1 | P a g e RADAR & NAVIGATION: TEC - 801 UNIT 1: RADAR SIGNAL MODELS: Amplitude models, distributed target forms of range equation, radar cross section, statistical description of radar cross section, Swerling model, Clutter, signal to clutter ratio, temporal and spatial correlation of clutter, noise model and signal to noise ratio, frequency models, Doppler shift, simplifies approach to Doppler shift, stop and hop assumption, spatial model, variation with angle, variation with range, projections, multipath, spectral models. UNIT 2: RADAR WAVE FORMS: Waveform matched filter of moving targets, ambiguity function, ambiguity function of the simple matched pulse filter for the pulse burst, pulse by pulse processing, range ambiguity, Doppler response and ambiguity function of the pulse burst. Introduction to Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR). UNIT 3: DETECTION FUNDAMENTALS: Radar detection as hypothesis testing, Neyman-Pearson detection rule, likelihood ratio test, threshold detection of radar signals, non-coherent integration of non-fluctuating targets, Albersheim and Shnidaman equations, Binary integration. UNIT 4: RADIO DIRECTION FINDING: loop direction finder, goniometer, errors in direction finding, RADIO RANGES: LF/MF four course radio ranges, VOR, ground equipment & receiver, VOR errors. HYBERBOLIC SYSTEM OF NAVIGATION: LORAN & Decca DME & TECAN. UNIT 5: AIDS TO APPROACH AND LANDING: ILS & GCA & MLS DOPPLER NAVIGATION: Doppler frequency, Doppler radar equipment, CW & FMCW Doppler radar, frequency trackers, Doppler range equation. SATALLITE NAVIGATION SYSTEM: transit system, NAVSTAR, GPS, basic principles of operation, signal structure of NAVSTAR broadcasts, data message, velocity determination, accuracy of GPS & differential navigation, NAVSTAR receiver. SUGGESTED BOOKS: 1. Fundamentals of radar signal processing, Mark A Richards, TMH. 2. Elements of Electronics Navigation, N. S. Nagraja, TMH. 3. Radar principles, Peebles Jr. P. Z., Wiley, NY.

2 | P a g e DEV BHOOMI

SEMESTER/YEAR: 8th/4th

COURSE: RADAR & NAVIGATION

S. No.

Topic Name1. Introduction to radar and Amplitude Models 2. Distributed Target Forms Of Range Equation 3. Radar Cross Section, Swerling Model4. Statistical Description Of Radar Cross Section, Signal To Clutter Ratio 5. Temporal And Spatial Correlation Of Clutter 6. Noise Model And Signal ToNoise Ratio, Frequency Models7. Doppler Shift, Simplifies Approach To Doppler Shift 8. Stop And Hop Assumption, Spatial Model,9. Variation With Range Projections,Multipath, Spectra Models.10. Waveform Matched Filter Of Moving Targets 11. Ambiguity Function, Ambiguity Function Of The Simple Matched Pulse Filter For The Pulse Burst DEV BHOOMI INSTITUE OF TECHNOLOGY, DEHRADUN

LESSON PLAN

DEPARTMENT: ECE

RADAR & NAVIGATION CODE: TEC -801

Topic Name

Reference/ Text Book/

Web

(R/T/W)

No. Of

Lectures

Delivery MethodIntroduction to radar and Amplitude T1,R1 2 Board and Marker Distributed Target Forms Of Range T1,R1 2 Board and Marker Radar Cross Section, Swerling Model T1,T2 2 Board and Marker Statistical Description Of Radar Cross Section, T1,R1 2 Board and Marker Temporal And Spatial Correlation Of T1,R1 1 Board and Marker Noise Model And Signal To Noise Ratio, Frequency Models

T1,T2 2 Board and Marker Doppler Shift, Simplifies Approach To T1,R1 2 Board and Marker Stop And Hop Assumption, Spatial Model, T1,R1 1 Board and Marker Projections, Spectra Models. T1,R1 1 Board and Marker Waveform Matched Filter Of Moving T1,R1 1 Board and Marker Ambiguity Function Of The Simple Matched Pulse Filter For T1,R1 2 Board and Marker INSTITUE OF TECHNOLOGY, DEHRADUN

DEPARTMENT: ECE

Delivery Method Remarks Board and Marker Board and Marker Board and Marker Board and Marker Board and Marker Board and Marker Board and Marker Board and Marker Board and Marker Board and Marker Board and Marker

3 | P a g e 12 Pulse By Pulse Processing, Range Ambiguity

T1,R1 1 Board and Marker 13. Doppler Response And Ambiguity Function Of The Pulse Burst T1,R1 2 Board and Marker 14. Introduction To Synthetic Aperture Radar (Sar) T1,T2 1 Board and Marker 15. Radar Detection As Hypothesis Testing T1,R1 1 Board and Marker 16. Neyman-Pearson Detection Rule, Likelihood Ratio Test T1,R1 2 Board and Marker 17. Threshold Detection Of Radar Signals, Non-Coherent Integration Of Non-Fluctuating Targets T1,R1 2 Board and Marker 18. Albersheim And Shnidaman Equations, T1,R1 2 Board and Marker 19. Binary Integration T2,R1 1 Board and Marker 20. Loop Direction Finder, Goniometer T2 1 Board and Marker 21. Errors In Direction Finding, T2,R1 1 Board and Marker 22. Radio Ranges: Lf/Mf Four Course Radio Ranges, T2 2 Board and Marker 23. Vor, Ground Equipment & Receiver, Vor Errors. T2,R1 2 Board and Marker 24. Hyberbolic System Of Navigation: Loran & Decca Dme & Tecan T2 1 Board and Marker 25. Loran & Decca Dme & Tecan T2,R1 1 Board and Marker 26. Ils & Gca T2 1 Board and Marker 27. Mls Doppler Navigation T1 1 Board and Marker 28. Doppler Frequency, Doppler Radar Equipment T1,T2 1 Board and Marker

4 | P a g e 29. Cw & Fmcw Doppler Radar T1,T2 2 Board and Marker 30. Satallite Navigation System: Transit System, T2 1 Board and Marker 31. Navstar, Gps, Basic Principles Of Operation T1 1 Board and Marker 32. Signal Structure Of Navstar Broadcasts T1,R1 1 Board and Marker 33. Data Message, Velocity Determination, T1,T2 1 Board and Marker 34. Ccuracy Of Gps & Differential Navigation, T1,T2 1 Board and Marker 35. Navstar Receiver. T1,T2 1 Board and Marker Total Lectures: 49 TEXT BOOKS: [T1] Fundamentals of radar signal processing, Mark A Richards, TMH. [T2] Elements of Electronics Navigation, N. S. Nagraja, TMH REFERENCE BOOKS: [R1] Radar principles, Peebles Jr. P. Z., Wiley, NY.

5 | P a g e QUESTION BANK RADAR & NAVIGATION: TEC - 801 Unit -1 1) What do you understand by radar signal models? Explain amplitude models? 2) Explain the distributed targets forms of range equations? 3) What is the significance of radar cross section in the range equation? 4) Describe the various case of swirling models? 5) What is clutter? Explain signal to clutter ratio? 6) Explain S/N ratio in the noise model? 7) What is Doppler shift? Explain the simplified approach to Doppler shift? 8) Explain the effect of variation with angle & variation with range in special model? 9) Explain:-

• amplitude model • radar cross section 10) Explain: - swerling model & clutter? 11) Explain:-doppler shift & stop and hop assumption? 12) Explain:- projections & multipath?

Unit -2 1) What do you understand by waveform and describe the criteria for selecting the types of waveforms? 2) Derive the expression of matched filter. Why it is being used? 3) Define the impulse response of matched filter in the radar? 4) Define matched filter of simple pulse? 5) Discuss the matched filter of moving target? 6) What do you understand radar ambiguity function? 7) Discuss the ideal ambiguity function? 8) Discuss the ambiguity function of simple returned filter? 9) Discuss the ambiguity function of range and Doppler? 10) Discuss the matched filter for pulse burst wave forms? 11) Explain the pulse by pulse processing?

6 | P a g e 12) Discuss the range ambiguity? 13) Discuss the Doppler filter response? Unit -3 1) What do you understand by detection of signal in noise? 2) What is the effect of S/N ratio over the detection of weak signal? 3) What do you understand by correlation detection? 4) Explain the cross correlation with the help of block diagram? 5) What are the different detection theories? Explain them in brief? 6) What are the different types of detection used in radar? 7) Explain zero crossing detector with the help of diagram? 8) What do you understand by automatic detection? And explain the step involved in this process? 9) Explain cell averaging CFAR with block diagram? 10) Draw constant false alarm rate (CFAR) radar receiver? Explain its working? 11) Define radar clutter and explain how they affect the performance of the radar? 12) Explain the radar detection as hypothesis testing? 13) Explain neymen-pearson detection rule? And likehood test? 14) Explain threshold detection of radar signals? 15) Explain the detection criteria in radar signals? 16) Briefly discuss about the radar detection as hypothesis testing? 17) Explain the detection non fluctuating target in noise? 18) Give the albersheim’s equations and explain the accuracy of this equation? 19) Give the shnidman’s equation and explain the error in this equation? 20) Briefly discuss about the clutter cross section? 21) Briefly discuss about SEA clutter? Explain the angles? 22) What do you understand by auto-correlation and detection criteria? 23) What do you understand by neyman person observer and ideal observer? 24) What do you understand by:-envelope detector, logarithm detector and coherent detector? 25) What do you understand by antenna beam and binary integration? 26) Write short notes on:- 1.CFAR

7 | P a g e 2.angles 3.sea- clutter 4. land clutter 27) What do understand by non-coherent integration of non-fluctuating target? Unit -4 1) Explain loop direction finder with the help of diagram? 2) Describe loop antenna as a direction finder? 3) Explain the working of goniometer? 4) Explain the errors in direction finding? 5) Explain the Adcock direction finder? 6) Describe the comparison between Adcock and loop direction finder? 7) Explain the automatic direction finder with the help of block diagram? 8) Explain the commutated aerial direction finder with the help of block diagram? 9) Explain the errors encountered in direction finding? How these are removed? 10) Explain the VOR gram equipment with the help of block diagram? 11) Write the error in VOR system. 12) Describe the DVOR with the help of block diagram. 13) Describe the purpose of VOR in navigation. 14) Explain the advantage and the limitation of VOR. 15) What is radio range? Explain long wave radio range. What are its shortcomings and how they are removed? 16) Explain the LORAN system? 17) Define the principle of LORAN-A briefly. 18) What are the informations provided by the LORAN-C? 19) Explain the working block diagram of DECCA receiver in brief. 20) Explain the principle of OMEGA system, and define the direct ranging mode. 21) Describe LORAN as hyperbolic navigator. 22) Write the principle and application of DME. 23) Explain the working of DME system with the help of block diagram.

8 | P a g e 24) Briefly explain the principle of TACAN. 25) Explain the working of TACAN with the help of block diagram. Unit-5 1) Write the application of satellite navigation. 2) Briefly explain the ILS. 3) Write and explain the component of ILS equipment. 4) Write short notes on ILS and MLS. 5) Explain ILS and compare it with GCA. 6) What do you understand by Doppler navigation? 7) Explain the working of MLS and write the improvement achieved over ILS. 8) Explain Doppler radar equipment. 9) Explain CW and FMCW Doppler radar. 10) Briefly explain the NAVSAT system. 11) Describe GPS system in brief. 12) Explain the basic principle and operation of GPS system. 13) Explain the Doppler range equation. 14) Discuss GPS segments and source of errors in GPS. 15) What do you mean by satellite based navigation system?

9 | P a g e DATA COMMUNICATION NETWORKS: TEC - 802 UNIT 1

INTRODUCTION: Switching systems, network hardware and software, Layering, design issues for layering, reference models and their comparison, example networks PHYSICAL

LAYER: Transmission media and channel impairments, modulation, multiplexing, digital channels, mobile telephone systems. UNIT 2

DATA LINK LAYER: Design issues, framing, error control, elementary data link protocols and sliding window protocols, HDLC, data link layer in internet. MEDIUM ACCESS CONTROL: Channel allocation problem, MAC protocols- Aloha, CSMA, collision free protocols, limited contention protocol. Ethernet, IEEE 802.3 standard. Repeaters, bridges, routers and gateways. UNIT 3

NETWORK LAYER: Design issues, VC and datagram subnets, routing algorithms for wired and wireless hosts, congestion prevention policies, load shedding. Connectivity of networks, connectionless internetworking, internetwork routing, fragmentation. IP protocols, IP addressing, OSPF, IPv6. UNIT 4

TRANSPORT LAYER: Transport service and primitives, Addressing, connation establishment and release, flow control, buffering, multiplexing and crash recovery. Introduction of UDP. Modeling TCP connection management, TCP congestion control. Performance issues. UNIT 5 DNS name space and DNS server, overview of www, http. Introduction of cryptography, substitution cipher and transposition cipher, DES, cipher methods, public key algorithms. Social issues- privacy, freedom of speech, copy right. SUGGESTED BOOKS: 1. Forouzan, B.A., “Data Communication and Networking”, 4th Ed., Tata McGraw-Hill. 2. Tanenbaum, A.S, “Computer Networks”, 4th Ed., Pearson Education. 3. Stallings W., “Data and Computer Communication”, 8th Ed., Prentice-Hall. 4. Kurose, J.F. and Ross, K.W., "Computer Networking.

10 | P a g e DEV BHOOMI INSTITUE OF TECHNOLOGY,

SEMESTER/YEAR: 8th/4th

COURSE: Data Communication Network

S N Topic Name Unit-I: 1 Switching systems 2 Network Hardware and Software 3 Layering, design issues for layering 4 Reference models and their comparison, example networks,5 Transmission media and channel impairments, multiplexing, digital channels, mobile telephone systems. Unit-II: 6 DATA LINK LAYER: Design issues Propagation effects with mobile radioDEV BHOOMI INSTITUE OF TECHNOLOGY, DEHRADUN

LECTURE PLAN

DEPARTMENT:

ECE

Data Communication Network CODE:

Reference/ Text

Book/ Web

(R/T/W)

No. Of

Lectur

es

Delivery

Method T1,R1 2 Chalk & Talk Network Hardware and Software T1,R1 2 Chalk & Talk Layering, design issues for layering T1,R1 2 Chalk & Talk their comparison, example networks, T1,R1 2 Chalk & Talk Transmission media and channel impairments, multiplexing, digital channels, mobile telephone systems. T1,R1 2 Chalk & Talk Design with mobile radio T1,R1 2 Chalk & Talk DEHRADUN

DEPARTMENT:

CODE: TEC-802

Remar

ks

Chalk & Chalk & Chalk & Chalk & Chalk &

Chalk &

11 | P a g e 7 Framing, error control

T1,R1 2 Chalk & Talk 8 Elementary data link protocols and sliding window protocols T1,R1 2 Chalk & Talk 9 HDLC, data link layer in internet Channel allocation problem, T1,R1 2 Chalk & Talk

MAC protocols- Aloha, CSMA, collision free protocols, limited contention protocol. Ethernet, T1,T2 1 Chalk & Talk IEEE 802.3 standard. Repeaters, bridges, routers and gateways. T1,T2 1 Chalk & Talk Unit-III: 11 NETWORK LAYER: Design issues, VC and datagram subnets,

T1,T2 1 Chalk & Talk 12 Routing algorithms for wired and wireless hosts

T1,R1 2 Chalk & Talk 13 Congestion prevention policies, load shedding. T1,R1 2 Chalk & Talk 14 Connectivity of networks, connectionless internetworking, internetwork routing, fragmentation. T1,R1 2 Chalk & Talk

12 | P a g e Unit-IV:

TRANSPORT LAYER: Transport service and primitives, T1,R1 3 Chalk & Talk Flow control, buffering, multiplexing and crash recovery.

T1,R1 2 Chalk & Talk 15 Introduction of UDP. Modelling TCP connection management T1,R1 2 Chalk & Talk 16 TCP congestion control. Performance issues T1,R1 2 Chalk & Talk

Unit-V: DNS name space and DNS server, T1,R1 1 Chalk & Talk Overview of www, http. T1,R1 2 Chalk & Talk 17 Introduction of cryptography, Substitution cipher and transposition cipher, T1,R1 2 Chalk & Talk 18 DES, cipher methods, T1,R1 2 Chalk & Talk 19 public key algorithms. Social issues- privacy, freedom of speech, copy T1,T2 2 Chalk & Talk

13 | P a g e right [T1] Forouzan, B.A., “Data Communication and Networking”, 4th Ed., Tata McGraw-Hill. [T2]Tanenbaum, A.S, “Computer Networks”, 4th Ed., Pearson Education. [R1]Stallings W., “Data and Computer Communication”, 8th Ed., Prentice-Hall. [R2]Kurose, J.F. and Ross, K.W., "Computer Networking. Question Bank of DATA COMMUNICATION NETWORKS:

UNIT-I (INTRODUCTION and Physical Layer) 1. Define switching system, Give classification switching system. 2. Explain 3 phases of circuit switched network. 3. Explain virtual circuit network with all phases of this network. 4. Draw layer model of TCP/IP and OSI models. 5. What is work of physical layer in OSI reference architecture? 6. What are the differences between Software and hardware? 7. Explain guided and unguided media. 8. Explain digital and analog channels. 9. Explain process of multiplexing and show multiplexing telephony system. 10. Explain the relationship between data rate and bandwidth. 11. Explain the synchronous data communication with relevant examples. 12. What is the use of bit stuffing in data? 13. Why do we use layered protocols? Give at least two reasons. 14. What do you mean by pipe lining? 15. Describe OSI reference model, its architectural diagram and its description? 16. Define peer-to-peer process. 17. What is meant by OSI standardization? 18. Name the factor affect the performance of data communication network. 19. Explain stop and wait protocol. 20. Define bit and baud rate. 21. Define circuit switching, differentiate between circuit switching and packet switching?

14 | P a g e 22. What are the advantages of packet switching over message switching? 23. What do you mean by hybrid switching? 24. Define polling and token passing? 25. Define CCITT standard X.21 protocol? 26. Describe EIA RS-232C? 27. Define EIA RS-449? 28. What do you mean by PCM? Define various parameters associated with it? 29. Define FDM. Write advantages associated with it? 30. Define connection oriented and connectionless services? Mention their advantages and disadvantages? UNIT 2 (DATA LINK LAYER) 1. What is work function of data link layer? 2. What is framing of massage signal? 3. What are the differences between error correction and error detection codes? 4. Define various error control codes. 5. What are basic differences between elementary data link protocols and sliding window protocols? 6. Table 1 Data word Code word 00 00000 01 01011 10 10101 11 11110 a. Find the minimum hamming distance of the coding scheme in table 1. b. Find how many errors can be corrected by this system

15 | P a g e 7. Can the values of a check sum be all 0’s (in binary)? Defend your answer. Can the value be all 1’s (in binary)? Defend your answer. 8. Discuss the concept of redundancy in error detection and correction. 9. What kind of arithmetic is used to add data items in checksum calculation? 10. Compare and contrast byte-stuffing and bit-stuffing. Which technique is used in byte-oriented protocols? Which techniques is used in bit-oriented protocols? 11. Compare and contrast flow control and error control. 12. Compare and contrast HDLC with PPP. Which one is byte-oriented; which one is bit-oriented? 13. What are the basic link protocols related with data link layer? 14. What do you mean by block coding? 15. Define check sum process? 16. What do you mean by Random access techniques? 17. What do you understand by medium access control? 18. Define network structure, including distributed processing? 19. Define network models and categories of models? 20. Define aloha protocol with CSMA/CD & CSMA /CA access? 21. Define slotted and pure aloha? 22. What is non persistent CSMA? 23. Differentiate between CSMA/CD & CSMA? CA protocols? 24. What do you mean by channelization? 25. What is meant by IEEE standard 802.11 for LAN? UNIT 3 (NETWORK LAYER) 1. What is the number of bits in an IPV4 address? What is the number of bits in an IPV6 address? . 2. What is the network address in a block of addresses? How can we find network address if one of the address in a block is given? 3. Why do OSPF messages propagate faster than RIP messages? 4. Give a brief description of two groups of multicast routing protocol.

16 | P a g e 5. What is the basis of classification for the 4 types of links defined by OSPF? 6. Compare and contrast the options in IPV4 and extension headers in IPV6. Make a table that shows the presence or absence of each. 7. Explain the need for options in IPV4 and list the options with a brief description of each. 8. Both IPV4 and IPV6 assume that packets may have different priorities or precedence’s. Explain how each protocol handles this issue. 9. What is the size of Ethernet frame carrying an ARP packet when the protocol is IPV4? 10. What is broadcast address for Ethernet? 11. Give an example of a situation in which a host would never receive a redirection message. 12. Explain the functioning of Network layer. 13. What do you understand by intra network? 14. What do you mean by framing also define flow control and error control? 15. Define noiseless and noisy channel, Differentiate between both of them? 16. Define point to point protocol? Also define concept of framing and multiplexing related to point to point protocol? 17. Explain routing algorithm with suitable example. 18. Explain: source routing bridge, spanning tree and remote bridge. 19. Explain in detail IEEE standard 802.4 with the help of suitable examples. 20. Compare IEEE standard 802.3, 802.4 and 802.5with the help of diagram in detail. UNIT 4 (TRANSPORT LAYER)

1. What is minimum and maximum size of a UDP datagram? 2. In case where reliability is not a primary importance, UDP would make a good transport protocol. Give examples of specific cases. 3. Compare TCP header and UDP header. List the field in the TCP header that are missing from UDP header. Give the reason for their absence.

17 | P a g e 4. What is the major difference integrated services and differentiated services? 5. In regard to quality of service, how do user related attributes differ from network related attributes in ATM? 6. Name the policies that can prevent congestion. 7. What are 4 general techniques to improve quality of service? 8. What is traffic shaping? Name 2 methods to shape traffic. 9. What is relationship between average data rate and peak data rate? 10. What determines the sender window size in TCP? 11. Explain different types of bridges. 12. What do you mean by routers? 13. Compare the virtual circuit and data gram in detail. 14. Explain with the help of suitable diagram ‘The Network layer in the internet’. 15. Give merits and demerits of connection oriented and Connection less services? 16. Define Ethernet, its uses and its application? 17. Define guided media and unguided media? 18. Differentiate between guided and unguided media? 19. Explain flooding in detail. Also explain flow based routing. 20. What do understand by selective flooding. 21. Write the design issues of Transport layer. 22. What do you understand by connection management in transport layer? 23. Explain- a) Leaky bucket algorithm. b) Token bucket algorithm. UNIT 5 (APPLICATION LAYER) 1. Give brief introduction of : a) Application layer b) Data link layer 2. Differentiate between physical layer and application layer? 3. Define TCP/IP protocol. define network and transport layer associated with it?

18 | P a g e 4. Give brief introduction of: a) Radio waves b) Microwaves c) Infrared radiation. 5. Define TDM. And explain why it is being prefer over FDM? 6. Define: a) Digital formats b) baud rate c) bit rate 7. Define: a) Channel capacity b) Synchronous and asynchronous data communication. 8. Write short notes on – a) Network security. b) Internet. 9. Explain the intended applications of UDP. 10. Discuss the service provided by application layer to upper layer. 11. What do you mean by submitting and network layer protocol? 12. Explain application layer services- (a) DNS. (b) DHCP. (c) FTP &TFTP d) SMTP &SNMP. (e) HTTP.

19 | P a g e TEC 032 OPTICAL NETWORKS

UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION: Introduction to Optical Networks Characteristics of Optical Fiber (Emphasis on Non Linear Characteristics), Timing & Synchronization. UNIT 2 COMPONENTS: Couplers, Isolators & Circulators, Multiplexers & Filters, Optical Amplifiers, Tunable Lasers, Switches, and Wavelength Converters UNIT 3 NETWORKS: SONET/SDH- Multiplexing, SONET/ SDH Layers, Frame Structure, Frame Structure, Physical Layer, Elements of a SONET/SDH Infrastructure. ATM - Functions of ATM, Adaptation Layers, Quality of Service, Flow Control, Signaling and Routing. WDM Network Elements,Optical Line Terminals, Optical Line Amplifiers, Optical Add/ Drop Multiplexers, Optical Cross Connects. UNIT 4 WDM NETWORK DESIGN: Cost Trade-offs, Light path Topology Design, and Routing and wavelength assignment problems, Dimensioning Wavelength Routing Networks, Network Survivability Basic Concepts, Protection in SONET/SDH, Protection in IP networks, Optical Layer Protection, Different Schemes, Interworking between Layers Access Networks, Network Architecture Overview, Enhanced HFC, FTTC. UNIT 5 OPTICAL SWITCHING: OTDM, Synchronization, Header Processing, Buffering, Burst Switching. Deployment Considerations SUGGESTEDBOOKS: 1. Ramaswami, Rajiv & Sivarajan, Kumar N. / “Optical Networks a Practical perspective”/ Morgan Kaufmann Publishers / 2nd Ed.

20 | P a g e 2. Black, Uyless / “Optical Networks Third Generation Transport Systems”/ PearsonEducations TEC 033 ADAPTIVE SIGNAL

DEV BHOOMI INSTITUE OF

SEMESTER/YEAR: 8TH/4TH ECE

COURSE: OPTICAL NETWORK

S.N.

Name of Topic1 Introduction to Optical Networks2 Characteristics of Optical Fiber (Emphasis on Non Linear Characteristics)3 Timing & Synchronization4 Types of coupler 5 Couplers 6 Isolators & Circulators 7 Multiplexers & Filters

2. Black, Uyless / “Optical Networks Third Generation Transport Systems”/ PearsonEducations TEC 033 ADAPTIVE SIGNAL DEV BHOOMI INSTITUE OF TECHNOLOGY, DEHRADUN

LESSON PLAN

DEPARTMENT:

OPTICAL NETWORK CODE: TEC

Name of Topic

Reference/ Text

Book/ Web

(R/T/W)

No. Of Lectures

Delivery MethodIntroduction to Optical Networks T1 1 Chalk & TalkCharacteristics of Optical Fiber Characteristics) T1 1 Chalk & TalkTiming & Synchronization T1 1 Chalk & TalkT1 1 Chalk & TalkT1 0 Chalk & Talk

T1 1 Chalk & TalkT1 1 Chalk & Talk2. Black, Uyless / “Optical Networks Third Generation Transport Systems”/ Pearson TECHNOLOGY, DEHRADUN

DEPARTMENT:

CODE: TEC-032

Delivery Method

Remarks Chalk & Talk Chalk & Talk Chalk & Talk Chalk & Talk Chalk & Talk Chalk & Talk Chalk & Talk

21 | P a g e 8 Optical Amplifiers T1 2 Chalk & Talk 9 Tunable Lasers T1 1 Chalk & Talk 10 Switches T1 1 Chalk & Talk 11 Wavelength Converters T1 1 Chalk & Talk 12 Application of Wavelength Converters T1 1 Chalk & Talk 13 SONET/SDH- Multiplexing T1 1 Chalk & Talk 14 SONET/ SDH Layers T1 1 Chalk & Talk 15 Frame Structure T1 1 Chalk & Talk 16 Physical Layer T1 1 Chalk & Talk 17 Elements of a SONET/SDH Infrastructure T1 1 Chalk & Talk 18 ATM - Functions of ATM T1 2 Chalk & Talk 19 Adaptation Layers T1 1 Chalk & Talk 20 Quality of Service T1 1 Chalk & Talk 21 Flow Control T1 1 Chalk & Talk 22 Signaling and Routing T1 1 Chalk & Talk 23 WDM Network Elements T1 2 Chalk & Talk 24 Optical Line Terminals T1 1 Chalk & Talk 25 Optical Line Amplifiers T1 1 Chalk & Talk 26 Optical Add/ Drop Multiplexers T1 1 Chalk & Talk 27 Optical Cross Connects T1 1 Chalk & Talk 28 Optical Cross Connects T1 1 Chalk & Talk 29 Cost Trade-offs T1 1 Chalk & Talk 30 Light path Topology Design T1 1 Chalk & Talk 31 Routing and wavelength assignment T1 1 Chalk & Talk

22 | P a g e problems 32 Dimensioning Wavelength Routing Networks T1 1 Chalk & Talk 33 Network Survivability Basic Concepts T1 1 Chalk & Talk 34 Protection in SONET/SDH T1 1 Chalk & Talk 35 Protection in IP networks T1 1 Chalk & Talk 36 Optical Layer Protection T1 1 Chalk & Talk 37 Different Schemes T1 1 Chalk & Talk 38 Interworking between Layers Access Networks T1 1 Chalk & Talk 39 Network Architecture Overview T1 1 Chalk & Talk 40 Enhanced HFC, FTTC T1 1 Chalk & Talk 41 OTDM T1 1 Chalk & Talk 42 Synchronization T1 1 Chalk & Talk 43 Header Processing T1 1 Chalk & Talk 44 Buffering T1 1 Chalk & Talk 45 Burst Switching T1 1 Chalk & Talk 46 Deployment Considerations T1 1 Chalk & Talk TEXT BOOKS: [T1] Optical Networks by Rajiv Ramaswami, Kumar N. Sivarajan and Galen H. Sasaki

23 | P a g e

QUESTION BANK

UNIT-I: OPTICAL SYSTEM COMPONENTS

PART A 1. Mention the advantages and disadvantages of optical communication. 2. What is the need for couplers and isolators? 3. Draw a block diagram of a fiber communication system. 4. What are the different loss components in optical fibers? 5. What are Solitons? What is their advantage? 6. What is wavelength converter? 7. Why is erbium used in EDFA? 8. What phenomenon determines the bandwidth of an EDFA 9. What is the function of coupler? 10. Name and describe two major classes of filters 11. What are the basic characteristics of a filter? 12. What are the factors that determine the transmission distance in optical fibers? 13. Explain the function of circulators and isolators. 14. Enumerate the features and applications of Solitons. 15. What are three functional types of optical amplifier? 16. What is Crosstalk in SOA? 17. What is FP filter? 18. Describe the functions of core and cladding in an optical fiber. Why their refractive indexes are different? Which one has to be greater and why?

24 | P a g e 19. What does the term ‘State of Polarization’, mean? 20. Define extinction ratio. PART B 1. i) Define and explain Numerical aperture and TIR ii) Discuss the functions of the following optical components. (a) Three port circulator, ii) Electro-optical directional coupler. 2. i) Explain the characteristics of EDFA optical amplifier. Derive its gain expression. ii) Explain how stimulation emission occurs in an EDFA 3. i) Discuss in detail, the main categories of nonlinear effects that occur In optical communication systems. ii) Explain the advantages of optical amplifier over regenerators. 4. Describe in detail, the principle of operation of an Erbium doped fiber amplifier. 5. Explain the fabrication of a simple 2x2 fiber optic coupler with a neat diagram. Derive its coupling length. 6. Explain how wavelength conversion can be used in fiber networks. 7. List the major Causes of Attenuation in an optical fiber & explain their mechanism in detail about light propagation in a fiber? 8. Explain the principle of operation of a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA)? Show the structure of an EDFA & Explain the function of each component. 9. What is the function & the principle of operation of an isolator and circulator? Give example of isolator and circulators Applications. 10. Explain the features and applications of optical amplifiers and Optical switches 11. Explain the principle of operation of Fabry Perot (FP) filter and Mach Zehnder Interferometer (MZI)? 12. Explain the function & the Principle of operation of Wavelength Converters?

25 | P a g e UNIT-II: OPTICAL NETWORK ARCHITECTURES

PART A 1. Specify the Protection architectures of SONET. 2. List any 2 features of shuffle net multihop Network. 3. Compare single hop and multihop network. 4. Name any 2 routing techniques in optical communication networks. 5. Draw the basic building blocks of WDM approach. 6. What is the significance of WDM in optical networks? 7. Mention advantages of WDM. What are their types? 8. List the different topologies used in optical networks. 9. What is a optical add/drop multiplexer? 10. What are the services provided by the optical layer? 11. What are the functions of a routing node? 12. Define Broadcast and select Network? 13. Define MAN and WDM. 14. Define SONET/SDH 15. Why do we need to develop WDM fiber optic network? 16. Why is WDM the major trend in Fiber optic network? 17. Define static and reconfigurable networks. 18. Define Lambda net. 19. What are the constraints for wavelength assignment? 20. What is the difference between MAN and WAN PART B 1. Explain the advantages of SONET and SDH standards used in optical networks. 2. Describe the frame structure and network configurations defined for SONET and SDH with diagrams. 3. Discuss the main features and mode of operation of broadcast and select networks. Discuss the design issues 4. With neat diagram, explain the elements of SONET infrastructure.

26 | P a g e 5. . Explain the optical network layered architecture with a diagram 6. Explain the factors that limit the through put in the broadcast and select networks, in detail 7. Explain in detail Network management and Protection architectures of SDH. 8. Explain the SONET format with neat diagram. 9. Explain the types of WDM in detail. 10. Explain briefly the test beds for Broadcast and select WDM networks 11. Distinguish 1) MAN from WAN 2) MAN from LAN 12. Explain the differences between FDM and WDM. UNIT-III: WAVELENGTH ROUTING NETWORKS

PART A 1. What is optical layer overhead? 2. What are the constraints for wavelength assignment? 3. What is the need for wavelength routing test beds? 4. Name any two routing techniques in optical communication networks. 5. Draw the basic building blocks of WDM approach. 6. What is WRA? 7. What are the virtual topology designs? 8. What is the need for wavelength routing test beds? 9. What is the need for minimization of routing updates in networking? 10. What are the various types of optical laser? 11. What is the principle of client layers of the optical layer? 12. What are the features of optical layer? 13. Define the topologies for broadcast networks? 14. What are the constraints for routing assignment? 15. Define static and reconfigurable networks. 16. What is FDDI?

27 | P a g e 17. What is 3R and 2R? 18. What is an access network? 19. Define packet switched networks 20. What are the merits of virtual topology design? PART B 1. Discuss how by providing networking functions within the optical layer, significant cost saving is achieved. 2. What problems are encountered in routing and wavelength assignment? 3. Explain how wavelength conversion can be used in fiber networks. 4. Explain the functions of Media access control protocols? 5. Discuss the concepts of Routing and wavelength assignment with neat diagram. 6. Explain in detail the issues in network design of wavelength routing networks and optical layer cost tradeoffs. 7. Explain the functions of client layer in optical layer? 8. Explain the significance of wavelength converter in detail, with an example 9. Explain how node designs are carried out in WRN with an example 10. Discuss the issues in wavelength routed networks. 11. Give an account on Wavelength routing test beds. 12. Explain the Wavelength routing architecture with a diagram?

28 | P a g e UNIT-IV: PACKET SWITCHING AND ACCESS NETWORKS

PART A 1. What is the concept and advantages of OTDM? 2. Define OTDM 3. What is the principle of Acousto optic tunable filter? 4. Define photonic packet switched networks. 5. What is the need for synchronization? 6. What is multiplexing? 7. What is de-multiplexing? 8. What is service access point? 9. What is the significance of OTDM? 10. What are the key design objectives of optical TDM Networks? 11. What are the merits of photonic switching over electronic switching? 12. Give the difference between fixed delay and tunable delay. 13. What are the functions of media access control protocol? 14. What is optical phase lock loop? 15. Differentiate broadcast network and switch based networks 16. Draw the OTN layered model 17. What is a future access network? 18. What is the principle of OTDM? 19. Comment on how network architecture related to OFC. 20. How topology is related to configuration management. Explain? PART B 1. Explain the principle of OTDM in detail. 2. Explain the unique features of broadcast OTDM networks. 3. Explain the Optical Access Network Architecture. 4. How label switching differs from IP forwarding? Also explain the advantages of switching. Explain the point to point network topology 5. Explain the significance of future access network. 6. With neat diagram explain the OTN layered model.

29 | P a g e 7. Explain the principle of photonic packet switching with an example. Enumerate its features over electronic switching. 8. Describe in detail, the architecture & classification of different types of fiber access networks. 9. Compare and contrast Broadcast networks and switch based networks in detail. 10. With neat diagram explain the design objectives and construction of Optical Networking 11. What is the need for synchronization in optical access networks? 12. Explain the operating principle of optical mux and de-mux. Show how an optical AND gate can be used to extract a multiplexed channel.

30 | P a g e UNIT-V: NETWORK DESIGN AND MANAGEMENT

PART A 1. What is wavelength stabilization? 2. Define laser relative intensity noise. 3. What are the system parameters associated with receiver? 4. What is the goal of performance management? 5. What are the different types of pumping in EDFA configurations? 6. What are the basic functions of Link Management protocols? 7. What is the concept of optical cross connect? 8. What is soliton trapping gate? 9. What is extinction ratio? 10. List the various types of Optical amplifiers. 11. What are the 2 types of cross talk? 12. Write down the network management functions. 13. What is dispersion? 14. What are the three models for interconnection for IP over optical networks? 15. What are the 3 building blocks of OXC? 16. What is the significance of alarm management? 17. What is enhanced HFC? 18. What is meant by synchronization in optical networks? 19. Show how bit interleaved multiplexing is performed. 20. What are the key parameters related to a transmitter and receiver. PART B 1. Discuss how by providing networking functions within the optical layer, significant cost saving is achieved. 2. Explain the functions of Media access control protocols. 3. Describe how synchronization is achieved using tunable delays and optical phase lock loop 4. Describe the two forms of crosstalk that arise in WDM systems. 5. Explain the approach used for crosstalk reduction. 6. Discuss in detail equipment, connection and adaptation management functions of configuration management.

31 | P a g e 7. Explain in detail Network management and Protection architectures of SDH. 8. What is meant by Broadcast and select Network? Discuss the design issues and objectives in detail. 9. Discuss in detail, SDM, TDM and WDM approaches in High capacity Networks. 10. Explain the topologies related to configuration management. 11. Explain the working of a tunable optical delay line. 12. Explain how optical phase lock loop is implemented.

32 | P a g e TEC 022 RELIABILITY ENGINEERING UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION: Definition of reliability, quality, availability, maintainability, types of failures, various parameters of system effectiveness, concept of failure modes, difference between MTTR and MTTF. UNIT 2 RELIABILITY MATHEMATICS: Classical set theory, Boolean algebra, sample space, definition of probability, basic properties of probability, conditional probability, and random variables. PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION: Exponential distribution, gamma distribution, binomial distribution, normal distribution and weibull distribution. UNIT 3 RELIABILITY DATA ANALYSIS: The reliability function, bathtub curve, data collection, storage & recovery of data, component reliability from test data, linear hazard model & exponential hazard model. UNIT 4 SYSTEM RELIABILITY: Systems with components in series, systems with components in parallel, series –parallel systems, Fault tree techniques, K-out of m systems. UNIT 5 ELECTRONICS SYSTEM RELIABILITY: Reliability of electronic components, component types and failure mechanics, circuit and system aspects, reliability of electronic system design, parameter variation and tolerance. SUGGESTEDBOOKS: 1. Practical Reliability Engineering/ Patrick D. T., O’Connor / John Wiley & Sons 4th edition. 2. Reliability Engineering/ E. Balagurusamy / Tata McGraw- Hill. TEC-023 SELECTED TOPICS

33 | P a g e QUESTION BANK Reliability Engineering Unit I 1. Explain the basic concept of probability theory. What are the rules for combining probabilities of events ? Explain? Or 2.What is Binomial and poisson distributions ? Explain expected value and standard deviation for continous and discrete distributions. Unit II 3.(a) What are the different component reliability? Explain Hazard rate. (b) A system has a constant failure rate of 0.001 failures per hour. What is the probability that this system will fail before t=1000hours? Determine the probability that it will work for at least 1000hours. Or 4(a) What is reliability? (b) Explain in detail the different techniques employed in improving the reliability. (c) Determine the time terminated, with replacement mean life sampling plan where the producers risk of rejecting lots with mean life of 800hours is 0.05 and the consumer’s risk of accepting lots with Mean life of q1=220 hours is 0.01. The sample size is 30. Unit-III 5 Two nickel-cadmium batteries provide electrical power to operate a satellite transceiver. If both batteries are operating in parallel, they have an individual failure rate of 0.1 per year. If one fails, the other can operate the transceiver ( at a reduced power output ) However, the increased electrical demand will triple the failure rate of the remaining battery. Determine the system reliability at 1,2,3,4 and 5 year . What is the system MTTF? Or 6. A pumping station has two identical pumps connected in parallel, each capable of supplying 3000 gallons/hr. The failure rate and repair rate of each is 0.5f/hr and 4r/hr respectively. Evaluate the frequency of encountering and duration of residing in each possible throughput state. Unit-IV 7. (a) A series system has 10 identical components. If overall system reliability must be at least 0.99, What is the minimum reliability required of each component? (b) Define Minimal cut-set . Explain the reliability analysis of complex systems using minimal cut-set method. Or 8 Explain the network reduction / solution techniques used in approximate system reliability evaluation. Unit-V 9. Determine the reliability of system using event tree diagram if four sub-systems are connected in series and management considers the system giving satisfactory performance even if two out of four units remain out of order. The failure rate of each subsystem is 1 in 2000 and working hour are 400. Or 10. Write short notes on any two of the following: a) Reliability testing b) Parametric methods c) Failure function and MTTF d) Markov process

34 | P a g e