quaerere sententias i a dissertation in presented to the ... · go rin no sho (“book of five...

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QUAERERE SENTENTIAS I A DISSERTATION IN Music Composition Presented to the Faculty of the University of Missouri-Kansas City in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree DOCTOR OF MUSICAL ARTS by RICHARD W. JOHNSON, JR. B.M., West Chester University of Pennsylvania, 2004 M.M., University of Hartford, 2006 Kansas City, Missouri 2012

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Page 1: QUAERERE SENTENTIAS I A DISSERTATION IN Presented to the ... · Go Rin No Sho (“Book of Five Rings”), is still read today as a guide to strategy in any discipline. Musashi for

QUAERERE SENTENTIAS I

A DISSERTATION IN Music Composition

Presented to the Faculty of the University of Missouri-Kansas City in partial fulfillment of

the requirements for the degree

DOCTOR OF MUSICAL ARTS

by RICHARD W. JOHNSON, JR.

B.M., West Chester University of Pennsylvania, 2004 M.M., University of Hartford, 2006

Kansas City, Missouri 2012

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© 2012

RICHARD W. JOHNSON, JR.

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

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QUAERERE SENTENTIAS I

Richard W. Johnson, Jr., Candidate for Doctor of Musical Arts

University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2012

ABSTRACT

Quaerere Sententias (“search for meaning”) is a collection of pieces composed

for soloists, digital audio, and video. The first set, Quaerere Sententias I, is comprised of

three pieces: Introit, for trumpet; Hiram, for clarinet; and Musashi, for flute.

Each piece in Quaerere Sententias is concerned with an historic example of an

individual or culture’s pursuit of purpose and related ontological ideas. Through

presenting these concepts literally and abstractly in the medium of electroacoustic music

and video, the meaning of associated cultural symbols is also explored.

Introit serves as a prologue to Quaerere Sententias I. Musical material is drawn

from the melody of L’homme armé, just as composers of Renaissance masses employed

the same to derive their material. The music evokes a sacred soundscape, as the video

presents a sketched space based on Saint Gatien’s Cathedral in Tours. Tours served as

the home to Burgundian composer Antoine Busnois, whose Missa L’homme armé was

highly inspirational in the creation of Introit.

Hiram takes its title from Hiram Bingham III, whose writings and photographs

are featured in the video. Bingham’s search for Machu Picchu is the narrative focus

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behind the piece, as is the sense of purpose derived from the uncovering of an ancient

civilization. Simultaneously, Hiram is concerned with the mysteries of Incan ontology,

lost to time even as Quechua people populate the Andes today.

The musical material of Hiram is influenced by Andean traditions such as the

huanyo. Samples of Peruvian instruments, including zampoña, qena, and cajón, are

featured in the fixed part.

Musashi is inspired by Go Rin No Sho, a treatise on strategy by the legendary

ronin swordsman Miyamoto Musashi. The musical material is inspired by Honshirabe, a

staple of shakuhachi repertoire. Throughout the piece, the fixed part is derived from

samples of taiko and shakuhachi, the metallic clash and scrape of swords, and a reading

of the Fudō-myōō sutra, creating a soundscape to parallel Musashi’s blend of Zen

spirituality with merciless violence. Elements of taiko performance are also influential—

particularly oroshi, a gesture in which the interval between events is reduced over time.

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APPROVAL PAGE

The faculty listed below, appointed by the Dean of the Conservatory of Music and

Dance , have examined a dissertation titled “Quaerere Sententias I” presented by Richard

W. Johnson, Jr., candidate for the Doctor of Musical Arts degree, and certify that in their

opinion it is worthy of acceptance.

Supervisory Committee

James Mobberley, D.M.A., Committee Chair

Conservatory of Music and Dance

William Everett, Ph.D. Conservatory of Music and Dance

Andrew Granade, Ph.D.

Conservatory of Music and Dance

Paul Rudy, D.M.A. Conservatory of Music and Dance

Zhou Long, D.M.A.

Conservatory of Music and Dance

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................. iii TECHNICAL AND PERFORMANCE NOTES............................................................ vii PROGRAM NOTES ...................................................................................................... ix QUAERERE SENTENTIAS I

INTROIT............................................................................................................. 1 HIRAM ............................................................................................................... 6 MUSASHI......................................................................................................... 13

VITA ............................................................................................................................ 23

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TECHNICAL AND PERFORMANCE NOTES

Each piece in Quaerere Sententias I is performed with an accompanying video.

The video (available at www.composerjohnson.com or by contacting the composer)

includes audio encoded in 5.1 format. Tracks 1 and 2 are stereo left and right. These

must be outputted to at least a stereo speaker set-up, with a subwoofer when available.

Track 5 contains a click and audio cues for the performer and should be sent to

headphones or an earpiece.

Each piece is ideally presented without amplifying the performer. In a dry space,

however, reverb should be added.

The pieces that comprise Quaerere Sententias I may be performed individually or

as a set. When performed individually, they are to be treated as an individual work, not

as an excerpt of a larger whole. When performed as a set, the order is as follows: Introit,

Hiram, and Musashi.

Performance Notes for Musashi

In order to give a sense of temporal freedom to the performer, a large portion of

Musashi is notated spatially, without a rhythmic pulse. In these sections, durations are

held to the next breath mark. Articulation and spacing between adjacent notes is at the

performer’s discretion, though slurs should be acknowledged. The performer’s timing

with the fixed media part does not need to be precise.

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Entire systems of spatially notated music represent approximately twenty seconds.

Barlines on these systems are placed approximately every five seconds, with

corresponding clicks on the click track. Again, timing does not need to be precise.

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PROGRAM NOTES

Program Notes for Introit

An Introit calls the congregation to the sacred ritual of Eucharist. The Introit has

been part of the Mass Proper and its numerous musical settings since the middle of the

first millennium CE. During that time, innumerable people have stood, sat, and knelt in

places of worship, silently witnessing a performance with intermittent moments of

acceptable interaction. There was a time when the holiness of this ritual was threatened

by the Armed Man (L’homme arme), who dared to bring the popular sound of the masses

into the sacred space of the Church. Some believed that the use of so catchy a tune,

drunkenly sung in medieval taverns across the land, damaged the sanctity of both the

ritual and the hallowed grounds on which it took place.

Introit for solo trumpet is part of a set of pieces featuring a soloist with digital

audio and video entitled Quaerere Sententias, “search for meaning.” Introit was

commissioned by—and is dedicated to—Samuel Wells.

Program Notes for Hiram

Hiram Bingham III is frequently credited as the “discoverer” of Machu Picchu.

At the dawn of the twentieth century, he was guided by local Quechua campesinos to the

awe-inspiring ruins that overlook the Urubamba River Valley. He dedicated many years

of his life to the exploration of the Peruvian Andes and the remnants of Incan civilization,

still inhabited by Quechua and the mysteries of an ancient people.

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Hiram is part of a set of pieces for soloist and electronics entitled Quaerere

Sententias, “search for meaning,” intended to explore examples of humanity’s quest for

meaning. Musical material is influenced by Andean traditions such as the huanyo, and

samples of a zampoña, a qena, and a cajón are featured, both guiding and sought by the

clarinet.

Hiram was commissioned by—and is dedicated to—Cheryl Melfi.

Program Notes for Musashi

Miyamoto Musashi, a seventeenth century ronin of legendary renown, is the

founder of the Niten-ryu school of swordsmanship. He devoted his life to honing his

skills in the Way of the sword, winning dozens of duels. So great was the perfection of

his skill that his late duels were fought only with a boken, or wooden sword, regardless of

his opponent’s weapon. In 1645, lying ill and near death in a cave where he taken to a

hermitic existence, he dictated the key concepts of his Way to a disciple. This document,

Go Rin No Sho (“Book of Five Rings”), is still read today as a guide to strategy in any

discipline.

Musashi for solo flute, digital audio, and video is guided by excerpts from this

work. Musical material is inspired by Honshirabe, a prominent work in shakuhachi

repertoire. Throughout the piece, the fixed part is derived from samples of taiko and

shakuhachi, the metallic clash and scrape of swords, and a reading of the Fudō-myōō

sutra. Elements of taiko performance are also featured in both parts, particularly the

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concept of oroshi, a gesture in which the interval (or ma) between sonic events is reduced

over time.

In its earliest form, Musashi was commissioned by Dark Matter Kansas City.

Rebecca Ashe performed the Dark Matter version under the title Orbs of Galileo.

Text from A BOOK OF FIVE RINGS by Miyamoto Musashi, translated by

Victor Harris. Copyright © 1974 by Victor Harris. Used by permission of The Overlook

Press, New York, NY. All rights reserved.

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Page 14: QUAERERE SENTENTIAS I A DISSERTATION IN Presented to the ... · Go Rin No Sho (“Book of Five Rings”), is still read today as a guide to strategy in any discipline. Musashi for

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Page 15: QUAERERE SENTENTIAS I A DISSERTATION IN Presented to the ... · Go Rin No Sho (“Book of Five Rings”), is still read today as a guide to strategy in any discipline. Musashi for

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Page 16: QUAERERE SENTENTIAS I A DISSERTATION IN Presented to the ... · Go Rin No Sho (“Book of Five Rings”), is still read today as a guide to strategy in any discipline. Musashi for

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Page 17: QUAERERE SENTENTIAS I A DISSERTATION IN Presented to the ... · Go Rin No Sho (“Book of Five Rings”), is still read today as a guide to strategy in any discipline. Musashi for

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Page 18: QUAERERE SENTENTIAS I A DISSERTATION IN Presented to the ... · Go Rin No Sho (“Book of Five Rings”), is still read today as a guide to strategy in any discipline. Musashi for

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Page 19: QUAERERE SENTENTIAS I A DISSERTATION IN Presented to the ... · Go Rin No Sho (“Book of Five Rings”), is still read today as a guide to strategy in any discipline. Musashi for

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44

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74

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rain-violins --> horn

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Andean harp and cajón

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rain-shaker & cajón groove (not notated)

low resonant cajón ostinato

˙# ˙

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˙ ˙

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n

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F

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85

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reson rainstick and rain-violins

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increasing textural tension... break down of ostinati... exposed cajónes, reverberant transients

˙˙#

œ œb ˙wwb

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95

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wnæ

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~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

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99 œ#‰ œ œ œ# œ# œ œ œ# œ œ œ

œ œ œ œ#

3 6 3

˙˙˙

n ˙˙˙

#

œn

œn œ

j

œœ

j

œ

f

œ

>

œœ# œ#

œ#

>œ#

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œ> œ#

> œ>

3

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œ

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j

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œ œ

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>

¿

>

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j

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P

H

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45

45

45

44

44

44

102˙

œ œ œ#

3

ww#

>˙˙# ˙

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>

f

Full Resonance, Horns --> Rain-Horns

zampoña & qena

˙ œ# œ# œ

3

ww#

w

w

˙

˙#

ww

##

w

w

¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿

>

cajón

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3

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.

.

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.

.

˙

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10

Hiram

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44

44

44

45

45

45

44

44

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106 œ

Œ

œN˙

3

ww

>

w

w

>

P

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ww

w

w

Ó ‰ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿cajón

˙ œ œ

ww#

w

¿

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z

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rainstick clarinet

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.

.

.

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Œ.˙

p

Reverberance

w

œ

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&

&

Œ.˙

z

q = 60I Meaning

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œ

œ

Œ Óœ

œ#

‰ j

œ ˙

?

F Í

w

Ó

˙

harmonics drawn out of bass qena (notation approximate)

Ó Œ

œ#

Ó

˙

œ.˙ ˙

Œ

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&

Ÿ~~~~~~~~~~~~

120

˙ œ œ# œ

3

?

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w

w

Ó Œ

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reson rainstick

w

?

œ

w

w

p

w

Ó ˙n

ww

F

ghost of a qena trill

w

w

˙

Ó

n

?

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˙b

&

?

Ӝ

œb

w

p

J

œ

œ .˙

w

œ

œb

‰j

œ ˙

F

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n

reson rainstick

œœn ˙

w

w

f

˙Ó

˙

˙

w#

w

ww

n

11

Hiram

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F

œ

Œ

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3

V

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3

˙

w

reson rainstick

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w

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œb

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w

Andean harp, distant and otherworldly

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K

P

w

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w

&

V

?

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145

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w

n

w

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p

qena

Ó ˙

Oo

nqena harmonics

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?

w

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w

Obo

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qena harmonics

&

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153

Ó ˙

Oo

w

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P

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Oo

qena harmonics

Ó Œ œ

Oo

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L

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˙ ˙b

w

wb

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&

?

160

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w

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j

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p

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wb

qena harmonics

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Oo

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U

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12

Hiram

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45

Flute

Audio

ord.‰ J

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J

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b j

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>

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q = 112

METALLIC - Swords

fÍ ƒ p

(diamond notehead denotes airy/breathy)

TAIKO

(tongue pizz)

j

œ

>˙ ˙

$‚n

Ó Œ¿ ¿

¿ ¿¿ ¿

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œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ>

3 3

out of time...

Í

imprecise pitch...

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¿ ¿ ¿

3

œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ

3 3 3

P

·

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3 3... becoming a dull rumble

air

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&

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8" 6.5" 12.5"~ 6"5

U

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q = 60

TAIKO HARMONIC

A

œN œ ˙

Ó Ó

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p

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bo

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æ

TAIKO HARMONIC

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44

7.5"11

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b

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j

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B (in spatially-notated passages, durations are held until breath marks)

J

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j

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,

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q = 120

RESONANCE

Musashirichard johnson

© copyright 2012 richard johnsoncharcoal media, all rights reserved

for flute, digital audio, and video

13

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5"16

œ œœ

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q = 60 accel.

cresc.

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œ œ œ

˙œ

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œ

˙˙

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œ œ œ

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wwwwb

œ>

œ œ̂ œ œ œ œ œ>

q = 120

œ

wwwb

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œ œ œ>

œ œ>

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,

wwwwb

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æ

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bo

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20"˙

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b

RESONANCE

P

Cwb ,

J

œ˙b

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WITH METAL

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w

w

&

&

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Whistle Tone |

ord.air

Whistle Tone

20"

26˙

, wb ,

w

w

˙˙˙b

w

wb

b

wb

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‚ ‚b ‚ ‚b œ œb œ

w

w

wwwbww

Í F

œb ‚b

, wb

wb

air

14

Musashi

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20"

()

W.T. |

airwb ,

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b

D

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œ+

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j

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,

w

w

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bb

ord.(chromatic scale)

p

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w

w

p

&

&

&

Whistle Tone |

20"

~~~~~~~~~~

iŸ34

wb ,

˙˙

bb ˙

SHAKUHACHI

˙b ,

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˙b

œ

˙,

˙

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b

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˙b

P

œbœb ˙

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¿

æ

÷

TAIKO RIM AND CHANT

F

&

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20"

w ,

www

˙>

RESONANCE

ƒ p

E

w

ww

b&

w

w

ww

n

p - F

Improvise percussive rhythms within a quarter step of the given note

w

w

ww

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?

15

Musashi

Page 27: QUAERERE SENTENTIAS I A DISSERTATION IN Presented to the ... · Go Rin No Sho (“Book of Five Rings”), is still read today as a guide to strategy in any discipline. Musashi for

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20"

42

w

www

˙>

˙ œ œ œ œb

w

ww

b&

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p

Repeat four-note patterns with increasing speed

œ œ# œ œ

w

ww

nn

œ# œ œnœb

,

œ

˙

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æ

&

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ww

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FLUTE

f

&

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20"

˙wb ,

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˙b

æ

P

F

w

,

J

œb

>

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ww

bwww

b

ICY METALLIC RESONANCE

P

&

&

20"50

œn ˙

,

www

#

j

œN ˙b

www

bw

SHAKUHACHI

&

&

20"

œ ˙b

www

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G

œ ˙,

www

b wb

SHAKUHACHI

œ ˙

www

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p

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Musashi

Page 28: QUAERERE SENTENTIAS I A DISSERTATION IN Presented to the ... · Go Rin No Sho (“Book of Five Rings”), is still read today as a guide to strategy in any discipline. Musashi for

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f

wb

SHAKUHACHI

œ ˙

www

b

P

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>

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www

#www

bb

Fpf

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20"

œ œb œ œb

,

w

J

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z

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H

w

œ œ

œ

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TAIKO, distant

P

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b

ICY METALLIC RESONANCE

&

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20"

66

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wwww

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f

RESONANCE

œNœ

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w

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Repeat three-note patterns with increasing speed and intensity

œœ

œb

,

w

œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ

ƒ

17

Musashi

Page 29: QUAERERE SENTENTIAS I A DISSERTATION IN Presented to the ... · Go Rin No Sho (“Book of Five Rings”), is still read today as a guide to strategy in any discipline. Musashi for

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43

43

43

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œ

J

œb .œ

æ

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J

œ

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bœ œ

‰¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿

>

J

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q = 60 accel.

METALLIC - Swords

TAIKO

METALLIC - Gong

I

f

.‚b .œA

Œ ‰¿ ¿

¿ ¿¿ ¿

¿

3

imprecise pitch...

P

¿¿ ¿

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¿ ¿

¿ ¿ ¿¿ ¿

3

¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿

P

&

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76

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.œ œ œ œ œ œ œ

3

(accel.)

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j

œ

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j

œ

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j

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3

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f

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¿ ¿ ¿r

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Œ

p

œ ˙$

j

œ

‰ Œ Œ

¿ ¿ ¿ ¿

>

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F

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æ

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q = 140

&

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>+‚ ‚ œ

r

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Œ

h. = 47

ord.accel.

ƒ p f

Œ

j

œ

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j

œ

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j

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3

¿ ¿ ¿ ¿

Œ

˙b

r

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>

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3

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¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿œ œ œ œ œ œ .œ

3

P

Œ Œ

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3

¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿

F

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j

¿ ¿ ¿

18

Musashi

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¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿.˙

(accel.)

.˙b

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j

¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿

ƒ

¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿

Improvise brief gestures of furious activity using this scale...

œ œb œb œn œ œb œb

?

¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿

"TEMPLE BELL"±

$

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¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿

SWORDS

(accel.)

Increase intensity, becoming more aggressive, slicing

œ

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b

Œ œœœ

¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿

Œ œœœb

Œ

¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿

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¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿.˙

‰j

œœœb

‰ .r

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Œ

¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿

h. = 80

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20"

w,

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wwwb

±b

¿

ƒ

RESONANCE

"TEMPLE BELL"

J

19

Musashi

Page 31: QUAERERE SENTENTIAS I A DISSERTATION IN Presented to the ... · Go Rin No Sho (“Book of Five Rings”), is still read today as a guide to strategy in any discipline. Musashi for

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20"

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w

wwwb

±b

F

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J

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$

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ord.

20"

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J

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ww

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p F

K

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p

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œ.

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˙

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F

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20"110

·

,

www

wwwb

b

œ œ œ œ œ œ œ ˙

air

J

—ı

±$ ±b

œb ˙ œA˙

J

—ı

±$

p

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˙b

±b

20

Musashi

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20"

˙b,

wwww

www

b

b

b

±b

±$

L

œb˙ œb

˙b

j

—b

±$

P

˙b,

±b ±ı

J

—b

J

—ı

±$

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20"118

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wwww

bb

±b ±$

F

˙

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α

$

wb

,

±$ ±b

±b

&

&

?

20"

˙b ˙

,

www

bb

M

œb

p

˙

,

±b

21

Musashi

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20"126

wwb

±b

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˙

,

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˙b

˙

p

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20"

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w

±b

N

œbœ

˙b ˙ ,

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P f

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p

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air

&

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134

J

‚.

œ

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f

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Musashi

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23

VITA

Richard W. Johnson, Jr. was born on September 14, 1978, in Allentown,

Pennsylvania. Drawn to music composition through his love of film scores, Richard

enrolled in the music department at West Chester University of Pennsylvania in the fall

of 1996. At West Chester, he pursued his interests in history and anthropology during a

brief hiatus from music before returning to the composition program. He received his

B.M. in Composition in 2004 after studying with Robert Maggio, Larry Nelson, and

Mark Rimple. It was through Larry Nelson that Richard first discovered the music of

Toru Takemitsu, via the composer’s film scores. The music of Takemitsu and Japan in

general became highly influential in Richard’s composition.

In 2006, Richard earned his M.M. in Composition from the University of

Hartford’s Hartt School of Music and Dance, where he received the Diamente Award for

outstanding graduate composer. While studying at Hartt with Robert Carl and David

Macbride, Richard’s appreciation of John Cage developed significantly. Cage’s

influence played a significant role in Richard’s interest in electro-acoustic music, where

chance procedures can be applied in real time. Richard’s setting of Etenraku, entitled

water meditation on Etenraku, exemplifies the effects of this fascination, and has been

performed at Electronic Music Midwest (2009), Festival of Contemporary Music at

University of Iowa (2010), Dark Matter’s Orbit, and multiple concerts presented by the

Kansas City Electronic Music and Arts Alliance.

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24

After a year away from academics, Richard entered the University of Missouri-

Kansas City (UMKC) composition program, where he is currently a doctoral candidate.

He has studied with Chen Yi, James Mobberley, Mukai Kohei, Paul Rudy, and Zhou

Long. At UMKC, Richard’s interest in electro-acoustic music flourished. Introit, for

trumpet, digital audio, and video, which also represents Richard’s first solo foray into

video, has been performed at conferences such as Society for Electro-Acoustic Music in

the United States (2012), Electronic Music Midwest (2011), and XVIII Festival

Internacional Punto de Ecuentro in Spain (2011).

Richard first experienced college-level teaching at Hartt, where he taught Music

History Overview for Non-Majors and Musicianship for Dancers. At UMKC, he was a

graduate teaching assistant and either assisted or served as teacher of record for numerous

courses in composition, electronics, and pedagogy. Currently, Richard is an adjunct

faculty member at two schools in the Kansas City area. He has taught courses in music

theory at MidAmerica Nazarene University (MNU) and music and audio technology at

both MNU and Kansas City Kansas Community College.