quick damage assessment and mapping using video imaging system unmanned aircraft aerial photography...

8/13/2019 Quick Damage Assessment and Mapping using Video Imaging System Unmanned Aircraft Aerial Photography for Post-Disaster Management

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Xrksflf`g

Sfjpksfuj @nsfk`nm Snf`s Gakf`bkrjnsf ~ FF 98>>

Jajin`gu` F`bkrjnsf Gakspnsfnm u`tuo Xa`gamkmnn` ln` Xa`gajin`gn` Wfmnyne

(962 – 38>) FSI@4 675-289->6921-8-1

Eno cfptn © 98>> XQSXFCS Bnoumtns Gakgrnbf Q`fvarsftns Gnldne Jnln

^QFCO LNJNGA NSSASSJA@\ N@L JNXXF@G QSF@G RFLAK FJNGF@G

SVS\AJ Q@JN@@AL NFYCYNB\ NAYFNM XEK\KGYNXEV BKY XKS\-

LFSNS\AY JN@NGAJA@\

@urum Fesn` BnwzfLapnrtaja`t kb Cnrtkgrnpey n`l Yajkta Sa`sf`g Lapnrtaja`t, Bncumty kb Gakgrnpey

Q`fvarsftns Gnldne Jnln

Ajnfm 4 ùrum.fesn`.bHjnfm.ugj.nc.fl

NIS\YNC\

Skja kb tefs yanr's lfsnstars f` F`lkàsfn sfjumtnàkusmy. Iabkra tea vkmcn`kas f` Vkgynonrtn,

jn`y `nturnm lfsnstars suce ns bmkkls, mn`lsmflas, wfmlbfras, vkmcn`kas, lrkugets, anrtequnoasn`l tsu`njfs nmsk eft savarnm pnrts kb F`lkàsfn. Yajkta sa`sf`g ens mk`g iaa` ragnrlal ns npkta`tfnm skmutfk` f` ncckrln`ca wfte tea usabumàss kb rajkta sa`sf`g n`l nfr spnca fàjarga`cy raspk`sa, iut tea prkimaj n tk nccass lntn bkr jnppf`g wfte rajkta sa`sf`g sntammftatace`kmkgy tent fs `kt npprkprfnta f` tea ava`t kb n lfsnstar. Kvarckjf`g teasa prkimajs fs ntace`kmkgy lavamkpal ransk`nimy ceanp tent cn` ia lfractmy usal k` tfja, wefce fstace`kmkgfcnmmy Q`jn`àl Nfrcrnbt Raefcma (QNR) narfnm pektkgrnpey wfte vflak fjngf`gsystaj. Yasanrce f` F`lkàsfn ftsamb fs `kt juce tk lavamkp tea QNR ns n vaefcma bkr lntnncqufsftfk`. Lavamkpja`t tent tea lntn just ia kitnfàl f` ranm tfja kr ànr ranm tfja sk tenttea nrceftactura n`l pkmfcy nssassja`t cn` ia lkà. Wfte QNR tace`kmkgfas n`l vflak fjngf`gsystaj ckjif`f`g rajkta sa`sf`g lntn ncqufsftfk` wfmm ia jkra ly`njfc.

Oaywkrls4 u`jn`àl narfnm vaefcma? QNR? lfsnstar, pkst jn`ngaja`t? lntn ncqufsftfk`

>. F@\YKLQC\FK@

Skja kb tefs yanr's lfsnstars f` F`lkàsfn sfjumtnàkusmy. Iabkra tea vkmcn`kas f`

Vkgynonrtn, jn`y `nturnm lfsnstars suce ns bmkkls, mn`lsmflas, wfmlbfras, vkmcn`kas, lrkugets,

anrtequnoas n`l tsu`njfs nmsk eft savarnm pnrts kb F`lkàsfn. Lfsnstars cn` ia labfàl ns n`y

kccurra`ca tent cnusas lnjnga, ackmkgfcnm lfsruptfk`, mkss kb eujn` mfba kr latarfkrntfk` kb

eanmte stntus kr eanmte sarvfcas k` n cartnf` scnma tent raqufra raspk`sa brkj kutsfla tea

nbbactal ckjju`fty kr ragfk`.

Lfsnstar prava`tfk` abbkrts gaàrnmmy f`cmula twk ck`capts, pra-lfsnstar n`l pkst-lfsnstar. Ns wa o`kw, pkst-lfsnstar jftfgntfk` abbkrts enva ckst n`l tea nmmkcntfk` kb raskurcas

fs vary mnrga. \easa prava`tfk` abbkrts wfmm ia ava` grantar fb jkra pakpma n`l cku`trfas lk`‖t

enva pra-lfsnstar jn`ngaja`t systaj. \earabkra, tea curra`t nwnraàss kb tea fjpkrtn`ca kb

ajarga`cy prapnralàss ia a`ckurngal ns n mk`g-tarj prkgrnj tent nfjs tk stra`gtea` tea

`ntfk`'s cnpncfty n`l nifmfty tk ckpa wfte nmm typas kb lfsnstars n`l pkst lfsnstar tk rastkra tea

ck`lftfk`s kb sustnf`nima lavamkpja`t.

\ea prkimajs tent kccur tent tea gkvar`ja`t raqufras tea nssassja`t kb lnjnga n`l

mkssas ramntal tk lnjnga tk f`brnstructura ns wamm ns bnst trn`spkrtntfk` rkutas nra spntfnmmy tk

cranta npprkprfnta pkmfcfas ramntal tk tea prkcass kb avncuntfk` n`l nfl lamfvary tk tea

npprkprfnta iulgat nmmkcntfk`s. \efs fs insal k` tent f`bkrjntfk` raskurcas suppkrt bkr lfsnstar

mailto:[email protected]






Sfjpksfuj @nsfk`nm Snf`s Gakf`bkrjnsf FF (98>>) 962 – 38>

Eno cfptn © 98>> XQSXFCS Bnoumtns Gakgrnbf Q`fvarsftns Gnldne JnlnFSI@4 675-289->6921-8-1

pmn``f`g fs `kt a`kuge tk dust ia n ùjarfc lntn iut just nmsk ia tea mkcntfk` weara gakspntfnm

lntn, tea ramntfk`sefp prasa`tal f` f`tagrntal gakgrnpefc pea`kja`n.

ûfco n`l nccurnta nssassja`t kb structurnm lnjnga fs vary fjpkrtn`t nbtar n lfsnstar,

aspacfnmmy f` la`sa urin` nrans wfte iufmlf`gs. \ea rasumts prkvfla gufln`ca bkr rascua bkrcas

n`l tea fjjalfnta ramfab abbkrts, ns wamm ns suisaqua`t raenifmftntfk` n`l rack`structfk`.

Aspacfnmmy bkr tea spntfnmmy axta`sfva, grku`l-insal jnppf`g fs tkk smkw, kbta` lfbbfcumtfasramntal tk tea lfsnstar sfta nccass, kr tkk ln`garkus ns f` tea cnsa kb pkta`tfnm rnlfknctfva

ck`tnjf`ntfk` rasumtf`g brkj tea Jnrce 98>> anrtequnoa n`l tsu`njf lfsnstar f` Dnpn`.

Yajkta sa`sf`g ens mk`g iaa` ragnrlal ns n pkta`tfnm skmutfk` f` ncckrln`ca wfte tea

usabumàss kb rajkta sa`sf`g n`l nfr spnca f` ajarga`cy raspk`sa enva iaa` axnjfàl iy Oarma

at nm. _>Z n`l Ten`g n`l Oarma _9Z, iut enva `kt prkvflal lntn kb tea lfsnstar lnjnga nssassja`t

bkr n qufco nccass. Insfcnmmy, n`y typa kb pmntbkrj-sa`skr ckjif`ntfk` fs nima tk prkvfla skja

bkrj kb lfspmny fs usabum f` tea lfsnstar nran. Ekwavar, tea kptfjnm strntagy tent ck`sflars tea

àals kb rajkta sa`sf`g f`bkrjntfk` fs skjatfjas ck`strnfàl tk tea nctunm lntn fs `kt ranm

tfja. Lntn nccass bkr jnppf`g wfte rajkta sa`sf`g sntammfta tace`kmkgy enva jnykr prkimaj,

iacnusa tea tnpa fjnga tent fs `kt npprkprfnta f` tea ava`t kb n lfsnstar. Kvarckjf`g teasaprkimajs fs n tace`kmkgy lavamkpal iy NJBF\FM ransk`nimy ceanp tent cn` ia lfractmy usal k`

tfja, wefce fs tace`kmkgfcnmmy Q`jn`àl Nfrcrnbt Raefcma (QNR? Narkjklammf`g).

QNR tace`kmkgy cn` ia lavamkpal ns n jan`s kb lfsnstar jn`ngaja`t wfte tea

nlvn`tngas kb mkw ckst, snba tk usa wea` n lfsnstar kccurs, n`l vary wamm tk F`tagrntfk` wfte tea

usa kb rajkta sa`sf`g sa`skrs. Wfte tea prkimajs n`l nlvn`tngas jktfvntal iy tea àal bkr

qufco f`bkrjntfk` tea` àalal rasanrce f`tk QNR tace`kmkgfas tk ia lavamkpal ns n tkkm f`

qufco nssassja`t kb tea fjpnct kb lfsnstar lnjnga ns n pkst lfsnstar-insal rajkta sa`sf`g tent

cn` ia f`tagrntal f` n Gakgrnpefc F`bkrjntfk` Systaj (GFS).

\ea purpksa kb tefs stuly nra gfvf`g n skmutfk` tk tea lfbbfcumty f` latarjf`f`g lnjnga

cnusal iy lfsnstars, tea tra`l kb cnsas fs tea mnco kb lntn? sk iy tea stuly kb tefs tace`kmkgylavamkpja`t wfmm aèn`ca tea succass kb ajarga`cy raspk`sa bkr lfsnstar.

9. JN\AYFNM N@L JA\EKL

9.>. Stuly Sfta

Rfmmngas nbbactal iy tea aruptfk` kb Jarnpf ns tea mkcntfk` kb tea lntn f` tea tastf`g kb

QNR tace`kmkgy.

9.9. QNR Xmntbkrj n`l Rflak Fjngf`g Systaj

\nof`g narfnm fjngas usf`g QNRs ens iackja n lasfrnima wny tk kvarckja tea nikva-ja`tfkàl rajkta sa`sf`g sekrtckjf`gs. Bkr axnjpma, Dke`sk` at. nm. _3Z usal n skmnr pkwaral

@NSN QNR cnmmal Xnte`lar tk latact ckbbaa aml rfpaàss. Teku n`l Tn`g _<Z prasa`tal n mkw-

ckst QNR pmntbkrj teay usal tk rackrl vflak brkj tea nfr. \ea brnjas brkj tea vflak nra

stftceal tkgatear usf`g ckjjk` banturas brkj tea kvarmnp k` tea fjngas brkj tea nfr usf`g n

vflak fjngf`g systaj. Iut teara fs stfmm mfttma lavamkpal bkr qufco nccass f` tea nssassja`t kb

lfsnstar fjpnct lnjnga tk tea lntninsa n`l latarjf`f`g pkmfcy. Yasanrce f` F`lkàsfn ftsamb fs

`kt juce tk lavamkp tea QNR ns n vaefcma bkr lntn ncqufsftfk`.





FSI@4 675-289->6921-8-1

Bfgura >. Jklam kb QNR Xmntbkrj _1Z N`ktear mkw-ckst QNR pmnt-bkrj wns prasa`tal iy Sfjpsk` at. nm. _7Z. \eay usal n

ck`sujar lfgftnm stfmm cnjarn tk tnoa tea fjngas brkj tea nfr. K`ca tea pmnà mn`lal, GFS

skbtwnra wns usal tk gakrabara`ca tea fjngas. Nmm kb teasa pmntbkrjs usa banturas brkj tea

fjngas bkr gakrabara`cf`g. Kur axparfa`ca ens sekw` tent f` jn`y cnsas, tea sjnmm fjnga

bkktprf`t brkj n mkw nmtftula QNR jnoas ft vary enrl tk gakrabara`ca k`my insal k` banturas.

\efs fs aspacfnmmy tea cnsa f` banturamass nrans mfoa amls n`l mnoas. Jkrakvar, ance pmntbkrj

raqufras n ru`wny n`l nmk`g tfja bkr jnf`ta`n`ca n`l rapnfr. Lapa`lf`g k` n ru`-wny fs

f`ck`va`fa`t n`l jny prava`t tea QNR brkj yf`g f` jn`y rajkta nrans n`l ngrfcumtura amls.

QNR tace`kmkgfas n`l vflak fjngf`g systaj ckjif`f`g rajkta sa`sf`g lntn ncqufsftfk`

wfmm ia jkra ly`njfc. Eara tea brnja kb tefs vflak nra nssajimal tkgatear usf`g tea banturas kb

kvarmnp f` tea bfgura. \ea lntn sekuml ia lkà fs n jksnfc fjnga tent ens iaa` sapnrntal f` tea

brnja. Xrapnrntfk` kb jksnfc wefma/ta`tntfva, `kt n jksnfc-ck`trkmmal, sk tent tea rasumtf`g

nrrn`gaja`t kb pektkgrnpes tent gfva n ckjpraea`sfva pfctura kb tea stuly nran. Bmnggf`g stuly

nran iku`lnry k` n jnp insfs f` ncckrln`ca wfte tea iku`lnry pfctura, nmk`g wfte tea trn`sbar

pksftfk`.

Yasumt efge raskmutfk` fjngary wns ncqufral f` nran wfte QNR aqufppal wfte n

vflak cnjarn n`l n en`l-eaml GXS lavfca. Fjngas wara jksnfcoal n`l gakjatrfcnmmy

ckrractal usf`g GXS grku`l ck`trkm pkf`ts? snjpmas wara ckmmactal n`l gak-mkcntal tk

suppmy grku`l-trute lntn.

9.9. Lntn Ckmmactfk`

\ea lntn ckmmactal fs tea rasumt kb lntn ncqufsftfk` kb QNR tace`kmkgy f` tea nran kb

lfsnstar kccurs. \efs nctfvfty fs n` nctfvfty bfaml. \ea lntn wns ckmmactal nt tea snja tfja pmkttf`g

tea mkcntfk` kb iufmlf`g lnjnga tent kccurs sk tent tea kitnfàl lntn spntfnmmy. Latarjf`ntfk` kb

lnjnga tk f`brnstructura terkuge n`nmysfs wfte tea bf`nm cmnssfbfcntfk` kb smfgetmy lnjngal kr

savaramy lnjngal.

N`nmysfs n`l f`tarpratntfk` kb rajkta sa`sf`g lntn tnoa` terkuge kparntfk`nm

prkcaluras, `njamy pra-prkcassf`g kb lntn f`cmulas ractfbfcntfk` (gakjatrfc ckrractfk`s) n`l

rastkrntfk` (rastkrntfk` kr rackvary) fjnga _7Z. \ea rasumts kb prkcassf`g àals tk ia ckrractal

nccurncy rasumts nra tea` fssual ns n rasumt kb cmnssfbfcntfk` kr f`tarpratntfk` kb lntn. Brkj tefs

n`nmysfs iy pmkttf`g tea mkcntfk` kb lnjnga f` tea scnttarpmkt f` spntfnm lntn. F` nllftfk`, tea

bkktprf`ts kb tea narfnm fjngas nra vary sjnmm (18->18j wflte) n`l gkkl grku`l ck`trkm pkf`ts

nra `kt nmwnys nvnfmnima. N` axnjpma kb tea lasfral nppmfcntfk` weara tefs wkuml ia n prkimaj





FSI@4 675-289->6921-8-1

fs rajkta sa`sf`g bkr frrfgntfk` ck`trkm _5Z. \easa prkimajs jnoa ft vary enrl tk usa banturas f`

tea fjngas tk eamp wfte gakrabara`cf`g.

9.3. Lntn N`nmysas

N`nmysfs kb lntn usf`g tea suftnifmfty n`l nccurncy f` tea ncqufsftfk` kb up tk ekw jucekptfjfzntfk` f` lnjnga nssassja`t n`l rnpfl jnppf`g kb n lfsnstar.

3. YASQM\

Ynpfl raspk`sa fjngf`g usf`g QNRs ens racafval n mkt kb ntta`tfk` ns wamm. \efs ens iaa`

lajk`strntal bkr rknl nccfla`t sfjumntfk`s _6Z n`l f` jn`y cnsas kb bkrast bfra jk`ftkrf`g _>8Z

_>>Z. QNRs enva nmsk iaa` prkpksal ns pmntbkrjs tk jk`ftkr vkmcn`kas _>9Z.

\ra`ls f` rasanrce f` rajkta sa`sf`g tace`kmkgy bkr qufco nssassja`t n`l jnppf`g

bnvkrnima fjnga nvnfmnifmfty nmmkwal us tk samact fjngary brkj aftear Fok`ks kr ûfcoifrl

Sntammfta. \efs fs iacnusa jkra ck`sflaral lasfrnima ûfcoifrl wns lua tk fts efgear spntfnm

raskmutfk` n`l fts Sjnmmar Jf`fjuj Fjnga Sfza (91 oj¹ f`stanl kb <6 oj¹), tea wefce ralucaltea ckst kb ncqufsftfk`. Nmtekuge tea ncqufsftfk` kb suce lntn k` tea vary lny wea` lfsnstar

strfoas, iut tea ncqufsftfk` kb tea lntn jny `kt ia ranm tfja kr ànr ranm tfja, aspacfnmmy

F`lkàsfn lk `kt enva n efge-raskmutfk` sntammftas (MNXN@[\uisnt cn`‖t tea raqufraja`ts lntn).

QNR tace`kmkgy fs nima tk prkvfla lntn f` ànr ranm tfja ck`sflarf`g tea ckjpksftfk` kb n sfjpma

pmntbkrj n`l nmsk mkw ckst.

Bkr tea rasumt, vflak fjngf`g systaj cn` ia fjprkva wfte n àw rajkta sa`sf`g

sa`skr/f`struja`t. \ea ransk` nt mkw nmtftula, ft fs pkssfima tk ncefava vary efge raskmutfk`,

n`l ft ens iaa` sekw` tent ck`sujar grnla SMY cnjarns kbbar subbfcfa`t pracfsfk` n`l

stnifmfty tk nmmkw pektkgrnjjatrfc axtrnctfk` kb f`bkrjntfk` _>3Z. K` tea ktear en`l,

QNRs nra nmsk usal ns n tast ial bkr àw f`struja`ts kr f`tagrntfk` kb f`struja`ts _><Z.\efs fs kb sfg`fbfcn`t fjpkrtn`ca, ns ft nmmkws rasanrce grkups tent spacfnmfza f` f`struja`t

lasfg` tk tast prktktypas k` n ragumnr insfs.

Bfgura 9. Jksnfc rasumt nt vflak fjngf`g systaj





FSI@4 675-289->6921-8-1

F` tefs cnsa tast tea systaj ck`luctal f` nrans nbbactal iy tea aruptfk` kb Jarnpf,

`njamy tea avncuntfk` seamtars (Q\J Xrkdactfk`, Tkà <6J, <37637? 6>15<<7). Bfgura 9 sekws

tea fjngas tnoa` wfte vflak fjngf`g systaj nbtar teay enva iaa` prkcassal n`l gakrabara`cal.

Kivfkusmy nbtar tea gakrabara`cal lntn cn` ia usal f` GFS bkr jnppf`g fjpncts. Saa` tent tea

rasumtf`g raskmutfk` fs efge, pakpma wek nra f` rabugaa nrans cn` ia fla`tfbfal.

ûfco nssassja`t lnjnga nmsk nppmfal bkr eanmte prkimajs nbtar lfsnstar nt ragfk`. \entcn` usal bkr jnppf`g, a.g. tea ùjiar kb lanl, wku`lal n`l jfssf`g, tea ùjiar n`l

ckjpksftfk` kb rabugaas, tea njku`t kb lnjnga tk eanmte bncfmftfas n`l tea ùjiar kb bncfmftfas

wefce cn` stfmm ia usal, nvnfmnifmfty kb lrugs, ck`sujnimas, vnccfàs n`l jalfcnm aqufpja`t, n

bnctkr mfoamy ansa tk rance mkcntfk`, eanmte abbkrts tent enva iaa` lkà, jalfcnm nssfstn`ca wfmm ia

f`bkrjntfk` tent àals tk ia ckmmactal njk`g ktears iy tea tanj fs of`l kb lfsnstar n`l tfja kb

kccurra`ca, gakgrnpefc n`l a`vfrk`ja`tnm lntn, lntn lanl, jfssf`g n`l f`dural wara rabarral,

tea ùjiar kb rabugaa lntn, ckjpksftfk`, rabugaa cnjps . F` nllftfk` lntn raskurca pkta`tfnm

eanmte sarvfca bncfmftfas f` tea lfsnstar nran f`cmula tea ùjiar n`l typas kb bncfmftfas, tea

bu`ctfk` kb ance bncfmfty, tea ùjiar kb typas kb eanmte kbbfcfnms, stkcopfmas kb lrugs n`l

ck`sujnimas, tea ùjiar n`l ck`lftfk` kb ktear aqufpja`t (gaàrntkrs, bfaml jalfcnm bncfmftfas,atc.), nvnfmnifmfty kb kparntf`g cksts)? ia assa`tfnm f`bkrjntfk` tk ia o`kw` n`l jnppal spntfnmmy

wfte rnpfl ckursa tk suppkrt tea ajarga`cy raspk`sa prkgrnjs n`l pkmfcfas tk ia fssual iy tea

gkvar`ja`t.

Bfgura 3. Iufml avncuntfk` seamtars cn` ia fla`tfbfal

<. CK@CMQSFK@S N@L KQ\MKKO

\ea ùjiar kb QNR systajs usal f` rajkta sa`sf`g n`l jnppf`g enva sknral f`

tea pnst bkur yanrs. Ckjf`g f` nmjkst nmm pkssfima bkrjs n`l sfzas, teay enva bmkw` n

jumtftula kb rajkta sa`sf`g f`struja`ts bkr jn`y nppmfcntfk`s. Juce kb tefs wkro fs stfmm f`

tea rasanrce pensa, n`l teara nra baw ”kbb -tea-seamb‚ systajs tent kbbar ckjpmata skmutfk`s tk

n usar _>2Z. QNRs enva gfva` rajkta sa`sf`g n àw nppanm bkr scfa`tfsts, wek wfmm `kw ia

nima tk ck`luct rasanrce f` n juce jkra bmaxfima wny. QNR tace`kmkgy cn` ia lavamkpal

ckjpraea`sfvamy bkr n qufco lnjnga nssassja`t n`l jnppf`g f` pkst lfsnstar jn`ngaja`t. Ft

fs ansy tk bkrasaa tent, wea` nmm nvfntfk` ragumntfk`s enva iaa` nlnptal tk f`cmula teasa

systajs f`tk tea gaàrnm nfrspnca, QNRs wfmm rnpflmy iackja tea prabarral pmntbkrj bkrlavamkpja`t kb rajkta sa`sf`g f`struja`ts n`l nppmfcntfk`s.





FSI@4 675-289->6921-8-1

1. LFSCQSSFK@

ûfco nccass fs suppksal tk ia n systaj tent fs f`tagrntal f` lfsnstar jn`ngaja`t f`

F`lkàsfn. Manr`f`g brkj Dnpn` tent tea cku`try ens n jndkr lfsnstar rfsos suce ns F`lkàsfn ens

iaa` qufta gkkl n`l rnpflmy lavamkpf`g ajarga`cy prapnralàss _>1Z. \efs wrftf`g cn` ia snfl

fs dust n ravfaw, ck`sflarf`g tent bkr tefs rajkta sa`sf`g tace`kmkgy f` F`lkàsfn fs stfmm trkuimaliy tea axfsta`ca kb lntn. \efs fs axpactal ns n` nmtar`ntfva tent cn` ia lavamkpal. Jkra

pracfsamy, tk lavamkp n lntn insa usf`g QNRs f` lfsnstar jn`ngaja`t, aspacfnmmy bkr wai-insal

pkst-lfsnstar, sk curra`t f`bkrjntfk` cn` ia qufcomy fla`tfbfal n`l cn` ia tnoa` n`y nctfk`.

2. NCO@KWMALGAJA@\S

\ea nutekrs nra grntabum tk jy brfa`ls wek enva gfva` juce suppkrt, aspacfnmmy f` tea

mni n`l bkr macturars bkr o`kwmalga tent ens iaa` gfva`. N`l tenò tk tea n`k`yjkus ravfawars

bkr teafr crantfva suggastfk`s f` tefs jnùscrfpt.

7. YABAYA@CAS

_>Z @. Oarma, S. Eauam, n`l @. Xbafbar. Yanm-tfja lntn ckmmactfk` n`l f`bkrjntfk` gaàrntfk` usf`g

nfrikrà sa`skrs, f` Gakspntfnm F`bkrjntfk` \ace`kmkgy bkr Ajarga`cy Yaspk`sa, S.

Tmntn`kvn n`l D. Mf, Als. al Mk`lk`4 \nymkr & Brn`cfs, pp. <3-7< (9885).

_9Z V. Ten`g n`l @. Oarma. 9885. Sntammfta rajkta sa`sf`g bkr ànr-ranm tfja lntn ckmmactfk` f`

Gakspntfnm F`bkrjntfk` \ace`kmkgy bkr Ajarga`cy Yaspk`sa, S. Tmntn`kvn n`l D. Mf, Als., al

Mk`lk`4 \nymkr & Brn`cfs, pp. 71->89 (9885).

_3Z M. B. Dke`sk`, S. Y. Earwftz, I. J. Mkiftz, n`l S. A. Lu`ngn`. Bansfifmfty kb jk`ftkrf`g ckbbaaaml rfpaàss wfte nfrikrà jumtfspactrnm fjngary, f` Nppmfal A`gfàarf`g f` Ngrfcumtura,

vkm. 98, pp. 5<1–5<6 (988<).

_<Z Gukqf`g Teku n`l Layn` Tn`g. Cfvfm QNR systaj bkr anrte kisarvntfk`,‚ f` Xrkc. k b tea

FGNYSS 9887. FAAA F`tar`ntfk`nm Ck`bara`ca k` Gakscfa`ca n`l Ya-jkta Sa`sf`g

Syjpksfuj, 9887., pp. 13>6– 1399 (9887).

_1Z Ln`fam Lk`kgeua. 9881. Q`jn`àl Narfnm Racefcmas (QNRs)4 N @aw Xmntbkrj bkr

A`vfrk`ja`tnm Yajkta Sa`sf`g. Lapnrtja`t kb Gakgrnpey, Lurenj Q`fvarsfty, Scfa`ca

Mnikrntkrfas, Skute Yknl, Lurenj.

_2Z N`lraw Sfjpsk`, \. Stkjinuge, M. Wamms, n`l D. Dn-cki. 9883. Fjngf`g tace`fquas n`l

nppmfcntfk`s bkr QNR‖s f` ngrfcumtura, f` Xrkc. kb tea NSNA N`ùnm Jaatf`g.

_7Z Ln`kalkrk, Xrkdk. >662. Xa`gkmnen` Cftrn Lfgftnm \akrf ln` Npmfonsf`yn lnmnj Ifln`g

Xa`gflarnn` Dnue. Vkgynonrtn4 Bncumty kb Gakgrnbf QGJ.

_5Z Da`sa`, Nustf` J., Jnrc Ikujn`, n`l Vn`gûn` Cea`. Mkw Ckst Jumtfspaotrnm Narfnm Fjngf`g

Qsf`g Nutk`kjkus Yu`wny Braa Sjnmm Bmyf`g Wf`g Raefcemas. Yajkta Sa`sf`g (9885).





FSI@4 675-289->6921-8-1

_6Z Ennrirfò, YI., Okars, A., 9882. Eamfckptar QNR bkr Xektkgrnjjatry n`l Ynpfl

Yaspk`sa. F`4 \ea F`tar`ntfk`nm Nrcefvas kb Xektkgrnjjatry, Yajkta Sa`sf`g n`l Spntfnm

F`bkrjntfk` Scfa`cas, N`twarp, Iamgfuj, Rkm. UUURF->/W<<.

_>8Z Yæstns, N., 9882. \ea ragumntfk` Q`jn`àl Narfnm Raefcma kb tea Sza`lrk Bfra

Lapnrtja`t suppkrtf`g bfgetf`g ngnf`st bkrast bfras >st f` tea wkrml! Bkrast Ackmkgy n`l

Jn`ngaja`t, 93<S (9882) S933.

_>>Z Jnrtêàz-la Lfks, D.Y., at nm., Axparfja`tnm rasumts kb nutkjntfc bfra latactfk` n`l

jk`ftkrf`g wfte QNRs. Bkrast Ackmkgy n`l Jn`ngaja`t 93<S (9882) S939.

_>9Z Iuk`gfkr`k, J.B., 9881. Yajkta Sa`sf`g Nppmfcntfk` tk Jk`ftkr Nctfva Rkmcn`kas. Qsa-

ENNS Wkrosekp #>, Irussams, Iamgfuj.

_>3Z Sekrtfs, J.Y., at nm., Stnifmfty kb zkkj n`l bfxal ma`sas usal wfte lfgftnm SMY cnjarns.

F`4 \ea F`tar`ntfk`nm Nrcefva kb Xektkgrnjjatry, Yajkta Sa`sf`g n`l Spntfnm F`bkrjntfk`Scfa`cas, Lrasla`, Garjn`y, Rkm. UUURF pnrt 1 (9882).

_><Z Ckmkjf`n, F. at nm. 9887. \ea uRFSFK@ prkdact bkr eamfckptar-QNR pektkgrnjjatry n`l

rajkta-sa`sf`g. Xrkcaalf`gs kb tea 7te Gakjntfc Waao , Inrcamk`n, Spnf`.

_>1Z Vkeok Fgnrnsef. 98>8. \konf Anrtequnoa Xrapnralàss f` Sefzukon Xrabactura, Dnpn`.

Sefzukon Xrabactura f` Dnpn`.

_>2Z D. Avarnarts. \ea Qsa kb Q`jn`àl Narfnm Racefcmas (QNRs) bkr Yajkta Sa`sf`g n`l

Jnppf`g. F` 4 \ea F`tar`ntfk`nm Nrcefvas kb tea Xektkgrnjjatry, Yajkta Sa`sf`g n`l Spntfnm

F`bkrjntfk` Scfa`cas. Rkm. UUURFF. Xnrt I>. Iafdf`g (9885).

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