel gveleSapebs

daamarcxeben da walkotSi Sevlen, naxaven _ `walkotsa Sina egeTsa,

romel ara dga walkoti swori misi qveyanasa zeda. Dda vnaxeT xeni

125

sakvirvelni da surnelni, da mas Sina _ wyalni Svenierni, romel, raca

RmrTisa dabadebuli surneli iyo, igi da yoveliferi xili Sina iyo.

xeni vnaxeniT Siga erTni Svenierni, gare SemozRudulni. Dda amas

ityodes, viTa: _ zeTi gamovals maT xeTagan eseTi, romel sneulsa

Seasvan, gamrTeldebis, Tu brmasa TvalTa uwTon, aexilvian, da yovelsa

sensa hkurnebso (gv. 399).

sefedavles da mis mxleblebsac SemoxvdebaT gzad erTi walkoti,

win oqros rideTi mosili kaci gamoegebebaT da walkotis xils

SesTavazebT, gmirebi walkotSi dasasveneblad Camoxdebian da bolos

oqros tabakze dadebul ucnaur xils moarTmeven, Tan etyvian, aseTi

xili arsad geqnebaT nanaxio, `Tvalad kekluci iyo, nesvsa hgavda, magra

cota iyoo, vWameT magra mis meti vera SevigrZeniT Zilma wagviRo~,

mxolod sefedavles ar miekara Zili, radgan is sakvirveli wamali

hqonda xelT, uecrad daiwyo modena laSqarma da sefedavles martos

mouwia gamklaveboda maT.

mzeWabuki da misi mxlebelni qorwilis molodinSi iyvnen, rodesac

movida abram da acnoba maT _ `dedamZuZesa mis qalisasa umZimda

gaTxoveba. Mmoipares wuxelis da mas grZneulTa qveyanasa waiyvanes, rome

arca misvla egebis da arca gamoyvana, Tu yovelni gmirni da goliaTnica

erTgan Sekrbeno. Aaw vinca waxvalT gamoyvanebad, neba Tqveniao~(469).

mzeWabuki gadawyvets wavides grZneulTa qveyanaSi. Ggzad tba

SexvdebaT. Uuecrad dainaxaven, rom mova ramodenime adamiani, `ibanaves

lomad Seiqmnes da wavides mas gzasa, siT Cven mivdiodiT. Mmerme movides

xuTni veSapni, maTca ibanes da kacad Seiqmnes da wavides iginica.

Mmovides kvla xuTni kacni, ibanes, mfrinvelad Seiqmnes da wavides.~ Y

yvela Zalian SeaSina nanaxma da mzeWabukma Tqva _ `isi yvela

eSmauriao~ (gv. 474).

roca gaTenda da wavidnen, naxes, rom `lomTa zeda xuTni kacni

126

sxdes, da igi kacni rome veSpad Seiqnes. Mmovides igi kacni da SevibeniT

ficxlad. Dda omsa Sina Cven mo da mogvakldeboda da SiSi Segveqmneboda.

Aanazdad kaci movida, veSapsa zeda jda, xelTa mSvildi hqonda~, misma

xmam zari dasca irgvlivmyofebs, yvela gaiqca da mzeWabuki datoves mis

pirispir. mzeWabuki mTeli dRe-Rame ebrZoda mas da daamarcxa (gv. 475).

gavemarTeT da mivediT `samarovansa yovlisa qveyanisasa. Mmkvdari

yvela ze wamodga da xelsa gvixrida: _ modiT Cven Tana, esreve mosvla

gindao. mzeWabuki amSvidebda, ese yoveli saeSmako saqmeao (gv. 480).

bolos mivlen erT adgilas, `klde iyo didi da Zirsa qvabi iyo da

im qvabisgan xma gamovidoda sakvirveli. mzeWabuks uTxres, rom mefis

asuli aq ariso. mzeWabuki SeebrZola qvabulidan gamosul kacs. didxans

ibrZoles, gamovida bolos is kaci da mzis Wabukis Tavi xelT hqonda.

Ggamobrundnen misi mxleblebi tiriliT da sami dRis Semdeg naxes mzis

Wabuki, romelmac uTxraT, is kaci, romelmac Cemi Tavi gaCvenaT, grZnebiT

Seqmnili iyoo. xazarTa mefes fici hqonda dadebuli, sanam iseT Wabuks

ar vipovi, `rome misebri Wabuki, qveyanasa zeda ara iyoso~, Cems asuls

aravis SevrTavo, gamoscada axla da darwmunda Cems Zlierebasa da

mamacobaSio (gv. 482). wamoiyvanes mefis asuli da movidnen xazarTa

samefoSi. Mmefem daadga gvirgvini mzeWabuks da dauloca Tavisi samefo.

`amirandarejanianSi~ aRwerili ucnauri qvabulebi da walkotebi

gmirTa Tavgadasavlis ganuyofeli nawilia. devTa cixe-simagris aReba,

tilismiT mojadoebuli qveynebis jadosgan gaTavisufleba, saocari

walkotebis naxva, gmirTa avantiuras ufro mimzidvelsa da momxibvlels

xdis.

`vefxistyaosnis~ mTavari gmiri, tarieli, nestanis unayofo Zebnis

Semdeg tyes Seafarebs Tavs. erT gamoqvabuls ipovis, romelSic devebi

cxovroben. mxleblebTan erTad SeebrZoleba devebs. mxleblebi

daexoceba, magram TviTon amowyvets devebs da maT gamoqvabulSi daidebs

127

binas.

Ddevebis gamoqvabuls ormoci kari aqvs, magram tariels ar

ainteresebs karebs miRma arsebuli arc nivTi, arc simdidre, maT

arsebobas mxolod maSin ixsenebs, roca amis saWiroeba dgeba.

`vefxistyaosanSi~ warmodgenil uCveulo cixe-simagred qajeTis

cixe SeiZleba CaiTvalos. qajeTis cixe uCveulod maRali da

miuwvdomelia. Nnestan-darejani tarielisTvis miweril werilSi

aRniSnavs:

`cixes vzi egzom maRalsa, Tvalni Zliv gardaswvdebian

Ggza gvirabiTa Semova, mcvelni mun zeda dgebian (1300).

Nnestani urCevs satrfos, ar ecados mis dasaxsnelad wamosvlas,

radgan kacTagan SeuZlebelia am cixe-simagreSi SemoRweva da mere misi

gaTavisufleba.

avTandili, romelmac Seityo nestanis samyofeli da niSnad misi

sicocxlisa misi werilic miiRo, male gamoemSvidoba fatmans, xaTunmac

ar daakava da uTxra:L

`iswrafve, Cemi nu gagva, xeli egreca xeldebis,

Tu qajni mogeswrebian, mun misvla gagiZneldebis~ (1313).

avTandili marTlac Cqarobs, igi fridonTan werils aaxlebs

msaxurebs da miweril werilSi eubneba kidec Zmadnafics, vipove

tarielis satrfo:

`igi mze qajTa mefesa hyavs, qajeTs patimaria.

jerT qalsa qajni ar axlvan, magra spa uamaria~ (1320).

128

avTandili gamoivlis grZel gzas da tariels nestanis ustars

miutans, Zmadnaficebi fridonis samefosken gaemarTebian, fridoni

guluxvad umaspinZlebs megobrebs, magram Seaxsenebs, avi maspinZeli ar

gegonoT, TiTqos Tqveni stumroba momwyenodes, magram:

`aw yovna ar varga, wasvla sjobs gzisa grZelisa,

Tu qajni mogveswrebian, saeWvi ars siZnelisa~ (1385).

qajeTs namyofi meca var, garSemo qalaqs klde aqvs Semovlebuli,

Tu malviT ar SevediT, pirispir SebmiT versa gavxdebiTo, aRniSnavs

fridoni.

qajeTis cixes garSemo klde ertya, kldis Sua gvirabi adioda,

romelsac aTi aTasi mcveli icavda. Ggmirebma gadawyvites eTaTbiraT da

ise mieRoT saukeTeso gadawyetileba. GmaT marTlac SeimuSaves

garkveuli samxedro strategia. samivem samad gaiyo samasi meomari da

uwyinari mgzavrebiviT gaemarTnen qajeTis cixisken, roca qlaqis kari

farTod gaaRes motyuebulma mcvelebma, raindebma samive mxridan Seuties

qajeTis cixes, uCveulo gmirobis magaliTi aCvenes da datyvevebuli

nestani gaaTavisufles.

aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom aseTi miuvali cixe-simagreebi, TiTqmis

yvela saraindo romanSi gvxvdeba. arturis ciklis TiTqmis yvela

romanebSi figurirebs mojadoebuli cixe-koSki, aseTia arturis

sasaxlec, romelic kldeze dgas da garSemo zRva akravs. koSkSi

mxolod erTi sacalfexo biliki midis. Mmefe arturis cixe-simagre

yvelaze dacul koSkad iTvleboda.

qajeTis cixe ar aris is uCveulo cixe, romelic dasavlur

romanebSi naxseneb jadosnuri cixe-simagreebis analogad SeiZleba

129

miviCnioT. sainteresoa is faqtic, rom rusTvelis gmirebi ara uSualod

qajebs, aramed maT mier datovebul meomrebs SeebrZolebian, amis Sesaxeb

SeniSnavs n. Jordania, rodesac wers: `qajTa cixis aRebaSi rusTvelma

qajebi ar gamoiyvana, rom poema sadev-gmiro ambebs ar damsgavseboda,

radgan `vefxistyaosani~ aris ara sadev-gmiro nawarmoebi, aramed

Tanamedrove Sinaarsis da formis romanuli poema (36. gv. 78-79).

is faqti, rom rusTvelis poema marTlac daclilia, im zRaprul-

fantastikuri garemoTi, romliTac ase mdidaria amave periodis Sua

saukuneebis dasavluri romanebi, araerTgzis aRvniSneT. davamatebT

mxolod imas, rom rusTveli Suasaukuneebis romanisti mweralia,

romelmac poemaSi iseTi idealebisken swrafva wamoWra, rom aq

saswaulebrivi da jadonsuri, mxolod poemis logikuri Txrobis

nawilad SeiZleba iqnes miCneuli da ara avtoris mTavar

mizandasaxulobad. Tumca qajeTis miuvali cixis aReba, devTa amowyveta

da maTi gamoqvabulis dapatroneba, erTgvar xarkadac SeiZleba miviCnioT,

romelsac rusTveli im sazogadoebas uxdis, romelSic jer kidev

mZlavradaa miTosurisa da saswaulebrivis, daujerebelisa da

miuwvdomlisadmi Rrma rwmena.

tomas meloris nawarmoebis erT-erTi gmiri, lanseloti, daburul

tyeSi midis, uecrad ZaRls dainaxavs da mis kvals gahyveba. Ees ZaRli

cixe-koSkTan miva, lanseloti koSkSi mkvdar rainds ixilavs. igi

mxolod im SemTxvevaSi ganikurneba, Tu gamoCndeba vinme raindi,

romelic wava samlocveloSi da iq ipovis maxvils da tilos, romelSic

mokluli raindi iyo gaxveuli. lanseloti uSiSrad miva

samlocvelosTan, sadac ocdaaTiode SeiaraRebuli bumberazi farebiTa

da xmlebiT aRWurvili dgas, gaivlis maT Soris, abreSumis sudaras

kides moaWris, aiRebs maxvils da gareT gamova. gareT gamosuls erTi

qali xvdeba, romelic sTxovs akocos mas, magram uars iRebs, qali

130

jadoqari helivisaa, romelic zangTa cixis patroni iyo da Svidi wlis

ganmavlobaSi lanselotze iyo gamijnurebuli, magram roca raindisgan

uari miiRo, igi dardisgan Camoxma da gardaicvala. Llanselotis

mamacobam gadaarCina daWrili raindi. Ggmiris avantiura ki kidev erTi

saswaulebrivi ambiT Seivso (29, gv.263).

`tristansa da izoldaSi~ gvxvdeba ucnauri cixe-koSki. Ees aris

tintajalis cixe-simagre _ Tintagel Castle, koSkma legendaluri saxe mefe

arTuris legendebis Semdeg SeiZina, amitom mas xSirad axsneben Sua

saukuneebis saraindo romanebSi.

erTxel izoldam uTxra tristans, _ mezRvaurebi amtkiceben,

tintajalis koSki mojadoebulia da orjer weliwadSi, zamTarSi da

zafxulSi, jadosnobis ZaliT ikargeba da Tvals efarebao. es xom araa

is saucxoo baRi, romelzec simRerebi mogviTxroben: mas yovelmxriv

haeris zRude artyia. xeebi hyvavian, niadagi surnelovania. _ ara

megobaro, eubneba tristani, aq zRapruli baRi arsad Cans, magram erT

dRes Cven erTad wavalT bednier qveyanaSi, saidanac aravin brundeba. iq

TeTri marmarilos koSkia aRmarTuli, aTasi sarkmeli aqvs, TiToeulSi

TiTo anTebuli sanTeli cimcimebs, TiToeulSi TiTo jambazi ukravs da

dausrulebel melodias mReris. iq mze ar brwyinavs, magram misi sinaTle

aravis ar enatreba: es cxonebulTa bednieri qveyanaa (49, gv. 82).

`tristani da izolda~, romelTa akrZaluli siyvaruli verc

romelime cixe-koSkSi da verc moruas tyeSi poulobs TavSesafars,

cxonebulTa im bednier qveyanaze ocneboben, romelic maTi siyvarulis

yvelaze saimedo TavSesafari, maTi mudmivi siyvarulis savane unda

gaxdes.

K kretien de truas romanSi `ereki da enida~, mravlad gvxvdeba

ucnauri cixe-koSkebi, mojadoebuli baRi. Eereki, Tavisi avantiuris

manZilze, xSirad xvdeba ucnaur adgilebSi. erTxel, mZimed daWril

131

ereks, gzad xvdeba grafi, romelsac Tavis sasaxleSi mihyavs is da enida,

meore diliT ki Tavisi debis cixe-koSkSi gadahyavs dasustebuli raindi.

Ggrafis debi sxvadsxva balaxebiT da jadosnuri malamoebiT moarCenen

ereksDda faTerakebis maZiebeli gmiri isev gzas gauyveba. gzad ereki

dainaxavs mojadoebul cixe-koSks, grafi eubneba, rom Tavi aaridos mas,

magram ereks surs Ramis gaTeva am koSkSi. isini Sedian iq da mefe

eubneba, rom mravali raindi movida aq magram vercerTma ver datova es

baRi, romelic am cixe koSkSi iyo ganTavsebuli. baRis SesasvlelTan

uamravi sari iyo Camocmuli, romelzedac raindTa muzaradebi elvarebda,

mxolod erTi sari iyo drCenili SiSvlad, romelic savaraudod erekis

muzaradisTvis iyo gankuTvnili. ereki Sezara am sanaxaobam, magram mianc

mihyva mefes baRis Sesasvlelamde da Semdeg baRSic Sevida. Ees iyo

saucxoo walkoti, sadac uamravi yvavili yvaoda. xeebi daxunZluli iyo

uamravi da nairgvari xiliT, yvelas SeeZlo egema es xili, magram Tu

waRebas moindomebda, ukan dasabrunebel gzas veRarasdros ipovida.

baRSi uamravi frinveli galobda. baRs ki goliaTi mabonagreni icavda.

E ereki Seebmeba goliaTs, romelic am baRis mcvelia. brZola didxans

gagrZelda, sabolood erekma daamarcxa igi da sTxova aexsna misTvis,

ratom patronobda am baRs. GgoliaTi uxsnis, im qals, romelic mas

bavSvobidn uyvarda, miveci aRTqma, rom Sevasrulebdi mis survils,

magram mas ar uTqvams ra surdao. sabolood qalma ganacxada, rom is am

baRis mcveli unda yofiliyo, sanam ar movidoda vinme, masze Zlieri da

ar daamarcxebda mas. Eaxla bednieri var, ganucxada goliaTama, radgan am

aRTqmisgan gavTavisufldi da SemiZlia es baRi davtovo (80).

132

saswaulebrivi arsebebi da sagnebi

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saraindo romanebSi warmodgenili

saswaulebrivi arsebebi nawarmoebebSi wamoWrili konfliqtis

SemakavSirebel rgolebs warmoadgenen, romlebic mniSvnelovan rols

asruleben am konfliqtis gadaWraSi, zogierT SemTxvevaSi, saswaulebrivi

arsebebi raindebs avnturis ganxorcilebaSi xels uSlian, zogierT

SemTxvevaSi ki piriqiT, exmarebian. saswaulebriv sagnebs ufro sxva

datvirTva aqvT miniWebuli, isini raindebs dauZlevelis daZlevaSi,

Seusrulebelis SesrulebaSi exmarebian. Aamitom aseT nivTebs magiuri

Zala aqvT.

`amirandarejanianSi~ gvxvdeba pasaJi, sadac sefedavle darispanisZe

da misi mxleblebi WenTa qveyanaSi mefis asulis gamosaxsnelad midian,

Tumca gza metad saZnelo da saxifaToa, romelsac gmirebi mxolod

Tavisi Zalis imedad ver gadalaxaven. maT Saosani qali exmarebaT,

romelic gzasac aswavlis da am gzis dasaZlevad saswaul wamalsac

miscems _ `aqedan rom waxvalT, sami dReE unda iaroT, iseT adgilas

mixvalT, ityviT aq wyali Znelad idendao. Oori kaci mofrindeba da

daiyivleben, maT yivilze wyali movardeba, magram curviT ver gamoxvalT

rome wamali maqvs iseTi, rom fexze icxeb da advilad gaivli im wyalso.

Mmere iseT qveyanaSi moxvdebiT, gzas ver gaagnebT sibneleSi, amisTvisac

wamals mogcemT da is gaginaTebT gzaso (56, gv.426).

Qqalis sityvebi male gacxaddeba da sefedavle da misi Zmobilebic

am dabrkolebebis gadalaxvas qalis mier mocemuli saswaulebrivi

wamliT axerxeben.

tarielis dasaxmareblad wasuli avTandili, romelic gulanSaroSi

fatmanisgan nestanis adgil-samyofels gaigebs, imasac Seityobs, rom

133

fatmans ori grZneuli mona hyavs, romlebic L `uCinod wavlen, wamovlen

maTiTa xelovnebiTa;~ (1238). grZneul monas ucnauri mosasxami aqvs,

romelsac wamoisxams da uCinari xdeba. Nnestanis ambis mosmenis Semdeg,

avTandili sTxovs fatmans, es grZneuli mona nestanTan gagzavnos da

misgan werili moitanos. Mmona Tavis molSi gaexveva, uCinrad Seva

qajeTis cixeSi da uCinradve wamoiRebs nestanis werils. rusTvelma

grZneuli monis Semoyvanis aucilebloba, ambis logikuri Txrobis

Sedegad wamoWra. GavTandilis Tavgadasavlis erT-erT Semadgenel

rgolad grZneuli mona aqcia, swored man daakavSira uxorco qajTa

samefoSi gamomwyvdeuli nestani xorciel samyaroSi misi ambis

momlodine avTandils.

Ddevebis gamoqvabulSi gamoketili ormoci karis Semtvrevis

aucileblobac maSin dgeba romanSi, roca nestanis ambiT gaxarebuli

mijnuri cxovrebis sazriss ibrunebs. satrfos povniT gaxarebuli

tarieli avTandils eubneba:

`me odes qvabni wavuxven, davxoce devTa dasebi,

M mas aqaT maTi aqa Zes saWurWle Zvir-nafasebi~ (1364).

Ggmirebi gadawyveten Seangrion ormoci kariT dabeWdili saWurWle

da naxon ra simdidrea datovebuli. tarieli da avTandili Seamtvreven

kars da ipovian auracxel simdidres, sakvirvel kidobans, romelsac zed

aweria:

…`.. `aqa Zes abjari sakvirvelio,

jaWv-muzaradi, almasi, xrmali basrisa, mWrelio;

Tu qajni devTa Seebmen, iyos dRe igi Znelio!

umisJamisod vinc gahxsnis, aris mefeTa mkvlelio~ (1368).

134

Seimoses Zmadnaficebma iSviaTi samosi, xelT ipyres iSviaTi xmalic,

romliTac ra `rkinasa mohkvrian, viT bambis mkedsa sWridian~ (1370). D

avTandili da tarieli gaemarTnen fridonisken, misTvisac waiRes

sakvirveli samosi da gaemarTnen qajTa qalaqisken.

`tristansa da izoldaSic~ araerTgzis gvxvdeba saswaulebrivi

nivTebi da arsebebi. Yyvelaze mniSvnelovani ki mainc is jadosnuri

siTxea, romelsac nawarmoebis gmirebi. SemTxveviT igemeben da romelic

maT akrZalul siyvaruls daudebs saTaves. zogierTi mecnieri, mag.

Ddaniel porioni izoldas axal medead miiCnevs, xazs usvams mis

ganswavlulobas balaxeulobis codnasa da jado-wamlebis damzadebaSi,

da ambobs, rom swored medeaa izoldas arqetipi (108, gv. 66).

sainteresoa is faqtic, rom am sasiyvarulo sasmels n. konradi

ganixilavs ara rogorc mistikas, aramed rogorc im drois

farmakologiur produqts, romelic gankuTvnili iyo ara mxolod romanis

gmirebisTvis, aramed yvela adamianisTvis (67, gv. 80).

tristani, uelsSi, gilenis samflobeloSi gadaixvewa, raTa

mSvenieri izolda daeviwyebina. erTxel, mTavarma tristans mowyena

Seatyo, stumris gasaxaliseblad patara grZneuli ZaRli moiyvana,

romelic mTavars feriam gamougzavna rogorc siyvarulis armaRani. misi

mkerdi TovliviT TeTri iyo, gava mwvane, rogorc samyura balaxi, erTi

ferdi Zowis ferisa hqonda, xolo meore _ zafranis feri, muceli

laJvardi iyo, xolo zurgi vardisferi. Yyelze oqros jaWvi eba, xolo

jaWvze iseTi tkbilxmovni eJvani, rom misma gagonebam tristans guli

auCuya, daumSvida da kaeSanic gauqarva. Mmas socari Tviseba hqonda,

rogorc ki adamiani mis JRaruns gaigonebda, yovelive tanjvas

daaviwyebda (49, gv. 181).

tristanma maSinve gaifiqra, rom es mSvenieri saCuqari iqneboda

135

izoldasTvis. xolo es ZaRli rom moepovebina, gadawyvita bumberaz

urgans SebrZoleboda. didxans ibrZoles gaafTrebiT, bolos raindulma

vaJkacobam sZlia da tristanma bumberazi mokla, misi marjvena xeli

mTavars miutana da izoldasTvis mSvenieri saCuqari moipova. (iqve, gv.

182).

tristanma didxans ver gaZlo izoldas unaxaoba, gadawyvita

dabrunebuliyo mefe markis sasaxleSi, magram aravis rom ar ecno,

amisTvis Tavisi mSvenieri qera kululebi moiparsa da mxolod mokle Tma

daitova jvris saxed. Ppirze mojadoebuli balaxis siTxe waicxo,

romelic Tavis qveynidan hqonda motanili; saxis feri da gamometyveleba

ise ucnaurad Seecvala, rom verc erTi sulieri ver icnobda dedamiwis

zurgze.

mojadoebuli balaxis siTxem gmiris garegnoba Secvala, magiuri

balaxi misi damxmare aRmoCnda da raindma SeZlo sayvareli arsebis naxva

ise, rom misi vinaoba yvelasTvis ucnobi darCa.

Kkretienis romanSi, `iveni anu lomis raindi~, ucnauri faTerakis

saZebnelad wasuli iveni amarcxebs muzaradian rainds, Tumca misi

mxleblebi Seipyroben ivens da mis dasjas gadawyveten. sasaxlis oTaxSi

gamoketil ivens, romlis bolo gardauvali sikvdilia, mSvelelad

evlineba msaxuri qali, romelic jadosnur beWeds aZlevs rainds.

jadosnuri beWdis qona, misi gadarCenis tolfasia, radgan is gmirs

uxilavs xdis. ivenis dasasjelad mosuli msaxurebi didxans eZeben

ucnaurad gauCinarebul rainds da verafriT xsnian mis gauCinarebas.

jadosnuri beWdis wyalobiT, iveni Tavisuflad dadis oTaxebSi, swored

aseTi siarulisas Tvals mohkravs mis mier mokluli raindis mSvenier

qvrivs da misadmi siyvaruliT ainTeba.

aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom iveni colad moiyvans am mSvenier qvrivs

da misgan saCuqrad beWeds iRebs, romelic Tan unda ataros niSnad misi

136

siyvarulisa, magram roca mefe arTuris karze wasuli raindi micemul

pirobas iviwyebs da daTqmul dros ukan ar brundeba, meuRle mas beWdis

dabrunebas Txovs, swored amis Semdeg iwyeba misi sigiJe.

v. nozaZes SeniSnuli aqvs, rom ivenis gaWrasa da gaxelebas araferi

saerTo ara aqvs mijnurobasTan da misi qceva sxva araferia, Tu ara

sigiJe, romelic jado-beWdis warTmevasTan aris dakavSirebuli (32, gv.

156).

Tumca unda aRvniSnoT, rom iveni beWdis dabrunebis gareSec

axerxebs saR azrze mosvlas, raSic mas feia morgans mier momzadebuli

jadosnuri malamo exmareba.

Aamgvarad, saraindo romanebSi, jadosnur nivTebsa da

saswaulebriv arsebebs xSirad umniSvnelovanesi roli ukaviaT

nawarmoebis Semdgomi ganviTarebisTvis. zogierT SemTxvevaSi maTi Carevis

gareSe ver xerxdeba mniSvnelovani ambis gadawyveta, Tumca am tipis

epizodebis CarTva ar mijnavs fantastikur da realur samyaros

erTmaneTisgan, isini Tanasworad ganagrZoben arsebobas yovelgvari

winaaRmdegobis gareSe.

137

gza, saidanac arcerTi gmiri ar brundeba da yvelaze didi

avantiura

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saTauris amgvari formulireba, (gza, saidanac

arcerTi gmiri ar brundeba), romelic saraindo romanebSi

ganxorcielebuli avantiuris erT-erT Semadgenel rgols warmoadgens,

jadosnuri zRapris struqturuli elementicaa. Mmartividan rTulisaken

svlis principi yvela jadosnur zRaparSia daculi. zRaparSi gmirs

xSirad uxdeba sami davalebis Sesruleba, romelTagan ori advilad

Sesrulebadia, xolo mesame SedarebiT rTuli. saraindo romanebSi es

principi nawilobriv daculia, gmirebis avantiura SedarebiT martivi

siZneleebis gadalaxviT iwyeba, Tumca sabolood yvelaze rTuli

avantiuriT sruldeba. Suasaukuneebis romanis gmirebs yvelaze metad is

gza izidavT, saidanac gadmocemis mixedviT arcerTi gmiri ar brundeba.

swored aseTi gzaa yvelaze didi gamocdis gza, romliskenac mTeli

avantiuris manZilze miiltvis nawarmoebis mTavari gmiri. aseTi gzis

daZleva xSir da umetes SemTxvevaSi gmiris avantiuris logikuri

dasasrulis dasawyisi xdeba, aseTi gzidan mobrunebuli gmiris gamocda

dasrulebulia, Tu raindTa mTeli avantiura harmoniis Ziebisken

swrafvaa, aseTi gzidan mobrunebuli gmiris garSemo icvleba is

disharmoniuli samyaro, romelsac igi dascilda da ibrunebs

pirvelsawyis harmonias.

`amirandarejanianis~ gmirebs xSirad uwevT iseT gzaze siaruli,

saidanac arcerTi sulieri ar dabrunebula, sadac adamis Zes misvla ar

ZaluZs. iseT cixeSi SeRweva, sadac kacTa modgmas fexi ar daudgams da

a.S.

sefedavle darispanisZe WenTa qveyanaSi gaemgzavreba, raTa mefis

138

asuli colad SeirTos. Ggzad erTi gzis mcodne kaci SexvdebaT,

romelic etyviT, rom zRvasa Sigan kunZulia da mas kunZulsa zeda _

klde da kldesa zeda _ cixe, romelsa kacebrivi Zala vera ebrZvis (56,

gv. 423).

Mmiuxedavad aseTi gafrTxilebisa, gmirebs swored is gza izidavT,

is gamocda, romelic win udevaT da romelmac maT saxels dideba da

Rirseba unda Sehmatos

Aamiran darejanisZem, romelic xvareSan qalis mosapoveblad

mravali dabrkoleba gadalaxa da mraval xifaTs gaumklavda, sabolood

moipova xvareSan qali da TiTqos unda dasruldes misi avantiura, magram

mas kidev win uZRvis yvelaze rTuli gamocda, iseT arsebasTan Sebma,

romelsac veravin umklavdeba. imis gagoneba, rom amirani Ramaz devs unda

SeebrZolos, xvareSan qalSi SiSs aRZravs, SeSinebuli qali tirils

daiwyebs, radgan masac ar sjera, rom amirani SeZlebs Ramaz devis

gamklavebas, _ nu stir, mzeo Cemo, aw naxo Wabukoba Cemio! _ Eetyvis

amirani. M`magra qalma tirilisgan pasuxi ar gasca. Mmoekida, Tuca ara

gaeSva. gaecina amiran darejanisZes _ Tu damiWire, rogor SevebrZolo

veSapso.~ sastiki brZola, romelic amiranis gamarjvebiT damTvrda,

damswreebma amgvarad Seafases: _ `aravin yofila kacTa naTesavi swori

amiran darejanisZisa~ (gv. 398-399).

A `vefxistyaosanSi~ warmodgenili qajeTis cixe kacTagan

auRebel cixe-simagredaa moazrebuli. is borotebis erTgvari simboloa,

romelsac `vefxistyaosnis~ raindebi siyvaruls upirispireben. qajeTis

miuwvdomel cixeSi gamomwyvdeuli nestani uars ambobs mijnuris

ganzraxvaze, mivides da gaaTavisuflos qajTa tyveobaSi myofi satrfo,

amitom fatmanisadmi miweril werilSic imeorebs:

`...spani uTvalavni mcven da maTi sialfe-re,

139

rasa hqvian Zebna Cemi? Aar egebis, daijere! (1287)

gexvewebi, sayvarelsa Semaxvewe, Semibrale,

nu wamova Zebnad Cemad, miuwere, Se-ca-sTvale~ (1289).

mijnurisadmi miweril werilSi ki Tavad mijnurs evedreba, ar

wamovides mis saZebnelad, nu gawiravs Tavs, radgan qajeTis cixis

mcvelebi `maTTa SembmelTa daxocen, marT cecxlad moedebian~ (1300).

Nnestans uWirs imaze fiqri, rom misi satrfo SeiZleba damarcxdes,

qajeTis samefo xom kacTagan dauZleveli samefoa. Tumca rusTvelis

gmirebis yvelaze didi avantiura swored im harmoniis aRdgenaa, romelic

borotebaze sikeTis gamarjvebiT unda damTavrdes. uZleveli gmirebis

yvelaze didi gamarjvebac qajeTis cixis aRebiT, nestanis tyveobidan,

borotebidan da sibnelidan gamoxsniT sruldeba.

Kkretienis romanebSi araerTgzis xdeba im gzaze miniSneba,

romlidanac jer arcerTi raindi ar dabrunebula. `iveni anu lomis

raindis~ mTavari gmiri iveni, meuRlesTan ganSorebis Semdeg umarav

gansacdels gadaitans, mraval gamocdas da faTeraks gaivlis da

uZleveli raindis saxels moipovebs, magram misi mTvari da yvelaze didi

avntiura, im satanailebTan brZolis gasrulebaa, romlebic ucnaur cixe-

koSks arian dapatronebulni da tyve qalwulebs monurad amyofeben

saSinel tanjvaSi. satanailebTan brZola gardauvali sikvdilis

tolfasia, magram iveni warmatebiT arTmevs Tavs yvelaze did gamocdas,

amarcxebs saSinel arsebebs da jadosgan aTavisuflebs mTel cixe-

qalaqs.

`ereksa da enidaSi~ warmodgenili mravali ganscdelisgan,

romelsac uSiSrad umklavdeba ereki, yvelaze didi gansacdeli mas im

jadosnur cixe-koSkSi elodeba, sadac mravali raindi wavida saxelis

mosapoveblad da saidanac veravin dabrunda. im jadosnuri baRis

140

SesasvlelSi, romelsac goliaTi darajobs, uamravi muzaradCamocmuli

saria, romelTagan mxolod erTi darCenila umuzaradod da am saris

naxva, SeakrTobs kidec goliaTis dasamarcxeblad misul ereks, magram

raindi ukan ar ixevs da dawyebul avantiuras warmatebiT arTmevs Tavs.

Kamarcxebs goliaTs da aTavisuflebs mojadoebul baRs.

M

141

daskvna

amgvarad, Cveni sadisertacio Temis mizans warmoadgenda saswaulis

niSniT gangvexila sasuliero da saero nawarmoebebi, warmogveCina

sasuliero literaturisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli saswaulis modelebi da

dagvelagebina isini garkveuli sqemebis mixedviT. Aam sqemebis niSanqveS

ganvixileT saero romanebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli saswaulebic.

pirvel TavSi ganvixileT Semdegi qarTuli agiografiuli

Txzulebebi: `grigol xanZTelis cxovreba”, ìovane zedaznelis

cxovreba~, `serapion zarzmelis cxovreba~, `Siosa da evagres cxovreba~,

da `daviT garejelis cxovreba~. saero romanebidan amave TvalsazrisiT

SeviswaleT àmirandarejaniani~, `vefxistyaosani~, kretien de truas

romani ìveni anu lomis raindi~ da tomas beluris `tristani da

izolda~.

sadisertacio naSromis pirvel TavSi, agiografiul da saero

TxzulebaTa ganxilvam, TvalnaTliv dagvanaxa, rom Suasaukuneebis

saswaulma garkveuli transformacia ganicada, im gagebiT, rom Seicvala

adamianis damokidebuleba samyarosadmi da RmerTisadmi. `grigol

xanZTelis cxovrebaSi~ moyvanili epizodi mogviTxrobs, rom grigolis

mowafe miqeli, maRali kldidan gadmoagdo abeliarma, magram RmerTi

Seewia wmindans da igi sruliad uvnebeli wamodga miwidan. sainteresoa

am mxriv `tristansa da izoldaSi~ moyvanili epizodi, roca mefe markis

sasaxleSi ganmartoebul mijnurebs, karebTan mcvelebis xma SemoesmebaT,

tristani gadawyvets gadaxtes koSkidan, raTa Tavidan aicilos

samarcxvino sasjeli, igi Sevardeba samlocvelo oTaxSi da gadaxteba

koSkidan. Nnawarmoebis avtori gveubneba, rom RmerTma igi Seiwyala, qarma

misi tanisamosi aafriala, raindi zeviT aswia da kldis ZirSi, brtyel

qvasTan Camosva (49, gv. 115).

142

Tumca tristani arRvevs garkveul zneobriv normebs, ufali mainc

Seyvarebuli gmiris Semwed gvevlineba. Ggmiris saswauli zogjer

RvTiuri saswauliT aris ganpirobebuli.

Mmiuxedavad garkveuli kontrastisa, saswaulis gagebasTan dakavSirebiT,

rogorc saero, ise sasuliero romanebSi SeiniSneba Semdegi:

3. saswauli aris movlena, romelic realuri ambis saxiT aris aRqmuli;

saswauli Tavisi funqciiT arRvevs samyaroSi arsebul realobas da

migvaniSnebs zebunebrivze, RmerTze, romlisganac momdinareobs es

saswauli.

4. Qqristianul religiaSi saswaulis ZiriTadi daniSnulebaa

sargebloba moutanos adamians. esaa avadmyofis gankurnva, brmisTvis

Tvalis axela, adamianis moqceva WeSmaritebis gzaze da a.S.

Suasaukuneebis romanSi saswaulis ZiriTadi funqciaa daexmaros

gmirs, moutanos mas garkveuli sargebloba borotebis winaaRmdeg

brZolaSi (sakvirveli abjari, grZneuli monebi, sakvirveli xmali,

jadoqris balzami da a.S.)

3. saswauli ar aris bunebis kanonebis darRveva; qristianul samyaroSi

yvelaferi saswaulis niSniTaa aRbeWdili; wmindanTa mier cxovelTa

damorCileba wilnayaria pirvelyofil samoTxis harmoniulobasTan,

Suasaukuneebis romanis gmirebic am harmoniisaken miiswrafvian,

rusTvelis gmirebTa sabrZanebelSi `Txa da mgeli erTad sZovs~.

4. wmindani uflis saxeliT moqmedebs, RvTis SemweobiT amarcxebs

borot da ukeTur Zalebs. brZolaSi gasuli saero romanis gmirs,

uflis Semweobis imedi aqvs (Tumca sakuTar Zalasac ara nakleb

mniSvnelobas aniWebs).

saswaulis gagebasTan dakavSirebiT sasuliero da saero romanebis

143

personaJTa Soris SeiniSneba Semdegi gansxvavebani:

5. wmindans aqvs privilegia RvTiuri sityvis gacxadebis, am unars

moklebulia saero nawarmoebis gmiri.

6. wmindans xelewifeba davrdomilTa saswaulebrivi gankurneba, maSin

roca saero literaturis gmiri, TviTon saWiroebs (zogierT

SemTxvevaSi) gankurnebas.

7. wmindans sikvdilis Semdegac SeuZlia saswaulis moxdena, maSin

roca raindis samoqmedo asparezi mxolod miwieri niSniTaa

Semofargluli.

8. saero romanebSi saswauli ukve modificirebulia, realuri axsna

da gamarTleba eZebneba gmiris garkveul moqmedebas.

Nnawarmoebebis ganxilvis fonze, saswaulis modificirebisas da misi

realurobisaken svlis kvaldakval, SeiZleba gamoiyos Semdegi

safexurebi:

P pirveli etapi, es aris ganviTarebis yvelaze dabali done, sadac

yvelaze meti datvirTva eniWeba fiqcias, mwerlis mxatvrul enas,

romelic sufTa gamonagonze, zebunebriv samyaroze da saswaulebriv

arsebebzea aqcentirebuli. Mmwerali qmnis mistikur-idumal samyaros,

romelSic aranairad ar cdilobs agvixsnas gmiris esa Tu is qmedeba.

Aaxsnas rogor xdeba xiluli uxilavi, rogor amarcxebs gmiri masze

bevrad Zlier miTiur arsebebs. rogor uCinardeba esa Tu is personaJi,

Tu is jadonsur mosasxams moisxams da a.S. faqtia isic, rom im

droindeli msmenelisaTvis saswaulis logika ar saWiroebs

interpretacias. is iRebs amas rogorc esTetikur faqts da es faqti

misTvis aris obieqturi yofa _ ontologiuri faqti da ara

fsiqologiuri. Aanu saswauli iqmneba ar mxolod saswaulisTvis, aramed

im sazogadoebisTvisac, romelsac am periodSi ufro metad msmenelis

144

pozicia ukavia, vidre mkiTxvelis. Asazogadoeba TviTon xdeba damkveTi

saswaulis. Suasaukuneobrivi samyaro saswaulzea orientirebuli. Aam

etapis nawarmoebTa ciklSi SegviZlia gavaerTianoT mose xonelis

`amirandarejaniani~, kretien de truas romanebis is pasaJebi, romelic

zebunebrivi saswauliTaa gajerebuli da rusTvelis `vefxistyaosnis~

ramdenime epizodi (qajebi, devebi, jadosnuri mosasxami, devebis mier

danatovari sakvurveli abjari).

M meore etapi es aris intermedialuri zona, sadac mwerlebi

aqcentirebas axdenen personaJTa gmirul saqmeebze. marTalia, xSir

SemTxvevaSi gmirTa fizikuri Zala da qmedeba hiperbolizirebulia,

magram ukve aris mcdeloba realurobis elementebis Semotanisa da

damkvidrebisa. marTalia, es Zalian mkrTalad gakrTeba kretienis

zogierT romanSi da ufro cxadad amis detalizacias gvaZlevs

rusTveli, magram es unda CaiTvalos ukve ganviTarebis mesame etapad.

am safexurze metad xdeba realurobis xazgasma da mcdeloba

axsnisa, rogor Zlia gmirma esa Tu is mowinaaRmdege. Aamavdroulad, am

etapze unda davasaxeloT is konkretuli qveynebi, romelSic cxovroben

nawarmoebebis gmirebi da romelTac sruliad realisturi elferi adevT.

Tu rusTvelis poemaSi es konkretuli qveynebi indoeTi da arabeTia,

kretienTan es aris mefe arturis samefo kari. Ffaqtia, rom mwerlebi

qmnian realuri qveynis saxes, saidanac yvela gmiri mimemgzavreba

Tavgadasavlis saZieblad. Aam etapze Cven ar vxvdebiT mistikur samyaros,

romelsac predominanti roli ukavia pirveli etapis ganxilvisas, Aaramed

gvaqvs sruliad realuri baza qveynisa. amiT xdeba xazgasma da miniSneba

imisa, rom nawarmoebis gmirebi sruliad realuri personaJebi arian. Ees

elementi sustadaa mocemuli `amirandarejanianSi~

realisturobisken svlis elferi adevs poemaSi gmiris garkveuli

qmedebis axsnis mcdelobas. srul detalizacias imisas, Tu rogor

145

amarcxebs gmiri masze bevrad Zlier mowinaaRmdeges, gvaZlevs rusTveli,

roca avTandils masze ricxobrivad met mekobreebs SeabrZolebs. Aavtori

aqcents akeTebs personaJis moxerxebulobaze. avTandili araa

amirandarejanisZis msgavsi raindi, mas sjera sakuTari

SesaZleblobelebis da RmerTis nebis, magram amavdroulad igi gonebiT

moqmedebs, racio warmarTavs mis qmedebas, roca is moxerxebiT

daamarcxebs mekobreebs da gzas gauxsnis SeSinebul vaWrebs zRvaSi.

realisturobiTaa aRbeWdili is TaTbiri, romelsac sami raindi qajeTis

cixis aRebis win awarmoebs da mxedvelobidan arc is unda gamogvrCes,

rom rusTveli gmirebs ara qajebs, miTiur personaJebs, aramed qajebis

mier datovebul meomrebs SeabrZolebs da amiT poemaSi im mkveTr

kontrasts dagvanaxebs, rac realur da zebunebriv samyaros

erTmaneTisgan mijnavs.

Mmeore TavSi ganvixileT Semdegi nawarmoebebi: qarTuli saero

romanebidan àmirandarejaniani~, `vefxistyaosani~ da kretien de truas

romani ìveni anu lomis raindi~, èreki da enida~, tomas beluris

`tristani da izolda~ da tomas meloris àmbavi mefe arTuris zeobisa~.

am romanebSi SeviswavleT saswauli rogorc gmiris avantura, romelic

aucilebeli elementi xdeba.

Aam TavSi, Suasaukuneebis rainduli sazogadoebisaTvis

SemuSavebulGgarkveul wesebze dayrdnobiT, SevimuSaveT garkveuli

sqema, romelSic is ZiriTadi formulirebebi SevitaneT, romlebmac

saSualeba mogvca ukeTesad warmogveCina avantiura, romelsac

Suasaukuneebis raindi nawarmoebis siuJetis ganviTarebis manZilze

axorcielebs.

Aavantiura, romelsac raindi xSir SemTxvevaSi saswaulis niSniT

146

warmarTavs, saSualebas aZlevs gmirs gadalaxos winaaRmdegoba,

romelic arsebobs cxovrebiseul idealsa da realur cxovrebas Soris.

rogorc cnobili medievisti, e. kioleri, SeniSnavs, saraindo romani

axdens avantiuris idealizirebas da amiT sZens mas moralur

faseulobas. Ggamoyofs mas konkretuli wyarosagan da aTavsebs

warmosaxviT feodalur samyaroSi (96, gv. 77).

rogorc araerTgzis aRvniSneT, avantiura saswaulis niSniT, ar

qmnis aranair winaaRmdegobas saraindo romanebnSi. `zogjer jadosnuri,

gulisxmobs mis mimarT Rrma ndobas, gulubryvilo da uyoymano rwmenas.

iluziis Sesaqmnelad ar aris aucilebeli irwmuno igi. zogjer es

jadosnuri zed edeba realur samyaros ise, rom ar arRvevs mis kanonebsa

da harmoniulobas~ (105, gv. 377).

rusTvelis poemisgan gansxvavebiT, `amirandarejanianisa~ da

kretienis romanebis gmirebi, faTerakebisa da Tavgadasavlebis

gamudmebul ZiebaSi arian, maT Ziebas zogjer aranairi piroba da intriga

ar udevs safuZvlad. maTi mizani xSirad sakuTari saxelis gandidebiT,

sayvareli qalis mier wayenebuli pirobebiTaa ganpirobebuli, maSin roca

rusTvelis gmirebis avantura maRalzneobrivi idealebisken swrafviT

gamoirCeva, romelic mxolod piradi saxelisa da satrfos mier

nakarnaxevi davalebis zusti aRasruleba ki ara, megobrisaTvis iseTi

Tavdadeba da Tavganwirvaa, romelic rusTvelma altruistul gagebamde

aiyvana.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saraindo romanebSi warmodgenili

saswaulebrivi arsebebi nawarmoebebSi wamoWrili konfliqtis

SemakavSirebel rgolebs warmoadgenen, romlebic mniSvnelovan rols

asruleben am konfliqtis gadaWraSi, zogierT SemTxvevaSi, saswaulebrivi

arsebebi raindebs avnturis ganxorcilebaSi xels uSlian, zogierT

SemTxvevaSi ki piriqiT, exmarebian. saswaulebriv sagnebs ufro sxva

147

datvirTva aqvT miniWebuli, isini raindebs dauZlevelis daZlevaSi,

Seusrulebelis SesrulebaSi exmarebian. Aamitom aseT nivTebs magiuri

Zala aqvT.

`vefxistyaosani~ saswaulTan damokidebulebas adamianuri

sinamdvilis xaziT warmarTavs. rusTvelisaTvis mTavaria ara

fantastikuris Sinaarsi, armed im idealisaken swrafva, romelic misi

poemis bolos borotebaze sikeTis gamarjvebiT unda damTavrdes.

Ddasavluri romanebis gmirebisagan gansxvavebiT, rusTvelis gmirebi

nawilobriv Tavisufalni arian TavianT qcevaSi. Tu kretienis romanis

gmirebi mxolod satrfos karnaxiT moqmedeben, avTandils SeuZlia

satrfosadmi micemuli piroba Seasrulos, magram mas axali

valdebuloba, megobrisTvis Tavdadeba da Tavganwirva daurTos da

megobrisadmi Tavdadeba umaRles zneobriv principad aqcios.

aRsaniSnavia isic, rom saswauli, romelsac gmiri axorcilebs

avantiuris niSnis qveS, ar gulisxmobs mxolod fizikur saswauls, am

tipis saswaulis gageba ayvanilia im maRal idealur da moralur

faseulobamde, romliskenac iltvian Suasaukuneebis humanisti

moazrovneebi, maT Soris rusTveli, romelic qmnis idealur warmosaxviT

samayaros, `sadac Txa da mgeli erTad sZovs~. swored yvelaze didi

avntiuris ganxorcielebis Semdeg, romelic qajTa samefos damxobiTaa

saxeldebuli, xdeba am idealur-warmosaxviTi samyaros aRdgena da

dakarguli harmoniis dabruneba.

saraindo romanis Seqmnamde didi xniT adre, cxovrobda gmiri,

romelic ZaliT, moxerxebiT RmerTebis daxmarebiT laxavda yovelgvar

winaaRmdegobas.A Ffolklorul nawarmoebSi, rodesac gmiri Tavisi

arsebobis pirvel centrs, Tavis saxls scildeboda da sivrceSi

gadaadgilebas iwyebda, swored maSin ganicdida cvalebadobas realuri

samyaro. igi jadosnur qveynad gadaiqceoda xolme. XI saukunidan,

148

rodesac xdeba adamianis axali modelis formireba, iqmneba axali gmiri-

raindis mxatvruli saxe. raindis axali tipi, misi asparezi ara

jadosnuri qveyana, aramed sruliad realuri samyaroa, romelic

saswaulebrivi TavgadasavlebiTaa aRsavse da romelis arsebobac

arasdros dgeba kiTxvis niSnis qveS. saero literaturis gmirma

Caanacvla miTiuri da sasuliero literaturis gmiri. Tumca unda

aRvniSnoT, rom raindis saxem SeiZina sxvagvari Tvisebebic, moitana da

daamkvidra axali Sexedulebebi gmirobaze, raindobaze. Ddasaxa axali

idealebi da axleburi principebi adamianuri portretis xatvisas.

SemTxveviTi araa, rom saswauli TamaSobs aseT mniSvnelovan rols

saraindo romanebSi. saswaulTan Sexeba xdeba ucilobeli nawili gmiris

Tavgadasavlis. raindis gamocdas faTerakebiT savse gzaze, Tan axlavs

rigi saswaulebis, isini an exmarebian rainds (jadosnuri nivTebi), an

monawileobas Rebuloben urCxulis, qajebis, devebis da sxva

anTropomorfuli arsebebis ganadgurebaSi.

Cven ukve SevniSneT, rom rusTvelis gmirTa avantiuraSi yvelaze

sustadaa warmodgenili saswauli, gansxvavebiT dasavluri saraindo

romanebisagan, sadac saswaulis gareSe pirdapir warmoudgenelia raime

saxis avantura.

`vefxistyaosani~ saswaulTan damokidebulebas adamianuri

sinamdvilis xaziT warmarTavs. rusTvelisaTvis mTavaria ara

fantastikuris Sinaarsi, armed im idealisaken swrafva, romelic misi

poemis bolos borotebaze sikeTis gamarjvebiT unda damTavrdes.

Ddasavluri romanebis gmirebisagan gansxvavebiT, rusTvelis gmirebi

nawilobriv Tavisufalni arian TavianT qcevaSi. Tu kretienis romanis

gmirebi mxolod satrfos karnaxiT moqmedeben, avTandils SeuZlia

satrfosadmi micemuli piroba Seasrulos, magram mas axali

149

valdebuloba, megobrisTvis Tavdadeba da Tavganwirva daurTos da

megobrisadmi Tavdadeba umaRles zneobriv principad aqcios.

aRsaniSnavia isic, rom saswauli, romelsac gmiri axorcilebs

avantiuris niSnis qveS, ar gulisxmobs mxolod fizikur saswauls, am

tipis saswaulis gageba ayvanilia im maRal idealur da moralur

faseulobamde, romliskenac iltvian Suasaukuneebis humanisti

moazrovneebi da maT Soris rusTvelic, romelic qmnis idealur

warmosaxviT samayaros, `sadac Txa da mgeli erTad sZovs~.

saswaulis Seswavlam Suasaukuneebis qarTul mwerlobaSi imave

periodis franguli literaturuli Zeglebis paralelurad am

mniSvnelovan daskvnebamde migviyvana: saswaulis transformacia

adrindeli Suasaukuneebis literaturidan gviandeli Suasaukuneebis

mwerlobis procesSi sekularizaciis mimarTulebiT xdeba. igi

realurobas uaxlovdeba da adamianis maRali, zneobrivi,

inteleqtualuri da fizikuri Tvisebebis aqcentirebas emsaxureba. am

TvalsazrisiT, rusTvelis `vefxistyaosani~ axali epoqis _ renesansis

epoqis mijnasTan dgas.

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Tbilisi : Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 1985.

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xelovneba. Tbilisi 1966.

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12. giorgi merCule, Sroma da moRvaweba grigolisi, arqimandritisa,

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