race and calhoun county: what does the data say? calhoun county summit on the healing of racism...
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Race and Calhoun County:Race and Calhoun County:What Does the Data Say?What Does the Data Say?
Calhoun County Summit on the Healing of RacismCalhoun County Summit on the Healing of RacismSeptember 22September 22nd nd 20062006
Jason Reece, AICPJason Reece, AICPSenior Research AssociateSenior Research Associate
Kirwan Institute for the Study of Race and EthnicityKirwan Institute for the Study of Race and EthnicityThe Ohio State UniversityThe Ohio State University
http://www.kirwaninstitute.org/http://www.kirwaninstitute.org/
22
OverviewOverview
Reviewing the dataReviewing the data– Does the data support the findings/opinions of summit Does the data support the findings/opinions of summit
participants?participants?– Need to look deeper than just disparitiesNeed to look deeper than just disparities
Looking at some of the key sector areasLooking at some of the key sector areas– EducationEducation– HousingHousing– HealthHealth– CrimeCrime– Business/Economic DevelopmentBusiness/Economic Development
Despite the importance of all issues identified by Despite the importance of all issues identified by summit participants, data limitations do not allow summit participants, data limitations do not allow us to look at everythingus to look at everything
33
Kalamazoo-Battle Creek Kalamazoo-Battle Creek Disparities (2000 Census)Disparities (2000 Census)IndicatorIndicator BlackBlack HispanicHispanic AsianAsian
Median HH Median HH IncomeIncome
.73.73 .86.86 .91.91
Per Capita Per Capita IncomeIncome
.76.76 .86.86 .97.97
% Below Poverty% Below Poverty 2.012.01 1.471.47 1.721.72
% College Ed% College Ed .76.76 .82.82 1.501.50
% Unemployed% Unemployed 1.581.58 1.321.32 1.971.97
% Own home% Own home .79.79 .91.91 .73.73
Expressed as a ratio against the indicator for whites
44
Moving Beyond Thinking of Just Moving Beyond Thinking of Just DisparitiesDisparities
We must look in greater detail into We must look in greater detail into more than just disparitiesmore than just disparities– What are potential causal factors?What are potential causal factors?– Disparities harm everyone and the Disparities harm everyone and the
entire regionentire region Both people of color and Whites do poorly in Both people of color and Whites do poorly in
some areassome areas
55
Thinking About the Entire Thinking About the Entire RegionRegion
Disparities our tied to the health of Disparities our tied to the health of the entire regionthe entire region– Between 2000 and 2005, the population Between 2000 and 2005, the population
of Calhoun County is estimated to have of Calhoun County is estimated to have declined by 3%declined by 3%
– Between 1999 and 2003, the County lost Between 1999 and 2003, the County lost 8% of its employment opportunities8% of its employment opportunities
– The County’s poverty rate increased The County’s poverty rate increased 26% between 2000 and 200526% between 2000 and 2005
Source: U.S. Census Bureau
66
EducationEducation
Are reflections by summit participants Are reflections by summit participants reflected in the data?reflected in the data?
– Yes, along several areasYes, along several areas Test Score disparities, racial/economic Test Score disparities, racial/economic
segregation, community differencessegregation, community differences
School funding?School funding?
77
Calhoun County: Calhoun County: Percent Passing Proficiency Percent Passing Proficiency
Tests by Race in 2004Tests by Race in 200479%
63%57%
32%
61%
35%
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
Reading Math
White African American Latino
Source: Standard and Poors Database
88
Variation in School Districts in Variation in School Districts in Calhoun County 2004Calhoun County 2004
(% Economically Disadvantaged, % Passing Reading (% Economically Disadvantaged, % Passing Reading and Math Proficiency, % African American)and Math Proficiency, % African American)
% Econ Dis % Reading Prof Math Prof % % Af. Am.
Albion 60 67 43 51Athens 29 82 60 1Battle Creek 66 61 40 38Harper Creek 22 81 70 2Homer 40 70 52 1Lakeview 18 86 68 6Mar Lee 37 77 64 1Marshall 14 84 74 2Pennfield 25 79 67 5Tekonsha 36 84 60 0Union City 40 77 54 1
Source: http://www.schoolmatters.org (Standard and Poors)
99
32.9
64.3
56.7
24
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
WhiteBlackHispanicAsian
Educational EquityEducational Equity
% POOR IN THE SCHOOL OF AVERAGE GROUP MEMBERKalamazoo-Battle Creek MSA: 2000 Census
1010
Kalamazoo-Battle Creek MSAKalamazoo-Battle Creek MSARacial Segregation in SchoolsRacial Segregation in Schools
Taken directly from the Lewis Mumford Center
1111
School Funding: School Funding: Per Pupil Expenditures for Albion, Per Pupil Expenditures for Albion, Battle Creek Districts and County Battle Creek Districts and County
Average 2004Average 2004
$8,904
$10,632
$8,614
$5,149$6,034
$5,136
$0
$2,000
$4,000
$6,000
$8,000
$10,000
$12,000
Operational Instructional
Albion Battle Creek County Avg
1212
Change in Number of Housing Units in the 1990's: Battle Creek School District and Surrounding Districts
-535
126
277156
436
224
1,430 1,374
788
977
155
-1,000
-500
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
BattleCreekSchoolDistrict
Athens AreaSchools
BellevueCommunity
Schools
Climax-Scotts
CommunitySchools
Delton-KelloggSchools
Galesburg-Augusta
CommunitySchools
Gull LakeCommunity
Schools
HarperCreek
CommunitySchools
HastingsArea School
District
LakeviewSchoolDistrict
PennfieldSchoolDistrict
Source: National Center for Education Statistics
1313
HousingHousing
Are reflections by summit participants Are reflections by summit participants reflected in the data?reflected in the data?– YesYes
– Neighborhood Segregation, Lending Neighborhood Segregation, Lending Disparities, Cost Issues, HomeownershipDisparities, Cost Issues, Homeownership
– Outcomes should be better for allOutcomes should be better for all
1414
Racial and Economic Racial and Economic SegregationSegregation
Convergence between school Convergence between school segregation and neighborhood segregation and neighborhood segregationsegregation– Also racial segregation and economic Also racial segregation and economic
segregationsegregation African American NeighborhoodsAfrican American Neighborhoods
– On average, had poverty rates that were On average, had poverty rates that were double the rates of the average White double the rates of the average White neighborhood in the Kalamazoo-Battle neighborhood in the Kalamazoo-Battle Creek MSACreek MSA
1515
#
Marshall
#
Greater Galesburg
#
Comstock Northwest
#
Portage#
Lawton
#
Schoolcraft
#
Plainwell#
Otsego
#
South Gull Lake
#
Vicksburg
#
Union City
#
Battle Creek
#
Mattawan
#
Kalamazoo
(/69
(/69
(/131
(/131
.-,94
.-,94
AlleganCounty
BarryCounty
KalamazooCounty
CalhounCounty
BranchCountySt. Joseph
County
Van BurenCounty
4 0 4 8 Miles
N
EW
S
% of Pop. African American 2000:Kalamazoo &
Battle Creek Area
Highways
Counties
Cities/Villages
Legend:
Prepared by: Kirwan Institute for the Study of Race & EthnicitySource: U.S. Census Bureau
Date: 1.13.2004
% Population African American
0 - 10
10 - 25
25 - 50
50 - 75
75 - 100
1616
#
Marshall
#
Greater Galesburg
#
Comstock Northwest
#
Portage#
Lawton
#
Schoolcraft
#
Plainwell#
Otsego
#
South Gull Lake
#
Vicksburg
#
Union City
#
Battle Creek
#
Mattawan
#
Kalamazoo
(/69
(/69
(/131
(/131
.-,94
.-,94
AlleganCounty
BarryCounty
KalamazooCounty
CalhounCounty
BranchCountySt. Joseph
County
Van BurenCounty
4 0 4 8 Miles
N
EW
S
Population in Poverty 2000:Kalamazoo &
Battle Creek Area
Highways
Counties
Cities/Villages
% in Poverty
0 - 10
10 - 15
15 - 20
20 - 30
Greater than 30
Legend:
Prepared by: Kirwan Institute for the Study of Race & EthnicitySource: U.S. Census Bureau
Date: 1.13.2004
1717
Housing Cost ConcernsHousing Cost Concerns
Cost burdened householdsCost burdened households In 2000:In 2000:
– 43% of low income households had housing 43% of low income households had housing problems due to costproblems due to cost
– Nearly 20% of low income households were Nearly 20% of low income households were severely cost burdened (paying more than half severely cost burdened (paying more than half of their income for housing)of their income for housing)
Cost and geographic exclusionCost and geographic exclusion– Geographic trends in areas of growth and Geographic trends in areas of growth and
housing costhousing cost– Racial impactRacial impact
Source: Dept. of Housing and Urban Development
1818
#
Marshall
#
Greater Galesburg
#
Comstock Northwest
#
Portage#
Lawton
#
Schoolcraft
#
Plainwell#
Otsego
#
South Gull Lake
#
Vicksburg
#
Union City
#
Battle Creek
#
Mattawan
#
Kalamazoo
(/69
(/69
(/131
(/131
.-,94
.-,94
AlleganCounty
BarryCounty
KalamazooCounty
CalhounCounty
BranchCountySt. Joseph
County
Van BurenCounty
4 0 4 8 Miles
N
EW
S
Median HomeValue 2000:
Kalamazoo & Battle Creek Area
Highways
Counties
Cit ies/Villages
Legend:
Prepared by: Kirwan Institute for the Study of Race & EthnicitySource: U.S. Census Bureau
Date: 1.13.2004
Median Housing Value ($'s) in 2000
35,000 - 70,000
70,000 - 90,000
90,000 - 115,000
115,000 - 150,000
150,000 - 210,000
1919
#
Marshall
#
Greater Galesburg
#
Comstock Northwest
#
Portage#
Lawton
#
Schoolcraft
#
Plainwell#
Otsego
#South Gull Lake
#
Vicksburg
#
Union City
#
Battle Creek
#
Mattawan
#
Kalamazoo
(/69
(/69
(/131
(/131
.-, 94
.-, 94
AlleganCounty
BarryCounty
KalamazooCounty
CalhounCounty
BranchCountySt. Joseph
County
Van BurenCounty
4 0 4 8 Miles
N
EW
S
Median YearHousing Built:Kalamazoo &
Battle Creek Area
Highways
Counties
Cit ies/Villages
Legend:
Prepared by: Kirwan Institute for the Study of Race & EthnicitySource: U.S. Census Bureau
Date: 1.13.2004
Median Year Housing Built
Prior to 1949
1950 - 1959
1960 - 1969
1970 - 1979
1980 - 1989
2020
#
Marshall
#
Greater Galesburg
#
Comstock Northwest
#
Portage#
Lawton
#
Schoolcraft
#
Plainwell#
Otsego
#
South Gull Lake
#
Vicksburg
#
Union City
#
Battle Creek
#
Mattawan
#
Kalamazoo
(/69
(/69
(/131
(/131
.-,94
.-,94
AlleganCounty
BarryCounty
KalamazooCounty
CalhounCounty
BranchCountySt. Joseph
County
Van BurenCounty
4 0 4 8 Miles
N
EW
S
% of Pop. African American 2000:Kalamazoo &
Battle Creek Area
Highways
Counties
Cities/Villages
Legend:
Prepared by: Kirwan Institute for the Study of Race & EthnicitySource: U.S. Census Bureau
Date: 1.13.2004
% Population African American
0 - 10
10 - 25
25 - 50
50 - 75
75 - 100
2121Source: HMDA and Dataplace
Lending DisparitiesLending Disparities
7.7%
12.5%
20.0%
0.0%
5.0%
10.0%
15.0%
20.0%
Total
Conventional Mortgage Denial Rates in 2003 for Calhoun County
White African American Latino
2222
Homeownership DisparitiesHomeownership Disparities
Homeownership rates by race in Homeownership rates by race in Calhoun County (2000)Calhoun County (2000)– White 77%White 77%– African American 52%African American 52%– Latino 53%Latino 53%
Reflection on racial disparities in Reflection on racial disparities in housing cost problems and asset housing cost problems and asset developmentdevelopment
Source: Census Bureau
2323
Health CareHealth Care
Are reflections by summit participants Are reflections by summit participants reflected in the data?reflected in the data?– YesYes
– Health outcome disparities, pre and Health outcome disparities, pre and neonatal health, insurance accessneonatal health, insurance access
– Outcomes should be better for allOutcomes should be better for all
2424
850.31134.6
0
500
1000
1500
Total
Age Adjusted Mortality Rates(Rate per 100,000 population)
White African American
Health Disparity 2004: Health Disparity 2004: Calhoun CountyCalhoun County
2525
212.6251.6
189.6
297.5
0
100
200
300
Heart Disease Cancer
Age Adjusted Mortality Rates(Rate per 100,000 population)
White African American
Health Disparity 2004: Health Disparity 2004: Calhoun CountyCalhoun County
2626
835.4
704.2
600
650
700
750
800
850
White African Am.
Rate of Mothers Recieving PreNatal Care (Rate per 1,000
live births)
71.3
126.8
0
50
100
150
White African Am.
Rate of Low Birth Weight Births (Rate per 1,000 live births)
Calhoun Calhoun County:County:Racial Racial
DisparitiesDisparities(Prenatal (Prenatal Health)Health)
Source: Michigan Department of Health
In 2004, 16% of White mothers and 20% of
African American mothers did not receive prenatal
care.
2727
Health Care Access: Health Care Access: Insurance Rates for Michigan 2003-Insurance Rates for Michigan 2003-
20042004
11.0%18.0%22.0%
73.0%
44.0%53.0%
0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
70.0%
80.0%
% with NoInsurance
% with EmployerInsurance
White African American Latino
2828
Representation and Representation and Cultural CompetencyCultural Competency
In 2005, only 5% of Physicians in Michigan are African American and only
2% are Latino; in comparison the State’s total African American
population is 14% and the total Latino population is
4%.
2929
CrimeCrime
Are reflections by summit participants Are reflections by summit participants reflected in the data?reflected in the data?– State trends reflect some issues State trends reflect some issues
identified by the groupidentified by the group
– National data support other issuesNational data support other issues
– Limited local data in this areaLimited local data in this area
3030
Incarceration Rates by Incarceration Rates by Race MIRace MI
In 2001In 2001– African American incarceration rates in African American incarceration rates in
MI were 2,247 (rate per 100,000 MI were 2,247 (rate per 100,000 population)population)
– White incarceration rates in MI were 369White incarceration rates in MI were 369 A disparity in incarceration rates of more A disparity in incarceration rates of more
than 600%than 600%
Source: The Sentencing Project
3131
Incarceration Rates by Incarceration Rates by Race MIRace MI
3232
Arrest Rates 2004 Calhoun Arrest Rates 2004 Calhoun CountyCounty
African Americans represented 35% African Americans represented 35% of arrests in Calhoun Countyof arrests in Calhoun County
African Americans represent 46% of African Americans represent 46% of narcotics arrestsnarcotics arrests– More than 15% of all African American More than 15% of all African American
arrests were for narcotics related arrests were for narcotics related offenses, compared to 9% of White offenses, compared to 9% of White arrestsarrests
3333
Racial Profiling MI 2000Racial Profiling MI 2000
Traffic CitationsTraffic Citations– African American Males represent 8.6% African American Males represent 8.6%
of citationsof citations Probable Cause SearchesProbable Cause Searches
– African American Males were involved in African American Males were involved in 24% of all searches (in comparison 24% of all searches (in comparison African American males make up 6% of African American males make up 6% of total population)total population)
Source: Michigan State Police
3434
MI and US Homicide Rate 2002(Rate per 100,000)
3.7 2.4
21
32.3
0
10
20
30
40
United States Michigan
White African American
Crime Victimization: Crime Victimization: HomicideHomicide
3535
MI Homicide Rate by Race and Gender 2004
(Rate per 100,000)
2.6 1.5
56.8
8.2
0
20
40
60
Males Females
White African American
Crime Victimization: Crime Victimization: HomicideHomicide
3636
Business and Economic Business and Economic DevelopmentDevelopment
Are reflections by summit participants Are reflections by summit participants reflected in the data?reflected in the data?
– YesYes
– Poverty, wages, proximity to jobsPoverty, wages, proximity to jobs
– Poor economic conditions in region/state Poor economic conditions in region/state may make conditions grow worsemay make conditions grow worse
3737
Racial Disparities: Racial Disparities: Calhoun County in 2000Calhoun County in 2000
Poverty RatesPoverty Rates– White (9%)White (9%)– African American (23%)African American (23%)
Per Capita IncomePer Capita Income– White ($20,091)White ($20,091)– African American ($14,518)African American ($14,518)
Source: US Census Bureau
3838
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Prepared by: Kirwan Institute for the Study of Race & EthnicitySource: U.S. Census Bureau
Date: 1.13.2004
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Increase 0 to 100
Increase 100 to 500
Increase 500 to 1,000
Increase 1,000 to 3,000 4 0 4 8 Miles
N
EW
S
Prepared by: Kirwan Institute for the Study of Race & EthnicitySource: U.S. Census Bureau
Date: 1.13.2004
Highways
Counties
Cities/Villages
Legend:
Proximity: Job Trends and RaceProximity: Job Trends and Race
4040
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