quiz 6 review pdf grayscale
TRANSCRIPT
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Quiz6Review
Kris.neKra1s,M.D.
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CNSOutline
• Introduc.on
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Grossanatomyofbrain
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CellsoftheCNS
• Neurons–transmitimpulses• Astrocytes–partofbloodbrainbarrier• Oligodendrocytes–producemyelin• Microglia–phagocytoseintruders• Ependymalcells–lineventricles
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Neurons
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Astrocytesandoligodendrocytes
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Microglialcells
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Ependymalcells
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Reac.onsofCellstoInjury
• Neurons:become“red”anddegenerate• Astrocytes:undergohypertrophy,hyperplasia• Microglia:proliferate• Oligodendrocytesandependymalcellsdon’t
reactmuch
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CNSOutline
• Introduc.on• Increasedintracranialpressure
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CausesofIncreasedICP
• Cerebraledema• Generalized(diffuseinsult,likehypoxia,toxinexposure,encephali.s,trauma)
• Focal(aroundfocallesions,likeacuteinfarcts,contusions,penetra.nginjuries,masslesions)
• IncreasedCSFvolume(hydrocephalus)• Expandingmasslesions
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Hydrocephalus
• Defini.on:accumula.onofexcessiveCSFwithintheventricularsystem
• Usuallyduetoimpairedflowandresorp.onofCSF(rarelyduetooverproduc.onofCSF)
• Ifoccursininfancy,headenlarges• Ifa1erinfancy,ventriclesexpand,ICPincreases
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CSFcircula.on
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CNSOutline
• Introduc.on• Increasedintracranialpressure• Vasculardisorders(“strokes”)
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FocalCerebralIschemia
• Duetoobstruc.onofbloodflow• Hemorrhagic(red)infarcts
• duetoemboli+reperfusion• o1enarisefromheart
• Ischemic(pale)infarcts• duetothrombi• o1enarisefromatherosclero.cplaques
• Transientischemica_acks(TIAs)areo1enharbingers
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Hemorrhagic(L)vs.ischemic(R)infarc.on
Thrombus
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CNSOutline
• Introduc.on• Increasedintracranialpressure• Vasculardisorders(“strokes”)• Trauma
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Coupvs.contrecoupinjury
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Axonalshearing
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Trauma.cVascularInjury
Epiduralhemorrhage• Bloodabovedura• Tearinmiddlemeningealartery• Neurosurgicalemergency
Subduralhemorrhage• Bloodbetweenduraandarachnoid• Shearingofbridgingveins• Acute(hours)orchronic(months)
Subarachnoidhemorrhage• Bloodinsubarachnoidspace• Contusions,rupturedberryaneurysms• Neurosurgicalemergency
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CNSOutline
• Introduc.on• Increasedintracranialpressure• Vasculardisorders(“strokes”)• Trauma• Infec.ons
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Meningi.s
• Inflamma.onofthemeninges• Symptoms:Fever,headache,s.ffneck.• Withouttreatment:Lossofconsciousness,coma,death.• Infec.ouscauses:
• Bacteria(newborns:E.coli,S.agalac.ae;youngadults:N.meningi.dis;elderly:S.pneumoniae)
• Viruses(Coxsackie,ECHO,mumps)• Tuberculosis,rarely
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CNSOutline
• Introduc.on• Increasedintracranialpressure• Vasculardisorders(“strokes”)• Trauma• Infec.ons• Tumors
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Gliomas
• Arisefromastrocytes,oligodendrocytes,ependymalcells
• O1enfatal(loca.onandinfiltra.veborderspreventcompleteexcision)
• Glioblastoma(highest-gradeastrocytoma)ismostmalignant
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Glioblastomamul.forme(high-gradeastrocytoma)
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Medulloblastoma
• Tumorofprimi.veneurons• Cerebellum• Children• Veryradiosensi.ve!
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Medulloblastoma
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Meningioma
• Encapsulated,benigntumor• Surfaceofbrain(noinvasion)• Symptomscausedbycompression• Curedbyresec.on
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Meningioma
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NerveSheathTumors
• Arisefromcranial(esp.VIII)andspinalnerveroots,andperipheralnerves
• Derivedfromsupportcellsofnerve• Benignbutmaycompressnerve• Schwannoma(“acous.cneuroma”ifinvolving
VIII),neurofibroma
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“Acous.cneuroma”(schwannoma)
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CNSOutline
• Introduc.on• Increasedintracranialpressure• Vasculardisorders(“strokes”)• Trauma• Infec.ons• Tumors• Demyelina.ngdiseases
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Mul.pleSclerosis
• Mostcommondemyelina.ngdisorder• E.ologyunknown;relatedtoautoimmunity• Varietyofmotorandsensorysymptoms• Relapsing-remifngcourse• Plaques(areasofdemyelina.on)inbrain,cord
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CNSOutline
• Introduc.on• Increasedintracranialpressure• Vasculardisorders(“strokes”)• Trauma• Infec.ons• Tumors• Demyelina.ngdiseases• Degenera.vediseases
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AlzheimerDisease
• Mostcommoncauseofdemen.aintheelderly• Symptoms:
• Earlyon:forgegulness,memorydisturbances• Languagedeficits,lossoflearnedmotorskills,altera.onsinmood/behavior,disorienta.on
• Finally,pa.entbecomesprofoundlydisabled,mute,immobile
• Gross:Cor.calatrophy,neuronalloss• Microscopic:neurofibrillarytangles,neuri.cplaques
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Alzheimerdisease:brainatrophy
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Alzheimerdisease:progression
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Alzheimerdisease:plaques(L)andtangles(R)
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ParkinsonDisease
• Degenera.onofpigmentedneurons(containingdopamine)inthesubstan.anigra
• Causeunknown• Earlysymptoms:tremor,rigidity,slowmovement• Later:cogni.veproblems,demen.a,dyskinesia• Gross:atrophyofsubstan.anigra• Microscopic:Lewybodies(inclusionsinneurons)
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Parkinsondisease(R):atrophyofsubstan.anigra
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Hun.ngtonDisease
• Degenera.onofbasalgangliaandcerebralcortex• Earlysymptoms:lackofcoordina.on,unsteadygait• Later:chorea(involuntarywrithing),psychiatric
symptoms,demen.a• Autosomaldominantmuta.on• Beginsin30s-40s;slowprogressionover10-20years
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AmyotrophicLateralSclerosis
• Degenera.onofneuronsinvolvedinmotorcontrol• Rapidlyprogressiveweakness,muscleatrophy,
spas.city,dysphagia• Earlysymptoms:muscleweaknessinanarmorleg,
twitching,slurredspeech• Deathwithin2-3yearsduetorespiratorycompromise• Sensoryandcogni.vefunc.onareunaffected
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ClinicalFeaturesofTes.cularCancer
• Commoninmenbetween15-35
• Firm,painlessenlargementofthetes.s
• Somepresentwithmetastases
• Treatable–curable!-ifdetectedearly
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Tes.cularCancerClassifica.on
• Seminoma
• Non-seminoma• Embryonalcarcinoma• Yolksactumor• Choriocarcinoma• Teratoma
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NodularHyperplasia
• Verycommon!90%ofmenhaveitbytheir70s.
• Bigprostate• Usuallyaffectscentralzoneoftheprostate
• Symptoms(in10%ofpa.ents):hesitancy,urgency,nocturia,poorurinarystream.
• Cause:excessiveandrogens.mula.on
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ClinicalFeaturesofProstateCancer
• Mostcommon,2nddeadliestcancerinmen
• Peakincidence:65-75• Cause:androgens+gene.cs+?environment
• Symptoms:asymptoma.c,thenpalpablenodule,thenlocalpain/obstruc.on
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FemaleReproduc.veSystemOutline
• Cervix
• Uterus
• Ovaries
• Breast
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CervicalIntraepithelialNeoplasia(CIN)
• Precursortocarcinoma
• AlmostallcarcinomasariseinCIN;butnotallcasesofCINprogresstocarcinoma!
• Threegrades:• CINI:milddysplasia(halfregress,20%progress)• CINII:moderatedysplasia• CINIII:severedysplasia(30%regress,70%progress)
• Thehigherthegrade,themorelikelythelesionwillprogresstocarcinoma
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CervicalCarcinomaRiskFactors
• Earlyageatfirstintercourse• Mul.plesexualpartners
• Amalepartnerwithmul.plepreviouspartners
• Persistentinfec.onwith“high-risk”HPV• Smoking
• Immunodeficiency
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CervicalCarcinomaandHPV
• HPVisdetectableinalmostallCINandcancer.
• “High-risk”types:• 16,18,45,31• Foundincarcinomas• Integrateintogenome,inac.vatep53,RB
• “Low-risk” types:• 6,11• Foundincondylomas(benignlesions)• Donotintegrateintogenome
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InvasiveCervicalCarcinoma
• Mostcasesaresquamous,arisingfromCIN
• Smallnumberareadenocarcinomas
• Peakage:45(10-15yearsa1erCINdevelops!)• Spreadsslowly• Mostcasesarediagnosedearly
• Mortalityisrelatedtostage• Stage0(preinvasive):100%5yearsurvival• Stage4:10%5yearsurvival
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FemaleReproduc.veSystemOutline
• Cervix
• Uterus• Endometriosis• Endometrialhyperplasia• Tumors
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Endometriosis
• Loca.onofendometrialglandsoutsideuterus
• Usuallyperitoneum,rarelylymphnodes
• Endometriumundergoescyclicbleeding
• Causesscarring,pain,some.messterility
• Howdoesendometriumgetout?
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Endometriosisinovary(“chocolatecyst”)
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Endometrialhyperplasia
Simple Complex Atypical
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Leiomyoma
• “Fibroid”
• Benigntumorofsmoothmuscle
• Common!
• S.mulatedbyestrogen
• Menorrhagia,metrorrhagia,orasymptoma.c
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Leiomyosarcoma
• Malignanttumorofsmoothmuscle
• Necro.c,withatypicalcellsandlotsofmitoses
• O1enrecura1ersurgery
• Manymetastasize,especiallytolungs
• 5yearsurvival=40%
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Leiomyoma Leiomyosarcoma
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EndometrialCarcinoma
• Peakage:55-65(notbefore40)• Frequentlyarisesinendometrialhyperplasia
• Riskfactors:obesity,nulliparity,estrogenreplacement
• Symptoms:leukorrhea,irregularbleeding
• Metastasizeslate
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FemaleReproduc.veSystemOutline
• Cervix
• Uterus
• Ovaries• Tumors
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Surfaceepithelialtumors• Cystadenoma• Cystadenocarcinoma
Germcelltumors• Teratoma• Dysgerminoma• Yolksactumor• Choriocarcinoma
• Granulosa-thecacelltumor• Sertoli-Leydigcelltumor
Sexcord-stromaltumors
OriginofOvarianTumors
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Teratoma
• Benigntumorwithdifferen.a.onalongallthreegermcelllayers(ectoderm,endoderm,mesoderm)
• Usuallycys.c,withskininside(“dermoidcyst”)
• Sebaceousmaterial,ma_edhair,teeth,bone…
• Malignantvarianthasimmature.ssues
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Teratoma
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OvarianCancer
• 22,000newcases/14,000deathsin2014• 5thcommonest,5thmostdeadlycancerinwomen
• Danger:nodefini.vesignsun.ladvanced
• Peakage:50• Mostarecystadenocarcinomas
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FemaleReproduc.veSystemOutline
• Cervix
• Uterus
• Ovaries
• Breast• Fibrocys.cchange• Tumors
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Fibrocys.cChange
• Twokinds:nonprolifera.veandprolifera.vechange• Cause:exaggera.onofnormalbreastcycles
• Rarelyassociatedwithincreasedcancerrisk
• Verycommon(presentinmostwomenatautopsy)
• Calledfibrocys.cchange,notfibrocys.cdisease
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Fibrocys.cchange
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Fibroadenoma
• Mostcommonbenignbreasttumor
• S.mulatedbyestrogen
• Peakincidencein20s
• Solitary,discrete,moveablemass
• Fibrous.ssuewithcompressedductsandlobules
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Fibroadenoma
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BreastCarcinoma
• 233,000newcases/40,000deathsin2014• Mostcommon,2nddeadliestcancerinwomen
• Life.merisk:1in8
• 75%ofpa.entsare>50• Ratewasincreasingbutnowstable
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BreastCarcinomaRiskFactors
• Age• Familyhistory
• Increasedestrogenexposure
• Obesity• Alcoholconsump.on
• High-fatdiet
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BreastCarcinomaHistologicTypes
Non-invasive• Ductalcarcinomainsitu(DCIS)• Lobularcarcinomainsitu(LCIS)
Invasive• Ductal• Lobular• Inflammatory• Others
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Invasivebreastcarcinoma