quasi-geostrophic theory chapter 4 - uc davis climate and...
TRANSCRIPT
Part 4: The Geopotential Tendency Equation
Vorticity & Geopotential
@⇣g@t
= f0@!
@p� ug ·r⇣g � vg�
QG Vorticity Equation
Advection Terms
Geostrophic Wind
ug = � 1
f0
@�
@yvg =
1
f0
@�
@x
⇣g =@vg
@x
� @ug
@y
=1
f0
✓@
2�
@x
2+
@
2�
@y
2
◆=
1
f0r2�
Geostrophic Vorticity
Paul Ullrich Quasi-Geostrophic Theory March 2014
Relates geostrophic vorticity and geopotential
QG Geopotential Tendency Starting from here:
Dg⇣gDt
= f0@!
@p� @f
@yvg = f0
@!
@p� �vg
⇣g =@vg
@x
� @ug
@y
=1
f0r2�
Dg
Dt
✓1
f0r2�
◆= f0
@!
@p� �vg
@
@t
✓1
f0r2�
◆+ ug ·r
✓1
f0r2�
◆= f0
@!
@p� �vg
Paul Ullrich Quasi-Geostrophic Theory March 2014
QG Geopotential Tendency
Definition: The geopotential tendency of a flow is the Eulerian rate of change in geopotential with respect to time.
� ⌘ @�
@t
1
f0r2� = �ug ·r
✓1
f0r2�+ f
◆+ f0
@!
@p
Geostrophic Terms Ageostrophic Term
Paul Ullrich Quasi-Geostrophic Theory March 2014
QG Geopotential Tendency
1
f0r2� = �ug ·r
✓1
f0r2�+ f
◆+ f0
@!
@p
ug =1
f0k⇥r�Geostrophic Wind
1
f0r2� = �
✓1
f0k⇥r�
◆·r
✓1
f0r2�+ f
◆+ f0
@!
@p
Paul Ullrich Quasi-Geostrophic Theory March 2014
Only unknowns are Φ and ω
Paul Ullrich Quasi-Geostrophic Theory March 2014
Dgug
Dt= �f0k⇥ ua � �yk⇥ ug
ug =1
f0k⇥r�
@ua
@x
+@va
@y
+@!
@p
= 0
✓@
@t+ ug ·r
◆✓�@�
@p
◆� �! =
J
p
Momentum Equation
Geostrophic Wind
Continuity Equation
Thermodynamic Equation
The previous equation for geopotential tendency used these three equations.
For barotropic systems (ω=0) this leads to a closed prognostic equation for geopotential.
Paul Ullrich Quasi-Geostrophic Theory March 2014
Dgug
Dt= �f0k⇥ ua � �yk⇥ ug
ug =1
f0k⇥r�
@ua
@x
+@va
@y
+@!
@p
= 0
✓@
@t+ ug ·r
◆✓�@�
@p
◆� �! =
J
p
Momentum Equation
Geostrophic Wind
Continuity Equation
Thermodynamic Equation
However, for baroclinic systems (horizontal temperature / density gradients), all four equations must be used.
QG Geopotential Tendency
QG Geopotential Tendency
1
f0r2� = �
✓1
f0k⇥r�
◆·r
✓1
f0r2�+ f
◆+ f0
@!
@p
Replace this term
Starting from the QG thermodynamic equation:
� @
@t
✓@�
@p
◆� ug ·r
✓@�
@p
◆� �! =
J
p
� @
@p
✓@�
@t
◆� ug ·r
✓@�
@p
◆� �! � J
p= 0Flip derivatives
@�
@p
Paul Ullrich Quasi-Geostrophic Theory March 2014
QG Geopotential Tendency
�@�
@p� ug ·r
✓@�
@p
◆� �! � J
p= 0
f0�
@
@p
f0�
@
@p
�@�
@p� ug ·r
✓@�
@p
◆� �! � J
p
�= 0
Assume stability parameter σ is constant with respect to p
@
@p
✓f0�
@�
@p
◆= � @
@p
f0�ug ·r
✓@�
@p
◆�� f0
@!
@p� f0
@
@p
✓J
�p
◆
Paul Ullrich Quasi-Geostrophic Theory March 2014
QG Geopotential Tendency
1
f0r2� = �
✓1
f0k⇥r�
◆·r
✓1
f0r2�+ f
◆+ f0
@!
@p
Geopotential tendency equation from before:
From QG thermodynamic equation:
@
@p
✓f0�
@�
@p
◆= � @
@p
f0�ug ·r
✓@�
@p
◆�� f0
@!
@p� f0
@
@p
✓J
�p
◆
Different sign!
Adding these two equations will eliminate the omega term.
Paul Ullrich Quasi-Geostrophic Theory March 2014
QG Geopotential Tendency Eq’n (Adiabatic)
QG Geopotential Tendency
r2 +
@
@p
✓f20
�
@
@p
◆�� = �f0ug ·r
✓1
f0r2�+ f
◆� @
@p
�f2
0
�ug ·r
✓�@�
@p
◆�
Local geopotential
tendency
Proportional to absolute vorticity
advection
Proportional to (differential) thickness
(temperature) advection
Only the initial distribution of Φ needs to be known!
Paul Ullrich Quasi-Geostrophic Theory March 2014
For wave-like flows, second derivatives of χ are proportional to -χ.
QG Geopotential Tendency
For example, � = sinx @
2�
@x
2= � sinx = ��
r2 +
@
@p
✓f20
�
@
@p
◆�� ⇡ c · (��)
Paul Ullrich Quasi-Geostrophic Theory March 2014
QG Equations
Question: What’s the point?
We want to describe the evolution of two key features of the atmosphere: • Large-scale waves (in particular, the connection between large-
scale waves and geopotential) • Midlatitude cyclones (that is, the development of low pressure
systems in the lower troposphere)
Paul Ullrich Quasi-Geostrophic Theory March 2014
Let’s look at the absolute vorticity advection term
QG Geopotential Tendency
r2 +
@
@p
✓f20
�
@
@p
◆�� = �f0ug ·r
✓1
f0r2�+ f
◆
Relative vorticity Planetary vorticity
�� = �@�
@t⇡ �f0ug ·r
✓1
f0r2�+ f
◆
Absolute vorticity advection (times f0)
Paul Ullrich Quasi-Geostrophic Theory March 2014
A
B
C
٠
٠
٠
ζ < 0; anticyclonic
ζ > 0; cyclonic ζ > 0; cyclonic
An Upper Tropospheric Wave
H
L L
Paul Ullrich Quasi-Geostrophic Theory March 2014
�0 ���
�0
�0 +��
�� > 0
Short waves: Advection of ζ is dominant here.
Advection of η > 0.
Advection of ζ > 0���Advection of f < 0
Advection of ζ < 0���Advection of f > 0
Short Waves
Short waves: Advection of ζ is dominant here.
Advection of η < 0.
A
B
C
٠
٠
٠
ζ < 0; anticyclonic
ζ > 0; cyclonic ζ > 0; cyclonic
An Upper Tropospheric Wave
H
L L
Paul Ullrich Quasi-Geostrophic Theory March 2014
�0 ���
�0
�0 +��
�� > 0
Short waves: Advection of ζ is dominant here.
Advection of η > 0.
Advection of ζ > 0���Advection of f < 0
Advection of ζ < 0���Advection of f > 0
Short Waves
Short waves: Advection of ζ is dominant here.
Advection of η < 0.
@�/@t < 0 @�/@t > 0
A
B
C
٠
٠
٠
ζ < 0; anticyclonic
ζ > 0; cyclonic ζ > 0; cyclonic
An Upper Tropospheric Wave
H
L L
Paul Ullrich Quasi-Geostrophic Theory March 2014
�0 ���
�0
�0 +��
�� > 0
Long waves: Advection of f is dominant here.
Advection of η < 0.
Advection of ζ > 0���Advection of f < 0
Advection of ζ < 0���Advection of f > 0
Long Waves
Long waves: Advection of f is dominant here.
Advection of η > 0.
A
B
C
٠
٠
٠
ζ < 0; anticyclonic
ζ > 0; cyclonic ζ > 0; cyclonic
An Upper Tropospheric Wave
H
L L
Paul Ullrich Quasi-Geostrophic Theory March 2014
�0 ���
�0
�0 +��
�� > 0
Long waves: Advection of f is dominant here.
Advection of η < 0.
Advection of ζ > 0���Advection of f < 0
Advection of ζ < 0���Advection of f > 0
Long Waves
Long waves: Advection of f is dominant here.
Advection of η > 0.
@�/@t > 0 @�/@t < 0
A
B
C
٠
٠
٠
ζ < 0; anticyclonic
ζ > 0; cyclonic ζ > 0; cyclonic
H
L L
Paul Ullrich Quasi-Geostrophic Theory March 2014
�0 ���
�0
�0 +��
�� > 0
An Upper Tropospheric Wave
! Short waves, advection of relative vorticity is larger !
" Long waves, advection of planetary vorticity is larger "
QG Equations
Question: What’s the point?
We want to describe the evolution of two key features of the atmosphere: • Large-scale waves (in particular, the connection between large-
scale waves and geopotential) • Midlatitude cyclones (that is, the development of low pressure
systems in the lower troposphere)
Paul Ullrich Quasi-Geostrophic Theory March 2014
QG Geopotential Tendency Let’s look at the differential temperature advection:
� = @�@t ⇡ @
@p
h�ug ·r
⇣�@�
@p
⌘i⇡ @
@p (�ug ·rT )
Differential
Thickness advection
Temperature advection
Question: Why is thickness advection proportional to temperature advection?
Paul Ullrich Quasi-Geostrophic Theory March 2014
QG Geopotential Tendency Differential temperature advection:
� = @�@t ⇡ @
@p
h�ug ·r
⇣�@�
@p
⌘i⇡ @
@p (�ug ·rT )
Paul Ullrich Quasi-Geostrophic Theory March 2014
+ (builds a ridge, increasing geopotential) in case of decreasing warm air advection with height − (deepens a trough, decreasing geopotential) in case of decreasing cold air advection with height
Differential temperature advection below 500 hPa:
� ⇡ � @@z (�ug ·rT )
• … are broader in shape than cold fronts • … tend to move more slowly than cold fronts • … have precipitation spread out over a larger distance
Warm Fronts
Paul Ullrich Quasi-Geostrophic Theory March 2014
Figure 9.6 in The Atmosphere, 8th edition, Lutgens and Tarbuck, 8th edition, 2001.
• … are vertically steep • … tend to travel faster than warm fronts • … are associated with strong storms at boundary
Cold Fronts
Paul Ullrich Quasi-Geostrophic Theory March 2014
Figure 9.6 in The Atmosphere, 8th edition, Lutgens and Tarbuck, 8th edition, 2001.
Paul Ullrich CCWAS: Lecture 05
Extratropical Cyclones
October 16, 2013
Extratropical Cylones are important for driving weather in the mid-latitudes. They are closely related to weather fronts. Particularly strong extratropical systems are responsible for large-scale storm systems.
Figure: Extratropical Cyclones are associated with severe winter storm systems, and are particularly relevant for the US Northwest and Northern Europe.
warm
Atmospheric Wave Motion
Paul Ullrich Quasi-Geostrophic Theory March 2014
Real Baroclinic Disturbances 850 hPa Temperature and Geopotential Thickness
Cold Air Advection west of the surface low enhances the
trough
Warm Air Advection east of
the surface low enhances the ridge
Paul Ullrich Quasi-Geostrophic Theory March 2014
The wave becomes a mature low pressure system, while the cold front, moving faster than the warm front, "catches up" with the warm front. As the cold front overtakes the warm front, an occluded front forms.
Overhead view
Norwegian Cyclone Model
http://www.srh.weather.gov/jetstream/synoptic/cyclone.htm
Paul Ullrich Quasi-Geostrophic Theory March 2014
We see that:
• Geostrophic advection of geostrophic vorticity causes waves to propagate
• The vertical difference in temperature (thickness) advection causes waves to amplify
QG Geopotential Tendency / � @
@z [�ug ·rT ]
/ �ug ·r (⇣g + f)
Thickness advection
Vorticity advection
Paul Ullrich Quasi-Geostrophic Theory March 2014
Baroclinic Instability Upper troposphere and surface
Divergence over low enhances
surface low and increases vorticity
Paul Ullrich Quasi-Geostrophic Theory March 2014
Baroclinic Instability Upper troposphere and surface
Vertical stretching
increases vorticity
Paul Ullrich Quasi-Geostrophic Theory March 2014
Baroclinic Instability Upper troposphere and surface
Vorticity advection
Thickness advection
Paul Ullrich Quasi-Geostrophic Theory March 2014
Baroclinic Instability Upper troposphere and surface
Note tilt with height. Conservation of energy
at work here.
It turns out that a disturbance with a
westward tilt leads to poleward transfer of
energy
Paul Ullrich Quasi-Geostrophic Theory March 2014