Quantum Communication, Computing, and Measurement

Quantum Communication, Computing, and Measurement

Edited by

O. Hirota Tamagawa University

Alachida, Tokyo,Japan

A. S. Holevo Steklov Alathematical Institute

Aloscow, Russia

and

C. M. Caves University of New Alexico Albuquerque, New Alexico

Plenum Press New York and London

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

International Conference on Quantum Communication and Measurement (3rd , 1996 , Shizuoka-shi, Japan)

Quantum communication, computing, and measurement / edited by O. Hirota, A.S. Holevo, and C.M. Caves.

p. cm. "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Quantum

Communication and Measurement, held September 25-30, 1996, in Shizuoka, Japan"--T.p. verso.

Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-306-45685-0 1. Optical communications--Congresses. 2. Quantum optics-

-Congresses. 3. Quantum electronics--Congresses. I. Hirota, O. (Osamu), 1948- II. Kholevo, A. S. (Aleksandr Semenovich) III. Caves, C. M. IV. Title. TK5103.59.155 1996 621.38--dc21 97-17030

CIP

Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Quantum Communication and Measurement, held September 25-30, 1996, in Shizuoka, Japan

ISBN 0-306-45685-0

1997 Plenum Press, New York A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation

233 Spring Street, New York, N. Y. 10013 http://www.plenum.com

10987654321

All rights reserved

No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written

permission from the Publisher

ORGANIZING COMMITTEE

O. Hirota A. S. Holevo C. M. Caves H. P. Yuen L. Accardi

(Tamagawa University) (Steklov Mathematical Institute) (University of New Mexico) (Northwestern University) (University of Rome II)

COMMITTEE MEMBERS

M.Ban S. Barnett V.P.Belavkin K. Bergman C. Fabre K. Kasai Y. S. Kim P. Kumar G. Milburn M.Ohya N.Obata I.Ojima M. Ozawa S. J. D. Phoenix M. Sasaki C. Savage S. Schiller P. Staszewski P. Tombesi A. Vourdas C. Xie

(Hitachi Ltd) (University of Strathclyde) (Nottingham University) (Princeton University) (Ecole Normale) (CRL Ministry of P & Telecommun.) (Maryland University) (Northwestern University) (Queensland University) (Science University of Tokyo) (Nagoya University) (Kyoto University) (Nagoya University) (British Telecom) (CRL Ministry of P & Telecommun.) (Australian National University) (Konstanz University) (N. Copernicus University) (University of Camerino) (Liverpool University) (Shanxi University)

LOCAL COMMITTEE

M. Osaki K. Yamazaki N. Watanabe

(Tamagawa University) (Tamagawa University) (Science University of Tokyo)

EDITORIAL MANAGEMENT

M. Osaki (Tamagawa University)

v

PREFACE

This volume contains the proceedings of the Third International Conference on Quantum Communication and Measurement. The series of international conferences on quantum communication and measurement was established to encourage scientists working in the interdisciplinary research fields of quantum communication science and technology. The first such conference, organized by C. Benjaballah and O. Hirota under the title "Quantum Aspects of Optical Communication," assembled approximately 80 researchers in Paris in 1990. The second conference, held in Nottingham in 1994, was organized by V. P. Belavkin, R. L. Hudson, and O. Hirota and attracted about 130 participants from 22 countries. The present conference, organized by O. Hirota, A. S. Holevo, C. M. Caves, H. P. Yuen, and L. Accardi, was heldSeptember 25-30, 1996, in Fuji-Hakone Land, Japan, andjnvolved about 120 researchers from 15 countries.

The topics at this third conference included the foundations of quantum communi-cation and information theory, quantum measurement theory, quantum cryptography and quantum computation, quantum devices and high-precision measurements, gener-ation of nonclassical light, and atom optics. Special emphasis was placed on bringing together research workers in experimental and engineering fields of quantum commu-nication and quantum computing and theoreticians working in quantum measurement and information theory. Nineteen plenary and parallel sessions and one poster ses-sion were organized, at which a total of 82 papers were presented. Interesting and stimulating scientific discussions took place between and after sessions as well as in the evenings. The social program included a reception to welcome participants upon arrival and an excursion to Hakone Lake, which was followed by a party at Tama-gawa University, where the participants were treated to a marvelous demonstration of traditional Japanese style dancing by students of Tamagawa University. The closing conference banquet culminated in the presentation of the first Quantum Communica-tion Award, established by the International Committee for Quantum Communication and Measurement with the sponsorship of Tamagawa University.

The editors of this volume thank the conference participants for stimulating pre-sentations and discussions at the meeting and for their contributions to this volume. We especially thank Dr. M. Osaki, Dr. K. Yamazaki, and the conference secretaries for their always patient assistance. \Ve owe a ~pecial debt of gratitude to Dr. Osaki, who managed the laborious job of preparing this volume for publication within the Plenum format. In the name of all the participants, we express particular thanks to our sponsors: The Support Center for Advanced Telecommunication Technology Research, NTT, NEC, Mitsubishi Electric Corporation, Matsushita Electric Group, Toyota Mo-tor, Nissan Motor, Tokyo Electric Power, and 55 other Japanese companies. Last but certainly not least, we thank the President of Tamagawa University, Professor Y. Obara, for his interest and generous support.

vii

O. Hirota A. S. Holevo C. M. Caves

1996 International Quantum Communication Award.

The first quantum communication award was awarded to :

C. H. Bennett C. W. Helstrom A. S. Holevo H. P. Yuen

(IBM) (U niversity of California) (Steklov Mathematical Institute) (N orthwestern University)

The Quantum Communication Award was established in 1996 by the foundation of Tamagawa University to acknowledge the researchers who contributed in a major way to the development of quantum communication. A half million Japanese yen has been given to each award recipient.

viii

CONTENTS

Speeches of Organizers A. S. Holevo, C. M. Caves, H. P. Yuen, and L. Accardi 1

Part I. Quantum Communication and Information Theory

R. Jozsa Information Theoretic Interpretations of von Neumann Entropy .. . . . . . . . .. 7

H. P. Yuen Quantum Information Theory, the Entropy Bound, and Mathematical Rigor in Physics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 17

C. H. Bennett Classical and Quantum Information Transmission and Interactions 25

M. Ban, M. Osaki, and O. Hirota Bounds of the Accessible Information under the Influence of Thermal Noise 41

M. J. W. Hall Techniques for Bounding Quantum Correlations ........................ 53

K. Kato, M. Osaki, T. Suzuki, M. Ban, and O. Hirota Relation between Channel Capacity and Quantum Minimax Decision in Quantum Information Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 63

M. Osaki, M. Ban, and O. Hirota Optimum Binary Signal Detections for Error Probability and Mutual Informa.tion ........................................................ 73

C. H. Bennett, C. A. Fuchs, and J. A. Smolin Entanglement-Enhanced Classical Communication on a Noisy Quantum Channel ........................................................ ,.. 79

N. Liietkenhaus and S. M. Barnett Security against Eavesdropping in Quantum Cryptography . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 89

M. Hayashi A Linear Programming Approach to Attainable Cramer-Rao Type Bounds 99

H. Hasegawa and D. Petz Non-Commutative Extension of Information Geometry II 109

Y. S. Kim Wavelets and Information-Preserving Transforma.tions 119

T. S. Usuda and M. Hata On the Realization of Received Quantum State Control by Unitary Transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 127

K. Yamazaki, T. Matsui, and O. Hirota Properties of Quantum Cryptography Based on Orthogonal States: Goldenberg and Vaidman Scheme ..................... ~.. . . . . . . . . . . .. 139

ix

S. Furuichi, M. Ohya, and H. Suyari Computation of Mutual Entropy in Quantum Amplifier Processes . . . .. .. 147

Part II. Quantum Computing

J. 1. Cirac, T. Pellizzari, J. F. Poyatos, and P. Zoller Quantum Computing and Decoherence in Quantum Optical Systems 159

A. Peres Unitary Dynamics for Quantum Codewords ........................... 171

A. Y. Kitaev Quantum Error Correction with Imperfect Gates 181

C. D'Helon and G. J. Milburn Eliminating the Effects of Spontaneous Emission in Quantum Computations with Cold Trapped Ions ............................................ 189

K. Dmeno Integrability and Computability in Simulating Quantum Systems

P. Tombesi and D. Vitali Slowing Down the Decoherence of Quantum Bits

M. Ohya and N. Watanabe Quantum Capacity of Noisy Quantum Channel

195.

203

213

Part III. Quantum Measurement Theory and Statistical Physics

A. S. Holevo

x

On Covariant Instruments in Quantum Measurement Theory

M. Ozawa Quantum State Reduction and the Quantum Bayes Principle

A. Barchielli On the Quantum Theory of Direct Detection

G. M. D'Ariano Homodyning as Universal Detection

A. Vourdas Resolutions of the Identity in Terms of Line Integrals of Coherent States and

223

233

243

253

Their Use for Quantum State Engineering ............................ 265

M. Sasaki and O. Hirota Unitary Control Process for Quantum Optimum Detection 269

s. Pascazio Quantum Zeno Effect and "Domination" of the Temporal Evolution of Quantum Systems ................................................. 279

R. Momose, M. Sasaki, and O. Hirota Physical Interpretation of Optimum Quantum Detection Operators 289

D. C. Brody and B. K. Meister Generalised Uncertainties for Quantum Signal Processing ............... 299

B. C. Sanders, G. J. Milburn, and Z. Zhang Optimal Quantum Measurements for Phase Estimation in Interferometry . 309

R. Schack and C. M. Caves Hypersensitivity to Perturbation: An Information-Theoretical Characterization of Classical and Quantum Chaos ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 317

M. Toda A Topological Approach to Phase of Quantum Chaos 331

L. Lanz, O. Melsheimer, and B. Vacchini Subdynamics through Time Scales and Scattering Maps in Quantum Field Theory ........................................................... 339

N.Obata Time-Ordered Wick Exponential and Quantum Stochastic Differential Equations .............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 355

M. Dusek "Nonlocal" Interference Effects in Frequency Domain 365

T. Arimitsu, T. Saito, and T. Imagire Quantum Stochastic Systems in Terms of Non-Equilibrium Thermo Field Dynamics ................................................. ". . . . . .. 371

S. Osawa and K. Matsumoto Considerations in the Time-Energy Uncertainty Relation from the Viewpoint of Hypothesis Testing .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 381

L. Accardi An Open System Approach to Quantum Computers 387

Part IV. Quantum Optics

C. M. Savage, G. M. Moy, and J. J. Hope Atom Lasers ...................................................... 397

D. T. Pegg and S. M. Barnett Measurement of Quantum Phase Distribution by Projection Synthesis 407

S. M. Barnett and D. T. Pegg Quantum Optical Phase ............................................ 415

H. M. Wiseman and R. B. Killip Single-Shot Adaptive Measurements of the Phase of a Single Mode Field 423

D. K. Serkland, P. Kumar, M. A. Arbore, and M. M. Fejer Amplitude Squeezing of the Fundamental Field by Means of Traveling- Wave Quasi-Phasematched Second-Harmonic Generation in a LiNb03 Waveguide 433

K. Kasai, G, Jiangrui, L. Wu, and C. Fabre Quantum Noise Reduction of the Pump Field in an Optical Parametric Oscillator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 439

W. Hai, X. Changde, P. Qing, X. Chenyang, Z. Yun, and P. Kunchi Optical Measurements of Weak Absorption beyond Shot-Noise Limit 445

M. Murao Decoherence and Relaxation of Two Strongly Coupled Spin 1/2 Atoms 455

xi

A. Agarwal and S. Chopra Spatial Correlation Effects in Multi-Transverse Mode Lasers 465

T. MaId, T. Ogawa, and N. Hatakenaka Generation of Nonclassical Photons in a Josephson-Junction Cavity ...... 473

V. N. Beskrovnyi and A. S. Chirkin Polarization-Squeezed Light Generation in a Second Order Nonlinear Medium .......................................................... 483

A. V. Gusev and V. V. Kulagin Reconstruction of External Forces in Quantum Noises of Parametric Measuring System with Dissipation .................................. 491

V. V. Kulagin and V. A. Cherepenin Squeezed State Generation in the Process of Light Interaction with a System of Free Electrons ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 497

M. Kobayashi, H. Sumitomo, Y. Kadoya, M. Yamanishi, and M. Veda Diode Structure for Generation of Sub-Poissonian Photon Fluxes by Stark-Effect Blockade of Emissions ........ , ............ , . . .. . . . . . . .. 503

S. V. Prants Control of Quantum States in Nonstationary Cavity QED Systems . . . . .. 513

N. Nishizawa, M. Mori, T. Goto, and A. Miyauchi A Simulation of Pulsed Squeezing in Short Optical Fiber Loop Mirror .... 521

P. Kumar, M. L. Marable, and S. Choi Quantum Properties of the Traveling-Wave X(2) Process: Theory, Experiments, and Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 531

Index .......................................................... , ...... 545

xii