radio emission from the sun, heliosphere, & planets t. s. bastian nrao
TRANSCRIPT
Radio Emission from the Sun, Heliosphere, & Planets
T. S. Bastian
NRAO
Plan of Talk
• Instrumentation
• Emission mechanisms
• Low frequency solar and IP radio emission
• Planetary radio emission (Jupiter)
An aside: extrasolar planets
• Radio emission from the outer limits
Instrumentation
• Current groundbased UTR-2 (10 – 30 MHz) Guaribindanur (40 – 150 MHz) GMRT (150, 235, 327 MHz) Nancay Radioheliograph (150 – 450 MHz) VLA (74, 327 MHz) Numerous spectrographs (e.g., GB/SRBS 17-1050 MHz)
• Current Spacebased WIND / WAVES (20 kHz – 1040 kHz, 1.075 – 13.825 MHz)
Ulysses URAP RAR (1.25 – 48.5 KHz, 52 – 940 kHz)
Instrumentation
• Planned groundbased
FASR (50 MHz – 20 GHz) MWA (80 – 300 MHz)
LWA (10 – 80 MHz)
• Spacebased (imminent!) STEREO / WAVES two spacecraft!
(10 – 40 kHz, 40 – 160 kHz, 0.16 – 16.075 MHz, plus 50 MHz)
Emission Mechanisms
• Plasma radiation ( = pe, 2pe pe= 9 ne1/2 kHz)
coronal and IP radio bursts – e.g., bursts of type II and type III
• Cyclotron maser ( = Be, 2Be Be = 2.8 B MHz)
planetary radio emission – e.g., terrestrial AKR, Jovian DAM
• Synchrotron radiation solar type IV bursts, CMEs, Jovian magnetosphere
• Thermal radiation Ubiquitous – e.g., solar corona, CMEs, planetary disks
“coronal”
RAD 1
RAD 2
pe
pe
Plasma radiation
ground
space
ionosphere
Solar Radio Bursts Type I McCready, Pawsey, Payne-Scott 1947; Allen 1947; Wild & McCready 1950
Type II Wild & McCready 1950
Type III Wild & McCready 1950
Type IV Boischot & Denisse 1957
Type V Wild 1959
Numerous, short-lived (~1 s), narrow-band (few MHz) bursts occurring over a BW of 10s of MHz in storms lasting hours to days
Rare slow-drift bursts (~ -0.25 MHz/s) that occur in association w/ flares, lasting 5-20 min. Narrow-band emission often occurs in harmonic lanes.
Broadband (~100s MHz), fast-drift bursts (~ -20 MHz/s) that occur in association w/ impulsive phase of flares.
Broadband (~10s-100s MHz) continuum following large solar flares, often following an associated type II burst, lasting >10 min.
Continuum emission following groups of type III radio bursts, typically polarized in the opposite sense.
Dulk 1985
GB/SRBS
type III
type III + type II
type II + type IV + fadeout
ground
space
ionosphere
SA type IIIs
type II
type IV
type III
WIND/WAVES
Culgoora
Interplanetary Radio Bursts
Dulk et al. 2001
Motivating issues
Understanding relationship between flares, coronal mass ejections (CMEs), solar energetic particles (SEPs), and radio proxies:
• CME initiation & propagation Bastian et al 2001, Kathaviran & Ramesh 2005, Maia et al 2006
• Drivers of coronal type IIs Cliver et al (2004)
• Interplanetary shocks (type II proxies) Gopalswamy et al (2001), Knock et al (2001, 2003ab, 2005)
• Coronal energy release (type III/IV proxies) Cane et al. 2002, Klein et al. (2005)
• Relativistic electron delays (type III, in situ measurements)
Krucker et al. (1999), Haggerty & Roelof (2002)
Green Bank
Solar Radio Burst Spectrometer
(White et al. 2006)
WIND / WAVES R1 & R2
Knock et al. 2001, 2003ab, 2005
Haggerty & Roelof 2002
Delay of near-relativistic electron acceleration
Cane et al. 2002
Cane et al (2002) identify a correlation between long duration type III bursts (~20 min), CMEs, and solar proton events.
Suggests type-III-l-producing electrons accelerated in the corona in the aftermath of a CME.
Role of flares in SEP production
CME “cannibalism”?
Gopalswamy et al. (2001)
Emission from CMEs
ThermalSheridan et al. 1978: exceptionally slow (60 km s-1) coronal transient observed at 80 and 160 MHz by Culgoora RH
Gopalswamy & Kundu 1992, 1993: thermal footprint of a CME possibly observed at 74 MHz by the Clark Lake CH
Ramesh et al. 2003: observation of CME with Gauribidanur RH at 109 MHz
Kathiravan & Ramesh 2005: an example of a halo CME observed by the GRH at 109 MHz
21 Jan 1998
SOHO LASCO C2
Guaribindanur RH
Kathiravan & Ramesh 2005
109 MHz
Nonthermal emissionSmerd & Dulk 1971?: “expanding arch”, “advancing front” classifications of 80 MHz observations of moving type IV radio bursts with the Culgoora Radioheliograph
Bastian et al. 2001: multi-band observations of the 20 April 1998 fast CME with the Nançay Radioheliograph
Gopalswamy et al. 2005: microwave detection of synchrotron radiation from the 18 April 2001 fast CME with the Nobeyama Radioheliograph
Maia et al. 2006: multi-band observations of the 15 April 2001 fast CME with the Nancay Radioheliograph
Maia et al. 2006
Nançay Radioheliograph: 15 Aprl 2001
421 MHz
1 1.81 1.45 234 2.5 x 107 1.47 330
2 0.54 2.05 218.5 1.35 x 107 1.03 265
3 0.03 2.4 219.5 6.5 x 106 0.69 190
4 -1.07 2.8 221 5 x 105 0.33 30
LoS Rsun (deg) ne (cm-3) B(G) RT (MHz)
Bastian et al. 2001
Planetary Radio Emission
from R. Sault
While all planets emit thermal radiation, the presence of a magnetosphere (and in the case of Jupiter, satellites) greatly complicates and enriches the observed radio phenomena.
The cyclotron maser mechanisms (Wu & Lee 1979) is believed to account for the auroral radio emissions which are pumped by the variable solar wind. For Jupiter, interaction between the magnetosphere and the Galilean satellites (Io) also modulates the radio emission in a complex way.
13 cm
22 cm
Jupiter
Jovian Decameter-wavelength Radiation
Auroral footprints
L bursts
S bursts
90 s
160 ms
Earth: 108 Watts
Jupiter: 1011 Watts
Gurnett et al. 2002
Solar wind modulation of Jovian auroral radio emission
Carr et al. 1983, Zarka et al. 1992, Bastian et al. 2000
Jovian DAM can be six orders of magnitude more intense than the synchrotron and thermal emissions!
What are the consequences for the detection of exoplanets?
Exoplanet searches• Winglee et al (1986) first pointed out possibility of detecting cyclotron maser
emission from exoplanets and performed blind search at 327 MHz and 1.4 GHz using the VLA
• With discovery of bone fide planets by Mayor & Queloz (1995), Bastian et al (2000) targeted six known exoplanets and two brown dwarfs at 74, 327, and 1.4 GHz with the VLA
• On the basis of the “radiometric Bodes Law” (Desch & Kaiser 1984, Zarka 1992, Farrell et al 1999) and Zarka et al (2001) suggested interaction of “hot Jupiters” with stellar winds could produce emissions orders of magnitude stronger than Jupiter’s. See also Lazio et al (2004).
Several subsequent attempts to detect exoplanets: e.g., Desch et al. (2003) using the VLA; Ryabov et al (2004) using the UTR-2; Lazio et al (2004) using the VLA; Winterhalter et al (2005) and Majid et al (2005) using the GMRT
No detections at radio wavelengths to date.
• Lack of sensitivity• Frequency mismatch • Low duty cycle • Source directivity• Planet unmagnetized• No source of energetic electrons
Possible reasons for non-detections:
Studies of requirements for next-generation instrumentation for exoplanet detection and study underway: e.g., Taylor et al 1998 (SKA), Farrell et al. 2004; Zarka et al. 2004, 2006 (LOFAR); Lazio et al 2004 (SKA); LWA science
Jans
kyFreq (MHz)
Radiation from the Outer Limits
Kurth et al. 1984, Cairns et al. 1992, Gurnett et al. 1993, Gurnett and Kurth 1996, Cairns & Zank 2002,
Concluding Remarks
• Low frequency observations of the Sun, planets, and interplanetary medium vigorous and ongoing
• Observations reveal rich and dynamic environments and complex physical processes
• Observations yielding insights into particle acceleration and transport, shocks, and plasma & radiation processes
• The future looks bright!