quote for the day - green building encyclopaedia · (24) stairs ramps 03/12/18 © gbe ngs asws...

(24) Stairs Ramps 03/12/18

© GBE NGS ASWS Brian Murphy 2018 1

03/12/18 © GBE NGS ASWS 2018 (24) Stairs ramps (66) Transport Systems

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Quote for the Day

•  Stairway to heaven - Led Zeppelin

•  Up the apples and pairs = CRS = Stairs

•  Candles and Lamps = BRS = Ramps

•  Crashes and Collides = BRS = Slides

•  Presents and Gifts = BRS = Lifts

•  Sloping Elevators = BRS = Escalators

•  Snakes + Ladders = Slides + Stairs 03/12/18 2 03/12/18 © GBE NGS ASWS 2018 (24) Stairs ramps (66) Transport

Systems 4

Week 28 05.02.2018 Technology Champion

>40 years into 1 Hour won’t go •  So I am providing links to other information if you want to know more

•  Question Everything

•  Don’t assume that I know everything

•  Don’t assume I have cherry picked the best bits

•  Don’t assume what your being told is the whole story

•  Some will hide what they don’t want you to know

•  Do your best with what you know

•  When you know better

•  Do better

Today’s Lecture

•  Stairs

•  Ramps + Slides

•  Ladders

•  Lifts Elevators

•  Escalators

•  Function + Performance

•  Principles of Element Design

•  Interior Design

(24) Stairs Ramps +Slides

Diagonal circulation



Classification

•  CI/SfB: Information Library, Manufacturer’s Literature, CAD layering, Drawing numbering –  (24) Stairs Ramps

•  Stepped ramps, Walkways, Ladders, Bridges, Passerells –  (24.9) Parts, accessories etc. special to stairs, ramps,

vertical/diagonal circulation. •  Balustrades, Handrails between floors/levels and at landings

–  (34) Secondary elements to stairs, •  includes balustrades, handrails, etc.

–  (44) Finished to Stairs: floor, ceiling, nosings, etc •  CAWS: Specification Work sections

–  L30 Stairs Walkways (Bridges) Balustrades –  L35 Utilitarian Stairs/Ladders, Fixed utilitarian Access

systems 03/12/18 11

(66) Transport Systems

Mechanical vertical and diagonal movement

Classification

•  CI/SfB: Information Library, Manufacturer’s Literature, CAD layering, Drawing numbering –  (66.1) Lifts, –  (66.4) Escalators, –  (66.5) Moving pavements

•  CAWS: Specification Work Sections –  X10 Lifts, –  X11 Escalators, –  X12 Vertical Platform Lifts, –  X13 Powered Stair lifts, –  X14 Fire Escape Chutes/slings, –  X15 Moving Pavements 13 03/12/18

This Presentation on GBE:

•  Find this file on GBE website at: •  https://GreenBuildingEcyclopaedia.uk/?P=19526

•  Find related image folders on Pinterest

•  https://www.pinterest.co.uk/bmurphy1390/l30-intelligent-staircase-design/

•  https://www.pinterest.co.uk/bmurphy1390/l30-ramps-slides/

•  https://www.pinterest.co.uk/bmurphy1390/x10-lifts-elevators/

•  https://www.pinterest.co.uk/bmurphy1390/x11-escalator/ 03/12/18 14

Performance Requirements

Principles of Element Design


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This only touches the surface The thing on the right is a Viewing platform with stairs 2/3 and rusty steel will damage your hands

Planning Portal website PDFs free


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BRAD M Access for all Don’t forget Approved Document A Structural design


18 03/12/18 © GBE NGS ASWS 2018 (24) Stairs ramps (66) Transport Systems

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Consider children’s reach: 2 handrails? Internally illuminated handrails get hot Spiral stair winders minimum 75 mm going

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Open risers are dangerous Socks make them slippery Gap can break legs Upstands are required Fire resistant soffit to Maintain means of escape



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Internally illuminated handrails can get hot Cold cathode ray tube are cooler LED Light Emitting Diode Lighting strips are suitable too




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L30 Stairwells as Life Savers

•  Means of escape stairs give –  occupants a way out in emergencies –  firefighters a way in to save them

•  They need to be: –  smoke free, –  isolated by smoke free lobbies, from flats or offices

•  Except top floor •  with glazed door or screen to see and to trap smoke

–  Within their own fire compartment isolated from the floors –  Fire and smoke doors with frames, seals and their

ironmongery must be competent and maintained •  They can be air pressurised to keep smoke out •  They should never have gas pipes running up them

–  Post-Grenfell discoveries in other tower blocks

Width as a life saver •  Building Regulations Approved Document M/K

•  Requires stair flights of a width to offer capacity for numbers of people on floor plates

–  Top flight only serves top floor

–  Bottom flight should serve all floors above

–  But BR AD M/K only requires one floor of people on any flight at any one time

–  Slugs of people from each floor travelling down passing each floor

–  But people travel at different speeds, especially in an emergency

–  Building Regulations requires no more than 16 steps in a flight

–  But landings in a straight flight (invisible in a crowd) cause legs to collapse and pile ups to occur

–  People climbing over each other raises them up the balustrade at higher risk

•  ‘Stay-put policy’ then ‘Phased evacuation’ becomes important in competent high rise

–  Canary Wharf towers have 10,000 occupants

–  WTC Towers had 25,000 occupants and 5,000 visitors each 03/12/18 31

L30 Angle is everything Countries have different rules

•  Rung ladders –  On-site were seen as essential, but unsecured are H&S risk

•  Step Ladders: used by the navy –  Frowned on in buildings, need to be hands-free

•  Carrying tools/materials very nearly impossible •  Needs safety line attached, full body harness and connector to line •  On-site stairs in scaffolding has become common practice now

•  Avoid: 50-65 degrees, accident Prone •  Alternative tread stairs:

–  to only one room, not for general public use •  Stairs: 30-35 degrees •  Avoid: 8-20 degrees, accident prone •  Stepped Ramp (invented by UK B Regs?) •  Ramps: 1:12 max (UK B Regs AD M or K) •  Level floor or pavement



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High rise

–  Over 18 m is beyond the reach of extending ladders on fire trucks

–  Beyond 19 floors is beyond standard breathing apparatus capacity

•  Climbing 19 floors with a weight on your back gets fire fighters breathing harder

•  Multiple cylinder breathing apparatus gives more time at the top and the top can be higher than 19 floors

–  Grenfell had significantly less occupants and less floors than CWT or WTC

•  But that fire was fuelled by combustible insulation –  Non-fire resistant external envelope allowed fire to

pass outwards and inwards •  Fire was inside then outside then inside at upper floors

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POED Stairs Ramps Balustrades Handrails

•  1.1 Categories of stairs and ramps •  1.2 Definitions •  2. Structural strength and stability •  2.1 Stairs and ramps •  3. Fire protection and means of

escape •  4. Dimensional requirements and

recommendations •  4.1 Headroom •  4.2 Landings •  4.3 Pitch •  4.4 Rise •  4.5 Treads •  4.6 Widths of flights •  4.7 Obstructions on flights •  4.8 Ramps and stepped ramps •  4.9 Handrails •  4.10 Balustrades

•  4.11 Dimensional co-ordination •  6. Sound insulation •  7. Lighting •  8. Ventilation •  9. Materials •  9.1 Timber •  9.2 Concrete •  9.3 Metals •  10. Finishes •  11. Durability and maintenance •  12. Stairways •  12.1 Straight flight stairways •  12.2 Dog-leg stairways •  12.3 Open well stairways •  14. Handrails and balustrades •  14.1 Safety and use •  14.2 Stability and fixing •  14.3 Material

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Stair/Ramp Actions

•  Gravity: downward pull

•  Wind: Motive force (suction), pressure buffeting, Destructive, Penetrative

•  Rain: Moisture deposition, penetration

•  Snow: Moisture deposition, loading, slush carried in, material degradation

•  Moisture vapour: permeation, condensation,

•  Sun: Temp variation, thermal movement, heat gains, Chemical decomposition

•  Dirt and Dust: infiltration, deposition, surface pollution, surface erosion

•  Chemicals: surface corrosion, disintegration, decomposition

•  Sound: Noise nuisance, impact, rattle, creaking, vibration, noise transfer

•  Attack: Manual, Ballistics, Bomb Blast

•  Thermal: heat loss/retention, hot/cold to touch, condensation, frost, ice,

•  Deposits: chewing gum, staining, adhesion, trip hazard, surface texture penetration

•  Moisture: flood water, ground water rising, capillary attraction, moisture transfer 03/12/18 42

Stair/Ramp Reactions

•  Gravity: Support

•  Wind: rigidity, resilience, sealing, air tightness layers and detailing

•  Rain: deflection, impervious skin, absorption and drainage, sealing

•  Snow: deflection, impervious skin, absorption and drainage, sealing

•  Sun: movement joints, shielding, invulnerable materials

•  Dirt and Dust: repulsion, exclusion, shielding, cleaning

•  Chemicals: invulnerable materials, exclusion,

•  Sound: Insulation, absorption, acoustic mass, separation, isolation, vibration, noise

•  Attack: toughness, lamination, edge restraint, edge protection

•  Deposits: smooth impervious surface, flush impervious joints,

•  Moisture: water resistant materials


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Principles of Element Design •  Appearance

–  Interior and exterior materials and finishes

•  Structural strength and stability –  Load-bearing

–  Structural Geometry

–  Wind resistance

•  Weather –  Rain, snow, wind, sun,

–  dirt dust pollution

•  Durability –  Moisture resistance, frost,

mould

–  Moisture Mass & Hygroscopicity

–  Ozone and sunlight degradation

•  Thermal Performance –  Heat gain

–  Condensation Avoidance

–  Avoidance of Cold Bridges through external envelope

–  Thermal Mass

•  Movement –  Structural , thermal, moisture,

Frost heave

–  Chemical

–  Vibration

–  Deflection

03/12/18 44

Principles of Element Design

•  Acoustic Performance –  Resistance, absorption

–  Vibration, noise, impact

•  Fire Performance –  Fire Resistance

–  Surface spread of flame

–  Means of escape Class 1 & 0

•  Security

•  Inspection and maintenance –  Inside & out

•  Pest infestation –  Termites,

–  Termite Barriers

•  Rising damp –  Barriers

–  Capillary Attraction

–  Hygroscopic or Hydrophobic

–  Frost action

•  Health –  Moisture Mass

–  Low allergy materials

–  Low VOC finishes

03/12/18 45

Economic Design



Tall buildings and Lift Cores Time and Space saving

•  The taller the building the more lifts are needed to handle people at peak times

–  Canary Wharf Towers (CWT) 10,000 staff and many visitors –  World Trade Centre (WTC) 25,000 staff and 5,000 visitors each

•  If all lifts can stop at many floors –  many lifts are needed –  more time is needed to make a lift journey

•  If lifts have dedicated destinations (CWT) –  ranges for floors –  not stopping at others on route –  Less lifts are needed

•  If sky concourses are created (WTC) –  where transfers to other lifts can occur –  Then many more lifts can ride in the same lift shaft

•  in low, mid or upper zones –  At each concourse lifts have dedicated destinations (CWT style)

•  Concourses can include coffee lounges and meeting rooms 03/12/18 47 03/12/18 © GBE NGS ASWS 2018 (24) Stairs ramps (66) Transport Systems

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Cores at perimeter not at core

•  Escape stairs inside building volume have to be in a fire compartment (FR, thickness, NIA/GIA)

•  Push the cores to the perimeter of floor plates and isolate them from office compartments, services risers and lifts

•  Reduces compartment enclosure performance requirements: –  Fire, acoustic

–  Unoccupied spaces: lower thermal requirement?

–  potentially reduces their costs

•  Richard Rodgers and Rab Bennetts 03/12/18 49


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Servicing of buildings requires space

•  Stairs, Lifts/Elevators, Services Risers, smoke vent shafts, Plant rooms, stores, WCs –  MEP Engineers:

•  “Architects never provide enough room” •  Rationalise the floor plans into zones

–  Serving and Served spaces –  Service Cores and Rooms –  Stack similar functions on top of each other

•  British Library cores to Phases/Zones –  1 bay of core to 3-6 bays of space –  Acknowledges phased development 52 03/12/18


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Stage 1A

Stage 1B

Phase 1

Phase 2

Stage 2A

Stage 2B

Phase 3

Stage 3A

Stage 3B

X10 X11 Energy Cost Saving

•  Unless put to sleep manually: on 24/7 Hrs/days/week –  London Kings Cross station platform escalators

•  Lifts/Elevators/Escalators/Moving pavement –  can be set to auto shut-down when not in use/low traffic

•  Lifts stop closest to highest potential demand

•  Lifts lights off, lift car controls off

•  Landing lift call buttons remain on to reactivate

•  Escalators slow/stop, lights-down/off

•  Still asks ‘has he turned me on yet’ –  ‘ready for action when he does’

–  Stand-by red light function

–  Never completely inactive, never zero demand 03/12/18 54 03/12/18 © GBE NGS ASWS 2018 (24) Stairs ramps (66) Transport Systems

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Environmental Design

Circulation Activity in walk-up buildings

•  X10 Lifts & X11 Escalators v L30 Stairs

•  Passive v Active Health & Wellbeing

•  Electrical Energy v Calories (Weetabix)

•  Carbon v Heat & Sweat(m)/Perspire(w)

•  >20p a lift ride v Free Climb

•  Hide Lifts & Display Stairs

•  Avoid Escalators & Use stairs

•  Stair up & Slides down 03/12/18 57 03/12/18 © GBE NGS ASWS 2018 (24) Stairs ramps (66) Transport Systems

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Bike Friendly Staircases

•  Riders dismount

•  Rider walks up or down stairs

•  Ramp at skirting to guide bike wheels

•  Rider holds handle bar and or saddle to control bike

•  Real men (Australians?) ride bike down flight


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Stairwells for Passive Ventilation

•  Stairwells through the building can permit heat to rise away from accommodation floor plates –  With ventilation at the top, heat can escape in

summer

–  Ventilation at the perimeter of bottom floor to replace it with cool air

•  In winter rooms connected to the stair well –  will be very difficult to heat and keep thermally

comfortable

–  Consider doors screens curtains to the stair well

–  Extremely good U value rooflights/vents essential 03/12/18 61


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Glazed Stairwells Overheat

•  Overheating affects 20% of housing

•  Walk up flats with glazed stair enclosures – Without opening vents at top and

replacement air vents at bottom

•  Warm up in summer

•  Heat corridors

•  Overheat apartments or rooms 03/12/18 65 03/12/18 66

Stairwells As Acoustic Barriers

•  External stairs – External conditions

•  Enclosed without roof: –  light and stair well

•  Windows/vents/doors open into well

•  Walls forms long pathway for urban street noise barrier


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Natural Vent/Acoustic Wells

•  Urban areas with high traffic noise create problems for natural ventilation of buildings

•  Wells within the building offer long air path difference acoustic performance and an opportunity for natural ventilation from rooms to the well

•  The well may well include staircases

•  Discourage them as smoking places

Light/Acoustic/Vent Well

Air path difference

Noise Source

03/12/18 70

Social Design

Stairs/Ramps as Urban Landscape

•  Hilly towns can be steep

•  Once you enter the curtilage of the building then stairs and ramps must comply with the rules

•  Accessibility is key

•  Wheelchair access v Cycle access

•  Ramps easier on the joints than stairs 03/12/18 © GBE NGS ASWS 2018

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L30 Visibility of stair surfaces

•  In an accessible world –  Must be compatible with visibility for all partially sighted visitors

•  Contrasts (on a grey scale, can be coloured) –  between stair and enclosing surfaces/balustrades –  between treads and risers –  between handrails and walls

•  Light Reflectance Values (LRV) must contrast by 30 points (100 scale) –  Small strips and circles are not enough –  Partially sighted: Maps or Globes

•  can detect continents and oceans •  but not the detail of coast lines

•  Take care with reflective surface finishes –  They reflect the colour of another adjacent surface –  30 points may not be reflected

•  Glass balustrades may permit vision of a contrasting LRV surface beyond –  But it does not comply with this requirement

03/12/18


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L30 Bridge Transparency

•  Bluewater Shopping and Leisure

•  Pedestrian bridges with glass floors

•  Modesty issue

•  Fritting in more than one layer

•  Fritting patterns offset –  so view is at angle and not straight up

•  So much fritting you can’t tell its glass – why bother with glass? 03/12/18 85

03/12/18 86

L30 Stairs are disablers

•  Enclosed or wide open spaces can be disabling to those susceptible

•  Vertigo can disable users

•  Same applies to staircases

•  Too much view can paralyze those affected

•  Glass or open balustrades can make some routes impassable

•  For modesty reasons others will choose another route 03/12/18 87 03/12/18 88

03/12/18 89

X10 Lifts are disablers

•  Just like flying, lifts are no-go areas for some susceptible people

•  They only need to stuck in a faulty lift for a short while for panic to set in

•  Some choose to walk up but there is a limit to the number of floors


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Building Navigation

•  Entrance Area: hub of the building

•  Routes to building functions/rooms

•  Route to rooms: readability legibility

•  Room and stairs visibility –  Plan your route with your eyes

•  Stairs Ramps Routes Passarells v Signage –  British Library Entrance Hall

•  Stairs as Signage –  Stair Soffits signs indicate Library departments 03/12/18 91




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L30 Stairs as a Stage/Auditorium

•  Hollywood movies and SCD make a thing of the ‘entrance’ down to the room via the grand staircase, especially in a posh frock

•  Romans combine stairs/seats in amphitheaters

•  Many educational establishments and forward thinking commercial buildings have social/business gathering spaces with steps/seats

•  Lectures talk up to their students

•  Dictators shout down to their proletariat

•  Vicars preach down to their congregation

•  Court announcements made down to the press 03/12/18 94


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Stairs as Sculpture/Art

•  Tate Britain – A stairway to heaven and back

•  London 2012 – Viewing tower spiral stairs

– My opinion: Blot on the landscape

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L30 Stairs as Furniture N20

•  Concentric furniture acting as balustrade to central spiral stairs

•  Stairs becomes access to furniture

•  Furniture may be shelving and book collection

•  May become work space too




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L30 Space Saving Stairs

•  Steep ladders

•  Steep stairs

•  Fold away stairs


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Stairs/Escalators as Fantasy

•  MC Escher invented the multi-dimensional gravity defying stairs

•  JKR imagineered the articulated stairs

•  HP and colleagues had the advantage of many optional routes across the stair well

•  Stairs can be replaced by fantasy escalators (on all the time?) –  RR Lloyd Building London

–  NF Willis Faber Dumas Ipswich 113 03/12/18 03/12/18 © GBE NGS ASWS 2018 (24) Stairs ramps (66) Transport Systems


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L30 Stairs as Playground

•  Stairs and Slides integrated – For kids and adult ‘inner kids’

– Progressive companies

•  Stairs with concentric slides

•  Snakes and Ladders – Climb stairs

– Slide down 03/12/18 © GBE NGS ASWS 2018

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L30 Communication Accommodation Stairs

•  Not as regulated as Means of Escape stairs

•  They can be front of house, –  Encourage stair use over lifts,

•  Can be at the heart of business activity –  Enable some of the most important impromptu interactions

that happen by chance

–  Link different departments of the business

–  Linking social/kitchenette/café/meet spaces

•  Inter-visibility between floors advantageous –  if not essential to the wellbeing of the business

•  MCM’s Havas HQ LKX –  same stair arranged differently at each floor of the well 03/12/18 121

03/12/18 122

Structural Stair/Ramp Materials

•  Timber –  Softwood –  Hardwood with newel posts –  CLTP (Cross laminated Timber Panel) –  Glulam (Glued laminated timber)

•  Clay tile with gypsum and mortar –  Tembrel Arch

•  Metal –  Ferrous: Steel Galvanized or painted, Austenitic stainless steel –  Non-ferrous: Aluminium, Bronze, Brass

•  Glass –  Adhesives or interlayers bonding glasses –  Metals with grommets and washers separating metal and glass

•  Concrete –  Insitu –  Precast plank

•  Plastics –  Composite –  Resins bonded aggregate as steps ramps and balustrade

•  Resin setting temperature was wrong and they slumped in hot summer 123 03/12/18 03/12/18 © GBE NGS ASWS 2018 (24) Stairs ramps (66) Transport Systems

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Structural Geometry

•  Helix Spiral stringer/balustrade

•  Spanning between floors/landings

•  Treads cantilevered from stringer

•  Balustrades cantilevered from Treads

•  Structural Engineers struggle with calculations

•  Manufacturers have done it all before 03/12/18 128 03/12/18 © GBE NGS ASWS 2018 (24) Stairs ramps (66) Transport

Systems 129 03/12/18 © GBE NGS ASWS 2018 (24) Stairs ramps (66) Transport

Systems 130


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X10 Lifts out of bounds in a fire

•  If lifts are turned off or fail-safe in a fire you could be trapped in the line of fire or smoke –  ‘fail-safe’ does not seem to apply

–  Never use lifts in a fire

•  Fire fighting lifts are dedicated lifts –  isolated from normal ‘fire-off’ functions

–  They need to be more robust internal finishes

•  Most people die of smoke rather than fire, –  with a few exceptions:

–  Summerland burning plastics droplets

–  Grenfell combustible plastic insulation then combustible interiors and home contents


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X10 Future of Lifts •  Linear Induction Motors

–  Fastest when unoccupied, fast arrival –  Call “lift” and it will be at the floor you are on before you reach the lift door

•  Moves as fast as the occupant likes to accelerate, travel and decelerate

•  Can be pre-programmed to know your preferences and recognise your voice

–  Call “Room name” or “floor number”

•  Can be pre-programmed to know if you are permitted access to floors, rooms;

–  or will let you know if the room is already occupied

•  Becomes feasible in Advance Technology House –  Enables multiple storey house with 1 or 2 person lift (not 8P wheelchair) –  (9 storey house UNESCO competition entry Avery Dawson Murphy)

•  Winch and door on façade for bulky objects (Amsterdam style) 03/12/18 135 03/12/18 © GBE NGS ASWS 2018

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X10 Jargon Buster

•  Elevator Pitch

•  Your CV or Pitch to a prospect/Potential customer

•  Communicated during the time it takes to travel by lift/elevator to your floor or reception

•  Its got to be punchy and succinct

•  What makes you different

•  Plain English not Architectural Philosophical

•  Practice makes perfect

•  Start developing yours now 138 03/12/18

© GBE 2018 •  Brian Murphy BSc Dip Arch (Hons+Dist)

–  Technician and Architect by Training –  Specification Writer by Choice –  Environmentalist by Actions

•  Greening up my act since 1999 •  Founded National Green Specification 2001 •  Launched www.greenspec.co.uk 2003 •  Created: GBE at https://greenbuildingencyclopaedia.uk 2015 •  E [email protected] •  Twitter: http://twitter.com/brianspecman •  Twitter: @GBEGreenBuild •  Scribd: BrianSpecMan •  LinkedIn: BrianSpecMan •  Facebook: BrianSpecMan Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/brianspecman •  Google+: BrianSpecMan • BrianSpecMan CAPEM • NGS National Green Specification •  Slide Share: •  Pinterest: Brian Murphy • GBE Green Building Encyclopaedia •  CAP’EM: GreenSpec & NGS http://www.capem.eu No longer •  CAP’EM Compass http://www.capemcompass.eu No longer •  LSBU London South Bank University Faculty and Course website page Brian Murphy 144 03/12/18

quote for the day - green building encyclopaedia · (24) stairs ramps 03/12/18 © gbe ngs asws...

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