r. pani department of experimental medicine and pathology university of rome la sapienza-italy. flat...
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R. Pani
Department of Experimental Medicine and Pathology University of Rome La Sapienza-Italy.
Flat Panel PMT: advances in position sensitive photodetection
8th Topical Seminar on Innovative Particle and Radiation Detectors 21 - 24 October 2002 Siena, Italy
Metal channel dynode PSPMT
Flat Panel H8500 2 inch Final goal
Large FoV PSPMT
Packing density (effective area/outer size) (%)
5 inch 1 inch R7600 2 inch Flat_ panel
57 71 90
10 cm FoV or more
Parameter Flat Panel 1
Flat Panel
23” R2486 5” R3292
R5900 M64
R7600 C8/C12
Window thickness (mm) 2.8 2 3.2 6 1.5 0.8
Dynode structureMetal
channel
Metal
channel
Proximity
mesh
Proximity
mesh
Metal
channel
Metal
channel
Dynode number of stage 12 12 12 12 12 11
Anode structure Multi anode Multi anodeCrossed
wireCrossed
wireMulti
anodeCrossed
wire
Number of anodes 64 (8x8) 64 (8x8) 16+16 28+28 64 (8x8) 4+4/6+6
Pixel size/ pitch (mm) 5.6/6.0 5.6/6.0 3.75 3.75 2/2.25 5/5.5/3.6
Effective area (mm2) 49x49 49x49 50 diam 100 diam 18.1x18.1 22x22
Outer size (mm2) 53x53 52x52 76 diam 132 diam 26x26 26x26
PMT thickness (mm) 15.3 14.7 55 113 20.1 20.1
Intr. charge spread (mm) <1 FWHM ? <1 FWHM ? 7 FWHM 11 FWHM <1 FWHM <1 FWHM
Packing density (effective area/outer size) (%)
85 89 43 57 48 71.6
Cathode luminous sensitivity (A/Lm)
80 50.2 80 80 70 70
Gain 3 10 6 3 10 6 105 105 3 105 7 105
Anode dark current (nA) 96 1.02 20 40 12.8 2
Time response
transit time (ns)6 6 17 ? 5 5
Anode uniformity 1:3 1:2 1:4 1:4 1:5 1:4
Inter-Channel Gain Variation
Flat 1 Flat 2
53 78 80 77 78 91 100 50
48 81 77 72 72 78 88 47
47 94 82 67 62 69 79 43
42 88 81 59 53 59 65 30
45 91 77 60 54 57 65 29
51 90 79 63 58 57 62 32
49 89 72 63 58 60 62 40
30 51 47 41 41 41 44 27
P1-1
P1-8P8-8
P8-1 80 77 69 65 64 63 58 45
89 47 55 62 62 59 58 53
96 79 70 64 59 57 58 54
96 100 81 63 57 64 62 49
92 98 79 61 56 58 63 51
86 89 74 67 63 60 61 55
82 81 72 64 57 56 60 58
73 90 79 71 63 59 63 54
P1-1
P1-8P8-8
P8-1
27 : 100 45 : 100
Flat_panel CsI(Tl) scintillating array
0
100
200
300
400
0 50 100 150 200
Image Pixel
Cou
nts
16x16 array1.4x1.4 mm2 pixel size
15x15 array 3x3 mm2 pixel size
48 mm
57Co flood field irradiation
S.R.= 0,63 mm FWHM
S.R.= 0.72 mm FWHM
26 mm
0
100
200
300
400
500
0 50 100 150 200
Image PixelC
ount
s
24x24 array 1.8x1.8 mm2 pixel size
NaI(Tl) scintillating array
57Co flood field irradiation
Anode disconnected
48 m
m
Flat 1 Flat 2
0
100
200
300
400
0 100 200
Image Pixel
Co
un
ts
020406080
100120140
20 120 220
Image Pixel
Co
un
ts
NaI(Tl) scintillating array 24x24 array 1.8x1.8 mm2 pixel size57Co flood field irradiation
0
50
100
150
200
250
100 200 300 400 500
Image Pixel
Cou
nts
48 m
m
R7600-C12 (1 inch)
0
40
80
120
160
100 200 300 400
Image Pixel
Cou
nts
R3292 (5inch)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0 100 200 300
Channel
Cou
nts
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Channel
Cou
nts
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0 20 40 60 80
Channel
Cou
nts
NaI scintillating array : Best energy resolution valuesCo57 spot irradiation
Flat Panel 1
11.8 %12,1 %
R3292 (5 inch) R7600-C12 (one inch)
Flat Panel 2
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0 100 200
Channel
Cou
nts
10,4 %10,4 %
-25
-15
-5
5
15
25
35
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
mm
Dev
iatio
n (C
hann
els)
Flat 1
Flat 2
0
50
100
150
200
250
0 10 20 30 40 50
mm
Cha
nnel
s
0
100
200
300
0 10 20 30 40 50
mm
Cha
nnel
s
Flat 1Flat 2
Position linearity
Flat panel PMT /NaI(Tl) scintillation array
Light spot scanning
ReadoutElectronics Light pulser
Flat panel PMT
Optical Fiber 1mm
4
5
6
7
8
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Position (mm)
Ano
des
0
1
2
3
4
8
Anode
Cha
rge
(a.u
.)0
1
2
3
4
8
Anode
Cha
rge
(a.u
.)
0
1
2
3
4
8
Anode
Cha
rge
(a.u
.)
6,5mm6mm6mm
Maximum light spread3,5 mm
FWHM1,2mm
Light Spot Scanning
PMT Boundary Response
Anode Crosstalk
- - - - -
- 0,2 1,8 0,2 -
- 1,8 100 2,7 -
- 0,2 2,6 0,3 -
- - - - -
Hamamatsu data Anode 37 Measured value
- - - - -
- <0,1 <0,8 <0,1 -
- <1,4 100 <2,4 -
- <0,1 <1,8 <0,1 -
- - - - -
Anodes1 2 3 4 5S 1
S 2
S 3
S 4
S 5
7 phe
0
1
2
3
0 2 4 6
Position (mm)
Cha
rge
(a
.u.)
2,9
3,4
3,5 4,5 5,5 6,5
Position (mm)
Cha
rge
(a
.u.)
(Max-min)/max = 13%
Spot scanning positions1st metal channel dynode
Intra-Anode Gain Variation
Maximum light spread3,5 mm
FWHM1,2mm
1mm
0
1
2
3
37 45
Anode
Ch
arg
e (a
.u)
0
1
2
3
37 45
Anode
Ch
arg
e (a
.u.)
0
1
2
3
37 45
AnodeC
har
ge
(a.u
)
Anode 45Anode 37
Light spot distribution evaluation
Maximum light spread3,5 mm
FWHM1,2mm
0,5 mm interspace
0
0,25
0,5
1 2 3
Position (mm)
Cha
rge
(a
.u.)
0
1
2
3
4
0 2 4 6Position (mm)
Cha
rge
(a
.u.)
Anode 45
Anode 37
2,5
3
3,5
4
0 1 2 3 4
Position (mm)
Cha
rge
(a
.u)
FWHM = 1,2 mm
Light spot distribution evaluation
Fiber-photocathode distance = 2mm (glass window)
1 mm diameter Fiber
Photoelectrons number = 7
Single Anode Scanning
Total Charge Collected
Missing Charge
N
(DRF) x
zyrxPSFyxdxdyPzrnDRF ,)(),(),(2/122
Position determination by light distribution centroide method
Anger camera principle
DRF = Detector Response Function
P(x,y) = PSPMT gain uniformity response
Spatial resolution = Standard error of the mean value
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8S 1
S 2
S 3
S 4
S 5
S 6
S 7
S 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8S 1
S 2
S 3
S 4
S 5
S 6
S 7
S 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8S 1
S 2
S 3
S 4
S 5
S 6
S 7
S 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8S 1
S 2
S 3
S 4
S 5
S 6
S 7
S 8
Light Spot Distribution
Anodes
AnodesAnodes
Anodes
FWHM<5 mm
FWHM7 mm
FWHM10 mm
FWHM13 mm
11 phe
0,5
0,8
1,1
1,4
650 750 850 950 1050
High Voltage (V)
Spa
tial R
esol
utio
n (m
m)
11PhePSF 16mm FWHM
Spatial resolution vs high voltage
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1
0 5 10 15
mm
Cou
nts
(a.u
.) phe 60
phe 30
phe 7
Light spot irradiation
12345678
S 1
S 2
S 3
S 4
S 5
S 6
S 7
S 8
Light spot FWHM=16 mmPosition distribution
0
10000
20000
0 10 20 30 40 50Channels
Cou
nts
phe7phe 30phe 60
Pulse height distributions
Anodes
S.R. 2 mm S.R. 1,1 mm
Spatial resolution vs energy resolution Light PSF 16mm FWHM
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
0 20 40 60
Energy Resolution (% FWHM)
Spa
tial R
esol
utio
n (m
m)
Phe 60
02468
101214161820
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5
Spatial Resolution (mm)
FW
HM
PS
F (
mm
)
PSF vs Spatial Resolution
11 Phe
FWHM6 mm
0
2000
4000
60 70 80 90 100
Image Pixel
Co
unts
0
2000
4000
60 70 80 90 100
Image Pixel
Co
unts
FWHM7 mm
0
4000
8000
60 70 80 90 100
Image Pixel
Co
unts
FWHM5 mm
0
4000
8000
60 70 80 90 100
Image Pixel
Co
unts
FWHM4 mm
Light Sampling and Position Linearity
2mm step scanning
Anode
6 mm
6 mm6 mm
6 mm