r v turnbull (version 2)

2013 Sweet & Maxwell

R. v Turnbull (Raymond)

Court of Appeal (Criminal Division)

09 July 1976

Case Analysis

Where Reported [1977] Q.B. 224; [1976] 3 W.L.R. 445; [1976] 3 All E.R. 549; (1976) 63 Cr. App. R. 132;[1976] Crim. L.R. 565; (1976) 120 S.J. 486;

Case Digest

Subject: Criminal evidence

Keywords: Identification, Visual identification, Jury directions, Turnbull directions

Catchphrases: Identification, Jury directions, Cases depending whiolly or substantially on disputed identifica-tion evidence, Directions to be given to jury

Abstract: In conjoined appeals the appellants (T, C, R and W) appealed against their convictions for,respectively, conspiracy to burgle, robbery and unlawful wounding.

The case against each appellant rested principally on disputed evidence of visual identification, and thecentral issue on appeal was as to the directions to be given to the jury in such cases.

The court gave guidance as to the jury directions to be given in a criminal case which depended whollyor substantially on disputed evidence of visual identification. This case is the basis for the terms "Turnbull direc-tion" and "Turnbull warning".

Appeals allowed in part. (1) Whenever a case depended wholly or substantially on disputed identifica-tion evidence, the judge had to warn the jury of the special need for caution before convicting in reliance on thatevidence. He had to tell them the reason for that warning and had to refer to the possibility that a mistaken wit-ness could be convincing and that a number of witnesses could all be mistaken. Provided he did that in clearterms there was no need for him to use any particular form of words. He had to direct the jury to examineclosely the circumstances of the identification, including such matters as the length of time the accused was un-der observation, his distance from the witness, the lighting, the clarity of view, whether the witness had everseen him before, and the time elapsed between the observation and the subsequent identification to the police.He had also to indicate any specific weaknesses in the evidence, and remind the jury that mistakes in the recog-nition of close friends and relatives could sometimes be made. Where the quality of the identification evidencewas good, the jury could safely be left to assess its value even if there was no other evidence to support it,

1976 WL 46419 Page 1[1977] Q.B. 224 [1976] 3 W.L.R. 445 [1976] 3 All E.R. 549 (1976) 63 Cr. App. R. 132 [1976] Crim. L.R. 565(1976) 120 S.J. 486 [1977] Q.B. 224 [1976] 3 W.L.R. 445 [1976] 3 All E.R. 549 (1976) 63 Cr. App. R. 132 [1976]Crim. L.R. 565 (1976) 120 S.J. 486

2013 Thomson Reuters.

provided that an adequate warning had been given about the special need for caution. However, when the qualityof the identifying evidence was poor, the judge was to withdraw the case from the jury and direct an acquittalunless there was other evidence supportive of the correctness of the identification. Such supporting evidenceneed not amount to corroboration in its technical sense, and the judge was to identify for the jury any evidencethat he adjudged to be capable of supporting the identification. He had, however, to take care when dealing witha false alibi. A false alibi could only be supportive of disputed identification evidence if the jury was satisfiedthat the sole reason for the fabrication was to deceive them, and they were to be reminded that the fact that anaccused had lied about his whereabouts did not of itself prove that he had been where the identifying witnesssaid he had. Finally, if there was any material discrepancy between the description of the accused originally giv-en to the police by the witness and his actual appearance, the prosecution had to supply the accused with particu-lars of the description first given to the police. A failure to follow the above guidelines was likely to result in aconviction being quashed, and would do so if, in the judgment of the appellate court, the verdict was either un-satisfactory or unsafe. On matters of credibility the appellate court would only interfere if the jury had been mis-directed as to how to assess the evidence, if there had been no direction when there should have been one, or,rarely, if they had taken a perverse view of a witness. Nevertheless, it would not hesitate to use its extended dis-cretion whenever the evidence justified it. (2) In the case of T and C there was clearly evidence supportive of thecorrectness of the identification, the accuracy of which could not be doubted. The verdicts were therefore neitherunsafe nor unsatisfactory and the appeals would be dismissed. In the cases of R and W the quality of the identi-fication evidence was poor and there was no other evidence supportive of it. The verdicts were unsafe and unsat-isfactory and the appeals would be allowed.

Appeals allowed in part

Judges: Lord Widgery, L.C.J.; Cusack, J.; Lawton, L.J.; May, J.; Roskill, L.J.

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R. v George (Barry Michael)[2002] EWCA Crim 1923; [2003] Crim. L.R. 282; (2002) 99(38) L.S.G. 33; Times, August 30, 2002; DailyTelegraph, August 1, 2002; Official TranscriptCA (Crim Div)

R. v Daley (Christopher Michael)[2004] EWCA Crim 671; Official TranscriptCA (Crim Div)

Freemantle v Queen, The[1994] 1 W.L.R. 1437; [1994] 3 All E.R. 225; [1995] 1 Cr. App. R. 1; [1994] Crim. L.R. 930; (1994) 91(37)L.S.G. 49; (1994) 138 S.J.L.B. 174; Times, July 7, 1994; Independent, August 29, 1994PC (Jam)

R. v Mason (Nicholas)[2004] EWCA Crim 2173; [2005] 1 Cr. App. R. 11; [2005] Crim. L.R. 140; Official TranscriptCA (Crim Div)

France v Queen, The[2012] UKPC 28;PC (Jam)

R. v G (Terry)[2002] EWCA Crim 2352; Official TranscriptCA (Crim Div)

R. v Dodson (Patrick)[1984] 1 W.L.R. 971; (1984) 79 Cr. App. R. 220; [1984] Crim. L.R. 489; (1984) 81 L.S.G. 1677; (1984) 128 S.J.364CA (Crim Div)

R. v Taal (Mustapha)[2002] EWCA Crim 1953; Official TranscriptCA (Crim Div)

R. v Amani (David)[2001] EWCA Crim 1613; Official TranscriptCA (Crim Div)

R. v Keeton (Geoffrey Wayne)[1995] 2 Cr. App. R. 241; Times, July 21, 1994CA (Crim Div)

B-M (Children) (Care Orders: Risk), Re



[2009] EWCA Civ 205; [2009] 2 F.L.R. 20; [2009] 2 F.C.R. 505; [2009] Fam. Law 475; (2009) 106(13) L.S.G.18; (2009) 153(11) S.J.L.B. 27; Official TranscriptCA (Civ Div)

Sealey v Trinidad and Tobago[2002] UKPC 52; Times, November 5, 2002; Official TranscriptPC (Trin)

R. v Cassell (David John)Official TranscriptCA (Crim Div)

R. v Johnson (Harold Robert)[2001] 1 Cr. App. R. 26; [2001] Crim. L.R. 125; Times, November 21, 2000; Independent, December 7, 2000;Official TranscriptCA (Crim Div)

Timothy v Trinidad and Tobago[2000] 1 W.L.R. 485PC (Trin)

R. v Forbes (Anthony Leroy)[2001] 1 A.C. 473; [2001] 2 W.L.R. 1; [2001] 1 All E.R. 686; [2001] 1 Cr. App. R. 31; (2001) 165 J.P. 61;[2001] Crim. L.R. 649; (2001) 165 J.P.N. 664; (2001) 98(8) L.S.G. 43; (2001) 145 S.J.L.B. 44; Times, Decem-ber 19, 2000; Independent, December 21, 2000; Official TranscriptHL

Henriques v Queen, The[1991] 1 W.L.R. 242; (1991) 93 Cr. App. R. 237; [1991] Crim. L.R. 912; (1991) 135 S.J.L.B. 382; Times,March 11, 1991; Daily Telegraph, March 29, 1991PC (Jam)

R. v Hampton (Gary Phillip)[2004] EWCA Crim 2139; [2006] Crim. L.R. 60; (2004) 148 S.J.L.B. 973; Times, October 13, 2004; OfficialTranscriptCA (Crim Div)

Brown v Trinidad and Tobago[2012] UKPC 2; Official TranscriptPC (Trin)

R. v Spencer (Alan Widdison)[1987] A.C. 128; [1986] 3 W.L.R. 348; [1986] 2 All E.R. 928; (1986) 83 Cr. App. R. 277; (1986) 130 S.J. 572HL

Scott (Richard) v Queen, The[1989] A.C. 1242; [1989] 2 W.L.R. 924; [1989] 2 All E.R. 305; (1989) 89 Cr. App. R. 153; [1989] Crim. L.R.



820; (1989) 86(23) L.S.G. 40; (1989) 133 S.J. 421PC (Jam)

R. v McManus (Seamus) (Appeal against Conviction)[2002] EWCA Crim 2967; Official TranscriptCA (Crim Div)

R. v Clare (Richard)[1995] 2 Cr. App. R. 333; (1995) 159 J.P. 412; [1995] Crim. L.R. 947; (1995) 159 J.P.N. 424; (1995) 92(17)L.S.G. 47; (1995) 139 S.J.L.B. 117; Times, April 7, 1995; Independent, April 7, 1995CA (Crim Div)

R. v Riat (Jaspal)[2012] EWCA Crim 1509; [2013] 1 W.L.R. 2592; [2013] 1 All E.R. 349; [2013] 1 Cr. App. R. 2; [2013] Crim.L.R. 60; Official TranscriptCA (Crim Div)

R. v Wizzard (Barry)[2007] UKPC 21; Official TranscriptPC (Jam)

LT v Trinidad and Tobago[2002] UKPC 29; Official TranscriptPC (Trin)

R. v Ley (Kerry)[2006] EWCA Crim 3063; [2007] 1 Cr. App. R. 25; [2007] Crim. L.R. 642; Official TranscriptCA (Crim Div)

R. v Walters (Shammai Jahelle)[2001] EWCA Crim 1261; Official TranscriptCA (Crim Div)

R. v Macauley (Paul)[2011] EWCA Crim 436; Official TranscriptCA (Crim Div)

Charles v Queen, The[2007] UKPC 47; Official TranscriptPC (StV)

R. v Miah (Basharath)[2003] EWCA Crim 3713; Official TranscriptCA (Crim Div)

R. v Saad (Adnan Mohammed)[2009] EWCA Crim 2781; Official TranscriptCA (Crim Div)



R. v Lesley (Leroy Owen)[1996] 1 Cr. App. R. 39; [1995] Crim. L.R. 946CA (Crim Div)

R. v Cook (Christopher)[1987] Q.B. 417; [1987] 2 W.L.R. 775; [1987] 1 All E.R. 1049; (1987) 84 Cr. App. R. 369; [1987] Crim. L.R.402; Times, December 1, 1986CA (Crim Div)

R. v McInnes(1990) 90 Cr. App. R. 99; [1989] Crim. L.R. 889; Guardian, October 10, 1989CA (Crim Div)

R. v N (Andrew Robert)[2000] 1 Cr. App. R. 182; (2000) 164 J.P. 29; (2001) 165 J.P.N. 706; (1999) 96(34) L.S.G. 33; Times, Septem-ber 7, 1999; Independent, November 8, 1999CA (Crim Div)

R. v Oakwell (Edward James)[1978] 1 W.L.R. 32; [1978] 1 All E.R. 1223; (1978) 66 Cr. App. R. 174; [1978] Crim. L.R. 168; (1978) 122 S.J.32CA (Crim Div)

R. (on the application of Aitchison) v Sheffield Crown Court[2012] EWHC 2844 (Admin); Official TranscriptDC

R. v Hanratty (James) (Deceased)[2002] EWCA Crim 1141; [2002] 3 All E.R. 534; [2002] 2 Cr. App. R. 30; [2002] Crim. L.R. 650; (2002)99(24) L.S.G. 34; (2002) 146 S.J.L.B. 136; Times, May 16, 2002; Daily Telegraph, May 16, 2002; OfficialTranscriptCA (Crim Div)

R. v Chenia (Shokat)[2002] EWCA Crim 2345; [2004] 1 All E.R. 543; [2003] 2 Cr. App. R. 6; (2003) 100(1) L.S.G. 23; Independent,November 7, 2002; Official TranscriptCA (Crim Div)

R. v McMillan (Samantha Maria)[2005] EWCA Crim 1774; Official TranscriptCA (Crim Div)

R. v Hall (Geoffrey)[2011] EWCA Crim 159; Official TranscriptCA (Crim Div)

R. v Blenkinsop (David Richard)



[1995] 1 Cr. App. R. 7CA (Crim Div)

R. v Jones (Christopher Andrew)Official TranscriptCA (Crim Div)

R. v Hussain (Aftab)UnreportedCA (Crim Div)

R. v Taylor (Michelle Ann)(1994) 98 Cr. App. R. 361; Times, June 15, 1993; Independent, June 15, 1993CA (Crim Div)

R. v Kamara (John)Official TranscriptCA (Crim Div)

R. v DT[2004] EWCA Crim 3282; Official TranscriptCA (Crim Div)

R. v El-Hinnachi (Samir)[1998] 2 Cr. App. R. 226; [1998] Crim. L.R. 881CA (Crim Div)

Roberts v Queen, The[2003] UKPC 1; Official TranscriptPC (Trin)

R. v I[2007] EWCA Crim 923; [2007] 2 Cr. App. R. 24; (2007) 151 S.J.L.B. 160; Official TranscriptCA (Crim Div)

R. v Constantinou (Richard)(1990) 91 Cr. App. R. 74; (1989) 153 J.P. 619; [1989] Crim. L.R. 571; (1989) 153 J.P.N. 658CA (Crim Div)

R. v Gall (Gerald)(1990) 90 Cr. App. R. 64; [1989] Crim. L.R. 745; Times, May 2, 1989CA (Crim Div)

R. v Hallam (Sam)[2012] EWCA Crim 1158; Official TranscriptCA (Crim Div)

Eiley (Francis) v Queen, The



[2009] UKPC 40; Official TranscriptPC (Bze)

R. v Sawoniuk (Anthony)[2000] 2 Cr. App. R. 220; [2000] Crim. L.R. 506; Official TranscriptCA (Crim Div)

R. v Cohen (Marks)(1990) 91 Cr. App. R. 125CA (Crim Div)

R. v Walshe (Barry Robert)(1982) 74 Cr. App. R. 85CA (Crim Div)

R. v Davis (Michael George) (No.3)[2001] 1 Cr. App. R. 8; [2000] H.R.L.R. 527; [2000] U.K.H.R.R. 683; [2000] Crim. L.R. 1012; Times, July 25,2000; Independent, July 20, 2000; Official TranscriptCA (Crim Div)

R. v Weir (Aaron)[2013] NICA 3; Official TranscriptCA (NI)

R. v Collins (Jamie Lee)[2004] EWCA Crim 83; [2004] 1 W.L.R. 1705; [2004] 2 Cr. App. R. 11; (2004) 101(8) L.S.G. 29; Times, Feb-ruary 5, 2004; Official TranscriptCA (Crim Div)

R. v Board of Visitors of Hull Prison Ex p. St Germain (No.2)[1979] 1 W.L.R. 1401; [1979] 3 All E.R. 545; [1979] Crim. L.R. 726; (1979) 123 S.J. 768QBD

R. v Rossborough (Paul Anthony)(1985) 81 Cr. App. R. 139; (1985) 149 J.P. 529; [1985] Crim. L.R. 372CA (Crim Div)

Pop v Queen, The[2003] UKPC 40; (2003) 147 S.J.L.B. 692; Official TranscriptPC (Bze)

Sully v Morewood[2004] EWHC 1241 (QB); Official TranscriptQBD

Tido v Queen, The[2011] UKPC 16; [2012] 1 W.L.R. 115; [2011] 2 Cr. App. R. 23; (2011) 175 J.P. 539; Official TranscriptPC (Bah)



Parker v Argentina[2013] EWHC 1107 (Admin); Official TranscriptDC

R. v Freeman (Daniel Robert)[2008] EWCA Crim 1863; [2009] 1 W.L.R. 2723; [2009] 2 All E.R. 18; [2009] 1 Cr. App. R. 11; (2008) 172J.P. 529; [2009] Crim. L.R. 103; (2008) 172 J.P.N. 757; Official TranscriptCA (Crim Div)

R. v Tyler (Patrick John)(1993) 96 Cr. App. R. 332; [1993] Crim. L.R. 60; (1992) 156 J.P.N. 762; Times, October 7, 1992CA (Crim Div)

R. v Barratt (Andrew Howard)Official TranscriptCA (Crim Div)

R. v Stock (Anthony)[2008] EWCA Crim 1862; [2009] Crim. L.R. 188; Official TranscriptCA (Crim Div)

Phipps v Director of Public Prosecutions[2012] UKPC 24; Official TranscriptPC (Jam)

R. v Egal (Mustafa)[2004] EWCA Crim 1375; Official TranscriptCA (Crim Div)

Murray (Philip) v DPP[2001] EWHC Admin 192; Official TranscriptQBD (Admin)

R. v Richardson (Luke)[2012] EWCA Crim 639; Official TranscriptCA (Crim Div)

R. v DJ[2005] EWCA Crim 64; Official TranscriptCA (Crim Div)

R. v Miah (Badrul)[1997] 2 Cr. App. R. 12; [1997] Crim. L.R. 351; Times, December 18, 1996CA (Crim Div)

R. v Caldwell (Paul)(1994) 99 Cr. App. R. 73; [1993] Crim. L.R. 862; Times, June 8, 1993CA (Crim Div)



R. v Thompson (Robert Charles)[1982] Q.B. 647; [1982] 2 W.L.R. 603; [1982] 1 All E.R. 907; (1982) 74 Cr. App. R. 315; [1982] Crim. L.R.303; (1982) 126 S.J. 206CA (Crim Div)

R. v G (Jason Stephen) (A Juvenile)Official TranscriptCA (Crim Div)

Legislation cited

Criminal Appeal Act 1968 (c.19)

Journal Articles

R. v France: evidence - identification evidence - witness to fatal shooting claiming to recognise gunmenDock identification, Eyewitnesses, Identification parades, Jury directions, Murder, Turnbull directions, VisualidentificationCrim. L.R. 2013, 3, 237-240

Biting backCriminal evidence, Dangerous dogs, Identification, Turnbull directionsN.L.J. 2012, 162(7540), 1506

Turnbull turned turtleAdmissibility, Identification, PACE codes of practice, Police, Turnbull directionsArch. Rev. 2011, 2, 5-6

The Privy Council and the Death Penalty in the Caribbean: A study in constitutional changeCapital punishment, Death penalty, Due process, Prerogative of mercy, Privy Council, Right to life

Pre-trial defence rights and the fair use of eyewitness identification proceduresIdentification, PACE codes of practice, Right to fair trialM.L.R. 2008, 71(3), 331-357

An examination of criminal jury directions in relation to eyewitness identification in Commonwealth jur-isdictionsCommonwealth, Comparative law, Jury directions, Turnbull directions, Visual identificationC.L.W.R. 2007, 36(4), 303-336

Picture of innocenceAcquittals, Presumption of innocenceN.L.J. 2007, 157(7284), 1111-1112

Identification - importance of full force of Turnbull direction.Identification parades, Jury directions, Majority verdicts, Turnbull directionsArch. News 2004, 10, 2



Identification - importance of full force of Turnbull directionIdentification parades, Jury directions, Majority verdicts, Turnbull directionsArch. News 2004, 10, 2

Admissibility of identification evidence in absence of identification paradeIdentification parades, Summing up, Turnbull directionsPol. J. 2004, 77(3), 268-272

Identification evidence: street identification procedures and PACE Code D - quality of identification evid-ence

Identification, PACE codes of practice, WitnessesJ. Crim. L. 2004, 68(1), 27-30

Identification: failure to hold a parade and to provide proper jury warningsIdentification, Jury directions, MurderJ. Crim. L. 2003, 67(6), 476-479

Identification: Turnbull directionIdentification parades, Summing up, Turnbull directionsJ. Crim. L. 2003, 67(5), 385-387

Questions of "who was there?" and "who did what?": the application of Code D in cases of dispute as toparticipation but not presenceCriminal evidence, Eyewitnesses, Identification parades, PACE codes of practiceCrim. L.R. 2003, Oct, 709-716

In the dock - an overview of the decisions of the High Court on dock identifications in the magistrates'courtAdmissibility, Criminal evidence, Identification, Indictable offences, Magistrates courts, PACE codes of prac-tice, Summary offencesCrim. L.R. 2003, Jul, 463-467

Identification: requirement for Forbes directionEyewitnesses, Identification parades, Jury directionsJ. Crim. L. 2003, 67(2), 115-117

Bearing false witness?Criminal evidence, Eyewitnesses, Identification, Jury directionsJ.P. 2001, 135(37), 726-727

Identification.Criminal evidence, Identification, Jamaica, Jury trialS.J. 1993, 137(43), 1124

Books

Phipson on Evidence 17th Ed.Chapter: Chapter 11 - Rules of Evidence Relating to the Course of a Trial: General



Documents: Sub-section (51) - Evidence after verdict: Newton hearings

Phipson on Evidence 17th Ed.Chapter: Chapter 15 - IdentificationDocuments: Sub-section (b) - The form of the Turnbull direction

Archbold Criminal Pleading Evidence and Practice 2013 Ed.Chapter: Chapter 14 - Evidence of IdentificationDocuments: 14-65 Recognition by a witness

Phipson on Evidence 17th Ed. Incorporating Second SupplementChapter: Chapter 30 - Hearsay in Criminal ProceedingsDocuments: Section 17 - Hearsay and the European Convention on Human Rights

Current Sentencing Practice from Sweet and MaxwellChapter: Part L - ProcedureDocuments: L2-2F - If a sentencer hears evidence after conviction to determine an issue of fact which is in dis-pute between the prosecution and the defendant, he should decide the issue in the same manner as a jury decid-ing the issue of guilt or innocence

Phipson on Evidence 17th Ed.Chapter: Chapter 15 - IdentificationDocuments: Sub-section (ii) - Excluding identification evidence under Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984section 78

Phipson on Evidence 17th Ed. Incorporating Second SupplementChapter: Chapter 15 - IdentificationDocuments: Sub-section (iii) - Cases where the accused admits being at the scene

Phipson on Evidence 17th Ed.Chapter: Chapter 15 - IdentificationDocuments: Sub-section (a) - General principle

Wilkinson's Road Traffic Offences 25th Ed. Second SupplementChapter: Chapter 3 - EvidenceDocuments: Chapter 3 - Evidence

Phipson on Evidence 17th Ed.Chapter: Chapter 15 - IdentificationDocuments: Sub-section (i) - Withdrawing the case from the jury

Phipson on Evidence 17th Ed. Incorporating Second SupplementChapter: Chapter 15 - IdentificationDocuments: Sub-section (c) - Supporting evidence

Phipson on Evidence 17th Ed. Incorporating Second SupplementChapter: Chapter 15 - IdentificationDocuments: Sub-section (a) - General principle



Phipson on Evidence 17th Ed. Incorporating Second SupplementChapter: Chapter 11 - Rules of Evidence Relating to the Course of a Trial: GeneralDocuments: Sub-section (38) - Submission of no case: test to be applied

Archbold Criminal Pleading Evidence and Practice 2013 Ed.Chapter: Chapter 14 - Evidence of IdentificationDocuments: 14-38 Identification by continuity of presence

Archbold Criminal Pleading Evidence and Practice 2013 Ed.Chapter: Chapter 14 - Evidence of IdentificationDocuments: 14-33 Identification by police officers

Archbold Criminal Pleading Evidence and Practice 2013 Ed.Chapter: Chapter 14 - Evidence of IdentificationDocuments: 14-22 Identification of strangers and recognition

Archbold Criminal Pleading Evidence and Practice 2013 Ed.Chapter: Chapter 14 - Evidence of IdentificationDocuments: 14-2

Archbold Criminal Pleading Evidence and Practice 2013 Ed.Chapter: Chapter 14 - Evidence of IdentificationDocuments: 14-18 Minor identification problems

Phipson on Evidence 17th Ed. Incorporating Second SupplementChapter: Chapter 15 - IdentificationDocuments: Sub-section (i) - Withdrawing the case from the jury

Phipson on Evidence 17th Ed. Incorporating Second SupplementChapter: Chapter 11 - Rules of Evidence Relating to the Course of a Trial: GeneralDocuments: Sub-section (51) - Evidence after verdict: Newton hearings

Phipson on Evidence 17th Ed. Second SupplementChapter: Chapter 30 - Hearsay in Criminal ProceedingsDocuments: Section 17 - Hearsay and the European Convention on Human Rights

Archbold Criminal Pleading Evidence and Practice 2013 Ed.Chapter: Chapter 7 - Criminal AppealDocuments: 7-55 Misdirection

Archbold Criminal Pleading Evidence and Practice 2013 Ed.Chapter: Chapter 14 - Evidence of IdentificationDocuments: 14-34 Identification of companions




Phipson on Evidence 17th Ed.Chapter: Chapter 15 - IdentificationDocuments: Section 3 - Directions on Visual Identification Evidence

Phipson on Evidence 17th Ed. Incorporating Second SupplementChapter: Chapter 15 - IdentificationDocuments: Sub-section (ii) - Excluding identification evidence under Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984section 78

Phipson on Evidence 17th Ed. Incorporating Second SupplementChapter: Chapter 15 - IdentificationDocuments: Sub-section (b) - The form of the Turnbull direction


Archbold Criminal Pleading Evidence and Practice 2013 Ed.Chapter: Chapter 14 - Evidence of IdentificationDocuments: 14-74 Directing the jury


Archbold Criminal Pleading Evidence and Practice 2013 Ed.Chapter: Chapter 14 - Evidence of IdentificationDocuments: 14-17 Issue as to veracity

Wilkinson's Road Traffic Offences 25th Ed.Chapter: Chapter 3 - EvidenceDocuments: Chapter 3 - Evidence

Phipson on Evidence 17th Ed.Chapter: Chapter 11 - Rules of Evidence Relating to the Course of a Trial: GeneralDocuments: Sub-section (38) - Submission of no case: test to be applied

Archbold Criminal Pleading Evidence and Practice 2013 Ed.Chapter: Chapter 5 - Sentences and Orders on ConvictionDocuments: 5-99 Resolution of disputed issues

Phipson on Evidence 17th Ed.Chapter: Chapter 15 - IdentificationDocuments: Sub-section (a) - Turnbull warnings

Phipson on Evidence 17th Ed.Chapter: Chapter 15 - IdentificationDocuments: Sub-section (ii) - False alibis



Phipson on Evidence 17th Ed. Incorporating Second SupplementChapter: Chapter 15 - IdentificationDocuments: Section 3 - Directions on Visual Identification Evidence

Phipson on Evidence 17th Ed. Incorporating Second SupplementChapter: Chapter 15 - IdentificationDocuments: Sub-section (a) - Turnbull warnings

Archbold Criminal Pleading Evidence and Practice 2013 Ed.Chapter: Chapter 4 - TrialDocuments: 4-480

Archbold Criminal Pleading Evidence and Practice 2013 Ed.Chapter: Chapter 14 - Evidence of IdentificationDocuments: 14-71 Introduction

Archbold Criminal Pleading Evidence and Practice 2013 Ed.Chapter: Chapter 14 - Evidence of IdentificationDocuments: 14-32 Evidence incapable of supporting the identification

Archbold Criminal Pleading Evidence and Practice 2013 Ed.Chapter: Chapter 14 - Evidence of IdentificationDocuments: 14-25 Evidence capable of supporting the identification

Archbold Criminal Pleading Evidence and Practice 2013 Ed.Chapter: Chapter 4 - TrialDocuments: 4-481

Archbold Criminal Pleading Evidence and Practice 2013 Ed.Chapter: Chapter 14 - Evidence of IdentificationDocuments: 14-35 Identification of motor cars

Renton and Brown Criminal Procedure Legislation from W Green & Son LtdChapter: Division C - Practice NotesDocuments: Introduction and General Note: C1-01 to C1-55

Phipson on Evidence 17th Ed.Chapter: Chapter 15 - IdentificationDocuments: Sub-section (iii) - Cases where the accused admits being at the scene

Archbold Criminal Pleading Evidence and Practice 2013 Ed.Chapter: Chapter 14 - Evidence of IdentificationDocuments: 14-16 Issue as to honest mistake

Archbold Criminal Pleading Evidence and Practice 2013 Ed.Chapter: Chapter 11 - Hearsay EvidenceDocuments: 11-45 Criminal Justice Act 2003, s.125



Archbold Criminal Pleading Evidence and Practice 2013 Ed.Chapter: Chapter 14 - Evidence of IdentificationDocuments: 14-24 Identifying specific weaknesses in the evidence

Phipson on Evidence 17th Ed.Chapter: Chapter 15 - IdentificationDocuments: Sub-section (c) - Supporting evidence

Phipson on Evidence 17th Ed. Incorporating Second SupplementChapter: Chapter 15 - IdentificationDocuments: Sub-section (ii) - False alibis

Phipson on Evidence 17th Ed. Incorporating Second SupplementChapter: Chapter 15 - IdentificationDocuments: Sub-section (ii) - Cases where the defence alleges fabrication


Archbold Criminal Pleading Evidence and Practice 2013 Ed.Chapter: Chapter 14 - Evidence of IdentificationDocuments: 14-21 The need for special caution and the reason for such need

END OF DOCUMENT

