quiz 2: present tense formation and translation
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Quiz 2: Present Tense Formation and Translation. inveniō , invenīre , invēnī , invēntus : to find, discover Conjugation # ______. I find, I am finding, I do find. inveniō. invenīs. you find. invenit. he/she/it finds. invenīmus. we find. invenītis. you all find. inveniunt. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Quiz 2: Present Tense Formation and Translation
Person and Number Latin Form (1.5 pts) English Translation (1 pt.)
1st sing.
2nd sing.
3rd sing.
1st pl.
2nd pl.
3rd pl.
inveniō, invenīre, invēnī, invēntus: to find, discoverConjugation # ______
Translate the following forms into English (2 pts.)
1. amat ________________2. petitis ________________3. delēmus ________________4. curris ________________5. respondent ________________
inveniō I find, I am finding, I do findinvenīs you find
invenit he/she/it finds
invenīmus we findinvenītis you all findinveniunt they find
he/she/it loves
you all seek/attackwe destroy
you runthey respond/reply
Quiz 3: Present and Perfect Systems TranslationTranslate the following forms into English (3 pts.)
1. inveniēbam ________________
2. dēlēvērunt ________________
3. cucurreratis ________________
4. respondēbās ________________
5. reddiderimus ________________
6. cēpistī ________________
7. sciēmus ________________
8. tenēbit ________________
9. cōgitāverit ________________
10. petiveritis ________________
I was finding/used to find
they destroyed
you all had run
you were responding/used to respond/reply
we will have returned
you seized/captured
we will know
he/she/it will hold/have
he/she/it will have thought
you all will have attacked/sought/aimed at
1 pt. for tense, 1 pt. for person and number, 1 pt. for definition
If you scored lower than a 24/30, see me after class
Quiz 3: Present and Perfect Systems TranslationTranslate the following forms into English (3 pts.)
1. inveniēbas ________________
2. dēlēvit ________________
3. cucurrerant ________________
4. respondēbāmus ________________
5. reddideritis ________________
6. cēpistis ________________
7. sciēt ________________
8. tenēbit ________________
9. cōgitāverō ________________
10. petiveris ________________
I was finding/used to find
they destroyed
you all had run
you were responding/used to respond/reply
we will have returned
you seized/captured
we will know
he/she/it will hold/have
he/she/it will have thought
you all will have attacked/sought/aimed at
1 pt. for tense, 1 pt. for person and number, 1 pt. for definition
If you scored lower than a 24/30, see me after class
7/17/13 Do Now:
• Take out a piece of looseleaf paper and put your heading and Quiz 4 at the top
• Place your homework from yesterday in the black tray on my desk
Quiz 4: The Passive Voice(each sentence = 5 pts.)
1. virī consulēs in senātū audiunt.– Translation: _____________________________– Pass. sent. in English: _____________________– Pass. sent. in Latin: _______________________
2. urbs flammīs dēlēbātur.– Translation: _____________________________– Act. sent. in English: _______________________– Act. sent. in Latin.: _________________________
flamma, -ae f.: flame
The men listen to/hear the consuls in the senate.
The consuls are heard by the men in the senate.
consulēs ā virīs in senātū audiuntur.
The city was being destroyed by flames.
Flames were destroying the city.
flammae urbem dēlēbant.
• Add one exception to the Formation of the FUTURE TENSE– For the 1st and 2nd conjugations, the 3rd person
plural ending is ‘bunt’ (not ‘bint’)
7/18/13 Do Now:• Take out a piece of looseleaf paper and put your heading and
Quiz 5 at the top• Place your homework from yesterday in the black tray on my desk• If you see your name listed below, please write your e-mail
address at the top of your quiz paper today:– Christian– Salman– Jeffrey– Robert– Stephanie– Arslan– Johnson– Angelica– Yu Xuan
Quiz 5: Relative Pronouns, Antecedents and Clauses
DIRECTIONS: Bracket off [ ] the dependent clause in the following sentence, then identify the antecedent and relative pronoun, and translate each clause.
1. Hannibal quī ā Rōmānīs odiēbātur dūx Punicus magnus erat.– Antecedent: _________= __________– Translate dependent clause: _____________________– Relative pronoun: __________=_________– Translate independent clause: ____________________
odiō, odīre, odivī, ---: to hateHannibal, Hannibalis m.: Hannibal
Antecedent and Rel. Pronoun = 6 pts each, 3 per blankTranslation dep. clause = 8 pts. total (2 per word)Translation indep. clause = 10 pts total (2 per word)TOTAL: 30 points Min. score = 24/30
G = gender, N = number, C = case
• dūx magnus– What does this mean?– What is the GNC of this phrase?– Even though these words agree in GNC, why do
they have different endings?• They are in different DECLENSIONS!!!
3rd declension i-stem
• A 3rd declension noun which has ‘-ium’ as it’s genitive plural ending and ‘-i’ as its ablative singular ending.– Examples
• mors, mortis f. (gen. pl. mortium): death• navis, navis f. (gen. pl. navium): ship• civis, civis m./f. (gen. pl. civium): citizen)
• For neuter i-stem nouns, there is also an ‘i’ before the nom. and acc. pl. endings– mare, maris n. (gen. pl. marium): sea
• Nom. pl., acc. pl. = maria
3rd decl. i-stem
• morti = BWIOF death (NOT morte)• navi = BWIOF ship• civi = BWIOF citizen• mortium = of the deaths (NOT mortum)• navium = of the ships• civium = of the citizens• maria = seas (verb)/ (verb) seas (NOT mara)
1 Termination 3rd decl. adjective
potentīpotentem
potenti
potentēs
potentium
potentibus
potentēs
potentēs
potēnspotentis
potentīpotēns
potenti
potentia
potentium
potentibus
potentia
potentibus
Exerceāmus!
• Complete the declension charts for 2 termination and 3 termination adjectives (pgs. 2-3)
• Decline omnis proelium (pg. 3)• Complete the noun-adj. pair chart (pg.3)
What does ‘termination’ refer to?
• The termination of an adjective refers to how many different nom. sg. endings it has
– 1 termination: 1 nom. sg. for all genders• Ex. potēns, potēns, potēns
– 2 termination: 1 nom sg. for M./F., 1 for N.• Ex. omnis, omnis, omne
– 3 termination: 1 nom. sg. for M., 1 for F., 1 for N.• Ex. celer, celeris, celere
For Monday 7/22:
• Begin to make flashcards for your Summer Session Vocabulary list (aim for at least 100)– Use your flashcard construction handout from
Latin II for reference• Obtain an additional copy from my website:
www.magistrasnyder.weebly.com
Class Notes Section
• Handouts from:– 7/9: Noun Declension– 7/10: Present System and Present Tense– 7/15: Present and Perfect System– 7/16: Passive voice– 7/17: Relative pronouns, antecedents, and clauses– 7/18: 3rd decl. i-stem nouns and 3rd decl. adjs.
7/22/13 Do Now:• Take out a piece of looseleaf paper and put your heading and
Quiz 6 at the top– You may use your Vocabulary List
• If you see your name listed below, please write your e-mail address at the top of your quiz paper today:– Christian– Salman– Jeffrey– Robert– Stephanie– Arslan– Johnson– Angelica– Yu Xuan
Quiz 6: 3rd decl. adj. and i-stem nounsDIRECTIONS: Complete both charts below in full (1 pt. per box)
the strong/brave ally (verb)
fortis sociī of the strong ally
fortī sociō to/for the strong ally
fortem socium (verb) the strong ally
forti sociō BWIOF the strong allyfortēs sociī the strong allies (verb)
fortium sociōrum of the strong allies
fortibus sociīs to/for the strong allies
fortēs sociōs (verb) the strong allies
fortibus sociīs BWIOF the strong allies
neut., sg., nom./acc. the quick battlefem., sg., abl.
neut., pl., nom./acc. all seas
For Tuesday 7/23
• Translate the passage on pg. 6 of your packet from today and answer the questions that follow it
• QUIZ tomorrow on forms of possum, posse (like #1 on pg. 6) and infinitive formation (pg.2)– JUST creation/recognition, no formula memorization
Infinitive Synopsis
sauciāre
to wound
sauciārī
to be wounded
sauciāvisse
to have wounded
sauciātum esse
to have been wounded
sauciātūrum esse
to be going to/about to wound
Rules for Forming and Translating the Infinitive
2nd PP to _________
2nd PP, but last letter is –ī instead of –e
to be _________ed
3rd PP – ī + isse to have ________ed
4th PP (neut.) + esseto have been _______ed
4th PP – us + ūrum + esse to be about to/going to ________
Complementary Infinitives
• Infinitives that complete (from complēre: to fill up) the meaning of a verb phrase– Ex. Punicī Armeniam mox invadere potuērunt.– Soon the Carthaginians were able to invade Armenia.
• Complementary infinitives can be in any tense and voice, but most often present tense, active voice
• Translate into English:– mīlitēs Carthāginem dēlēre potuerant.– The soldiers had been able to destroy Carthage.
Subjective Infinitives• Infinitives which act as the subject of a sentence. • These infinitives will always be in the neuter
gender.• Subjective infinitives can be in any tense and voice• They are most often used with the verb sum, esse,
specifically est– Sentences with subjective infinitives generally sound
like: • “it is ________ to _________”• “to _________ is __________”
Objective Infinitives • When a finite verb has a direct object that
takes an infinitive as its direct object, that infinitive is called an objective infinitive.– Ex. Mithridātes mīlitēs interficere Ariobarzanem
iussit.OPTION 1: Mithridates ordered Ariobarzanes to kill the soldiers.
OPTION 2: Mithridates ordered the soldiers to kill Ariobarzanes.
vi. We can rely on the context, common sense, and our historical knowledge to tell us how to translate sentences with objective infinitives.
acc. subj. #2 acc. subj. #1
possum, posse, potuī, ------ : can, to be able
• Examine the Present Tense conjugation of the verb possum, posse• What is an irregular verb?
– Irregular verbs do not follow normal patterns of conjugation• What about this verb is irregular?
– It’s 2nd PP ends in ‘-se’ instead of ‘-re’– It uses 2 different Present Stems in its conjugation
• Stem A = pos-• Stem B = pot-
• What other irregular verb serves as the ending for this verb?– The Present tense conjugation of sum, esse: to be
• When the form of this verb begins with ‘s’ we use Present Stem A• When the form of this verb begins with ‘e’ we use Present Stem B
1. Answer the questions about the following verbs:
• potuit (line 1) Identify the tense of this verb:
_______________________– Change the number of this verb: __________________________
• potuerant (line 3) – Identify the tense of this verb: ____________________________– Change the form to future tense: __________________________
• poterant (line 4) – Identify the tense of this verb: ____________________________– Change the form to present tense: _________________________
perfect
potuērunt
pluperfect
poterunt
imperfect
possunt
he/she/it was able/could
they were able/could
they had been able
they will be able
they used to be able
they are able
Translate each one of these Latin verb forms into English
7/23/13 Do Now:• Take out a piece of looseleaf paper and put your heading
and Quiz 7 at the top– You may use your Vocabulary List
• Take out your translation (on looseleaf) and detach pg. 6 from your packet and turn them in for HW collection
• If you see your name listed below, please write your e-mail address at the top of your quiz paper today:– Salman– Johnson– Firdaus– Charles– John
Quiz 7: possum and infinitives
Rōmānī Punicōs sine exercitū forti nōn vincere poterant.
1) ID the tense, person, and # of the underlined verb: __________________2) Change the verb to the imperfect tense : ___________________3) Translate the verb form you wrote in #2: ___________________4) ID the tense and voice of the infinitive: ____________________5) Translate the entire sentence above:
____________________________________________________________
#1-4 = 5 pts each#5 = 10 ptsTOTAL = 30 pts.
perfect, 3rd pl.
poterant
they were able to/used to be able to
pres. active
The Romans were not able/have not been able to conquer the Carthaginians without a strong army.
Quiz 7: possum and infinitives
Rōmānī Punicōs sine exercitū forti nōn vincere poterant.
1) ID the tense, person, and # of the underlined verb: __________________2) Change the verb to the perfect tense : ___________________3) Translate the verb form you wrote in #2: ___________________4) ID the tense and voice of the infinitive: ____________________5) Translate the entire sentence above:
____________________________________________________________
#1-4 = 5 pts each#5 = 10 ptsTOTAL = 30 pts.
perfect, 3rd pl.
poterant
they were able to/used to be able to
pres. active
The Romans were not able/have not been able to conquer the Carthaginians without a strong army.
Can a verb be used as a noun?
• YES! • When an infinitive is the SUBJECT of a
sentence, it’s acting like a NOUN, not a verb– Ex. pugnāre malum est.• To fight is bad• Fighting is bad
• What “case” would pugnāre be in if it were a noun?– Nominative
How would you translate this sentence?
gladiatōrēsne pugnandum amāvērunt?
• Did the gladiators love (some form of ‘fight’)?• Did the gladiators love fighting?• pugnandum = a gerund• Gerunds = verb/nouns that are translated “____ing”
Gerunds
English Example CASE Latin Form
Fighting is bad.To fight is bad.
NOMINATIVE pugnāre(2 PP)
Most men weren’t skilled in the art of
fighting.
GENITIVE pugnandī
The Romans resorted to fighting when
necessary.
DATIVE pugnandō
From an early age boys practiced fighting.
ACCUSATIVE pugnandum
They defended their land by fighting.
ABLATIVE pugnandō
GERUND FORMATION: __________ + _______ + 2nd decl. sing. endingsPres. Stem -nd
Decline the gerund for the verb:expellō, expellere, expulsī, expulsus (to drive out)
English Translation CASE Latin Form
NOMINATIVE
GENITIVE
DATIVE
ACCUSATIVE
ABLATIVE
expellere(2 PP)
to drive out, driving out
expellendīof driving out
expellendōto/for driving out
expellendumdriving out (D.O.)
expellendōby driving out
Present Active Participle**Present Stem + nt + 3rd declension i-stem endings
**EXCEPT: Nom. sg. = Pres. Stem + ns (ex. amāns); 3rd –io and 4th conj. = ‘ie’ before ‘nt’
CASE SINGULAR PLURAL
Nom dīcēns consul
Gen
Dat
Acc
Abl
“the speaking consul”
dīcentis consulis
dīcentī consulī
dīcentem consulemdīcenti consule
dīcentēs consulēs
dīcentium consulumdīcentibus consulibus
dīcentēs consulēsdīcentibus consulibus
Perfect Passive Participle4th PP
“the enemy having been captured” “the captured enemy”
CASE SINGULAR PLURAL
Nom hostis captus
Gen
Dat
Acc
Abl
hostis captī
hostī captōhostem captum
hoste captō
hostēs captīhostum captōrum
hostibus captīs
hostēs captōs
hostibus captīs
7/24/13 Do Now:
• Take out a piece of looseleaf paper and put your heading and Quiz 8 at the top– You may use your Vocabulary List
– No HW collection today, only correction during classwork. Keep out your red pens after you finish your quiz.
Quiz 8: gerunds and participlesDirections: Manipulate and translate each of the following gerunds and/or
participial phrases (5 pts. each, 25 pts. total)
1. Fabius recipiendō (sē) proelium āmisit.• Translate the underlined word: _____________
2. civis dīcēnsa) Change the number: ______________b) Translate a): _______________
3. pecuniā inventāa) Change to the dative: ______________b) Translate a): ______________
by withdrawing
civēs dīcentēs
the speaking citizens
pecuniae inventae
to/for the money having been found/the found money
Quiz 8: gerunds and participlesDirections: Manipulate and translate each of the following gerunds and/or
participial phrases (5 pts. each, 25 pts. total)
1. Fabius capiendō proelium militēs vicit.• Translate the underlined word: _____________
2. consul discedēnsa) Change the number: ______________b) Translate a): _______________
3. urbī dēlētaea) Change to the ablative: ______________b) Translate a): ______________
by withdrawing
civēs dīcentēs
the speaking citizens
pecuniae inventae
to/for the money having been found/the found money
Translating Participles
• PERFECT PASSIVE (P3) cōnsul victus – the having been conquered consul– the conquered consul
• PRESENT ACTIVE (PAP) agricola vincēns– the conquering farmer
Translating Participles
• Participles can also be translate like clauses• When we encounter a participle, we have the
option of translating it using one of 5 different translations1. Strict/adjectival = ____ing/ having been ____ed2. Relative = who3. Temporal = when, after4. Causal = because5. Adversative = although
1. Rōmānī, victī in proeliō Cannārum, etiam contrā Punicōs fortiter pugnāvērunt.
a) STRICT/ADJECTIVAL = The Romans, having been conquered in the battle of Cannae, still fought bravely against the Carthaginians.
b) RELATIVE = The Romans, who were conquered in the battle of Cannae…
c) TEMPORAL = The Romans, after they were conquered in the battle of Cannae…
d) CAUSAL = The Romans, because they were conquered in the battle of Cannae…
e) ADVERSATIVE = The Romans, although they were conquered in the battle of Cannae…
Translating Participles
• How do we know which of the 5 types of translations to use?– CONTEXT!!!– Don’t use the strict/adjectival unless absolutely
necessary
Ablative Absolutes
• Ablative absolutes are participial phrases in the ABLATIVE CASE
• Includes a noun and a participle• The come usually at the beginning of a
sentence• They are grammatically removed from the rest
of the sentence
Hannōne victō, Hannibal discedere ex Ītaliā iussus est.
• Strict/adjectival: (With) Hanno having been conquered, Hannibal was ordered to depart out of/from Italy.
• Temporal: After Hanno was conquered, Hannibal was ordered to depart from Italy.
• Relative: Hanno who was conquered, Hannibal was ordered to depart from Italy.
• Causal: Because Hanno was conquered, Hannibal was ordered to depart from Italy.
• Adversative: Although Hanno was conquered, Hannibal was ordered to depart from Italy.
• ABLATIVE ABSOLUTES CAN NEVER BE TRANSLATED RELATIVELY!
7/25/13Do Now:• Take out your vocabulary list for your quiz
– This quiz will be graded by me
• Place your HW worksheet from last night in the tray on the desk
• The following students must speak with me after class for their additional HW assignments for Monday
– Firdaus– Stephanie– Charles– Ray– Devin– Viktor– Alex– Yu Xuan– Arslan– Christian
Quiz 9: Ablative AbsolutesDIRECTIONS: Bracket off the ablative absolute (5 pts.), identify the participle and its mood/tense
(5 pts.), and translate the sentence with the indicated clausal translation. (15 pts.)
/1/ militibus Punicīs captīs Rōmānī (ad) Hispaniam sine morā contendere potuērunt.
– What type of participle is in the AA? PAP / P3
– Translate the AA as a temporal clause: ___________________________
– Translate the rest of the sentence: _________________________________________
Hispania, -ae f.: Hispania (Spain)mora, -ae f.: delay
After the Carthaginian soldiers were captured
The Romans were able to head towards Hispania without delay.
Quiz 9: Ablative AbsolutesDIRECTIONS: Bracket off the ablative absolute (5 pts.), identify the participle and its mood/tense
(5 pts.), and translate the sentence with the indicated clausal translation. (15 pts.)
/1/ Rōmānīs superātīs Punicī (ad) Hispaniam celeriter contendērunt
– What type of participle is in the AA? PAP / P3
– Translate the AA as a causal clause: ___________________________
– Translate the rest of the sentence: _________________________________________
Hispania, -ae f.: Hispania (Spain)celeriter: adverb of celer, celeris, celere
Because the Romans were overcome/conquered
the Carthaginians traveled towards Hispania quickly.
Take a worksheet from the desk and read pg. 1
• Complete all blanks on pg. 1• Pgs. 2 and 3 are to be included in your sheet
protectors for reference– Do this over the weekend and re-staple the packet
together
For Monday 7/29
• First 117 vocabulary flashcards are due Monday (Nouns, Proper Nouns, Pronouns and Verbs)
• Complete HW for demonstrative adjectives and reflexive and personal pronouns
• Check your e-mail for a progress report and a file of our in-class PowerPoint presentation
Class Website
• www.magistrasnyder.weebly.com • Visit for:– Vocabulary List– All in-class handouts and homework worksheets– In-class PowerPoint– Practice exams and quizzes
7/29/13
Do Now:• Take of the last page from your Reflexives
packet and your Demonstratives packet and put them in the black tray for collection
• Take out a piece of looseleaf paper and put your heading at the top and label it Quiz 10– You may use your Summer Session Vocabulary– This quiz will be graded by me.
Quiz 10: Reflexive vs. Personal PronounsDirections: Translate the following sentences and identify the pronouns within them as
either reflexive or personal. (4 pts. per ID/6 pts. per translation = 30 total)
1. militēs eīs in itinere auxilium ferēbant. (_________)Translation:
2. tē ā impet(u)ibus servāvistī. (_________)Translation:
3. pecūniam mihi dedī. (_________)Translation:
The soldiers used to bring help to them on the journey.
Personal
You saved yourself from the attacks.
Reflexive
I gave the money to myself.
Reflexive
Quiz 10: Reflexive vs. Personal PronounsDirections: Translate the following sentences and identify the pronouns within them as
either reflexive or personal. (4 pts. per ID/6 pts. per translation = 30 total)
1. nōs in itinere copiās ferēbāmus. (_________)Translation:
2. mē ā perīculō servāvī. (_________)Translation:
3. consulēs mihi dedērunt. (_________)Translation:
The soldiers used to bring help to them on the journey.
Reflexive
You saved yourself from the attacks.
Reflexive
I gave the money to myself.
Personal
aggredior, aggredī, aggressus sum: to attack
• What is unusual about this dictionary entry?– This verb has principal parts, instead
of – All of the principal parts all look they are in the
voice. – A Latin verb that possesses these three qualities is
called ________________________.
3 4
passive
deponent
Deponent Verbs from the Summer Session Vocab List
1. arbitror, arbitrārī, arbitrātus sum: to think 2. conor, conārī, conātus sum: to try, attempt 3. ēgredior, ēgredī, ēgressus sum: to go out, leave 4. loquor, loquī, locūtus sum: to speak, talk 5. opperior, opperīrī, oppertus sum: to wait for 6. patior, patī, passus sum: to suffer, permit, allow 7. polliceor, pollicērī, pollicitus sum: to promise 8. proficīscor, proficīscī, profectus sum: to set out, depart 9. sequor, sequī, secutus sum: to follow 10. videor, vidērī, vīsus sum: to seem
Deponent Verbs
• Look passive, ALWAYS TRANSLATED ACTIVELY!
• Ex. Rōmānī Punicōs aggressī sunt. – The Romans attacked the Carthaginians.
• mīles hostem aggreditur.– The solider attacks the enemy.
• consul urbem aggredī cupit.– The consul wants to attack the city.
Deponent Participles• Formed the same way non-deponent (normal) participles are formed• Some look active…
– Present– Future
• Some look passive…– Perfect
Deponent Infinitives• Formed the same way non-deponent (normal) infinitives are
formed• Some look active…
– Future• Some look passive…
– Present– Perfect
conor, conārī, conātus sum- to attempt
Tense Form Translation
PRESENT
FUTURE
PERFECT
1st conj.
2nd PP – rī + nsconāns attempting
3rd PP (-esse) – us + ūrusconātūrus about to attempt
3rd PP (-esse)conātus having attempted
PARTICIPLES
conor, conārī, conātus sum- to attempt
Tense Form Translation
PRESENT
FUTURE
PERFECT
1st conj.
2nd PPconārī to attempt
Fut. Participle + esseconātūrus esse to be going to/about to
attempt
Perf. Participle + esseconātus esse to have attempted
INFINITIVES
Exerceāmus!
• Annotate and translate sentences #1-3 on pg. 2 of your packet
• ID the person, #, tense, and voice of each underlined verb.
• Some vocabulary is provided for you. The rest can be found in your Summer Session Vocab List
Exerceāmus!
1. Scipiō Nasīca Tiberium sociōsque eius aggressus est, quī contiōnem habēbant.
[aggredior, aggredī, aggresus sum: to attack | contiō, contiōnis f.: meeting, assembly ]
• Parse aggressus est: person and number 3rd sing.
tense and voice perf. act.
• Translation:Scipio Nasica attacked Tiberius and his allies, who were having a meeting.
Exerceāmus!
2. Scipiō Nasīca, loquēns cum sociīs, Tiberium, sī is veniam cīvium adipiscētur, aggredī parat.[adipiscor, adipiscī, adeptus sum: to win, gain | sī: if | venia, -ae f.: favor, support | parō, parāre,
parāvī, parātus: to prepare, plan]
• Parse aggredī: person and numbertense and voice
• Translation:
3rd sg.
fut. act.
Scipio Nasica, speaking with (his) allies, plans to attack Tiberius, if he will gain the support of the citizens.
Exerceāmus!
3. Gracchī cūrās cīvium eīs agrōs dandō, cūrās mīlitum eīs arma, et illās miserōrum eīs cibum allocutī sunt.
• Parse allocutī sunt: person and number
tense and voice • Translation:
3rd pl.
perf. act.
The Gracchi addressed the concerns of the citizens by giving land to them, the concerns of the soldiers by giving weapons to them, and those of the poor by giving food to them.
7/30/13
• Take out your Deponent Verbs packet and tear off the last page and place it in the black tray for HW collection
• Take out a piece of looseleaf paper, write your heading at the top of it, and label it Quiz 11– This quiz will be graded by me
Quiz 11: Deponent VerbsDirections: Parse the underlined verb in person, number, tense (2 pts
each) and voice and then translate the sentence (12 points) (20 pts total).
1. Scipiō Nasīca Tiberium, quī tribunus Rōmae electus erat, conābātur interficere.
1. Parse conābātur: person and number ____________tense and voice _____________
Translation:
3rd sing.
impf. verb
Scipio Nasica was trying to kill Tiberius, who had been elected tribune of Rome.
Scipiō Nasīca, Scipionis Nasicae m.: Scipio Nasica, a conservative senator circa early 1st cent. BCTiberius, -ī m.: Tiberius (Gracchus), a liberal tribune circa early 1st cent. BC
Summer Session Final Exam
• The final exam will take place Thursday August 8th
• You must earn a 80% or higher in order to pass the summer session
• The exam will test every topic we’ve covered and all vocabulary from your Summer Session List
• It will consist of approximately 40 multiple choice questions and 4-5 sentence translations
Exerceāmus!
3. Gracchī cūrās cīvium eīs agrōs dandō (allocutī sunt), cūrās mīlitum eīs arma (dandō allocutī sunt), et illās miserōrum eīs cibum (dandō) allocutī sunt.
• Parse allocutī sunt: person and number
tense and voice
• Translation:
3rd pl.
perf. act.
The Gracchi addressed the concerns of the citizens by giving land to them, the concerns of the soldiers by giving weapons to them, and those of the poor by giving food to them.
Direct Indirect Speech
DIRECT SPEECHTiberius Gracchus nuntiat, “fundī pātriciōrum plebibus dābuntur.”
INDIRECT SPEECHTiberius Gracchus nuntiat fundōs pātriciōrum plebibus datūrōs esse.
1. Quotation marks (“”) disappear
2. Nom. Acc.
1
1
3. conjugated verb infinitive (SAME TENSE, roughly)
4. A HEAD VERB (of sensing, perceiving, understanding) indicates that indirect speech is beginning
Ex. he announces THAT…
2
2
3
3
4
4
Direct Indirect
• Change the following sentence from direct to indirect speech.– DIRECT:• Cicerō dīcit “virī patriam suum servāre debent.”
– INDIRECT:• Cicerō dīcit / virōs patriam suum servāre debere.
Head Verbs
• Verbs of sensing, perceiving, or understanding after which the word “that” naturally follows– I know that…– you see that…– we recognize that…– she said that…– they heard that…
Exerceāmus!
• Translate sentences #1-3 on pg. 2• Underline head verbs and draw a slanted line
when indirect speech begins
7/31/13
• Take out your worksheet packet from yesterday and turn to pg. 3
• Take a worksheet packet for today from my desk
dēlēre dēlērī dēlēvisse
dēlētōs esse dēlētūrum esse
I. We know that our soldiers have been destroyed.
II. The senators feel that their lifestyle is being destroyed by political reforms.
III. People are saying that this war will destroy Carthage forvever.
IV. They understand that the our leaders want to destroy Carthage immediately
V. You recognize that when Scipio’s troops destroyed Hannibal’s army, all hope of success for Carthage was lost.
dēlētōs esse
dēlērī
dēlētūrum esse
dēlēre
dēlēvisse
perf. pass.
pres. pass.
future act.
pres .act.
perf. act.
Translating Indirect Speech
“___ed”, “was ___ing” “was ___ed”, “was being _____ed”
“will ___” “will be___ed”
“____ed”, “was ___ing”
“had ___ed”
“was ___ed”, “was being _____ed”
“had been___ed”“would ____”, “would be ____ing”
“would be____ed”, “would be being ____ed”
Exerceāmus! Review
1. dux arbitrātur hostēs cum pace urbem nōn intrāturōs esse.
– Tense of head verb: ________________________• Translation: _________________________________
– Tense, voice of infinitive: _________________________• Translation: _________________________________
Sentence Translation:
(he) thinkspresent
future, activewill enter
The general thinks that the enemies will not enter the city with peace (peacefully).
2) cognōvimus Punicōs in aciēbus militēs nostrōs perīre compūlisse.
(cognoscō, cognoscere, cognovī, cognitus: to understand, recognize | aciēs, -eī m.: battlefield | compellō, compellere, compūlī, compulsus: to force, compel)
– Tense of head verb: ________________________• Translation: _________________________________
– Tense, voice of infinitive: _________________________• Translation: _________________________________Sentence Translation:
Exerceāmus! Review
perfect
we understood/recognized
perfect activehad forced
We understood that the Carthaginians had forced our soldiers to die on the battlefields.
Exerceāmus!
• Map, annotate, and translate sentences #1-4
Part II Exerceāmus
1) tribūnus iussit / annonam plebī sine pretiō datūram esse.
(annona, -ae f.: grain supply, rations | plebs, plebis f.: plebs (lower class of Roman citizens))
IND (1) DEP (1)
tribūnus iussit
annonam plebī sine pretiō datūram esse.
The tribune ordered thatSentence Translation: a grain supply (will) be given to the plebs without cost.
Cogitāte…
I. scimus nostrōs militēs dēlētōs esse.We know that our soldiers have been destroyed.
III. hominēs dīcunt hoc bellum Carthaginem aeternaliter dēlētūrum esse.
People are saying that this war will destroy Carthage forever.
subject accusative
NOTĀTE BENE!
The subject accusative must match in GNC an infinitive (in indirect statement) containing a participial form
Before you leave…
• Pick up Quizzes 9 and 10• Ablative Absolute and
Reflexive/Demonstrative HWs will be returned graded tomorrow
7/31/13
• Take out a piece of looseleaf, write your heading at the top and label it Quiz 12– This quiz will be graded by me
Quiz 12: Indirect SpeechDirections: Underline the head verb, draw a slash before indirect speech, and answer the questions that follow (#1-4 are 3 pts. each, #5 is 18 pts.)
• omnēs cīvēs scīvērunt tribūnum ā patriciō senatōre eius sociīsque petitum esse.1. Tense of head verb: _______________2. Translation of head verb: _____________3. Tense and voice of infinitive: ________________4. Translation of infinitive: _____________5. Sentence translation:
______________________________________________________________________________
perfect
(they) knew
petitum esse
had been attacked
All (of) the citizens knew that the tribune had been attacked by the patrician senator and his allies.
patricius, -a, -um: patrician
Quiz 12: Indirect SpeechDirections: Underline the head verb, draw a slash before indirect speech, and answer the questions that follow (#1-4 are 3 pts. each, #5 is 18 pts.)
• multī cīvēs nesciunt Tiberium ā Scipione Nasicā eius sociīsque interfectum esse.1. Tense of head verb: _______________2. Translation of head verb: _____________3. Tense and voice of infinitive: ________________4. Translation of infinitive: _____________5. Sentence translation:
______________________________________________________________________________
perfect
(they) knew
petitum esse
had been attacked
All (of) the citizens knew that the tribune had been attacked by the patrician senator and his allies.
patricius, -a, -um: patrician
Independent vs. Dependent Clauses
Independent Dependent
FINITE VERB- a conjugated verb form with a person, number, tense, voice
RELATIVE- starts with a rel. pronoun
PARTICIPLE- PAP or P3
ABL. ABSOLUTE- participial phrase (noun + participle) in abl. case
INDIRECT SPEECH- infin. + subj. acc. after a head verb
Present Tense Subjunctive Acronym
She wears a diamond
1st 2nd 3rd reg. 3rd –iō/4th
Subjunctive ManipulationPresent Tense
CONJUGATION INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE
hortāmur
iubeāmus
sequiminī
audiunt
dēs
loquitur
capiam
1st hortemur
2nd iubēmus
3rd sequaminī
4th audiant
1st das
3rd loquatur
3rd io capiō
Imperfect Subjunctive
• NON-DEPONENT: 2nd PP + present active/passive endings
• DEPONENT: 2nd PP – ī + ē + present active/passive endings
Imperfect Subjunctive
• ADDENDUM:– For a 3rd (regular or io) conjugation deponent verb, we must
add an “re” to the infinitive once we change the –ī to an –ē• loquī – ī + ē = loquē + re + present passive endings– Ex. loquērer, loquēreris, loquēretur, loquēremur,
loquēremini, loquērentur
– DEPONENT VERBS ONLY HAVE PASSIVE ENDINGS!
Subjunctive ManipulationImperfect Tense
CONJUGATION INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE
pollicēbātur
superārem
amābam
discedēbātis
pateretur
dūcēbās
audīrēmus
2nd pollicērētur
1st superābam
1st amārem
3rd discederetis
3rd io patiēbatur
3rd dūcerēs
4th audiēbāmus
HW for Monday 8/5
• ALL of Summer Session Vocabulary List flashcards should be completed
• Complete the following worksheets:– 1) ‘cum’ Clauses– 2) Comparative and Superlative Adjectives
For Monday 8/5
• You will no longer be able to use your vocabulary list on quizzes or your Final Exam
• Study ALL of your past Class Notes, Homeworks (esp. your corrections) and Quizzes in preparation for your Final Exam
• For additional practice and question samples, see Translatiōnēs, Midterms, and IA’s posted on the website: www.magistrasnyder.weebly.com
8/5/13
• Take out your ‘Comparative and Superlative Adjectives’ HW (last page) and place it in the black tray for collections
• Keep out your ‘cum Clauses’ HW (last page) for corrections (take out your red pen)
• Take out a black/blue for your quiz– Your quiz will be handed out in a moment– This quiz will be graded by me
Quiz 13: Subjunctive Forms
PRESENT TENSE
trahimus3rd
4th sciant
3rd -io capitis
2nd pollicearis1st multāmus
Quiz 13: Subjunctive Forms
IMPERFECT TENSE
3rd -io reciperet
3rd petēbat
2nd manērem
4th nescīres
1st conābāmur
‘cum’ Clauses with Subjunctive Verbs
• The word ‘cum’ can be used as an ADVERB (instead of a preposition)– No ablative word will follow it!
• It can be translated – Temporally: “when, while, since, after, as”
• INDICATIVE verb used when there is a present/future verb in the independent clause, SUBJUNCTIVE when there is a past tense verb in the independent clause
– Causally: “because, since”• SUBJUNCTIVE verb always
– Adversatively: “although, despite, even if”• SUBJUNCTIVE verb always• The word ‘tamen’ will usually be in the independent clause
‘cum’ Clauses HW
/2/ cum Caesar suōs in prōvinciam dūceret, incolae bellum timēbant.
Translation: When/Because Caesar was leading his (own) (soldiers) into the province,
imperfect…
Temporal, Causal
the inhabitants were fearing/afraid of war.
‘cum’ Clauses HW
/3/ Cicerō, cum aequam ōrātiōnem daret, ā populō laudātur.
Translation:
present…
Causal
Cicero,is praised by the people.
because he was giving a fair speech,
‘cum’ Clauses HW
/4/ Gaius tamen tribunatum ter nōn accēpit, cum ā multīs Rōmānīs amārētur.
Translation:
perfect…
Adversative
Gaius nevertheless/still did not accept the tribunate for a third time,
although he was (being) loved by many Romans.
Purpose Clauses
• Started by the word ‘ut’ (positive)…– Ut =
• so that _____ (may/might/would/could)_____• in order to____• for the purpose of ____ing
• …or ‘nē’ (negative) = • so that ____ (may/might/would/could) NOT• in order that _____ (would/could/might) NOT _____
• ALWAYS contain a subjunctive verb
• These clauses answer the question “why?”– I gave you my book so that you could read about Cicero.
• Q: Why did I give you my book?• A: So that you could read about Cicero.
Exerceāmus!
/1/ Cicerō mīsit litterās ad Atticum ut suum amīcum cōnsuleret.
(Atticus, -ī m.: Atticus | cōnsulō, cōnsulere, cōnsuluī, cōnsultus: to ask for advice from (someone ACC.))
Translation: Cicero sent letters to Atticus /so that he might/could/would ask for advice from his friend.
/in order to ask for advice from his friend.
/for the purpose of asking for advice from his friend.
Exerceāmus!
• Annotate and translate sentences #2, 3, and 4– Map sentence #4 as well
Exerceāmus!
/2/ Cicerō saepe Graecē scrībit nē* suae litterae ā inimicīs legatur.
(Gracē (adv.)= in Greek | legō, legere, legī, lectus: to read)
Translation:
Cicero often writes in Greek /so that his letters may not be read by (his) enemies.
/in order that his letters not be read by (his) enemies.
Exerceāmus!
/3/ Cicerō ab Atticō multam pecūniam mutuātus est ut domum in urbī emeret.
(mutuor, mutuārī, mutuātus sum: to borrow | domum, ī m.: house, home | emō, emere, emī, emptus: to buy)
Translation: Cicero borrowed a lot of money from Atticus/so that he could buy a house in the city.
/in order to buy a house in the city.
8/6/13
• Take out a piece of looseleaf and a blue/black pen for your quiz. Write your heading at the top and label it Quiz 14– This quiz will be graded by me
• If you are retaking Quiz 13 (Subjunctive Forms) today is the only day to do so. Retakes will take place from R2-R4 in this room.
Quiz 14: Purpose Clauses
• Cicerō hostem suum interficī iussit nē ille malus (vir) patriam dēlēret.1. Put a triangle around the word that introduces
the purpose clause2. Underline the verb in the subjunctive mood3. Translate: Cicero ordered his enemy to be killed
so that that evil man would not destroy the fatherland.
#1 and 2 = 4 pts. each#3 = 12 pts. (purpose clause marker and subjunctive verb worth 2 pts. each)
Exerceāmus!
/4/ habēmus nullās litterās, quae ab Atticō ad Cicerōnem missae sunt. hās litterās invenīre cupīmus ut dē amicitiā illōrum duōrum plūs discāmus.
(nullus, -a, -um: no, none| amicitia, -ae f. friendship | plūs: more |disco, discere, didici, --- : to learn)
Translation: We have no letters, which were sent to Cicero from Atticus.
We want to find these letters /so that we may learn more about the friendship of those two (men).
/in order to learn more about the friendship of those two (men).
Facite Nunc
• Purpose clauses answer the question “_______”?• Purpose clauses explain one’s
_________________ for doing the action in the independent clause
• Purpose clauses are introduced by the words ________ (positive) or __________ (negative)
• Purpose clauses ALWAYS contain verbs in the ____________________ mood
why
intention
ut nē
subjunctive
Result Clauses
• Result clauses are dependent clauses that show the result or outcome of an action (ex. raining) or condition (ex. being strong) in the independent clause.
• Examples:
• It was raining so much that my shoes got completely soaked.
• He was so strong that he was able to move all of the boxes by himself.
• You are so smart that there is no way you couldn’t have gotten an ‘A’ on the test.
Result Clauses
• Result clauses are also introduced by ‘ut’ = ‘that’ (positive AND negative clauses- NEVER ‘nē’)
• Result clauses are distinguished from purpose clauses by context AND the inclusion of an adverb/adjective in the independent clause such as:
Result Clause markers
Exerceāmus!
1. tam strēnuē labōrat ut multās rēs perficiat.[strēnuē: strenuously , hard | perficiō, perficere, perfēcī, perfectus: to accomplish,
complete]
• Translation: He works so strenuously that he accomplishes many things.
Result clause
Exerceāmus!
2. strēnuē labōrat ut multa perficiat. [strēnuē: strenuously , hard | perficiō, perficere, perfēcī, perfectus: to accomplish,
complete]
• Translation: He works strenuously in order to accomplish many (things)/a lot.
No Result Clause adv/adj Purpose clause
Exerceāmus!
3. haec verba tantā benevolentiā dīxit ut eōs nōn offenderet.[verbum, -ī n.: word | benevolentia, -ae f.: kindness | offendō, offendere, offendī,
offensus: to offend]
• Translation: He said these words with such great kindnessthat he did not offend them.
Result Clause
Exerceāmus!
4. haec verba magnā benevolentiā dīxit nē eōs offenderet.
]
• Translation: He said these words with great kindnessso that he would not offend them.
No Result Clause adj/adv Purpose Clause
Exerceāmus!
5. talis amor illae fēminae erat ut nullus vir eum evadere posset.
[evadō, evadere, evasī, evasus: to escape, avoid | amor, -oris m. love]
]
• Translation: The love of that woman was of such a sort/kind
that no man was able to escape it.
Result Clause
HW for Wednesday
• Map, annotate, and translate sentences #6 and 7 as practice for your Final Exam
Result Clauses
6. Catilina cum Gallīs furtim locutus est nē Cicerōnem dē suā coniuratiōne indicārent.
[Catilina, -ae m.: Catiline | Gallus, –ī m.: Gaul | furtim: secretly | indicō, indicāre, indicāvī, indicātus: inform |Cicerō, Cicerōnis m.: Cicero | coniuratiō, coniurātiōnis
f.: conspiracy]
Translation: Catiline spoke with the Gauls secretlyso that they would not inform Cicero about his conspiracy.
Result Clauses
7. quails vir est Catilina? enim hic (vir) est vir talis ut nostram urbem dēlēre coniuret, cum nōs sumus ignarī suae verae naturae.
[coniurō, coniurāre, coniurāvī, coniurātus: to plot | noster, nostra, nostrum: our | ignarus, -a, -um: ignorant (of something GENITIVE)|verus, -a, -um: true | natura, -
ae f.: nature]
• Translation: What sort of man is Catiline?
Indeed this (man) is a man of such a sort/kind
that he plots to destroy our city,
while we are unaware of his true nature.
8/7/13
• Take a Final Exam prep packet from the desk and read over the front page
Final Exam Prep
• 4 sentences for translation and 20 multiple choice questions (taken from this year’s Final Exam) follow on pg. 5-8– Answer Keys are on pgs. 8-9
• TOMORROW :– Bring at least 1 pen and 1 pencil– Arrive EARLY so you can use your full 50 minutes
Final Exam Review
1. fortuna hōrum exercituum mortifera erat.[mortifer, -a, -um: deadly]Change the number of the underlined words.
huius exercituūs
2. Cleopatra, since she knew that Augustus would kill her, sē interfēcit.
Translate the underlined word using one Latin word.
sciēns
Final Exam Review
3. Cleopatra, since she knew that Augustus would kill her, sē interfēcit.
[Augustus: Augustus, -ī m.]Translate the underlined words using three Latin
words.
Augustum interfēcturum esse
Final Exam Review
4. Caesarion, whom Cleopatra had sent away, ab Augustō inventus et interfectus est.
[dimittō, dimittere, dimīsī, dimissus: to send away]
Translate the underlined words using three Latin words.
quem Cleopatra dimīserat
Final Exam Review
5. Deponent verbs have ______ principal parts. Their endings look ___________ but their translations are ALWAYS____________.
3passive
active
Final Exam Review
6. Translate into English: secuta erat loquuntur
Final Exam Review
she had followed
they speak
7. Translate into Latin using verbs from your Deponent Verb List:
they will promisewe have suffered
Final Exam Review
pollicēbuntur
passī sumus
8. speculatorēs sequī tabellarium Cicerōnis conātī sunt, tabellarius autem litterās nōn tradidit
[speculator, speculātōris, m.: spy | tabellarius, tabellarī, m.: letter carrier | tradō, tradere, tradidī, traditus: to hand over, deliver]
Annotate, then translate into English.
Final Exam Review
Spies tried to follow Cicero’s letter carrier, however/but the letter carrier did not deliver the letters.
Final Exam Review
9. Change the mood of the following verbs from indicative to subjunctive:
iubēmus disceduntvōcābās
iubeamus
discedant
vocāres
10. Cleopatra, since she knew that Augustus would kill her, sē interfēcit.
Translate the underlined words into Latin using a cum-clause and subjunctive mood.
Final Exam Review
cum scīret
11. optima arma mīlitibus dēdimus nē aciēs ab hostibus superārētur.
[aciēs, acieī, f.: battle line]
Translate into English.
Final Exam Review
We gave the best weapons to the soldiers so that the battle line was not overcome by the enemies.
12. Cicero tot oratiōnēs dedit ut nōs saepe in forō audīremus.
[saepe: often | forum, ī n.: forum]
Translate into English.
Final Exam Review
Cicero gave so many speeches that we often listened in the forum.
13. You bought grain yesterday to save money, because the prices were low.
• What tense would the underlined verb use in Latin?
• What would the Latin word for “because” be in this sentence if the verb “were” is in the subjunctive mood?
Final Exam Review
imperfect
cum
14. cēnāvimus apud Cicerōnem in order to taste optimum cibum.
[cēnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus: to eat dinner | gustō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus: to taste]
Translate the underlined words using two Latin words.
Final Exam Review
ut gustāremus
15. princeps omnibus cīvibus cibum dābit nē eīs esuritiō noceat.
[esuritiō, -iōnis, f.: hunger | princeps, principis m. emperor| noceō, nocēre, nocuī, nocitus: to harm, hurt, injure + DAT.]
Translate into English.
Final Exam Review
The emperor will give food to every citizen so that hunger does not harm them.
Final Exam Review
16. Cicerō, urbem intrāns post suum exilium, ab amicīs conplexus est.
[exilium, –ī n.: exile | conplectō, conplectere, conplectī, conplexus: to welcome, embrace]
Translate the underlined word: ____________ Make the underlined word plural, keeping case
and gender the same: ____________________
entering
intrantēs
Final Exam Review
17. Cicerō...ab amicīs conplexus est.
Re-write this clause in Latin in the ACTIVE VOICE: __________________________amicī Cicerōnem conplectērunt
Why did the Roman chicken cross the road?
So that the chef wouldn’t Caesar!
Purpose and Result Clauses
Purpose
ENGLISH LATIN
“in order THAT”, “so THAT”, “to” ut
“in order THAT…not/didn’t/wouldn’t”, “so THAT…not, etc.”
nē
“so, so much, of such a sort, of such a kind, to the extent, so great, in such a way” + THAT
utResult
The verbs that follow these words will all be SUBJUNCTIVE