radiological impact assessment (ria) and trends in
TRANSCRIPT
DR. AHMAD RIADZ BIN MAZELI
Unit Kesihatan Alam Sekitar
Bahagian Kawalan Penyakit
18 Julai 2012 1
RADIOLOGICAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
(RIA) and TRENDS IN ENVIRONMENTAL
HEALTH
Tentative
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1. Ringkasan RIA
2. Jangkaan Dalam RIA
3. Contoh Isu Semasa Berkaitan RIA
i. Lynas
ii. NPP
4. Kesimpulan
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Di Malaysia, jika mendirikan kilang untuk memproses bijih dan galian mengandungi Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials
(NORMs), RADIOLOGICAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (RIA) perlu dijalankan
Laporan perlu diberikan kepada Lembaga Perlesenan Tenaga Atom [ATOMIC ENERGY LICENSING BOARD (AELB)] untuk dinilai dan kelulusan
Kepakaran : Agensi Nuklear Malaysia & Juruperunding swasta
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• Akta Perlesenan Tenaga Atom (Atomic Energy Licensing Act 1984 [Act 304] )– ‘DEALING’ WITH RADIOACTIVE REQUIRES A VALID LICENSE
• Atomic Energy Licensing (Basic Safety Radiation Protection) Regulations 2010 – DOSE CRITERIA
• LEM/TEK/30 SEM.2, September 1996 – DESCRIBES RIA SCOPE
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NO ACT 304 & REGULATIONS REMARK
1. Atomic Energy Licensing Act 1984 (Act 304)
Section 12(1)(b) – requirement of license Section 13 – classification of licences Section 16 – application of licence Section 17 – license conditions Section 18 – security for licences Section 22 – cancelation or suspension of licence Section 23 – renewal of licence Section 25 – protection of workers Section 26 – 29 – disposal of radioactive waste Section 30 – transportation of radioactive waste Section 40 – penalty
2. Radiation Protection (Licensing) Regulations 1986
Regulation 4 (3), 4 (4) – Class A (Miling) Regulation 7 – Class D (transport) Regulation 8 – Class E (import/ekxport) Regulation 10 – Class G (disposal/store/decommissioni) Regulation 12 – general condition obtain a licence Regulation 13 (2) – application of licence (letter of intense) Regulation 14(1) & 14(3) – amend or renewal of licence Regulation 15 (1) – application fee and licence fee Regulation 23 – information required for application to site, construct and operate (RIA) Regulation 24 – information required for application to site, construct and operate a waste treatment facility
Class A (Miling) – to site, to construct or to operate a miling
installation
Atomic Enegry Licensing Act 1984
Radiation safety
Environmental Quality Act 1974
- Occupational & Safety Act
1994,
- Factory & Machinery Act
1967,
Petroleum Act 1984
Environmental Impact Assessment
Registraion of Safety Health Officer (SHO) /
factory & machinery/ usage of pressure vessel / boiler
Department of Environmental
(DOE)
Depasrtment of Safety and Health
(DOSH)
AELB
Ministry of Housing and Local Authority
- Local Government Act 1976 - Fire Services Act 1988 - Street, Drainage, and Building Act 1974 - Town and Country Planning Act 1976
Local government authority / fire services / town planning
MIDA Rare earth miling license Industrial & International
Trade
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CLASS OF LICENSE
RADIOACTIVE
MATERIAL
CLASS A
NUCLEAR
MATERIAL
CLASS
B IRRIDIATING
APPARATUS
CLASS C
TRANSPORTA
TION
CLASS D
IMPORT/
EXPORT
CLASS E
NUCLEAR
NSTALLATION
CLASS F
DISPOSAL/
STORAGE OF
RADIOACTIVE/NU
CLEAR MATERIAL
BEFORE DISPOSE
CLASS G
OTHERS
CLASS H
ACTIVITY
-Import
-Export
ACTIVITY -Purchase
-Sell
-Trade in
-Transfer
-Import
-Export
-Possess
-Own
-Use
-Store
-Handle
ACTIVITY -Manufacture
-Trade in
-Produce
-Process
-Purchase
-Own
-Possess
-Transfer
-Handle
-Sell
-Store
-Import
-Export
ACTIVITY -Same as
Class A but
For
Nuclear
Material
ACTIVITY -Transport
ACTIVITY -Same as
Class A
ACTIVITY -Dispose
-Store before
disposal
ACTIVITY -Training
etc
Menentukan sejauh mana impak radiologikal semasa Tempoh Pengoperasian sesuatu kilang / aktiviti kepada alam sekitar, orang awam dan alam sekitar
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Pengenalan kepada projek/aktiviti
Situasi sinaran semasa
Keadaan geografi tapak projek/aktiviti Hidrologi
Geologi
Meteorologi
Keadaan projek/aktiviti setara yang sedia ada di Malaysia / negara berkenaan
Kajian RIA – proses, aktiviti, paras sinaran jangkaan
Kesan kanser kepada manusia – matematik 10
Sumber : Resrad 6.5, Argonne National Laboratory, US Department of Energy
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100 % RADON & THORON GAS ARE DISCHARGED THROUGH STACK
NO POLYETHYLENE LINER UNDERNEARTH THE WLP TEMPORARY STORAGE FACILITY
LEACHED RADIONUCLIDES MIGRATED TO THE GROUND WATER WITH NO DILUTION
A DRINKING WATER WELL IS BUILT ADJACENT TO THE STORAGE FACILITY (IN FACT, THE AREA IS NON-ACCESSIBLE TO PUBLIC)
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Physical parameter (e.g. size, depth, density, porosity, diffusion coefficient)
Hydrological parameter (e.g. conductivity, water table depth)
Geochemical parameter (e.g. distribution coefficient, leach rate)
Meteorological parameter (e.g. precipitation, wind speed)
Usage and consumption parameter (e.g. inhalation, ingestion, occupancy)
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Subsidiary of Lynas Corporation Limited
(Australia) Lanthanide concentrate
80,000 tpa
20-50 consignments of
containers per year
Gebeng Industrial
Estate
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Europe, Canada
USA, Japan
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CONCENTRATE
SEPARATION
PRODUCT FINISHING
Lanthanide
Products
Lanthanide
Concentrate
MINE + CRUSH
SULFURIC ACID
CRACKING &
LEACHING
Lanthanide Ore
Residue (IOM)
Mt Weld, Australia
Advanced Materials
Plant, Malaysia
Sulfuric Acid
Hydrochloric Acid
Sodium Hydroxide
Soda Ash
Magnesium Oxide
Hydrated Lime
Waste Gas Treatment
FGD (Residue)
Neutralisation NUF (Residue)
WLP (Residue)
LYNAS: PROCESS FLOW SHEET
The main processes involved in the LYNAS Advance Material Plant (LAMP) include:
Lanthanide Concentrate Handling
Lanthanide Concentrate Cracking
Leaching
Upstream Extraction
Downstream Extraction
Product Finishing
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Lanthanide Concentrates
Lynas Plant, Malaysia
Lanthanide Products
Solid Residue
•NUF from water treatment
•FGD from gas treatment
•WLP – Containing low-level
natural radionuclide, 0.165% Th
+ 0.0022 % U
•Containing low-level natural
radionuclide, 0.16% Th +
0.0029 % U
NUF (Neutralized Underflow Residue) , FGD (Flue Gas Desulphonation Residue) , WLP Residue (Water Leach & Purification Residue)
21 NUF (Neutralized Underflow Residue) FGD (Flue Gas Desulphonation Residue) WLP (Water Leach & Purification Residue)
For FGD and NUF materials:
o residue will be discharged directly into trucks parked beneath the filter press.
o residue transfer to cells thru’ a loaded truck pulls away from beneath the filter press which then travel the FGD and NUF storage.
the WLP Residue:
o will be discharged into one dedicated truck and transfer to the WLP residue cell
o the loaded truck will travel to the WLP residue cell along the designated truck routes
o once within the residue cell, a rubber-tyre front-end loader (FEL) will spread, traffic compact, and contour the residue.
Residue will need to be stored until processing and sale of materials becomes commercially viable.
WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN
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the study covers:
o the radiological safety assessment of exposure scenarios;
o the critical pathways;
o the critical radionuclides; and
o the critical groups identified covering both internal & external exposure
situations.
The estimated average total doses received:
o workers – the highest dose of 5.62 mSv/yr;
o members of the public - 0.002 mSv/y.
wastes generated from the process:
o WLP - appears to be slightly enhanced NORM (0.165%)
o assessment thru’ RESRAD model software code:─
during the operational period - proved the expected doses to workers
and MOP are within and not exceeding the ADL.
SAFETY ASSESSMENT: RADIOLOGICAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (RIA) (1)
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RIA concluded and recommended:─
o the operation of the plant would not caused any radiological
risk to the workers and members of the public living in the
surrounding areas of the site as reported in previous RIA study
to be given due consideration by the AELB.
SAFETY ASSESSMENT: RADIOLOGICAL IMPACT
ASSESSMENT (RIA) (2)
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The WLP contains NORM 0.165 % Thorium distributed in 99.835% of non-radioactive materials
Th
Th
Th
Th
Th Th
Th
Th
WLP Th
Th
La
La
La
La
Th Th
Th Th
ARAS SINARAN DARI SISA WLP
Aras sinaran pada ketinggian 1 meter dari permukaan sisa WLP ialah 0.004 mSv/jam. Hanya lapisan atas memberi kesan kepada sinaran. Lapisan atas menjadi penahan sinaran dari lapisan bawah
Aras sinaran pada ketinggian 1 meter dari permukaan sisa WLP ialah 0.004 mSv/jam walaupun ketebalan sisa bertambah
-26-
Th Th
Th
Th Th
Th
Th Th
Th
Th Th Th
GAS RADIOAKTIF RADON DARI SISA WLP Thorium menghasilkan gas radon (nama biasa thoron) mempunyai separuh
hayat 55 saat. Setiap 55 saat keaktifan asal berkurang menjadi separuh.
Sebahagian besar gas radon terperangkap di dalam sisa WLP
Lagi basah sisa WLP lagi banyak gas radon tak dapat keluar dari sisa WLP
Sebahagian kecil sahaja gas radon terbebas dari permukaan sisa WLP dan menjadi semakin cair oleh sebaran angin pada jarak lebih jauh dari sisa WLP
Th Th
Th Th Th
Th Th Th
Th
Th
WLP
CONTOH PERBANDINGAN SINARAN RADIOAKTIF BERKEKUATAN TINGGI DAN RENDAH
BAHAN RADIOAKTIF DENGAN KEKUATAN TINGGI
SISA MENGANDUNGI RADIOAKTIF PARAS RENDAH
PUNCA DALAM INDUSTRI (NDT), IRIDIUM-192
SISA WLP MENGANDUNGI 0.165% THORIUM
SAIZ SANGAT KECIL SAIZ 32,000 tan
KEKUATAN 3700 GBq KEKUATAN 210 GBq
ARAS SINARAN PADA JARAK 1 METER DARI PUNCA
500 mSv sejam
ARAS SINARAN PADA JARAK 1 METER
0.004 mSv sejam
DEDAHAN PADA JARAK 1 METER SELAMA 1 TAHUN
35 mSv
ARAS SINARAN – PERBANDINGAN ANTARA WLP DAN THORIUM
JARAK DARI BAHAN
WLP, SISA MENGANDUNGI BAHAN RADIOAKTIF PARAS RENDAH, 0.165% THORIUM
BAHAN RADIOAKTIF, 100% THORIUM
1 METER 0.004 mSv / jam
2.5 mSv / jam
10 METER 0.00004 mSv / jam
0.025 mSv / jam
Radiation Basic
Workers limit 20 mSv/yr
Public limit 1 mSv/yr
AELA (Act 304)
-32-
POSSIBLE EXPOSURE PATHWAYS TO PUBLIC
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Risiko Kanser Bagi Radiasi Paras Rendah:
5.5 x 10-2 per sievert (Sv) = 5.5 x 10-5 per millisievert (mSv)
Lynas, (di pagar) = 0.002 mSv / year
= 0.002 x 5.5 x 10-5
= 0.011 x 10-5
= 1.1 x 10-7
Risiko kanser drp Lynas = 1 bagi setiap 10,000,000 populasi
Sumber : ICRP Publication
operational limit is 10 mSv/per year, ensuring ADL 20 mSv/year will not
be exceeded.
Types of medical surveillance - performed to all radiation workers:
o Pre-employment medical examination
o General health surveillance
o Periodic reviews of health(once every 3 years - in controlled area)
o Special medical examination
o the medical examination - termination of employment or
retirement.
Basic Radiation Awareness training - conducted every 3 years
A film badge or a TLD - given to Radiation Workers (RW) for
monitoring exposure.
Personal Protection Equipment will be supplied as per standard
operating procedure.
LYNAS RADIATION PROTECTION: OCCUPATIONAL
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External radiation level - monitored monthly at the following area:
o Concentrate Handling Area (unit 110)
o Water Leached Purification Press Filter Unit
o Water Leached Purification - Residue Storage Facility
On site location, total 12 monitoring stations have been proposed.
during radiological emergency or accident, monitoring covers:
o the external radiation exposure (ERD)
o level of radioactive contamination (RC) and
o risk evaluation (RE).
released effluent or stack emission will be measured periodical.
Propose the waste containing NORM/TENORM management plan.
2 monitoring stations were placed at (1) the factory and (2) police station
LYNAS RADIATION PROTECTION: ENVIRONMENTAL
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Required by: DOE Malaysia
The predicted environmental impacts arising from the construction
and operational phases can be effectively mitigated and minimized to
meet regulatory limits.
The EIA findings shows that there are no detrimental or harmful
impacts which cannot be mitigated or unavoidable.
The recommended mitigation measures including technologically
sound practices and best management practices that will minimize
potential impacts to sustainable levels.
Environmental Management Plan (EMP) has been developed and
implemented.
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The residue will need:─
o to be stored
o until processing & sale of materials becomes commercially viable.
o depending on this outcome of the residues.
at closure:
o residue cells will be capped with suitable low-permeability materials
o surface water runoff from capped cells will not interact with stored
residue and
o the final site topography will encourage surface water to drain off-
site to prevent ponding and standing water.
ENVIRONMENTAL REMEDIATION
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Related to Fukushima
disaster March 2011
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1. Can I get pregnant in Kuantan? Will I have impotence? Will I get skin cancer? Will the river and the beaches contaminated? Will children have higher risk of cancer?
2. Will my vegetables get contaminated? 3. Why Pahang, not Terengganu or Australia? Should I leave
Kuantan? 4. Why Lynas after ARE? 5. Why Lynas given 12 year tax free? Is it economical for Lynas
to operate in Malaysia? 6. Thoron travels faraway and daughters still continue to be
radioactive. 7. Where is the permanent disposal facility? Will the plant
release waste water into Balok river?
NO Audience Date
1 Pahang Government Aug-07
2 HR and Safety Managers in Gebeng Feb-08
3 Head of Departments and Organization in Kuantan Feb-08
4 Petronas Assets Sdn Bhd June-08
5 Industry Neighbors in Gebeng June-08
6 Pahang Housing, Infrastructure and Transport Committee July-08
7 Group of Chemical Companies in East Coast Aug-08
8 Nature Society Dec-08
9 Public briefing Apr 2009
10 BOMBA Gebeng May-09
11 Public briefing June 2009
12 Chief Editors and Senior Editors Jul-09
13 East Coast Reporters Jul-09
14 Head of Government Departments in Pahang Jul-09
15 State Assemblyman and MPs from Pahang Jul-09
16 PAS Pahang Management Committee Aug-09
17 Staff Aug-09
18 HSBC Bank Staff Nov-09
19 Kuantan MCA Representatives Mar-10
20 Students & Parents from AMG Jan-11
21 Pahang EXCO 5-Apr-11
22 Public Briefings 5-Apr-11
23 Public Briefings 6-Apr-11
24 Pahang Police Contingent 21-Apr-11
Public Communication conducted 2007 – 2011
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By invitation of the Government of Malaysia, due to the issues raised by parties pertaining to the radioactive nature of the residue, a member of 9 IAEA experts visited the country from 29 May – 4 June
Their mission was to gather information via visitation and consultations, which in the end was to produce a report on 30th June 2011 of their findings
IAEA experts also met with representative from MOH on the 2nd June 2011 in MIDA
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Lynas is not unique in the world.
Review team cannot identify non-compliance with international radiation safety standards
However, the team identified 10 areas for improvement
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MOH was not actively involved in this rare earth project from the very beginning. During the EIA phase, MOH was requested the number of cancers in Kuantan Districts.
MOH was officially invited to join the public hearing on 3rd April 2011 and represented by Engineering Services Division
MOH was also required to attend a meeting with IAEA on 2nd June 2011
Mandate by YBMK – Public Health to organise a committee. 5 meetings were held
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Public health specialists – EH, OH, Cancer Unit, EHIA trained PH Specialists, IMR, Engineering Services Division, Nuclear Scientist, Emergency medicine, DOSH, DOE, AELB, Nuclear Malaysia, MMA. If required : Lynas
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Nuclear Scientist, DOSH, DOE, AELB, Nuclear Malaysia, MOH, MIDA, MITI
AELB (secretariat), AELB Pensioner (chairperson), Nuclear scientists (UKM, USM), MOH, DOE, DOSH, JKR
5 meetings from 24.10.2011 to 18.01.2012
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AELB (secretariat), Legal Specialist (chairperson) Nuclear scientists (UIA), MOH, DOE, DOSH, JKR, Future Studies, Language Specialist
License Class A (Miling) from AELB :
19.09.2009 – 18.09.2011 Siting &
Construction
Licence Class E (Importing) – September
2011
Licence Class F (Temporary Operating
Licence) from AELB : 30.01.2012
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8 Mac 2012 – Notis bagi YB Menteri MOSTI mendengar rayuan di bawah Seksyen 32, Akta 304, pada 17 April 2012
20 Mac 2012 – Semakan kehakiman di Mahkamah Tinggi KL. Plaintiff – Zakaria Abdullah & 9 lain; Defendan – LPTA, KP AS, Lynas
20 Mac 2012 – Penubuhan PSC di Parlimen
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12/04/2012 – Mahkamah Tinggi menolak permohonan kebenaran yang difailkan 10 penduduk tempatan bagi membatalkan lesen operasi sementara (TOL) yang dikeluarkan oleh Lembaga Pelesenan Tenaga Atom (AELB) selepas meneliti bantahan permulaan oleh Pejabat Peguam Negara dan AELB, kerana permohonan itu adalah pramatang.
Rayuan kepada YB MOSTI pada 17 April 2012 – KKM diwakili Dr. Gerard Lim
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YB MOSTI telah mengenakan 2 syarat tambahan kepada Lynas untuk mengemukakan:
Pelan immobilsasi residu
Pelan kontingensi mengekalkan kelembapan WLP
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Ditubuhkan di Parlimen pada 20 Mac 2012
Dipengerusikan oleh YB KPT
Dianggotai 5 YB BN, 1 Bebas (4 YB pembangkang
menarik diri)
Mengadakan mesyuarat, lawatan tapak dan sessi
pendengaran awam
Mengemukakan 31 syor
5 syor melibatkan KKM
Dokumen laporan penuh :
http://www.parlimen.gov.my → Jawatankuasa Pilihan Khas Mengenai Projek Lynas Advanced Materials Plant (LAMP)
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Dari kiri: (i) YBhg Datuk Roosme bt Hamzah [Setiausaha Dewan Rakyat merangkap Setiausaha Jawatankuasa]
(ii) YB Dato‟ Zulkifli bin Noordin (Ahli bagi Kawasan Kulim Bandar Baharu) (iii) YB Dato‟ Haji Abdul Rahman bin Haji Dahlan (Ahli bagi Kawasan Kota Belud)
(iv) YB Dato‟ Seri Mohamed Khaled bin Nordin (Menteri Pengajian Tinggi) [Pengerusi] (v) YB Tuan Teng Boon Soon (Ahli bagi Kawasan Tebrau)
(vi) YB Tuan Liang Teck Meng (Ahli bagi Kawasan Simpang Renggam) (vii) YB Puan Hajah Nancy binti Haji Shukri (Ahli bagi Kawasan Batang Sadong)
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Disposal
Source: 45nuclearplants.com
Source: 45nuclearplants.com
Source: 45nuclearplants.com
RE is required to help creating a greener society and Lynas is extracting RE from lanthanide concentrate of Mount Weld
The residues contain NORMs, not uncommon to any mining residues, including Malaysia. Natural radiation are present anywhere in the world
Lynas is NOT a nuclear power plant like Fukushima
Scientifically, Lynas project is anticipated to be acceptable by requirement
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Unacceptable by certain public, politicians
Public communications were not successful
Perception – nuclear explosions, radioactive fallout, nuclear weapons manufacturing, nuclear power plant
Siting and construction, importing, temporary operating licences were granted by AELB
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