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TECHNICAL NOTES

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE PORTLAND, OREGON MAY 2006 BIOLOGY TECHNICAL NOTE NO. 49

WOODLAND FISH AND WILDLIFE: WILDLIFE IN BROADLEAF WOODLANDS OF OREGON AND WASHINGTON

The enclosed Technical Note was published by the Woodland Fish and Wildlife group. It provides some broad management ideas, some tables identifying wildlife species primary habitats, and deciduous trees and shrubs native to Oregon and Washington. Other wildlife publications are available online at http://www.WoodlandfishandWildlife.org.

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WoodlandFish and Wildlife

Wildlife in BroadleafWoodlandsofOregonand Washington

W ildlife speciesneedanumberof differenthabitatcomponentsin

order to thrive. Food,water,shelterandspaceareall essentialpiecesof the habitatpie.Wildlife specieslive in all typesof habitat.Of allthe habitatsin OregonandWashington, perhapsthe mostwildlife-friendly is the broadleafwoodland.Today,largetractsof purebroadleaf woodlandsexist in very fewplacesin WashingtonandOregon.Prior to Europeansettlement,whiteoakforestsextendedthroughoutthe islandsin PugetSoundandinWashington’sPugetSoundtroughas well as throughoutthe lengthof Oregon’sWillamettevalley andinto the UmpquaValley.

The mighty oaktree, whetherblackoakQuercuskelloggii,white oakQuercusgarryana,or the occasionalcoastlive oakQuercusagrifolia, is probablythepremierwildlife tree in this region.Its bountiful acornsprovidefoodfor deer,elk, bear,squirrels,chipmunks,turkeys, andmanybirdspecies.Its tendergreenleavesarefood for browsersin the springtimeandit providesgoodhabitatforinsectsthat areeatenby manybirds

andsmallmammals.During hotsummermonths,the oaksprovideshadeandcoverfor manydifferentanimalsandhelpkeepwatertemperaturescoolfor troutandsalmon.In the fall, leavesdrop intothe streamsprovidinghiding coverfor small fish. Fallen leavesonlandprovidethermalandhidingcoverfor amphibiansandreptiles.Additionally, the floating leavesprovidehabitatfor insectswhichin turnprovidefish food. Thesehardwoodtreescan develop

cavitiesthroughweatheror winddamagethatprovidesnughomesfor avariety of woodpeckers,cavitynestingbirds,andtree-dwellingmammals.Evenafter thesetreeshavedied, thesecavitiesandthebugs that take up residencein therotting wood provideshelterandfood for manywildlife species.

Mixed hardwoodforestsarethemostcommonbroadleafwoodlandsweseetoday.Big leafmapleAcermacrophyllum,blackcottonwoodPopulustrichocarpa,red alderAlnus rubra andOregonashFraxinuslatfolia arefrequentlyfound alonghealthystreamswhilebroadleaftreesthat preferdry soils,suchasoak,madroneArbutusmenziesii,Pacific dogwoodCornusnuttallii, mountainashSorbussitchensis,giant chinquapinCastanopuschrysophylla,andchokecherryPrunusvirginiana,aregenerallyfound in uplandareas.Eachof thesebroadleafspeciesprovidesat leastoneof the vitalhabitatneedsof wildlife; mostprovidemorethanone.In thewoodlands,all of thesetreesarefrequentlymixed in with afewDouglas-fir,westernredandincensecedar,andotherconifers.

Leaves and acorns of white oak,Quercus garryana.

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WOODLANDFISH & WILDLiFE

Ecology of BroadleafWoodland

Distributionof broadleafwoodlandsis partly dueto fire andpartlydueto forestsuccessionfree fromcatastrophicdisturbances.Althoughdatais sparse,it appearsthatfromthe mid-i600suntil Europeansettlementin the 185Os, densebroadleafforestswereconfinedprimarily to the mountainfoothillsandfloodplains.Prairiesandopenareasweremaintainedin theinterior valleys throughfires setby theNativeAmericaninhabitants.The adventof Europeansettlementwith fire suppressionandconversion of mostopenareasto farmsandurbanareaspromotedclosedoakforestswith very little acornproduction.This led to the gradualelimination of hardwoodsfrom theforestedcommunity.With fewexceptions,no largestandsofbroadleaftreescurrentlyremaininupperelevationsitesred alderstandsin the Mt. St. HelensareaofWashingtonareamajorexception.Broadleafspeciesthatpreferdrysoils,suchas madrone,Oregonwhite oak, andCaliforniablackoak, areoften foundinterspersedin mixed conifer stands.Broadleafspeciesthatprefermoistsoils, suchas Oregonash,bigleafmaple,andblackcottonwood,are foundpredominantlyin broadleafwoodlandareasin riparianareas.

Informationon growthratesandreproductivestrategiesofbroadleaftreesis as variedasthenichestheyfill. Some,like redalderandwhiteoak, regenerateprimarily by seed.Others, likeblackcottonwood,reproducecommonlythroughroot suckers

andshootsprouting.Still otherspecies,like the Pacific madrone,useboth seedandbuddingfromstumpsto assuretheir survival.Someof thesetrees,suchasredalder,can be foundon disturbedgroundin earlysuccessionalforestsandothersonly grow in the shadeof otherwell-establishedtrees.All of thesespecieshavetheir placein a well-functioningecosystem.

A numberof shrubsimportantto wildlife alsooccurin broadleafor mixed forest sites. Over90differentplantspeciesareassociatedwith Oregonwhite oakcommunities.Pacific madronehas an importantpresencein sevendifferentwesternecosystemtypes.Someof theimportantwildlife plants associatedwith broadleaftreesincludeceanothus,manzanita,redelderberry,Oregongrape,trailing blackberry,red osierdogwood,salal, oxalis,andvine maple.All of theseshrubsshelterin the shadeof broadleaf

treesandall of themprovidefoodand/orshelterfor wildlife species.

It’s difficult to sayhow manyspeciesof wildlife aredependentonall the variousforms of hardwoods.Forestedhabitatscontainingjustoneprimary treespecies,as inintensivelymanaged,even-agedDouglas-firor pinestands,oralmostany uniform-sizedpolestandswith closedcanopy,offermuchlessto wildlife thanstandscontainingamix of conifersandhardwoodsof differentageclasses.Analysisof different foresttypesthroughoutthe regionshow thatthehighestnumberof wildlife speciesmeasuredas speciesrichnessinforestedenvironmentsare foundin maturemixed conifer andhardwoodstands.Thesestandsaredefinedas containingfrom 30-70percentdeciduoustreesmostlyred alderon the west sideof theCascadeMountainsas uppercanopycover.Whenall stagesofall typesof plantcommunitiesarecompared,hardwood-dominatedriparianandwetlandzonescontainedevenmorespecies.Over 260wildlife speciesareknownto feedin thesetwo habitats.Out of a totalof more than430 speciesof forest-dependentwildlife on the west sideof the Cascades,morethan200speciesbreedor rear young inhardwood-dominatednparianandwetlandzones.Theeast sidehasfewerspeciesabout325,butalmost190 use deciduousriparianhabitatsfor feedingandmorethanl2Ouse thesehabitatsforreproduction.Eachstageof forestdevelopmentin a givenhabitatcontainswildlife speciesuniqueto theplants andcommunitystructureof that stage.

Flower and fruit of chokecherry,Prunus virginiana.

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WOODLANDFISH & WILDLIFE

GeneratingYour

BroadleafSpecies

Withoutfire,

harvest,or sometype of disturbance,

coniferswill naturally crowdoutmanybroadleafspecies.Whilemostbroadleafspeciespreferthepartial shadethat comesfrom close

associationwith conifers,too muchencroachmentwill often result intheir replacement.For this reason,eithera well-managedfire regimenor selectiveharvestingof encroaching conifersis encouragedin areaswherebroadleaftreesare alreadyestablished.A major exceptionisredalder, which is very shadeintolerantand mustbe established

in full sun.Stepsfor naturalregeneration

of broadleafspecies,with theexceptionof redalder,are largelyuntested.Many of the resproutingspecies,such as chinquapinand

madrone,may respondwell tolight fire managementor strategicpruning.Sproutshavean advantageoverseedsbecausethey are nourishedby an already-establishedroot system.The drawbackof thistypeof propagationis that sprouts

mustmanufactureenoughenergytosustaina root systemthat formerlynourisheda largetree. This requiresthe productionof many leaves,andso they musthaveaccessto full

sunlight.Othertrees,such as white and

blackoak,may be beststartedbycollectingtheir acornsin the fall.Keep the acornsundera shallow

layerof moist leavesand,after they

sprout, transplantthem outdoorsto

a sitewith amplesunlight.Whenever transplantingyoung trees,youwill needto control weedsaroundthe treeand you will probablywantto cagethe young treein order toprotectit from browsingwildlife

until its roots are well established.You caneasilydo this usingcommerciallyavailableplasticmeshtubing, small piecesof hardwarecloth, or small meshstock fencing.In riparianareas,reedcanarygrasscanbea majorexotic weedproblemandrepeatedweedingmaybeneededto eradicateit.

If you are interestedin propagation,consultinga professional

arboristwho is knowledgeableaboutraisinghardwoodscanbevery helpful. Many of thesespeciescanalso be purchasedthroughnativeplant nurseries.In many

cases,the skilledprofessionalsworking at thesenurseriescanprovideyou with high qualityplantsfrom local stocksandyouwill avoid the frustrationsoftrial-and-errortreepropagation.

Hardwood Managementfor Wildlife

Dependingon your objectivesas a forestlandownerand manager,

and the characteristicsandpotentialof your forestland,you mayconsiderseveralmethodsformanaginghardwoodsfor wildlifehabitat.Managementstrictly as a

commoditycrop requiresa separateset of objectivesand managementstylessimilar to managementofconifersfor timber. However,severalof the methodslisted

herefor wildlife are applicableto

managementplansfocusedon

economicgoals.Numerouspublicationsandhardwoodmanagementconsultantsandcanprovidegoodinformation for managementofhardwoodsfor woodproductson

a continuingcycle.

1. Maintenance of existing hardwoodswithin riparian zones.This mayinvolve excludinglivestockto assurethat the

smallertreesare notovergrazedor trampled,and to protectshallow root zonesof largertrees.Adequatebuffers mustbe managedwhereimportanthardwoodgroupingsexist.Whereriparian zoneshavebeendegradedor severelyeroded,plantingnativehardwoodtreesandshrubsin conjunctionwithshade-tolerantconifers,suchas

westerncedar,may result in amore rapid responsethanwithnaturalrecovery.Grazingmustbe controlledto assuretheestablishmentof hardwoods.Maintenanceof existinghard

woods,including controllinggrazing,shouldalso be extendedto springsand seeps.Theseareimportanthabitatsandusuallysupportseveralspeciesofhardwoods.Wherefish areofconcern,retentionof conifers

is importantand is usually

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hardwooddominatedriparianzoneswith shadetolerantconifers,such as cedar,hemlockor grandfir, is beneficial.Tree protectorson seedlingsarealmostalwaysnecessaryto guardagainstlossof the planting from wildlifedamage.

2. Maintenance of existinghardwoodsfor wildlife withinupland forests. Implementationof this managementmeasurerangesfrom benignno activemanagementat all to labor-intensivetasks.Theselattermethodsmay includeopeningthe conifer overstoryto allowsubordinatehardwoodsto grow.

Slashing-theremoval ofstemsabovegroundlevel bycutting with achainsaw,handsaw,axe, or loppers-isonewayto openthe understory.Slashingspeciessuchas alder,cottonwood,willow, cascara,aspen,big leafandvinemaple,andbirch atthe right stageof growth maypromotevigorous stumpsprouting. However,speciessuchasred alderdie whencut at agespastthejuvenile stage.Hardwoodspeciestendto form densestandsand eliminateunderstoryvegetationincluding suitablewildlife forageandgroundcover, if left untended.Mature

hardwoodstandssupply agreatdeal of habitatfor cavity nestersanduppercanopydwellersandcanalsoprovide an economicreturn if harvestedat maturity.However, theysupply littleusablewildlife foragewhenthetreesgrow beyondthe reachofherbivoresandsmall birds andmammalsthat nestand foragenearthe forest floor. If largerpure standsof thesetreespeciesexist, slashingor selectiveharvestshouldonly be doneona portionof the standto ensurea continuumof ageandsizeclassesexists that will accommodatemorewildlife species.As a rule of thumb,slashlessthanone-fourthof the treesin astandwithin any five-yearperiodto maintainhigh wildlife habitatdiversity within aparticularstand.If harvestingof hardwoodsforlumber is the primaryobjective,thenmanagethe standsso thatsomematurehardwoodtreesforwildlife arealwayspresentonthesite. Harvestof somespecies,such asbig leafmaple,aspenandcottonwood,mayresult instumpsproutingthatwill continueto provideaccessiblequalitybrowseand shrubbygrowth forwildlife. Seethe WoodlandFish

andWildlife publicationsondeer,elk, grouse,andquail forsomeoptimum site conditionsandhardwoodsto grow forthosewildlife species.

Cautionmustbe exercisedif usingherbicidesto controlunwantedvegetation.This is aneffective, and at timesnecessary,techniquefor controlling somehardwoodsthatthreatento overtop developingconifer plantations. Applicationof herbicidescan be too successfulfrom ahabitatpoint of view anddevastatewildlife habitatcomposedof variousdeciduousspecies.Broadcastsprayingis notrecommended.If herbicidesmustbe usedin lieu of handslashing,spotsprayingwithbackpackor tanksprayerapplicationis desirable.Onlarge standswhere this is notpractical,protectareasaroundseepsand springsandconsiderspot sprayingaroundindividualdominanthardwoodsor aroundsmallpocketsof selectedhardwoodsthat are to be maintainedfor wildlife habitatdiversity.

3. Thinning and pruning coniferstands.Appropriate levelsofthinning and pruning lowerbranchesof conifers allowsmore light to reachthe forestfloor, promotinggrowth anddevelopmentof hardwoodsinthe understory.If doneproperly,this operationcan not onlyincreasethe growth rateandwood valueof conifers,butalsopromotethe developmentof some hardwoodsfor wildlifehabitatand secondaryforestproductsin the understory.

requiredby law. Underplanting

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Whencommerciallythinningconifer stands,a variable-densitythinning shouldbe implementedif this practiceis to includegoalsfor wildlife. The variable-densitythinning maintainssomedensepatchesof conifersfor thermalandhiding cover while alsomaintainingsomesun-filledopeningsfor hardwoodtree and

shrubdevelopment.Not alltreesshouldbe prunedas somewildlife specieswill benefitfrom low-lying conifer branches.

This approachmay not allowthe landownerto maximizetree

growth and timberprofit, but itdoesallow for the retentionanddevelopmentof morewildlifehabitat.There is no standardfor

a variable-densitythinning and

pruning for wildlife as thereiswith thinning for forestproducts.On larger treefarmsor onlandscapeswhereneighborscanwork towardsa commongoal,

leavingunthinnedandunprunedblocks of 5-40 acresbetweenthinned standssuppliesthermaland escapecover,amongotherhabitatcomponents.However,

on small acreageswhereindividual standsaremanaged,leavingabouttwo patchesverylightly thinnedor unthinned

and two patchesheavily thinned

peracreopeningthe canopytoless than 40 percentcoveragewill createa highly diversewildlife habitat.Thesesmallparcelsshouldnot be less than

50 feet in diameter;the result

will be aboutone-eighthacreheavily thinned andone-eighthacrelightly thinnedperacreofforestslatedfor aprecommercialor commercialthinning. This

treatmentdoesnot needto beuniform but applying the generalconceptwill createmorehabitatdiversity and includehardwoodsin aconifer-dominatedstand.

Cautionis advised-Thepotentialfor wind-throw mustbe assessedwhen applying a relatively heavythinning regime in all patchesof timber, from small to large.

Evenif only standardthinning

prescriptionsare appliedto astand,some hardwoodtreescanbe retainedfor diversity.

Laminatedroot rot Phellinus

weirii is the mostseriousforest

diseasein westernNorthAmerica.This fungus canpersistin the soilfor 50 yearsor moreand causelaminatedroot rot. It affects

almostall commerciallyimportant

conifer speciesin OregonandWashington;Douglas-fir, Pacificsilver fir and grandfir are themostsusceptible.Hardwoods,suchas redalder,big leafmaple

and black cottonwood,are

immune. Root rot pocketsaregood placesto diversify the forestand plantbroadleafspecies.Asilvicultural prescriptionfor

treating a west side Douglas-firstandin which laminatedrootdiseaseexistscould includeremoving susceptiblespecies

within 50 feetof all disease

pocketsandreplantingwithredalder.

4. Controlled burning. Controlledburning canbe quite effectiveinregeneratingold anddeclining

standsof speciessuch as aspenand birch. However, it is adelicateprocessthat requiresmany safeguardsto assuretargetspeciesare burned,that

burning of non-targetspeciesandorganictopsoil is minimized,that destructionof wildlife andother wildlife habitatcomponentsis minimized,and that

the fire doesnot spreadbeyondthe targetarea.Consultwithpersonnelfrom OregonDepartment of Forestryor WashingtonDepartmentof NaturalResources

to get approvalbeforeusingcontrolledburning.

5. Planting of hardwoods.Plantingappropriatelypreparedsitescanacceleratethe development of hardwoodwildlifehabitat.Many hardwoodtreescanbe plantedfrom seed,

Conifer species such as Ponderosapine are found mixed with hard

woods in many forest stands.

Willow leaf and seeds.

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bare-rootedseedlings,largertransplantstock,layering,whips, androotedcuttings.Many hardwoods,especiallythemostcommerciallyimportantspecies,areeasyto propagateand canbe quite forgiving oftechnique.Oneadvantageofusingnative speciesexclusivelyis that they arewell adaptedtothe areaandhavesite-appropriatemethodsof seeddispersalandregenerationthat simplifypropagation.Somehardwoods,such as madrone,havevery lowgerminationandsurvival rateswhensown or planted. Seedorrootstockcan be acquiredfrommanynurseries.Morenurseriesarenow carryingnativestockfor purposesof landscaping,erosioncontrol, andwildlifehabitatdevelopment.Wherepermissionis grantedor onone’s own land,nativehardwoodsfree from insectsanddiseasescan be dug up andusedfor barerootedplantings;whips from severalspeciessuch

as willow andcottonwoodcan be cut for planting; andfruits andnuts can be gatheredfor directseeding.This lattertechniquecan bequite successful, but manyspeciesrequirespecialhandling,includingstratificationandtemperature-controlledstorageof the seedsprior to planting,to assuresuccess.Stratificationis aprocessthat breaksdown theprotectiveseedcoat andchemicalinhibitors andso promotesgermination.This normallytakessometime and occurswhen the seedis in contactwith cool and moist soil orwhen the fruit is consumedbya bird andthe seedeliminated.The digestiveprocessof the birdallows the seedto surviveandpassthroughbut helpsbreakdown the protectivecoatcontainedon someseeds.

Additionally, cottonwoodandsomewillow "whips" from oneto threeor morefeet in lengthcan be cut from winter-hardenedbranchesandprior to bud breakin spring.Thesewhips shouldbepushedpart way into moist soilfor propagationof thesespecies.Largeclumpsof stump-sprouting big leafmapleusuallyposecontrol problemsfor landownersattemptingto regenerateconifers. One or moreof the better-formedsproutscanbe selectedfor retentionfor wildlife andtimberand the otherscut youmayneedto repeatcutting for afew years.Old, decliningstandsof aspencanbe cut leaveafew

largedecadentaspensfor wildlife to regeneratea vigorously-growing youngstand.

Which HardwoodSpecies?

It can be difficult to decidewhich speciesto plant sinceeachsite andeachhardwoodspecieshas specific characteristicsandrequirements.Landownerobjectiveswill play akey role. Are the treesbeingplantedfor commercialharvest,wildlife habitat,or acombination?Is the site wetor dry?Will the treesgrow in the under-story requiringshadetolerantspeciesor will they be dominantsin the stand?Compoundingtheproblemof choiceis availabilityof planting stock.Annual treesalesaresponsoredby somecountyConservationDistricts, andtherearenurseriesspecializingin nativeplant stocks.Thesesourcesaddoptionsto gatheringwild stock.Your decisioncan be aided byfirst doing a speciesassessmenton your property. Many commonspecieswith valuefor wildlife,timber, andspecialforest productsareprobably alreadyon your land.Dependingon your location, alder,maple,aspen,birch, or cottonwoodmayalreadybe presentandcan bemanagedaccordingly.The largerhardwoodtreescanbe maintainedin areaswhere the effecton coniferproductionwill be minimal orwhereyour goalsare to grow hardwoodsfor wildlife or commercialcropsas well as for foresthealthpurposes.

Regardlessof site conditions,existingforest standcharacteristics,andlong-rangeeconomicgoalsof the landowner,retentionandmaintenanceof avariety of hardwood treeswill enhancewildlifeandis alsogoodforestry practice.

Leaves and seeds ofcottonwood.

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Management Practice Benefits to broadleaf trees and wildlife

Retain existing broadleaf trees

Plant and regenerate broadleaf trees

Retain large broadleaf trees, especially thosewith cavities, dead limbs, and other defects

Retain down logs in all stages of decay

Maintain some small forage clearingswithin woodlands

Retain all snags

Stabilizes broadleaf trees over timeAllows for development of large trees

Assures future broadleaf tree availability

Provides food resources and nesting cavitiesfor mammals and birds over time

Provides food and cover sites for many reptiles,amphibians, birds, and mammals

Helps maintain safe forage sites for deerand turkeys

Maintains cover and forage sites for woodpeckers,black bears, bluebirds, and swifts

Suggestionsfor Enhancing Wildlife Habitat in Broadleaf Woodland

Whereto GetMore HelpMany stateand federalsources

canprovideyou with more informationto helpyou manageyourbroadleafwoodlands.Extensionagentsand specialistsat OregonandWashingtonStateUniversities

canprovidewildlife andforestry

expertise.The USDA NaturalResourcesConservationServiceNRCS assistslandownersindevelopingmultiple use manage

ment plansfor small woodlands.

The OregonandWashingtonDepartmentsof Fish andWildlifecan assistlandownerswith WildlifeHabitatConservationand ManagementPlansthat cannotonly help

you managefor fish andwildlifeon your lands,but canalso offeryou tax advantagesin connectionwith the program.The Oregon

Departmentof Forestryand the

WashingtonDepartmentof NaturalResourcescanprovidecurrentinformation on programsdesigned

to assistwoodlandowners.Conservation organizationssuchas TheNatureConservancy,local native

plant societiesandAudubon

Chapterscanalso offer insightsinto plant andanimal communitiesin your area.

References:Anon. A Guide to StreamCorridor

Revegetationin WesternWashington.Thurston ConservationDistrict,Olympia, WA.

Brown, E. R., ed. 1985.Management

of Wildlife andFish Habitatsin

Forestsof WesternOregonandWashington.USDA ForestService,Pacific NorthwestRegion,Pub. No. R6-F&WL-

192-1985.Portland,OR.

Defendersof Wildlife, OregonBiodiversityProject.1998.Oregon’sLiving Landscape.Defendersof

Wildlife, Lake Oswego,OR.

Hibbs, D. E., D. S. DeBell, and R.F. Tarrant,eds. 1994.The BiologyandManagementof RedAlder.OregonStateUniversity Press,Corvallis, OR.

Martin, A. C., H. S. Zim, andA. L.Nelson.1951.AmericanWildlifeandPlants:a Guide to WildlifeFoodHabits.McGraw-Hill, NY.

Patton,D. R. 1992.WildlifeHabitatRelationshipsin ForestedEcosystems.Timber Press,Inc.,Portland,OR.

Thomas,J. W., ed. 1979.WildlifeHabitatsin ManagedForeststheBlue Mountainsof OregonandWashington.Wildlife ManagementInstitute,Washington,D.C.

Online Resources:http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plarits

http:!/www.ria.fs.fed. us/spfo/pubs/silvicsmanual/table_of_contents. htm

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Table 1. Wildlife SpeciesWith Primary Breeding, Feeding,orResting Habitats in Broadleaf Woodlands In Oregonand Washington

AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES

Northwestern salamander X X X XLong-toed salamander X X X

Ensatina X X X X

Rough-skinned newt X X X

Western toad X X XPacific treefrog X X X

Painted turtle X X X

Western pond turtle X X X

Northern alligator lizard X X XSouthern alligator lizard X X X

Western fence lizard X X XWestern skink X X X X

Racer X XSharptail snake X X

Ringneck snake X XGopher snake X X X

Western aquatic garter snake X X XWestern terrestrial garter snake X X X

Common garter snake X X X x

BIRDS

Great blue heron X XWoodduck X X X X

Turkey vulture X X X XBlack-shouldered kite X

Cooper’s hawk X x x xRed-shouldered hawk X X XRed-tailed hawk XAmerican kestrel X X X

Ruffed grouse X X XWild turkey X

California quail X XBand-tailed pigeon X X X

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BIRDS continuedMourning dove X XCommon barn owl X X XWestern screech owl X X XGreat horned owl X X XNorthern sawhet owl X XPygmy owl X XCommon nighthawk X X XCommon poorwill X XVaux’s swift X X XAnna’s hummingbird XRufous hummingbird X XAllen’s hummingbird XLewis’ woodpecker X X XAcorn woodpecker X X XDowny woodpecker X X XHairy woodpecker X X XNorthern flicker X X XWestern wood pewee X XWestern flycatcher X XAsh-throated flycatcher X XTree swallow X X XViolet-green swallow X X XScrub jay XStellar’s jay XAmerican crow X XCommon raven XBlack-capped chickadee X X XChestnut-backed chickadee X X XPlain titmouse XBushtit XWhite-breasted nuthatch X XBewick’s wren X X X XHouse wren X X XWinter wren X X XGolden-crowned kinglet XRuby-crowned kinglet XWestern bluebird X X

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BIRDS continued

American robin XWrentit XNorthern Shrike XHutton’s vireo XWarbling vireo XOrange-crowned warbler XNashville warbler X‘{ellow-rumped warbler XBlack-throated gray warbler XWestern tanager XBlack-headed grosbeak XLazuli bunting XSpotted towhee XBrown towhee XChipping sparrow XLark sparrow XFox sparrow XSong sparrow xGolden-crowned sparrow XDark-eyed junco XBrewer’s blackbird XBrown-headed cowbird XNorthern oriole XPurple finch XHouse finch XLesser goldfinch XAmerican goldfinch X

Pacific shrewFog shrewVagrant shrewShrew moleCoast molePallid batBig brown batSilver-haired bat

xxxxx

xx

MAMMALS

xxxxx

xx

x

x

x

x

xx

x

xxxxx

xxx

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MAMMALS continued

Hoary bat X XCalifornia myotis X X XLittle brown myotis X X XFringed myotis X XLong-legged myotis X XYuma myotis X X XBrazilian free-tailed bat XCoyote X X XGrayfox X X XRedfox X X XRingtail X XRaccoon X X X XStriped skunk X X XWestern spotted skunk X X X XElk XMule deer X X XBlack-tailed deer X X XColumbian white-tailed deer X X XWestern gray squirrel X X X XBelding’s ground squirrel XCalifornia ground squirrel XTownsend’s chipmunk X X XNorthern flying squirrel X X XNorthern pocket gopher XBushy-tailed woodrat X X XDusky-footed woodrat X X XDeer mouse X X XCreeping vole X X xWestern jumping mouse X X XPacific jumping mouse X X XWestern red-backed vole X X X XBrush rabbit X X XAmerican beaver XCommon porcupine X XLong-tailed weasel X X XRiver otter XBobcat X X X X

11

WOODLAND FISH & WILDLIFE

Mostly west side,shade

Sitka-statewideWhite-mostlyeastside

Statewide, low tomoderate elevations

West side

West side

Willamette Valley,Puget Trough,Columbia Gorge

West side, usuallynear coastal includingPuget Sound areas

High moisturerequirements

Adaptable; does betterwith higher moisture

Higher moisturecontent than red alder

High moisturerequirement,common in riparianand wetland areas

Adaptable, does betteron moist sites

Needs very moist sitea forested wetland!riparian species

Dry site species

Dry site-well drainedsoil

Adaptable

Adaptable, rapidcolonizer, shadeintolerant

Adaptable, shadeintolerant, morecommon in higherelevations than redalder

Somewhat shadeintolerant, does beston organic soils

Shade tolerant, doeswell on organic soils

Shade tolerant, slowgrower, scattereddistribution

Well drained soils,shade intolerant

Shade intolerant, verydifficult to transplant

Major browse andbeaver food

Dominant hardwood-excellent wildlifehabitat: food, shelter,and cover, nestinghabitat

Commercial lumberspecies-economicallyimportant

Not as common asred alder

Major "wildlife" andfood tree

Commercial lumberspecies-economicallyimportant

Major wildlife tree-browse cavities, nestings,perching, foraging habitat

Commercial lumberspecies

Similar to big leafmaple, i.e. high wildlifevalue where it is found

Commercial species-locally important

Outstanding wildlifevalue

Commercial species-locally important

Berries for birds

Some economic value

Ig .Table 2. SelectedNative Hardwood Trees of Oregon and Washington

StatewideWillow, multiplespecies-severalare shrubsSalix spp.

Red AlderAlnus rubra

Sitka mountain andWhite Alder, A. sinuate,A. rhombifolia

Black CottonwoodPopulus trichocarpa

Big leaf MapleAcer macrophyllum

Oregon AshFraxinus latifolia

Oregon White OakQuercus garryana

Pacific MadroneArbutus menziesll

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Bitter CherryPrunus emarginata

Quaking AspenPopulus tremuloides

Paper BirchBetula papyrifera

CascaraRhamnus purshiana

Netleaf HackberryCe/tis reticu/ata

Pacific Dogwoodsome consider thisspecies a shrubCornus nuttali

Golden ChinkapinCastanopsischrysophylla

Statewide-small treeon west side, usually ashrub on east side

Statewide-mostlyeast side

Mostly east side

Both sides but mostlywest of the Cascades

East side

Mostly west side

Mostly coast ranges

Adaptable-widerange of growingconditions

Wide range ofconditions but doesbetter with goodmoisture content

Moist to wet sites-common in riparianareas

Very adaptable butmay do better withgood moisture content

Almost always foundin riparian areas

Adaptable, may dobetter with moderatemoisture conditions

Adaptable, one varietyfound on drier sites

Somewhat shadetolerant, scattereddistribution

Acid soils, shadeintolerant, cloning iscommon

Somewhat shadetolerant-grows beston heavy organic soils

Very adaptable tosite conditions.Usually found inlower elevationsbelow about 1500feet

Shade intolerant

Does better withmoderately drainedforest soils with organicmatter. Shade tolerant,scattered throughoutundorstory

Adaptable, uncommon

Excellent berryproducer for wildlifeforaging

Very limitedcommercial value

Excellent wildlife habitatfor cavity nesting birdsand mammals, browse,bark, and cambiumfavored by beavers,buds consumed bygrouse

Commercial species-cordage and pulp

Excellent wildlife habitat-similar to aspen

Commercial lumberspecies-increasinglocal economicimportance

Small tree, veryimportant producer ofberries late in summerfor early migrantsand native birds andmammals, good birdnesting habitat in thelower canopy zone

Commercially valuablemedicinal bark

Good berry for wildlife,nesting and foraginghabitat

Excellent berry andseed for wildlife

Supplies some nestinghabitat in lower forestcanopy as well aslimited browse

Produces an excellentnut for wildlife food butis a rather uncommonforest tree

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WOODLAND FISH & WILDLIFE

Table 3. Large Shrubs

Hazel

Vine maple

Serviceberry

Holly

Red-Osier Dogwood

Crabapple

Mountain Ash

Hawthorne, multiple varieties

Oceanspray

Oso Plum

Blue Elderberry

Pacific Ninebark

Bitter Cherry

Devils Club

Both sides

East side, somewhat shadeintolerant

Both sides, all sites

Naturalized all sites

Both sides, wetlands

Both sides, sunlight

Both sides, small tree

Both sides, small tree

Both sides, tolerant

West side, tolerant, first to bloom

Somewhat intolerant, both sides,all sites

Both sides, wetlands

Both sides, somewhat shadetolerant

West side tolerant, moist sites

Excellent wildlife nut

Habitat structure and browse,good seed

Excellent food and cover

Excellent berry

Excellent food and shelter

Excellent food and cover

Excellent berry

Excellent fruit and shelter

Good seed and bird cover

Good early fruit

Excellent berry, major bird food

Cover and shelter

Good wildlife berry

Good berry and hiding cover

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Table 4. Small Shrubs

Snowberry Both sides, tolerant Berry, browse, and cover

Huckleberry, evergreen West side, tolerant Berry, browse, and cover

Huckleberry, blue, severat Both sides, sunlight, higher Excellent berry and browsevarieties elevation

Red Elderberry West side, sunlight Good early berry

Salmon Berry West side, wet sites Good berry and browse

West side, tolerant Good berry

Blackberry, two species Naturalized, open forest, sunlight Good berry and browse

Black Cap West side, sunlight Good berry and browse

Rhododendron Both sides, sunlight Cover and seed pod consumedby mammals

Buffaloberry East side, forest edge Berry eaten by birds

Douglas Spirea Both sides, wetlands Browse and cover

Table 5. Ground Cover

Bunchberry

Kinnikinick

Creeping Blackberry



West side, shade intolerant

Excellent seed for birds andsmall mammals

Excellent berry for birds

Excellent browse and berry

15


A Woodland Fish and Wildlife Project PublicationBy MarnieAlibriten, Wildlife

Biologist, OregonDepartmentofFish andWildlife, and Jim Bottorif,Wildlife Biologist, WashingtonDepartmentof NaturalResources.

TheWoodlandFishand WildlifeProject is a cooperativeeffort amongtheWorld ForestryCenter,OregonStateDepartmentof Forestry,OregonDepartmentof Fish andWildlife,WashingtonStateDepartmentofNaturalResources,OregonStateUniversity ExtensionService,Washington StateUniversityExtension,OregonAssociationof ConservationDistricts, OregonSmallWoodlandsAssociation,WashingtonFarmForestryAssociation,WashingtonDepartmentof Fisheries,WashingtonDepartmentof Fish andWildlife,USDA NaturalResourcesConservationService,USDA ForestService,and theWesternForestryand ConservationAssociation.

The WoodlandFish andWildlifeProjectwasinitiated to provide

information on fish and wildlifemanagementto privatewoodlandownersand managers.It is the intentof theorganizationsinvolved in thisprojectto producepublicationsthatwill serveas practicalguidestowoodlandowners.

Eachpublicationis intendedto becompletein itself. Usersmay find it

convenientto collect all publicationsin this seriesin a threering binderto form a permanentreferencefile.WoodlandFish andWildlife Projectpublicationsrangefrom an overviewof fish and wildlife opportunitieson woodlandpropertiesto specificpublicationsconcerningtechniquesfor managingindividual species.

Titles available in this series:

Is Therea Placefor Fish andWildlife in Your Woodland? MISCO132RiparianAreas: FishandWildlife Havens MISCO133ManagingSmall Woodlandsfor Grouse MISCO141WoodDuckson Small Woodlands MISCO142ManagingPonderosaPineWoodlandsfor Fish andWildlife MISCO158ManagingSmallWoodlandsfor Cavity-NestingBirds MISCO160Trout in Small Woodlands MISCO161ManagingSmall Woodlandsfor Elk MISCO164CoastalDouglas-fir ForestsandWildlife MISCO168Hawk, EagleandOspreyManagementon Small Woodlands MISCO169WetlandsasVaried asour Region MISCO179Wildlife on WhiteOak Woodlands MISCO180Quail on SmallWoodlands MISCO187ManagingDeeron SmallWoodlands MISCO189Beaver,Muskrat,andNutria on Small Woodlands MISCO196ManagingForestHabitatsfor NeotropicalMigrant Songbirds MISCO198HabitatManagementfor Batson Small Woodlands M1SC0226ManagingWesternJuniperfor Wildlife M1SC0286

Thesepublicationsmaybe orderedfromWashingtonState UniversityExtensionBulletin Office,800 723-1763or online http://pubs.wsu.edu.You mayalso downloadcopiesat: http://www.WoodlandfishandWildlfe.org.

WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITYEXTENSION

Issued by Washington State University Extension and the U.S. Department ofAgriculture in furtherance of the Acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914. Extensionprograms and policies are consistent with federal and state laws and regulationson nondiscrimination regarding race, sex, religion, age, color, creed, nationalor ethnic origin; physical, mental or sensory disability; marital status, sexualorientation, and status as a Vietnam-era or disabled veteran. Evidence of noncompliance may be reported through your local Extension office. Trade nameshave been used to simplify information; no endorsement is intended. PublishedJune 2004. Subject code 400, 440. B. M1SC0534

Reprintingofthispublication, in wholeor in part, is allowedwith written permissionofWoodlandFish andWildIfe.

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