“readability and acceptability analysis of sentences

“READABILITY AND ACCEPTABILITY ANALYSIS OF SENTENCES CONTAINING LOAN WORDS IN THE

TRANSLATION OF THE STORYBOOK MS WIZ BANNED INTO MS WIZ DILARANG MENGINJAK SEKOLAH”

Submitted as a Partial Requirement in Obtaining S-1 Degree in the English Extension Program

Faculty of Letters and Fine ArtsSebelas Maret University

By

WURYANIC 1 3 0 5 5 4 4

ENGLISH S-1 NON-REGULER PROGRAM FACULTY OF LETTERS AND FINE ARTS

SEBELAS MARET UNIVERSITYSURAKARTA

2 0 0 9

ii



By

WURYANINIM C1305544

has been approved by the thesis consultant

Ida Kusuma Dewi, SS, MANIP. 19710525 199802 2 001

The Head of English Department

Drs. Sugiyarto Budi Waskito, M.Pd.NIP. 19521108 198303 1 001

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By

WURYANINIM C1305544

Has been accepted and approved by the Board of ExaminersFaculty of Letters and Fine Arts, Sebelas Maret University

On July 31, 2009

Position Name Signature

Chair Person Drs. Sugiyarto Budi Waskito, M.Pd ______________NIP. 19521108 198303 1 001

Secretary M. Taufiq AL Makmun, SS ______________NIP. 19780627 200501 1 003

First Examiner Ida Kusuma Dewi, SS, MA ______________NIP. 19710525 199802 2 001

Second Examiner Dyah Ayu Nila Khrisna, SS, M.Hum ______________NIP. 19830211 200604 2 001

The Dean of Faculty of Letters and Fine ArtsSebelas Maret University

Drs. Sudarno, MANIP. 19530314 198506 1 001

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PRONOUNCEMENT

Name : Wuryani

NIM : C1305544

Pronounces truthfully that the thesis entitled “Readability and Acceptability Analysis

of Sentences Containing Loan Words in The Translation of The Storybook Ms Wiz

Banned into Ms Wiz Dilarang Menginjak Sekolah” is really the researcher’s own

work. It is not a plagiarism nor made by other people. The statement which is not the

researcher’s own statement is signed by a quotation and it is showed in the

bibliography.

If this pronouncement is proved incorrect in the future, the researcher is ready to

accept academic sanction in the form of the cancellation of the writer’s thesis and

degree.

Surakarta, July 2009

The researcher

Wuryani

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MOTTO

Every seed knows its time all in good time

( Rusian Proverb )

Rome was not built in a day

( Proverb )

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DEDICATION

With all my love and respect,

I dedicate this report to:

Allah SWT

My lovely Mother and Father

My lovely Sister and Brother

All my friends

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I would like to say alhamdulillahirobbil ‘alamin, as my greatest thank to

Allah SWT, for the grace and blessing to me, finally this thesis can be finished. This

thesis would not be achieved without helps and supports from everyone around me

during finishing this thesis. Therefore, I would like to present my gratitude to those

who contribute to the completion of this thesis.

1. Drs. Sudarno, M.A, the Dean of Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts, for

approving this research.

2. Drs. Budi Waskito, M.Pd, the Head of English Department, for his

permission to conduct this research.

3. Dra. Susilorini, MA, my academic consultant, for her guidance during my

academic period.

4. Ida Kusuma Dewi, SS, MA, my thesis consultant, for her guidance, advises,

supports and kindness during completing this thesis.

5. All of the lecturers in English Department who taught me.

6. The respondents, for their time to complete the questionnaires.

7. My parents, mas Wing, and mbak Yuni who always support me to finish the

thesis.

8. All of my friends of English Department Non Reguler (2005) who give me

support to accomplish this thesis.

9. My friends in English department who always give me a place to talk. Ale,

for her helps and supports during the thesis. I-ik and Nuri, for advices during

my terrible day. Rahmat, Meko, Tata, Dhen, Emon, N-Lia, Fitri, Najib, for

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always remind me to complete the thesis. Ruth and Lesti, thanks for your

kindness.

10. Mas Romas, thanks for love, patience, and understanding and encouragement

for this long.

11. My friends in the institution where I work, for their understanding,

permission, and time during finishing this thesis.

I realize that this thesis is not perfect. Therefore, all suggestions and

criticisms are kindly accepted.

Surakarta, July 2009

Researcher

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

APPROVAL OF THE THESIS CONSULTANTS ………………………………ii

APPROVAL OF THE BOARD OF EXAMINERS………………………………iii

PRONOUNCEMENT……………………………….. …………………………..iv

MOTTO……………………………….. ………………………………………….v

DEDICATION……………………………….. ………………………………….vi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT……………………………….. ……………………..vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS………………………….. ………………………….…ix

ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………….x

CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION

A. Research Background…………………………….. …………………1

B. Problem Statements……………………..…….. …………………….3

C. Research Limitation……………………..…….. ……………………4

D. Research Objective…………………………….. ……………………4

E. Research Benefits…………………………... ……………………….4

F. Thesis Organization……………………………. ……………………5

CHAPTER II : LITERATURE REVIEW

A. Translation Definition……………………..…….. ……………………6

B. Translation Process……………………………….. ………………..…9

C. Principle of Translation…………………….….. ……………………12

D. Problems in Translation……………………………….. …….………15

E. Loan Words………………………………………. …………………22

F. Types of Loan Words…………………….. …………………….…...23

G. Translation Techniques…………………….. ……………………….25

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H. Quality Assessment of Translation……………………………………30

I. Readability ……………………………….. ……………….…………31

J. Acceptability ……………………………….. ……………….……….32

CHAPTER III : RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

A. Type of research……………………………….. ……………….……34

B. Data and source of data……………………..….. ……………………34

C. Sampling technique……………………………….. …………………35

D. Method of data collection……………...……….. ……………………35

E. Technique of data analysis……….…………….. ……………………36

F. Research procedure……………………………….. …………………36

CHAPTER IV : DATA ANALYSIS

A. Types of words loaned……..………….. ……………………………38

B. Techniques of loaning the words..…….. ……………………………50

C. Readability……………………………….. …………………………58

D. Acceptability……………………………….. .………………………61

CCHAPTER V

A. Conclusion……………………………….. …………………………69

B. Suggestion……………………………….. …………………………70

BIBLIOGRAPHY

APPENDICES

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ABSTRACT

Wuryani, C1305544, 2009, “READABILITY AND ACCEPTABILITY ANALYSIS OF SENTENCES CONTAINING LOAN WORDS IN THE TRANSLATION OF THE STORYBOOK MS WIZ BANNED INTO MS WIZ DILARANG MENGINJAK SEKOLAH”. Thesis: English Department, Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta.

This is a descriptive qualitative research that analyzes the loan words used in the translation of Ms Wiz Banned storybook. This research is designed to describe the types of loan words and the techniques used by the translator to translate the loan words, and to assess the readability and acceptability of the translation.

The data source of this research is a storybook, entitled “Ms Wiz Banned”. All of loan words found in the book are taken as the main data. There are 75 data found. Open-ended questionnaires are used to gain score and comments from raters and respondents about the readability and acceptability of loan words.

From the data analysis, there are 15 types of words loaned. They are: 6 names of professions, 1 name of song, 2 names of dance, 21 names of person, 9 names of place, 6 names of building, 2 names of food, 2 names of tree, 1 name of cloth, 1 name of mountain, 2 names of ocean, 1 names of subject study, 1 name of weather, 9 names of thing and 9 others.

There are 3 techniques that are used by the translator to loan the words, they are translation using loan word without any modification (39 data or 52%), translation using loan word plus explanation (3 data or 4 %), and naturalization (33 data or 44%).

The result of the analyzes of translation readability shows that there are 39 data considered to be very readable translation, 25 data considered to be readable translation, and 11 data considered to be unreadable translation. The acceptability analysis shows that there are 40 data belonging to very acceptable translation, 24 data belonging to acceptable translation, and 11 data belonging to unacceptable translation.

The technique results in high level of readability is naturalization.The technique results in high level of acceptability is naturalization.

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

A. Research Background

Recently, many foreign books are translated into Indonesian language, especially those from England and the United States. The translation books are not only scientific books or historical books but also literary ones. By reading the translation of literary works, readers can get an idea about western culture. The increasing number of the translation works in Indonesia is influenced by the enthusiasm of Indonesian people to learn other cultures.

One of the types of the literary works which is translated into Indonesian is

teen literature. Teen literature, which is published in two languages, becomes the

bestseller book. It provides two different languages in one book, Indonesian as the

target language and English as the source language. The bilingual novel is always

hunted since the book gives knowledge about both languages cultures. Many source

language words are borrowed and become new language among readers. The amount

of the loan words in the translation may disturb readers in understanding the novel

since the words are strange for them.

Ms wiz banned is one of the examples of teen literature books which is translated into Indonesian and published in form of a bilingual book. Consequently, the readers can read both the translation and the source language.

After reading all of the contents of Ms Wiz Banned book, the researcher found some interesting phenomena in the book. There were many loan words found in the translation. Some source text words are borrowed in the target texts as can be seen in the examples below:

Example 1 :

SL: Sometimes being a Paranormal Operative can be really hard work. (p.67).

TL: Kadang-kadang, menjadi pekerja paranormal merupakan pekerjaan yang

sangat berat (p.5).

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The example above shows that the word ‘paranormal’ is translated into target language without any modification

Example 2 :

SL: "Venice," he said. "Because all the streets are canals." He gave himself a

dart. "Well done, Mr Warlock," he said. (p.85).

TL: "Venesia," katanya. "Karena semua jalan di sana berupa kanal." la memberi

kan sebuah anak panah kepada dirinya sendiri. "Bagus, Mr Warlock,"

pujinya. (p.23).

The above extract indicates that the ST words which are borrowed by the

translator are modified. The word ‘Venice’ and ‘canals’ are translated into ‘venesia’

and ‘kanal’.

Example 3

SL: "Wake up, Carl. You're just in time for the limbo competition." (p.117).

TL: "Bangun, Carl. Kau masih sempat ikut kompetisi limbo -tarian khas

penduduk Hindia Barat." (p.55).

The translator translates ‘limbo competition’ into ‘kompetisi limbo – tarian khas penduduk Hindia Barat’, which means that she gives an additional information to the word borrowed.

The examples above show that the ST words are borrowed in many ways. The different ways may give different influence to the target readers in comprehending the story. They may also give different impact on the acceptability of the translation.

For those reasons, the researcher is interested to find out the level of readability and acceptability of the sentences containing loan words in the Indonesian version of Ms Wiz Banned book. The researcher also tries to discover the techniques used by the translator to loan the words.

B. Research Problems

Based on the background above, the researcher formulates the problems that will be discussed in this research, as follows:

1. What types of loan words are found in the Ms Wiz Banned storybook?

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2. What techniques are used by the translator to loan the words in the Ms Wiz

Banned storybook?

3. How is the level of readability the sentences containing loan words found in

the Indonesian version of Ms Wiz Banned storybook?

4. How is the level of acceptability the sentences containing loan words found

in the Indonesian version of Ms Wiz Banned storybook?

C. Research Limitation

The researcher only analyzes those four research problems above which are related to the loan words in the Indonesian version of Ms Wiz Banned storybook.

D. Research Objectives

Based on the problems statements, the objectives of the research are:

1. to find out the types of loaned words found in the Ms Wiz Banned storybook.

2. to find out the techniques used by the translator to borrow the loan words in the Ms Wiz Banned storybook.

3. to find out the readability level of the sentences containing loan words found

in the Indonesian version of Ms Wiz Banned storybook?

4. to find out the acceptability level of the sentences containing loan words

found in the Indonesian version of Ms Wiz Banned storybook?

E. Research Benefits

This research is expected to be beneficial:

1. For Students, this research is expected to be useful in providing them with

some more knowledge about readability and acceptability in translations

studies and to improve their abilities in translating an English text or

analyzing the translation sentences containing loan words.

2. For Lectures, this research is expected to be useful as an additional input in

teaching translation, especially about readability and acceptability of loan

words.

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3. For other researchers, this research is expected to be able inspire them in their

further research related to this study.

4. For translators, this research is expected to be useful as an input, so that they

can translate better.

F. Thesis Organization

CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION. It consists of Research Background, Research Problems, Research Limitation, Research Objectives, Research Benefits, and Thesis Organization.

CHAPTER II : LITERATURE REVIEW. It consists of definition of Translation, Types of Translation, Process of Translation, Principle of Translation, and Techniques of Adjustment.

CHAPTER III : RESEARCH METHODOLOGY. It consists of Research Type and Design, Data and Source of Data, Sampling Technique, Method of Data Collection, Technique of Data Analysis, and Research Procedure.

CHAPTER IV : RESEARCH FINDING AND DISCUSSION. It consists of Research Finding, and Discussion.

CHAPTER V : CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

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CHAPTER II

LITERARY REVIEW

A. Definition of Translation

This chapter provides various translation definitions that are related to this

study. The definitions are from different experts that give references to the researcher

to describe what a translation is. Experts have their own definition for translation.

Generally, translations constitute transferring message from one language to another

with an equal materials, as Catford states “Translation is the replacement of textual

material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another Language

(TL)” (1965: 20).

Catford (1965) states that translation is the replacements of the material by

replacing the source material with the target material by finding the equivalent

meaning of the material. For instance, the SL is an idiom, the result in TL is also an

idiom.

The experts translate sets of works that influence many thoughts of people to

learn different culture by appreciating it. The translations afford an important role in

helping people to communicate with other different languages, and find a new

understanding. The definitions from the experts due to one purpose, it is to transfer

the same message from the SL to the TL equivalently as the definition from

www.wikipedia.com below “Translation is the interpretation of the meaning of a

text in one language (the "source text") and the production, in another language, of

an equivalent text (the "target text," or "translation") that communicates the same

message” (www.wikipedia.com).

Nida and Taber nearly have the same definition to the wikipedia’s definition.

They state that in reproducing a TL the translators have to find the closest

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equivalence meaning of the text, “Translating consists in producing in the receptor

language the closest natural equivalent to the message of the source language, first in

meaning and secondly in style” (1975: 33).

The equivalence of meaning and style are very important, since the meaning

of the result has a change in common. For instance, if the source text is an official

text, thus the translated text should use an official style also. It is applied to maintain

the message and the style of the source text. The most important points of the

translations are the message of the original language can be transferred and

understood by the target readers completely with a natural equivalent in meaning.

Oxford dictionary also gives definition of translation as changing from one state or form to another within it is spoken or written, “Translation is basically achange of form/when we speak of the form of language, we are referring to the actual words, phrase, clauses, sentences, paragraph, etc, which are spoken or written” (Oxford dictionary, 1974: 919 ).

Closely with Nida and Teber definitions, Newmark states, “Translation is a

craft consisting in the attempt to replace a written message and / or statement in one

language by the same message and / or statement in another language” (1981: 7). It

means that the translation is an effort to find the same meaning or message from the

source language to the target language, hence it needs a skill to reach the goal. He

emphasizes the skill of the translators, since the translators play an important role in

translating a text. The target text can be a good reading or bad reading depends on

the translators in transferring the SL.

The relation of the definitions from Newmark and Nida-Teber has a tendency

in stressing the content, meaning, message or idea conserved by the SL equivalently.

At this point, they want to say that translation is delivering the message contained in

the SL into TL, as well as transferred in the TL which is closely equivalence with the

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SL. Translation is an abstract concept dealing with translation activity in transferring

the ideas, thoughts, and purposes from one language to another.

Based on the definitions above, a brief conclusion can be drawn that the essence of the translation is transferring, reproducing, and re-expressing the meaning, message and the content from the SL into TL equivalently. The goal of the translation is generally to establish a relation of the equivalency of the objectivity between the ST and TT while taking into account a number of constraints. At this point, the term of equivalency is considered as a similarity since the exact equivalent is very hard to reach due to the culture and rule differences between SL and TL. It is the role of translators as a bridge between two different cultures, and they ought to converse the message and impact of the writer’s work to the target readers as well.

Concerning the definitions above, the researcher is interested with Nida and Teber statements as the main concept of definition, since Nida and Teber give an easier way to define the translation.

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B. Translation as a Process

In translating an SL, the translators have to deal with many processes of transferring the message due to the equivalences. The process of translation is an activity, which is conducted by the translators when creating a translation text. According to Zabalbeascoa in Nababan (2004),

‘Process covers stage of designing a translation project, selecting the source text (ST), hiring/selecting translator(s), getting the ST to the translators, getting the target text (TT)/translation) back from the translators, editing of the text and all of the other stages of publishing (or broadcasting, etc) and distributing a TT and getting it to its target readers” (2004: 17).

Zabalbeascoa says that process of translation covers some stages in drawing the results of translation. The first stage is searching out the SL and then giving the SL to the translators for the translation’s process. The next stage is getting back the results from the translators for editing session. After Zabalbeascoa gets the results, the translated texts are ready to be published and received by the readers. In drawing a good translation, Zabalbeascoa formulates from the beginning process of translation. He only gives the general process of translation happened. He does not give the specific explanation how the SL can be produced in different language and meaning, since translation is created in translators mind, and only the translators who know the process of translating the text.

Due to the translation action, the translators have to groove the series of steps in attempt to transfer the meaning of the SL into TL. Nida (1975) and Suryawinata (1982) distinguish the translation processes which consist of three types of activities. Nida grows the steps in conducting the language that can be accepted by the readers. They are: a) the analysis of the SL text, b) the transferring of content or meaning or message, c) the restructuring in the TL. Nida (1975) projects the scheme of the translation’s process as below:

1. Analysis

The first step is analyzing the SL text and makes it into simplest and

structurally clearest form and then transferring the idea of the ST completely by

maintaining its style and manner in the appropriate composition in TT, especially in

SOURCE RECEPTOR TEXT TRANSLATION

ANALYSI

TRANSFER

RESTRUCTURI

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the case of source and receptor languages having quite different grammatical and

semantic structures. For instance, in translating an economical text, the translators

have to keep the style of the SL by using an economical language term.

The processes of classification of SL are needed to make the translators

identify the style of the text more easily. The translators must identify the component

of the translation units first. A translation unit may be a word, a phrase or even one

or more sentence, for instances are idioms, slang words, loan words, and anecdote.

To decode the complete meaning of the source text, the translators must consciously

and methodically interpret and analyze all its features. This process requires

comprehensive knowledge of the grammars, semantics, syntaxes, idioms, and the

likes of the SL, as well as the culture of its speakers.

2. Transferring

The processes of transferring happen in the translators’ mind. The translators

make the schemes on their mind in finding the equivalences of the SL. The

translators try to find the suitable words of SL both in meaning and form. The

referential content of the message is not concerned primarily with the precise word or

exocentric unit (i.e. the idioms), but also with the whole sets of components. The

translators should have a transfer competence, thus the skill of the translators is

tested. “Transfer competence means tactics and strategies of converting L1 texts into

L2 texts” (Neubert in Nababan 2004: 71).

3. Restructuring

The last phase is restructuring. The translators unite all compositions from the beginning until the end. The re-arrangements of the ST contents are supposed to be appropriate with the culture of the TT as well. In representing a good sentence, the translators should make some corrections and complete the translation as well. The transferred material is restructured in order to make the message be fully accepted in the receptor language perfectly.

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The result of the translation works should have the same meaning and expression as the original ones. Therefore the translators can not add or delete the information which may be an important message, as Sudarno states “…in exchanging the language, the translators are obviously expected not to reduce, add, or change the language of the original author, however, the presentation must be in the same expression and easy to comprehend” (1991: 8). It means that the translators are banned to add or change the message of the original SL. In another word, the translators have to translate the SL to the TL more easily without changing the message.

The goal of the translation process is transferring and re-expressing the idea, thought, and message of the original author. The most essential thing in translating a text is to transfer the idea and the message of the original text completely. It implies, however, the source texts that are translated entirely into the target texts are not always a good one, since there are always any tendencies of the translated texts miss conception of the SL, even the SL is translated completely.

C. Principles of translation

The principles of translation are made for the translators, indeed to produce a good translation. In doing a translation work, the translators should consider some principle matters related to translation. The principles of translation are used in order to get a good and natural translation. A good translation is a translation that can be accepted by the target readers and does not sound like translation as Nida and Teber state “the best translation does not sound like a translation” (1975, 14). The principles of translation will guide the translators to get such quality and naturalness of the translation that they produce.

According to Badudu (1985), translation works have to keep the result of the translation as close as possible from the original text. Therefore the readers can get the sense of the same impression as they read the original. The result of the translation should be completed, flexible, and easy to read, thus the readers will understand the contents easily. It is clear that the most important things in translation are the transferring of the contents, meanings, and the message correctly and completely from the SL into TL.

According to Bell (1991), the translators must have certain qualifications to produce a translation with such quality. At least translators have five qualifications that have to be filled up. They are: a. competent mastery of the SL, b. competent mastery of TL, c. good general background knowledge, d. expertise in the field, and e. intelligent (know-how). Bell has proposed the qualifications to achieve high quality result. The principles proposed by Bell focuses on the quality of the translators themselves. The competences and the knowledge of translators are the main factor in the translation process.

Etienne Dolet in Nida (1964) proposes some requirements to create a good translation. They are as follows:

1. The translators must understand perfectly the content and intention of the

author.

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2. The translators should have a perfect knowledge of the language from which

they are translating and equally excellent knowledge of the language into

which they are translating.

3. The translators should avoid tendency to translate word-for-word renderings,

thus it will destroy the meaning of the original and ruin of the beauty of the

expression.

4. The translators should employ the form of speech in common language.

5. Through the choice and order of words, the translators should produce a total

affect with an appropriate tone.

The principles that are arranged by the experts above, endow some decrees for the translators. Unfortunately it is difficult for the translators, even professional translators, to fulfill those all requirements, more than ever for the beginners. The basic principles are for the translators who are concerning with the naturalness of re-expressing message and re-arranging the sentences, thus the translation texts are sound natural in TL. The naturalness of the translated text has big impact to the readers. The translated text will be considered acceptable if it is read as an original text. Acceptability is related to the naturalness of the translated text to the target reader.

The important things in translation are the translation should give complete transcript of the ideas of the original work, the styles, and the manners of the writing should be having the same characters with the original, and the translation should have the ease of the original composition, (Sudarno, 1991). Therefore, the translators should know how to be good translators, and produce qualified translation without any mistake inside. The educational background of thinking between the author and the translators and the cultural background are influencing the translation that will be produced.

“Good translation is produced by highly skilled individuals, deeply rooted in both the source and the target culture who are familiar with the specific lingo of the subject matter at hand” (www.accurapid.com). It means that a good translation will be produced if the translators have such quality skill and master both in SL and TL culture. Indeed, the persons that know better about the culture SL and TL can not be said as the translators, because translators are not only master in language and culture only, but they should have competency and knowledge in both SL and TL in common, indeed in grammar and grammatical meaning,

Related to the principles of translation, Larson gives his idea by determining three categories for the best translation,

“THE BEST TRANSLATION IS THE ONE WHICH, (1) USES THE NORMAL LANGUAGE FORMS OF THE RECEPTOR LANGUAGE, (2)

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COMMUNICATES, AS MUCH AS POSSIBLE, TO THE RECEPTOR LANGUAGE SPEAKERS THE SAME MEANING THAT WAS UNDERSTOOD BY THE SPEAKERS OF THE SOURCE LANGUAGE, AND (3) MAINTAINS THE DYNAMICS OF THE ORIGINAL SOURCE LANGUAGE TEXT. MAINTAINING THE ‘DYNAMIC’ OF THE ORIGINAL SOURCE TEXT MEANS THAT THE TRANSLATION IS PRESENTED IN SUCH A WAY THAT IT WILL, HOPEFULLY, EVOKE THE SAME RESPONSE AS THE SOURCE TEXT ATTEMPTED TO EVOKE” (1984: 6).

Larson (1984) emphasizes that in resulting a translation, the translators should use the common words and forms of the receptor’s language in order to make the readers can understand the translation easily, and get the message briefly thesame with the original message. The significant things in the principles of translation are the translation must contain the meaning or message from the SL correctly and maintain the style of the SL.

D. PROBLEMS IN TRANSLATION

In the translation process, there are many difficulties dealing with the transferring of the SL into TL. Translation is inherently a difficult activity. Translators face many problems which make the process of translating even more difficult. The common problem that appears is the difficulties in finding the equivalent words in TL. The equivalent words of the translated text should have the same meaning as the SL and it has the unchanged expression for the readers.

THE DIFFICULTIES IN TRANSLATION DEAL WITH THE

KNOWLEDGE OF THE TRANSLATORS. LACK OF VOCABULARY IS THE

MOST COMMON PROBLEM THAT ALWAYS APPEARS DEALING WITH

THE ATYPICAL SYSTEM OR FOREIGN WORDS OF THE SL. DIFFICULTIES

IN TRANSLATION OCCUR SINCE THE SL AND THE TL HAVE

DIFFERENCES IN COMMON AND THE TRANSLATORS DO NOT HAVE

ENOUGH COMPETENCE IN TRANSFERRING THE SL BRIEFLY. NIDA (1964)

HAS SOME PERCEPTION OF PROBLEMS THAT ARE DEALING WITH

TRANSLATION PROCESS, SUCH AS: 1). ECOLOGICAL PROBLEM. IT

EMERGES ON THE DIFFERENCES OF THE EXISTENCE OF THE CREATURE

OR PHENOMENA IN THE WORLD SUCH AS ANIMALS, PLANTS, WINDS,

AND MOUNTAINS. 2). SOCIAL CULTURE. IT IS SOMETHING THAT

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CLOSELY RELATES TO SOCIAL LIFE, SUCH AS THE LANGUAGE THAT

THEY USE EVERYDAY (MOTHER TONGUE), AND CEREMONY. IT

RELATES TO THE DIFFERENCES OF THE CULTURAL BACKGROUND OF

EACH SOCIETY. 3). MATERIAL CULTURE IS RELATED TO THE

DIFFERENT MATERIAL OF EACH PLACE, SUCH AS HOUSEHOLD, AND

FOOD. 4). RELIGIOUS CULTURE THAT REPRESENTS SOMEONE’S

BELIEVING TO THEIR GOD, IN WHICH THE TERM THAT OFTEN MAKES

PROBLEMS FOR THE TRANSLATORS. FINALLY, 5). LINGUISTIC

STRUCTURE. IT HAS EACH CHARACTERISTIC EITHER IN GRAMMAR,

PRONUNCIATIONS, OR EVEN IN VOCABULARY. THE PROBLEMS THAT

ARE RECOMMENDED BY NIDA (1964) COVER ALL CONDITIONS OF SL

AND TL ENVIRONMENTS.

NABABAN (2003) GIVES SOME POINTERS OF THE TRANSLATION

PROBLEMS SUCH AS THE DIFFERENCES OF SL AND TL LANGUAGE,

SEMANTICS AND STYLISTIC COMPLEXITY, TRANSLATOR’S

COMPETENCE AND QUALITY OF THE TEXT, AS HIS STATES BELOW:

“KESULITAN – KESULITAN YANG KERAP TIMBUL DALAM PRAKTEK MENERJEMAHAN, YANG DISEBABKAN OLEH BEBERAPA FAKTOR, SEPERTI PERBEDAAN SISTEM BAHASA SUMBER DENGAN SISTEM BAHASA SASARAN, KOMPLEKSITAS SEMANTIK DAN STALISTIK BAHASA SUMBER DAN BAHASA SASARAN, PERBEDAAN TINGKAT KEMAMPUAN PENERJEMAH DAN TINGKAT KUALITAS TULISAN BAHASA SUMBER”(NABABAN, 2003: 54 – 55).

THE STATEMENT ABOVE SUPPORTS NIDA’S VIEW ABOUT THE

TRANSLATION PROBLEMS, THOUGH THE NABABAN’S STATEMENT IS

SIMPLER THAN NIDA. NIDA’S VIEW COVERS THE ENTIRE TRANSLATION

SUBJECT, BOTH INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL FACTORS.

xxv

WHEREAS THE DIFFICULTIES PROBLEM PROPOSED BY NABABAN

HAVE SOME POINTS THAT HAVE TO BE FOCUSED ON. THE FIRST POINT

IS THE SYSTEM OF DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE SL AND TL. THE

DIFFERENCES OF THE SL AND TL BECOME THE MAIN PROBLEM, SINCE

THERE IS NO LANGUAGE HAVING THE SAME FORM AND SYSTEM EACH

OTHER, FOR EXAMPLE IS SCALLION. SCALLION IN SL IS THE SEED OF

THE ONION, BUT IN TL SCALLION IS TRANSLATED INTO ‘BRAMBANG’, IN

FACT ‘BRAMBANG’ HAS A DIFFERENT MEANING IN TL. ‘BRAMBANG’ IN

TL MEANS RED ONION OR SHALLOT. THERE IS NO DEFINITION IN TL OF

SCALLION. EACH OF THE LANGUAGE IS HAVING ITS FEATURE

CHARACTERISTICS OF FORM AND STRUCTURE. THE DIFFERENCES OF

THE LANGUAGE SYSTEM MAKE THE TRANSLATORS NEED TO WORK

HARDER TO TRANSFER THE MEANING OF THE SL ENTIRELY.

THE SECOND POINT IS THE SEMANTICS AND THE STYLISTICS

COMPLEXITY. THE DIFFERENCES OF THE SEMANTICS AND STYLISTICS

COMPLEXITY ARE COMING UP SINCE EACH COUNTRY HAS ITS OWN

LANGUAGES AND STRUCTURES OF THE CULTURAL BACKGROUND AS

THE PART OF THE INSPIRATIONAL EXPRESSION. THE LANGUAGE

STYLES ALSO INFLUENCE THE STYLISTICS COMPLEXITY IN WRITING

DOWN THE TRANSLATION TEXTS. THE DIFFERENCES OF THE SOCIO

CULTURE AS A PART OF THE CULTURAL EXPRESSION ALSO MAKE THE

SEMANTICS COMPLEXITY HAVE A STRONG RELATION ON THE SOCIAL-

CULTURE BACKGROUND OF THE SPEAKER OF THE LANGUAGE. SINCE

EVERY SINGLE WORD OF THE TEXTS HAS ITS OWN STYLE AND

STRUCTURE, THE TRANSLATORS SHOULD BE ABLE TO TRANSFER AND

xxvi

RE-EXPRESS THE TEXT EQUIVALENTLY IN THE TL AS WELL AS THE

ORIGINAL ONES. FOR INSTANCE, THE STYLE OF ENGLISH WRITER IS

DIFFERENT FROM OTHERS. THEY USUALLY USE A METAPHOR AND A

CONNOTATION WORD AS THEIR EXPRESSION WORD. THE

TRANSLATORS HAVE TO BE ABLE TO KEEP THE STYLE OF THE

AUTHOR. THE TRANSLATORS MUST USE THE SAME EXPRESSION IN

TRANSLATING THE SL TO GET THE EQUIVALENT MEANING IN THE

TARGET LANGUAGE.

THE COMPETENCE OF THE TRANSLATORS IS THE NEXT POINT OF

NABABAN’S PROPOSES. THE TRANSLATORS ARE THE MAIN ACTOR

AND THE CHAIRMAN IN A TRANSLATION PROCESS. THE COMPETENCE

OF THE TRANSLATORS IS TESTED HERE, HENCE TO GET THE BEST

EQUIVALENT OF THE SL. THE CAPABILITY OF THE TRANSLATORS IN

TRANSLATING A TEXT IS DIFFERENT. THEY HAVE THEIR PERSONAL

KNOWLEDGE AND EXPERIENCE TO TRANSFORM THE SL INTO TL

BASED ON THEIR COMPETENCY. CHESTERMAN IN NABABAN STATES,

“AN EXPERT TRANSLATORS IS SEEN AS SOMEONE WHO WORKSLARGELY ON INTUITION, ON AUTOMATIC PILOT AS IT WERE, BUT WHO RETAINS THE ABILITY TO DRAW ON CRITICAL RATIONALITY WHEN THE NEED ARISES, FOR INSTANCE IN SOLVING PARTICULARLY TOUGH OR UNUSUAL PROBLEMS, OR WHEN JUSTIFYING SOLUTION TO THE CLIENT” (CHESTERMAN IN NABABAN, 2004: 64).

THEREFORE, THE COMPETENCE OF THE TRANSLATORS

INFLUENCES THE RESULT OF THE TRANSLATION TEXT AS WELL. THE

CAPABILITY OF THE TRANSLATORS TO MANAGE AND RE-EXPRESS THE

SL IS TESTED SINCE THE SL HAVE MORE THAN FEW OF EQUIVALENT

WORDS IN TL, THUS THE TRANSLATORS SHOULD HAVE SOME

xxvii

QUALIFICATIONS TO BE TRANSLATORS. THE TRANSLATORS SHOULD

HAVE MULTI COMPONENTS COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE

CONSISTING OF GRAMMATICAL COMPETENCE, DISCOURSE

COMPETENCE, AND STRATEGY COMPETENCE (BELL, 1991).

FINALLY, THE QUALITY OF THE SL TEXT HAS TO BE MEASURED.

THE QUALITY OF THE SL WILL INFLUENCE THE ACTIVITY OF

TRANSLATORS IN REPRODUCING THE QUALITY OF THE TRANSLATION

TEXT, SEEING AS THE TRANSLATORS WILL TRANSLATE THE SL AS THE

ORIGINAL TEXT. IF THE ST HAS AN INCOMPLETE TEXT, IT WILL ALSO

CREATE AN INAPPROPRIATE TRANSLATION AS WELL. THE LOW ST’S

QUALITY WILL MAKE THE TEXT DIFFICULT TO UNDERSTAND, AND THE

TRANSLATORS WILL HAVE MANY PROBLEMS IN TRANSLATING IT. THE

TRANSLATION’S RESULT SHOULD TO BE UNDERSTOOD BY THE

READERS EASILY WITHOUT DOUBT INSIDE. EVER SINCE THE

TRANSLATION WORKS BECOME A BRIDGE FOR TWO OR MORE

DIFFERENCE CULTURES, THE QUALITY OF THE SL AND TL ARE OUGHT

TO BE CONSIDERED AS THE MAIN POINT TO BE MEASURED.

MOREOVER, NABABAN STATES,

“PESAN YANG TERKANDUNG DALAM BAHASA SUMBER AKAN SULIT DITANGKAP ATAU DIPAHAMI APABILA KUALITAS TEKS TERSEBUT TIDAK BAIK, SEPERTI GRAMATIKANYA TIDAK BENAR, KALIMAT TAKSA, PENGUNGKAPAN IDENYA TIDAK RUNTUT, BANYAK KESALAHAN EJAAN DAN FUNGTUASI, DAN LAIN SEBAGAINYA” (2003: 60).

AS A RESULT, THE SL MUST HAVE A HIGH QUALITY AS THE TEXT

THAT WILL BE TRANSLATED, SINCE IT WILL INFLUENCE THE RESULT

OF THE TRANSLATION WORK THAT WILL BE PRODUCED BY THE

xxviii

TRANSLATORS. THUS, THE TRANSLATION TEXT HAS PRODUCED THE

SAME MEANING OR MESSAGE IN THE TL TEXT AS INTENDED BY THE

ORIGINAL AUTHOR AS THE MAIN OBJECT OF A TRANSLATOR,

(NABABAN, 2004). INDEED THE TRANSLATORS SHOULD GIVE THE

CORRECT MEANING OR MESSAGE FROM THE ORIGINAL MAIN IDEA

WITHOUT ANY CHANGING OF THE SENSE OF THE MEANING ITSELF.

UNFORTUNATELY, EVEN THE PROFESSIONAL TRANSLATORS

REPEATEDLY MAKE A LITTLE MISTAKE WITH THEIR TRANSLATION

PRODUCT. MOSTLY IT IS CAUSED BY THE PROBLEMS OF NON-

EQUIVALENT WORD. THE PROBLEMS OF NON-EQUIVALENCE AT WORD

LEVEL WILL BE DISCUSSED AS FOLLOWS:

ACCORDING TO MONA BAKER, “NON-EQUIVALENT AT WORD

LEVEL MEANS THAT THE TARGET LANGUAGE HAS NO DIRECT

EQUIVALENT FOR A WORD, WHICH OCCURS IN THE SOURCE TEXT”

(1992: 20). BAKER (1992) EXPLAINS SOME COMMON TYPES OF

NONEQUIVALENT AT WORD LEVEL, AS FOLLOWS:

A) CULTURAL-SPECIFIC CONCEPT

"THE SOURCE LANGUAGE WORD MAY EXPRESS A CONCEPT

WHICH IS TOTALLY UNKNOWN IN THE TARGET CULTURE” (BAKER,

1992: 42). THE CONCEPT, IN QUESTION MAY BE ABSTRACT OR

CONCRETE, IT MAY RELATE TO A RELIGIOUS BELIEVE, A SOCIAL

CUSTOM, OR EVEN TYPE OF FOOD. TRANSLATING A CULTURAL

CONCEPT IS NOT EASY, SINCE EACH COUNTRY HAS ITS OWN

CHARACTERISTIC PLACE OR BELIEF THAT IS UNCOMMON TO THE

OTHERS. FOR EXAMPLE IS THE “MAPLE” TREE THAT CULTURALLY

xxix

CANNOT BE FOUND IN INDONESIA. IT IS DIFFICULT TO FIND THE

EQUIVALENCE OF THE “MAPLE” TREE IN INDONESIA BECAUSE THIS

TYPE OF TREE IS TOTALLY UNKNOWN IN INDONESIA.

B) THE SOURCE-LANGUAGE CONCEPT IS NOT LEXICALIZED IN THE

TARGET LANGUAGE.

BAKER STATES, “THE SL MAY EXPRESS A CONCEPT WHICH IS

KNOWN IN THE TL BUT SIMPLY NOT LEXICALIZED, THAT IS NO

ALLOCATED A TARGET-LANGUAGE TO EXPRESS IT” (1992:21). IT

MEANS THAT THE TARGET READERS ALREADY KNOW THE SL TEXT

BUT IT IS NOT LEXICALIZED IN TL. FOR EXAMPLE IS, “DOWNLOAD”.

THE WORD “DOWNLOAD” HAS NO EQUIVALENT IN INDONESIAN

LANGUAGE, ALTHOUGH IT EXPRESSES A CONCEPT THAT IS EASY TO

UNDERSTAND, BUT IT IS DIFFICULT TO TRANSLATE INTO INDONESIAN

THOUGH.

C) THE SOURCE LANGUAGE WORD IS SEMANTICALLY COMPLEX

IT MEANS THAT THE WORD IN THE SL CONSISTS OF A SINGLE

MORPHEME THAT EXPRESSES MORE COMPLEX SETS OF MEANINGS

THAN A WHOLE SENTENCE, (BAKER, 1992). AN EXAMPLE FOR THIS

STUDY IS CONCEPT OF ‘KHITANAN’ IN JAVANESE SOCIETY. THERE IS NO

EQUIVALENT WORD FOR THIS TERM IN WESTERN SOCIETIES. THE

WORD ‘KHITANAN’ IS SEMANTICALLY COMPLEX IN TL. THE WORD

‘KHITANAN’ HAS BROADER MEANING RATHER THAN THE WORD

ITSELF. IT INDICATES MANY MEANINGS FOR THE WORD ‘KHITANAN’ IN

JAVANESE. IT INDICATES MATURITY, RESPONSIBLE ATTITUDE AND TO

BE A MOSLEM PERFECTLY.

xxx

D) THE SOURCE LANGUAGE AND TARGET LANGUAGE MAKE

DIFFERENT DISTINCTION IN MEANING. THE TL MAY MAKE MORE OR

FEWER DISTINCTIONS IN MEANING OF THE SL. WHERE ONE LANGUAGE

REGARDS AS AN IMPORTANT DISTINCTION IN MEANING ANOTHER

LANGUAGE MAY NOT PERCEIVE AS RELEVANT, (BAKER, 1992).

E) DIFFERENT IN FORM

THERE IS OFTEN NO EQUIVALENT IN THE TARGET LANGUAGE

FOR A PARTICULAR FORM IN THE SOURCE LANGUAGE. CERTAIN

SUFFIXES AND PREFIXES, WHICH CONVEY PREPOSITIONAL AND OTHER

TYPES OF MEANING IN ENGLISH OFTEN HAVE NO DIRECT EQUIVALENT

IN OTHER LANGUAGES. FOR INSTANCE, ‘UNPREDICTABLE’

TRANSLATED INTO ‘TIDAK DAPAT DITEBAK’.

F). DIFFERENCES IN EXPRESSIVE MEANING

THERE MAY BE A TARGET LANGUAGE WORD WHICH HAS THE

SAME PREPOSITIONAL MEANING AS THE SOURCE LANGUAGE, BUT IT

MAY HAVE A DIFFERENT EXPRESSIVE MEANING, (BAKER, 1992).

EXPRESSIVE MEANING IS THE MEANING OF A WORD THAT RELATES TO

THE SPEAKER’S FEELINGS OR ATTITUDE RATHER THAN TO THE WORDS

AND UTTERANCES REFER TO. IN ORDER TO GET THE EXPRESSIVE

MEANING, THE TRANSLATORS CAN ADD SOME EMOTIONAL MEANINGS

BY EXPRESSIVE MEANING WITHOUT INFLUENCING THE SENSE OF THE

ST.

OTHER PROBLEMS PROPOSED BY NABABAN (2003) HAVE THREE

MAIN REASONS WHY AN EXACT EQUIVALENCE OR A RESULT IS

DIFFICULT TO ACHIEVE. FIRSTLY, IT IS IMPOSSIBLE FOR A TEXT TO

xxxi

HAVE CONSTANT INTERPRETATIONS EVEN FOR THE SAME PERSON ON

TWO OCCASIONS. SECONDLY, TRANSLATION IS A MATTER OF

SUBJECTIVE INTERPRETATION OF THE TRANSLATORS DEAL WITH THE

SL TEXT. THIRDLY, IT MAY NOT BE POSSIBLE FOR TRANSLATORS TO

DETERMINE HOW AUDIENCE’S RESPONSES TO THE ST WHEN IT IS FIRST

PRODUCED.

THOSE PROBLEMS INFLUENCE THE TARGET READERS IN

COMPREHENDING AND UNDERSTANDING THE TEXT. THE PROBLEMS

WHICH OCCUR IN TRANSLATION, CAN DETERMINE THE DEGREE OF

TEXT DIFFICULTY TO BE TRANSLATED. AS A RESULT, THERE ARE

MANY TRANSLATIONS USING FOREIGN WORDS AND CULTURES,

AMBIGUOUS WORDS AND SENTENCES, INCOMPLETE SENTENCES, AND

THE USE OF THE LOAN WORDS. BECAUSE OF THOSE PROBLEMS, THE

READABILITY OF THE TEXT WILL BE DIFFICULT TO REACH.

E. LOAN WORDS

A loanword (or loan word) is a word directly taken into one language from another with little or no translation, (wikidpedia.com). According to Baker, translation using a loan word is particularly common in dealing with culture-specific items, modern concepts, and buzz words (1992: 34).

“Loan word is a word borrowed from the national language or another known language for use in the translation. It is foreign word to the reader of the translation and they differed from other national language words that have already been assimilated into the normal vocabulary of the receptor language” (Blight 1992: 31)

The use of the loan word or loan expression from original source language is to show a prestige that the loan word has a higher class from native language in common. The use of the loan word in the SL text creates a special problem in translation. In another hand, the respective proportional meaning, the loan word such as château or grand mere in English, is often used for its prestigious value, because it adds air of sophistication to the text or its subject matter.

xxxii

THE USE OF LOAN WORD OR LOAN EXPRESSION IN

TRANSLATION PRODUCTS IS AN INDICATION THAT THE SOURCE TEXT

IS DIFFICULT TO UNDERSTAND OR THE TRANSLATORS ARE UNABLE TO

FIND ITS EQUIVALENCY IN THE TARGET TEXT. FROM THE OXFORD

DICTIONARY (1995), ‘LOAN WORD MEANS A WORD BORROWED FROM

ANOTHER LANGUAGE, E.G. ‘BLITZ IS A GERMAN WORD BORROWED

INTO ENGLISH’. THUS, ALL OF THE WORDS THAT ARE BORROWED

FROM OTHER LANGUAGES ARE THE LOAN WORDS.

F. TYPES OF LOAN WORDS

THE LOAN WORD DEALS WITH THE LACK OF VOCABULARY OF

THE TRANSLATORS IN FINDING THE EQUIVALENCY OF THE SOURCE

LANGUAGE THAT THEY TRANSLATE. NIDA (1964) HAS SOME

PERCEPTION OF PROBLEMS WHICH DEAL WITH THE TYPICAL SYSTEM

OR FOREIGN LANGUAGE OF THE SOURCE LANGUAGE. NIDA (1964, 90-97)

CLASSIFIES FIVE POINTS DEALING WITH TRANSLATION PROBLEMS AS

FOLLOWS:

A. ECOLOGICAL PROBLEM.

ECOLOGICAL MEANT BY NIDA (1964) IS THE PROBLEM THAT

EMERGE WITH THE DIFFERENCES OF THE EXISTENCE OF THE

CREATURE OR PHENOMENA IN THE WORLD, FOR INSTANCE ANIMALS,

PLANTS, MOUNTAINS, PERSONS, WINDS, AND RIVERS. THE NAMES OF

THE PHENOMENA ARE DIFFERENT, BASED ON THE PLACE AND

SITUATION WHERE THE PHENOMENON OCCURS.

EXAMPLE :

SL: “GREAT OAKS FROM LITTLE ACORNS GROW”

xxxiii

TL: “POHON EK (08) BESAR BERASAL DARI BIJI YANG KECIL”.

IN THE TARGET CULTURE, THERE IS NO “OAK” TREE, BUT IT

GROWS IN THE SOURCE CULTURE, THUS THE TRANSLATORS USE LOAN

WORD TO TRANSLATE THE SOURCE TEXT. FROM

WWW.WIKIPEDIA.COM, LOAN WORD IS A WORD DIRECTLY TAKEN

INTO ONE LANGUAGE FROM ANOTHER WITH LITTLE OR NO

TRANSLATION. THE USE OF “EK” IN THE TARGET TEXT IS INDICATION

OF THE LOAN WORD FROM THE SOURCE TEXT. “OAK” IS ONE OF THE

PHENOMENA THAT OCCURS IN THE SOURCE LANGUAGE CULTURE,

AND THERE IS NO EQUIVALENT IN THE TARGET CULTURE, THUS THE

TRANSLATORS BORROW IT.

B. MATERIAL CULTURE PROBLEM

THIS PROBLEM IS CLOSELY RELATED TO THE DIFFERENT

MATERIAL OF EACH PLACE OR AREA. IT IS RELATED TO THE OBJECTS

PRODUCED BY HUMAN BEING. FOR EXAMPLE IS HOUSEHOLD OR FOOD,

WHICH HAS SPECIFIC CHARACTERS. FOR EXAMPLES ARE TUMPENG,

GUDEG, KERIS AND KABAYA. THE TRANSLATORS MAY FIND DIFFICULTY

IN TRANSLATING THOSE WORDS INTO ANOTHER LANGUAGE SINCE

THOSE THINGS ARE THE MATERIAL CULTURE PRODUCTS OF

INDONESIA.

C. SOCIAL CULTURE PROBLEM

SOCIAL CULTURE HERE MEANS THE CULTURE EVENTS OR

CULTURAL BACKGROUND THAT RELATE TO THE SOCIAL LIFE. EACH

SOCIETY HAS ITS OWN CULTURAL BACKGROUND FOR ITS SOCIAL LIFE,

AS KIRAB, MITONI, AND IDAK SITEN. JAVANESE TERMS ONLY EXIST IN

xxxiv

JAVANESE SOCIETY AND ARE PROBABLY DIFFICULT TO TRANSLATE

INTO ANOTHER LANGUAGE.

D. RELIGIOUS CULTURE PROBLEM

RELIGIOUS CULTURE RELATES TO THE BELIEF OF GOD. SINCE

THERE ARE MANY RELIGIONS EXISTING IN THE WORLD AND EACH OF

THEM HAS ITS OWN TERM, THE PROBLEM OF RELIGIOUS CULTURE

ALWAYS OCCURS. FOR EXAMPLE RAMADHAN WHICH IS TRANSLATED

INTO FASTING MONTH, OR PASTUR, PENDETA WHICH IS TRANSLATED

INTO PRIEST. PASTUR AND PENDETA REFER TO THE SAME MEANING,

BUT DUE TO THEIR RELIGION CULTURE EACH HAS ITS

OWN TERM. CHRISTIAN PROTESTANTS WILL TRANSLATE PRIEST AS

PENDETA, WHILE CATHOLIC WILL TRANSLATE IT AS PASTOR.

E. LINGUISTIC PROBLEM

LINGUISTIC PROBLEMS MAY INCLUDE GRAMMAR AND

VOCABULARY SYSTEM. EACH LANGUAGE HAS SOME

CHARACTERISTICS EITHER IN GRAMMAR, VOCABULARY OR

PRONUNCIATION, THUS THE TRANSLATORS HAVE DIFFICULTY IN

FINDING THE APPROPRIATE WORD TO TRANSLATE THE SOURCE

LANGUAGE, FOR EXAMPLE IS RICE. IT CAN BE TRANSLATED INTO

MANY WORDS PADI OR GABAH, BERAS, AND NASI.

G. TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES

DEALING WITH THE VARIOUS PROBLEMS IN TRANSLATING A ST,

SOME TECHNIQUES HAVE BEEN FOUND TO SOLVE THE PROBLEMS. IN

xxxv

TRANSLATION STUDIES, THE DEFINITION OF THE TRANSLATION

TECHNIQUE HAS NOT BEEN SERIOUSLY DEFINED COMPARED TO

ANOTHER TRANSLATION CONCEPT. ACCORDING TO DARWISH,

STRATEGY CONSISTS OF TECHNIQUES, PROCEDURES, AND METHODS

BEAR ON THE TRANSLATION PRODUCT AS IT DEVELOPS, (1995: 18). IT

MEANS, THE TECHNIQUE IS A PART OF THE STRATEGY PROCESS

DEALING WITH THE WAY TRANSLATORS TRANSLATE THE SOURCE

TEXT. THUS, HERE THE RESEARCHER ONLY FOCUSES ON THE WAY OR

TECHNIQUE APPLIED BY TRANSLATOR IN HER STRATEGY TO

TRANSLATE THE LOAN WORDS.

FROM THE DEFINITION ABOVE, HERE ARE SEVERAL WAYS OF

TRANSLATING A SOURCE TEXT DONE BY THE TRANSLATORS DEALING

WITH THE LOAN WORDS:

A. LITERAL TRANSLATION

LITERAL TRANSLATION TAKES WORD-FOR-WORD TRANSLATION

AS STARTING POINT, AND THEN MODIFIES THE ORDER AND

GRAMMAR TO USE AN ACCEPTABLE SENTENCE STRUCTURE IN

THE RECEPTOR LANGUAGE. THE MEANINGS OF THE WORDS ARE

OUT OF CONTEXT, (NEWMARK, 1988: 45). LITERAL TRANSLATION

IS THE BASIC TRANSLATION PROCEDURE (1988: 70), WHICH AIMS

AT FINDING AN EQUIVALENT WORD OR EXPRESSION IN TARGET

LANGUAGE WHICH HAS SIMILAR REFERENCE OR MEANING TO

THE SOURCE LANGUAGE OR EXPRESSION (SURYAWINATA, 2003:

40). LITERAL TRANSLATION IS USUALLY DONE IN WORD LEVEL

SINCE IT TAKES WORD-FOR-WORD FOR THE STARTING POINTS IN

xxxvi

TRANSLATING THE SOURCE TEXT, BUT THE MEANING OF THE

CONTENT IS OUT OF THE CONTEXT.

EXAMPLE SL :‘CAN YOU BRING THIS BAG INTO HER ROOM,

SIR?’

TL :‘DAPAT KAMU BAWA INI TAS KEDALAM DIA

RUANG, TUAN?’

B. TRANSLATION USING LOAN WORDS (WITHOUT ANY

MODIFICATION)

IT IS COMMONLY USED DEALING WITH THE CULTURE SPECIFIC

ITEMS, MODERN CONCEPTS AND BUZZWORDS, (BAKER, 1992: 34).

THE SOURCE TEXT IS DIRECTLY TAKEN INTO THE TARGET TEXT

WITHOUT ANY MODIFICATION AS THE RESULT. THE

TRANSLATIONS ARE LIKELY THE SAME AS THE SOURCE TEXT.

EXAMPLE SL :‘MR HERBERT IN HIS FLAT NOW’

TL :‘MR HERBERT SEDANG BERADA DI FLATNYA

SEKARANG’

C. TRANSLATION USING LOAN WORDS PLUS EXPLANATION

ADDITION INFORMATION OR AN EXPLANATION, WHICH IS GIVEN

BY THE TRANSLATORS IS VERY USEFUL FOR THE READERS. THE

ADDITION OR EXPLANATION CAN BE IN MANY FORMS AS

NEWMARK STATES THAT ADDITIONAL INFORMATION IN THE

TRANSLATION MAY TAKE VARIOUS FORMS: WITHIN THE TEXT,

NOTES AT BOTTOM PAGE, NOTES AT THE END OF CHAPTER, AND

NOTES OF GLOSSARY AT THE END OF BOOK (1988: 92).

EXAMPLE SL :‘MR HERBERT IN HIS FLAT NOW’

xxxvii

TL :‘MR HERBERT SEDANG BERADA DI

FLAT(=APARTEMEN ATAU RUMAH YANG

MEMPUNYAI BANYAK RUANGAN BERTINGKAT

DALAM SATU GEDUNG) NYA SEKARANG’

D. TRANSLATION BY ILLUSTRATION

‘THIS IS A USEFUL OPTION IF THE WORD WHICH LACK AN EQUIVALENT IN THE TARGET LANGUAGE REFERS TO A PHYSICAL ENTITY WHICH CAN BE ILLUSTRATED, PARTICULARLY IF THERE ARE RESTRICTIONS ON SPACE AND IF THE TEXT HAS TO REMAIN SHORT, CONCISE, AND TO THE POINT’ (BAKER, 1992: 42).

IN THIS TECHNIQUE, THE TRANSLATORS MAY ADD SOME

ILLUSTRATION OR DESCRIPTION ABOUT THE SOURCE TEXT

WITH PICTURES, DESCRIPTIONS ABOUT THE WORD, DIAGRAMS,

OR LECTURES.

EXAMPLE SL :‘THE EXAMPLE OF THE JAVANES WEAPON IS

‘KERIS’!’

TL :‘SALAH SATU CONTOH SENJATA TRADISIONAL

ORANG JAWA ADALAH “KERIS’

E. NATURALIZATION

THIS PROCEDURE TRANSFERS AND ADAPTS THE SL WORD FIRST

TO THE NORMAL PRONUNCIATION, THEN TO THE NORMAL

MORPHOLOGY (WORD FORMS) OF THE TL (NEWMARK, 1988: 82).

EXAMPLE SL :‘MANAGEMENT’

TL :‘MENEJEMEN’

ONE OF THE MOST DIFFICULT PROBLEMS IN TRANSLATION IS

FINDING THE EQUIVALENCE FOR OBJECT OR EVENT, WHICH IS

UNKNOWN IN THE TL. ANOTHER DIFFICULTY IS THE DIFFERENT

( )

xxxviii

CULTURE THAT MAKES SOME CONCEPTS ALSO DIFFERENT IN THE TL.

CATFORD SAYS “THE CENTRAL PROBLEM OF TRANSLATION PRACTICE

IS THAT OF FINDING TL TRANSLATION EQUIVALENTS. A CENTRAL

TASK OF TRANSLATION THEORY IS THAT OF DEFINING THE NATURE

AND CONDITIONS OF TRANSLATION EQUIVALENCE” (1965: 21).

BAKER (1998) GIVES EIGHT POSSIBLE TECHNIQUES THAT CAN BE

USED BY THE TRANSLATORS ON DEALING WITH THE VARIOUS TYPES

OF NON-EQUIVALENT, THEY ARE:

1. TRANSLATION BY A MORE GENERAL WORD (SUPERORDINATE)

IT IS COMMONLY USED WHEN THE TL LACKS SPECIFIC TERM

(HYPONYM), (BAKER, 1992). THIS IS ONE OF THE COMMON STRATEGIES

THAT ARE USED BY THE TRANSLATORS, DEALING WITH THE NON-

EQUIVALENCE PROBLEMS. IT IS USED WHEN THE TRANSLATORS

CANNOT FIND THE SUITABLE WORD IN TL. FOR EXAMPLE, BERAS, NASI,

AND GABAH ARE TRANSLATED ONLY ONE WORD IN TL, ‘RICE’. IN SL,

BERAS, NASI, AND GABAH ARE HAVING A DIFFERENT MEANING, BUT IT

ONLY USES ONE WORD IN TL TO TRANSLATE ALL OF THEM.

2. TRANSLATION BY A MORE NEUTRAL OR LESS EXPRESSIVE

WORD

IT IS USED BY THE TRANSLATORS DEALING WITH THE

DIFFERENT EXPRESSION IN REPRESENTING THE FEELING OF THE

AUTHOR. THE TRANSLATORS USE IT IF THE ST IS A VERY UNCOMMON

EXPRESSION AND IT CAN MAKE THE READERS MISUNDERSTAND THE

MEANING, THUS THE TRANSLATORS TRANSLATE THE ST WITH MORE

NEUTRAL OR LESS EXPRESSION.

xxxix

EXAMPLE: SL: ‘DUTCH HAS ANNEXED TIMOR TIMUR SINCE 1998’

TL: ‘BELANDA TELAH MENDUDUKI TIMOR TIMUR SEJAK

1998’

LITERARY TRANSLATION OF ANNEXED IS MENCAPLOK, HERE

SHE USES MENDUDUKI TO MAKE THE EXPRESSION OF THE ANNEXED

MORE NEUTRAL FOR THE TARGET READERS.

3. TRANSLATION BY CULTURAL SUBSTITUTION

TRANSLATION BY CULTURAL SUBSTITUTION INVOLVES

REPLACING A CULTURAL-SPECIFIC ITEM OR EXPRESSION WITH A TL

ITEM, WHICH DOES NOT HAVE THE SAME PREPOSITIONAL MEANING

BUT LIKELY IT HAS A SIMILAR IMPACT ON THE TARGET READER. FOR

INSTANCE, BARBEQUE IS TRANSLATED INTO ‘SYUKURAN’ OR

‘SLAMETAN’ OR ‘PESTA KEBUN’. IN TARGET CULTURE BARBEQUE

(BAKAR DAGING) IS AN UNCOMMON WORD TO BE USED IN TL. THE

MAIN ADVANTAGE OF USING THIS STRATEGY IS TO GIVE THE

READERS A CONCEPT OF WHICH THEY CAN IDENTIFY, SOMETHING

FAMILIAR AND APPEALING.

4. TRANSLATION BY PARAPHRASE USING A RELATED WORD

THIS STRATEGY TENDS TO BE USED WHEN THE CONCEPT

EXPRESSED BY THE SOURCE ITEM IS LEXICALIZED IN TL BUT IN A

DIFFERENT FORM, AND WHEN THE FREQUENCY IN WHICH A CERTAIN

FORM IS USED IN THE SOURCE TEXT IS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER THAN

WHAT WOULD BE NATURAL IN THE TL.

EXAMPLE: ‘THIS CAKE IS FROM SUGAR, IT IS EDIBLE

‘KUE INI DARI GULA DAN DAPAT DIMAKAN.

xl

5. TRANSLATION BY PARAPHRASE USING UNRELATED WORD

INSTEAD OF A RELATED WORD, THE PARAPHRASE MAY BE

BASED ON MODIFYING A SUPERORDINATE OR SIMPLY ON UNPACKING

THE MEANING OF THE SOURCE ITEM, PARTICULARLY IF THE ITEM IN

QUESTION IS SEMANTICALLY COMPLEX. BAKER (1992) SAYS THAT THIS

STRATEGY CAN BE EMPLOYED IF THE CONCEPT EXPRESSED BY THE

SOURCE ITEM IS NOT LEXICALIZED AT ALL IN THE TL, AND THE

PARAPHRASE STRATEGY CAN STILL BE USED IN SOME CONTEXTS.

EXAMPLE: ‘THEY CREAMED BUTTER AND EGGS TOGETHER’

‘MEREKA MENGOCOK MENTEGA DAN TELUR SAMPAI

BERWARNA PUTIH.

6. TRANSLATION BY OMISSION

THE TRANSLATION OF A WORD OR EXPRESSION CAN BE

OMITTED IF THE MEANING CONVEYED BY A PARTICULAR ITEM OR

EXPRESSION IN QUESTION IS NOT VITAL ENOUGH TO THE

DEVELOPMENT OF THE TEXT TO JUSTIFY DISTRACTING THE READER

WITH LENGTHY EXPLANATION.

EXAMPLE: ‘A MAN WHO SITS IN THE BENCH IS MY UNCLE’

‘YANG DUDUK DI BANGKU ITU ADALAH PAMANKU’

7. TRANSLATION BY ILLUSTRATION

“IT IS A USEFUL OPTION IF THE WORD THAT LACKS AN

EQUIVALENT IN THE TL REFERS TO THE PHYSICAL ENTITY THAT CAN

BE ILLUSTRATED, PARTICULARLY IF THERE IS A RESTRICTION ON

SPACE AND IF THE TEXT HAS TO REMAIN SHORT, CONCISE, AND TO

THE POINT” (BAKER, 1992: 42).

xli

8. TRANSLATION BY USING A LOAN WORD OR LOAN WORD PLUS

EXPLANATION

ACCORDING TO BAKER, “TRANSLATION USING A LOAN WORD IS

PARTICULARLY COMMON IN DEALING WITH CULTURE-SPECIFIC

ITEMS, MODERN CONCEPT, AND BUZZWORD” (1992: 34). COMMONLY,

TO TRANSLATE FOR THE NAMES OF PEOPLE, PLACES, GEOGRAPHICAL

AREAS OR THE NAME OF CEREMONY THE TRANSLATORS USE LOAN

WORDS.

H. Quality assessment of translation

QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF TRANSLATION IS ONE OF THE MOST

IMPORTANT THINGS TO DO, SINCE IT IS USED AS THE POINTER TO

KNOW HOW FAR THE TRANSLATION PRODUCT QUALITY IS.

TRANSLATION PRODUCTS NEED TO BE TESTED, AS THE TRANSLATION

QUALITY IS VERY PERSUASIVE TO THE READER’S IMPRESSIONS AND

EFFECTS. TRANSLATION QUALITY ASSESSMENT (TQA) IS NEEDED TO

MEASURE ITS QUALITY.

WHEN THE TRANSLATORS DEAL WITH MANY PROBLEMS OF

TRANSLATION, THEY SOLVE IT WITH A DIFFERENT KIND OF

STRATEGIES. SOMETIMES THEY ADD OR DELETE SOME INFORMATION

FROM THE SL, AND THEY DO NOT REALIZE THAT THEY WILL LOSE THE

ORIGINAL MEANING AND THE ESSENCE OF THE SL. THEY MAY MAKE A

LITTLE MISTAKE IN THEIR RESULT, BUT THE EFFECT MAY DESTROY

ALL OF THE STRUCTURES OF THE CONTENTS. THAT IS WHY, THE TQA

IS NEEDED TO KNOW THE QUALITY OF THE TRANSLATION.

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THERE ARE THREE MAIN REASONS FOR TESTING A

TRANSLATION. THE TRANSLATORS WANT TO BE SURE THAT THEIR

TRANSLATION IS ACCURATE, CLEAR, AND NATURAL, (LARSON, 1984).

THESE THREE FEATURES ARE IMPORTANT DURING THE TRANSLATION

PROCESS. THUS, THE ENTIRE TRANSLATION MUST BE CHECKED. THERE

ARE SEVERAL WAYS OF TESTING A TRANSLATION. THERE ARE SOME

OVERLAPS BETWEEN THEM, THE SAME PERSON MAY BE INVOLVED IN

SEVERAL KINDS OF TESTS AND THE TESTS MAY GIVE SIMILAR

INFORMATION ABOUT THE TRANSLATION. THESE ARE THE SEVERAL

WAYS IN CHECKING THE TRANSLATION RESULTS: 1) COMPARISON

WITH THE SOURCE TEXT, 2) BACK-TRANSLATION INTO THE SOURCE

LANGUAGE, 3) COMPREHENSION CHECKS, 4) NATURALNESS AND

READABILITY TESTING, AND FINALLY, 5) CONSISTENCY CHECKS,

(LARSON, 1984).

BASICALLY, TRANSLATION QUALITY ASSESSMENT COVERS

THREE MAIN POINTS; THEY ARE ACCURACY, READABILITY AND

ACCEPTABILITY. HERE, THE RESEARCHER FOCUSES ON THE

READABILITY AND THE ACCEPTABILITY OF THE TRANSLATED TEXT

FOR THE TARGET READERS, AS EXPLAINED BELOW:

I. READABILITY

THE AIM OF THIS RESEARCH IS TO FIND OUT THE READABILITY

LEVEL OF THE LOAN WORDS USED IN THE MS WIZ BANNED

STORYBOOK. SAKRI IN NABABAN (2003: 62) STATES THAT

READABILITY IS HOW EASY A TEXT TO COMPREHEND. HERE, THE

RESEARCHER WANTS TO FIND OUT HOW FAR THE RESPONDERS COULD

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COMPREHEND THE WORDS THAT CONTAIN LOAN WORD OR LOAN

EXPRESSION IN MS WIZ BANNED TRANSLATION BOOK. RICHARDS ET AL

IN NABABAN STATES THAT READABILITY DEPENDS ON THE WORD

LENGTH, SENTENCES LENGTH AND THE LINK OR RELATIONSHIP

BETWEEN SENTENCES. THE LENGTH OF THE WORDS OF THE

TRANSLATION HERE, HAS A BIG IMPACT TO THE READERS TO

COMPREHEND THE TEXT AS THE RESULT THE TARGET READERS ARE

THE CHILDREN AND THE TEENAGERS. THEY HAVE DIFFERENT

CAPABILITY IN COMPREHENDING THE TEXT, THUS THE WORDS AND

THE SENTENCE LENGTHS HAVE BIG INFLUENCES IN COMPREHENDING

THE TEXT FOR THEM. DALE AND CHALL STILL IN NABABAN ALSO

STATES, “READABILITY…THE SUM TOTAL (INCLUDING THE ONS) OF

ALL THOSE ELEMENTS WITHIN A GIVEN PIECE OF PRINTED MATERIAL

THAT EFFECTS THE SUCCESS A GROUP OF READERS HAVE WITH IT”

(2003: 63).

IT CAN BE CONCLUDED THAT READABILITY DEPENDS ON HOW

THE TEXT CAN BE COMPREHENDED EASILY WHICH DEPENDS ON THE

LENGTH OF THE WORDS AND THE SENTENCES AND THE LINK

BETWEEN THE TEXT. A TEXT WILL BE EASIER TO BE READ IF THE

WORDS USED ARE FAMILIAR AND NOT TO LONG, THE SENTENCES ARE

SIMPLE AND THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THEM ARE IN ORDER.

This test is aimed to see the quality of the text using scales. They are scale ranging from 1 – 4, they are: 4: is very readable, 3: is readable, 2: is unreadable, and 1: is very unreadable.

IN ORDER TO DETERMINE HOW FAR THE READABILITY OF THE

TRANSLATION, A COMPARISON OF THE CONTENT BETWEEN THE

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ORIGINAL TEXT AND THE TRANSLATION PRODUCT NEEDS TO BE

MADE. ACCURATE MEANS REPRODUCING AS CLOSELY AS POSSIBLE

THE MEANING AND THE CONTENT OF THE SOURCE TEXT.

J. ACCEPTABILITY

ACCEPTABILITY RELATES TO THE NATURALNESS OF THE

TRANSLATION PRODUCT TO THE TARGET READERS. ACCEPTABILITY

REFERS TO A TARGET TEXT ORIENTED APPROACH TO TRANSLATION.

THE NATURALNESS OF THE TRANSLATION TEXT WILL INFLUENCE THE

ESSENCES OF THE TRANSLATED TEXT. THE TRANSLATION PRODUCT

WILL BE CONSIDERED ACCEPTABLE IF IT IS READ AS ‘AN ORIGINAL’

WRITTEN IN THE TL AND SOUNDS NATURAL IN THE TARGET READERS.

THE DICTION OF THE TEXT WILL INFLUENCE IN THE

ACCEPTANCES OF THE TEXT FOR THE TARGET READERS. IF THE

CHOICES OF WORD DO NOT HAVE ANY RELATION WITH THE CONTENT,

IT WILL MAKE THE TRANSLATION TEXT HAVE AN AMBIGUOUS

MEANING. IT WILL MAKE THE TARGET READERS DO NOT CATCH THE

MEANING OF THE CONTENT. A TRANSLATOR DOES NOT ONLY HAVE TO

TRANSLATE WHATEVER IS STATED IN THE SOURCE TEXT, BUT ALSO

HAS TO CONSIDER CULTURAL BACKGROUND AND COMMON

EXPRESSION OF THE TARGET READER, RECONSTRUCTS, ADAPTS, OR

EVEN REWRITES IT, (DEWI, 2000).

LARSON (1984) STATES THAT THE NATURALNESS IS VERY

IMPORTANT TO VERIFY WHETHER THE FORM AND THE STYLE OF THE

TRANSLATION ARE NATURAL AND APPROPRIATE ENOUGH TO BE A

GOOD TRANSLATION. HE ALSO GIVES THE LIST OF THE PERSONS WHO

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ARE PROPER TO TEST THE TRANSLATION. THEY ARE: 1) THE

TRANSLATOR HIMSELF, 2) TRANSLATION CONSULTANT, 3) TESTER,

AND 4) REVIEWER. THE TRANSLATOR(S), CONSULTANTS, TESTERS,

AND REVIEWERS WILL ALL NEED TO WORK TOGETHER WITH ONE

GOAL – TO MAKE THE TRANSLATION AS ACCURATE, CLEAR AND

NATURAL AS POSSIBLE.

NEWMARK (1988) STATES THAT THE TEST IS DONE BY THE

REVIEWERS WHO ARE WILLING TO SPEND TIME READING FROM THE

BEGINNING TO END OF THE TRANSLATION. BY READING THE

TRANSLATION, THE REVIEWERS HAVE TO LOOK FOR THE WAYS TO

IMPROVE THE CLEARNESS AND THE NATURALNESS OF THE

TRANSLATION WITHOUT OMITTING ANY MESSAGE AND MEANING OF

THE TRANSLATION.

THE PURPOSES OF THE TEST IS TO FIND OUT WHETHER THE

TRANSLATION OF THE TEXT IS NATURAL AND THE STYLE THAT THE

TRANSLATORS USED IS APPROPRIATE ENOUGH FOR THE TARGET

READERS.

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CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

A. Type of Research

A research methodology is a way to analyze and to collect the data, which is

used in order to achieve the objective goals. This research is a descriptive qualitative

research. The research reports the information in form of words. Since the research

reports the inquiry in detailed information, the data are descriptive.

The data are sentences that describe the problems of this research. Therefore,

in this research the researcher conducts a qualitative research, a research which is

concerned with collecting and analyzing information in as many forms, chiefly non

numeric, a possible, smaller number of instances or examples which are seen as

being interesting or illuminating, and aims to achieve ‘depth’ rather than ‘breadth’

(Blaxter, Hughes and Tight, 1996: 60). The strength of qualitative studies should be

demonstrated for research that is explored or descriptive and that stress the

importance of context, setting an the participants ‘frame of reference’ (Haryadi,

2006: 28).

B. Data and Source of Data

The main source of data of this research is a storybook entitled “Ms Wiz

Banned. This book is bilingual storybook. The English version is written by Terence

Blacker, and the Indonesian version is a translation which is written by Ramayanti.

The book is published by PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama in 2002. Both English and

Indonesian versions are merged in one book entitled Ms Wiz Banned.

The second sources of data are raters and informants. They are involved to

gain information concerning the readability and acceptability of data. Therefore, the

xlvii

data of the research are loan words in the Indonesian version of Ms Wiz Banned and

scores as well as comments from the raters and respondents.

C. Sampling Technique

Sample is a part of population used to represent all population that will be

studied, (Sutrisno Hadi 1983: 70), whereas sampling technique is a technique of

choosing sample out of the population, (1983: 22). The researcher employs total

sampling technique to get the sample since all of the loan words found in the source

of data are analyzed. Total sampling is taking all of the data in the population to be

analyzed one by one.

D. Method of Data Collection

In descriptive qualitative research (Goetz and LeCompte in Sutopo (2006)), there are two ways to gain the data. They are interactive and non-interactive methods. This research applies non-interactive method only. Non-interactive method includes questionnaire, and content analysis. To collect the data, the researcher employs questionnaires for the research. The researcher employs open-ended questionnaire to collect the data for her research. “Open-ended questionnaire is a questionnaire in which every single question is given some alternatives answers, but in the end of the sheet, there are spaces for respondents to write the reason of their answers” (Sutopo, 2006: 71).

In content analysis, the researcher collects the data from the storybook

entitled Ms Wiz Banned by taking all loan words in the translation of Ms Wiz

Banned. In classifying the primary data, the researcher uses content analysis

technique as follows:

1. reading the English and the Indonesian version of the Ms Wiz Banned book.

2. comparing the sentences of the Indonesian version, which is as the target

language, with the English version as the source language.

3. noting and encoding the loan words found in the translation of Ms Wiz

Banned book.

xlviii

4. classifying the data based on the techniques are used by the translators to

translate the loan words in the Ms Wiz Banned storybook.

5. giving the code to each of the data.

E. Technique of Data Analysis

All of the sentences containing the loan words are taken as the main data. The

data are analyzed and divided into some categories based on the types and the

techniques are used by the translator. There are 75 data found in the translation text

and have been classified into three techniques and fifteen types of words loaned.

After getting the response from the informants, the researcher starts to

formulate the possibility of the data results based on the questionnaires and the

contents analysis.

F. Research Procedure

In completing the research, the researcher followed the following procedures:

a. The researcher collected the data from the storybook, which is written by

Terrence Blacker, entitled Ms Wiz banned by taking all of the loan words in

the Ms Wiz Banned translation.

b. The researcher applied total sampling technique for this research. By

applying the total sampling, the researcher will get the exact analysis for each

sample, thus the translation can be analyzed objectively.

c. The researcher analyzed the data sample based on the research problems.

d. The researcher counted the possibilities that have been obtained from data

analysis.

e. The researcher drew conclusion of the analysis and counted the percentage of

each classification.

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CHAPTER IV

DATA ANALYSIS

Chapter four presents the data analysis. It is divided into four parts, they are

types of the loan words, the techniques of loaning the words, readability, and

acceptability of Ms Wiz Banned’s loan words.

A. Types of the loan words

There are fifteen types of loan words found and all of them deal with the typical system or foreign language of the source language. They are names of professions, names of songs, names of dance, names of person, names of building, names of food, names of cloth, names of subject study, and names of things / instruments are belonging to the material culture problems. Names of place, names of tree, names of mountain, names of ocean and names of weather are belonging to the ecological problems, and names of phrases are belonging to the linguistic problems. Further explanation of each type of loan words or the names of the loan words can be seen as follows:

1. Names of profession

Six data are included into this type, as can be seen in the following table:

Types of words loaned No. of data SL TL

profession

01 Paranormal, p.67 Paranormal, p.5

16 Assistants, p.76 Asisten, p.14

42 Police, p.98 Polisi, p.36

51 Paranormal Operatives, p.107

p-o Paranormal Operatives p.46

54b Secretary, p.108 Sekretaris, p.46

55 Receptionist, p.109 Resepsionis, p.47

Total 6 data

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The following extracts will illustrate the use of the loan words in the book.

Example 1:

SL: Sometimes being a Paranormal Operative can be really hard work.

TL: Kadang-kadang, menjadi pekerja paranormal (01) merupakan pekerjaan

yang sangat berat.

(data no.01 SL.67/TL.5)

Example 2:

SL: “I have urgent business with the travel department," she told the

receptionist”

TL: "Aku punya urusan penting dengan bagian perjalanan," katanya pada

resepsionis (55)


2. Type of song

There are only one type of song found in the data, as can be seen in the

following table:


song 17b Rap,p.77 Rap,p.16

Total 1 data

The above data is used in the following sentences:

SL: "It's morning assembly and your feet's a-tappin', As you hear your view Head

Teacher a-rappin' "

TL: "Ini apel pagi dan kakimu menari tap (17a), Saat kau mendengar kepala

sekolah barumu" menyanyi rap(17b)

(data no.17b SL.77/TL.16)

“Rappin” is making the sound of rap. Rap is a type of song from west America, which has a quick beat.

3. Type of dances

There are two types of dances found in the data. Here are the loaned words included into this type:

li


dances

17a Tappin, p77 Tap, p.16

61b Limbo

competition, p.117

Kompetisi limbo,

p.55

Total 2 data

Example 1:

SL: "It's morning assembly and your feet's a-tappin' As you hear your view Head

Teacher a-rappin' "

TL: "Ini apel pagi dan kakimu menari tap(17a), Saat kau mendengar kepala

sekolah barumu" menyanyi rap(17b)

(data no.17a SL.77/TL.16)

“Tappin” is giving a tap or taps. Tap is kind of sound with rhythmical tapping of the foot, toe or heel on the floor with special shoes.

Example 2:

SL: "Wake up, Carl. You're just in time for the limbo competition."

TL: "Bangun, Carl(61a). Kau masih sempat ikut kompetisi limbo(61b) – tarian

khas penduduk Hindia Barat."

(data no.61b SL.117/TL55)

It is kind of traditional dancing, which is only cultured in West Indian. The way its play is using a stick as the crossbar and the player have to cross under the crossbar as low as possible.

4. Names of person

These names below are names of the characters in the Ms Wiz Banned book. There are 21 names of person found in the story.


Name of persons

02a Ms Wiz, p.67 Ms Wiz, p.5

04b Herbert, p.67 Herbert, p.7

07 Mr Gilbert, p.71 Mr Gilbert, p.9

09 Katrina, p.71 Katrina, p.10

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10a Podge, p.71 Podge, p.10

11a Miss Peters, p.72 Miss Peters, p.10

13a Miss Gomaz, p.74 Miss Gomaz, p.12

13b Mrs Hicks, p.74 Mrs Hicks, p.12

13c Mr Williams, p.74 Mr Williams, p.12

14a Caroline, p.75 Caroline, p.13

15a Miss Wyzbrovicz,

p.75

Miss Wyzbrovicz,

p.14

18a Mr Warlock, p.76 Mr Warlock, p.16

19 Miss N Chanter,

p.78

Miss N Chanter,

p.16

20 Jack, p.80 Jack, p.18

24a Nicola Chanter, p.82 Nicola Chanter, p.20

26 Carl, p.84 Carl, p.21

27b Lizzie, p.84 Lizzie, p.22

38 Jamie, p.94 Jamie, p.33

40a Mary, p.95 Mary, p.34

57b Mr Broom, p.109 Mr Broom, p.47

62i Little Musha, p.119 Little Musha, p.58

Total 21 data

Example:

SL: "Yes," said Ms Wiz, putting the telephone on to boil. "Being magical is no

bowl of cherries, that's for sure.'

TL: ‘Ya," ujar Ms Wiz(02a) meletakkan telepon(02b) di tempatnya dan

menunggunya mendidih. "Memiliki kekuatan gaib bukan berarti kita bisa

terus bersenang senang, itu jelas."


Ms Wiz is the name of the main character in this story. She is a paranormal operative who becomes a head master for a week in St Barnabas School.

5. Names of places

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The places below are the names of countries, cities, and some towns in

Europe. There are 9 places found in the data. They are:


Name of place

(country, town or city)

28 Norway, p.85 Norwegia, p.22

29b Oslo, p.85 Oslo, p.22

31 European, p.85 Eropa, p.23

32a Venice, p.85 Venesia, p.23

32b Canals, p.85 Kanal, p.23

34b Milton Keynes, p.87 Milton Keynes, p.25

36a Sombrero, p.87 Sombrero, p.25

49a Ongar, p.107 Ongar, p.45

57c Seychelles, p.109 Seychelles, p.47

Total 9 data

Example:

SL: "Who knows the capital city of Norway?" he asked.

TL: "Siapa yang tahu ibu kota Norwegia(28)?" tanyanya.(data no.28 SL.85/TL.22)

Norway is a country in Europe and has capital city in Oslo.

6. Names of building

These are names of kind of housing, school, public places, and museum in the

story. Six building are included into this category. They are:


building

03 Flat, p.67 Flat, p.5

05 St Barnabas, p.70 St Barnabas, p.8

50 Po Headquarter,p.107 Po Headquarter,p.45

52 Post Office, p.108 Post Office, p.46

53a Post, p.108 Pos, p.46

63b Museum, p.123 Museum, p.61

Total 6 data

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Example 1:

SL: She was in her' flat and had a tough day ahead of her, doing her homework,

learning new spells and revising the old ones..

TL: Saat itu Ms Wiz berada di flatnya(03) dan sedang menghadapi hari yang

berat. Ia harus mengerjakan pr-nya, yaitu mempelajari mantra-mantra baru

dan memperbaiki mantra-mantra lama.


Flat is a kind of housing which is set of many rooms on one floor of a building, used as home. In one building, it can be set many rooms.

Example 2:

SL: By the entrance, there was a sign which read "PO HEADQUARTERS".

TL: Di pintu masuknya terdapat papan petunjuk bertulisan "PO HEAD-

QUARTERS(50)".


PO Headquarter is a kind of a public service, which serves someone who has a trouble in mysterious cases. This is a place where the experts of paranormal operatives work.

7. Names of food


food 10c Biscuits, p.71 Biskuit, p.10

10d Chocolate, p.71 Cekelat, p.10

Total 2 data

Example:

SL: Her friend Podge used those few minutes to eat a couple of chocolate

biscuits he had brought in his pocket.

TL: Teman Katrina, Podge(10a), memanfaatkan waktu beberapa menit(10b) itu untuk memakan biscuit(10c)

cokelat(10d) yang dibawanya dalam saku.

(data no.10c/10d SL.71/TL.10)

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Chocolate biscuit is food made of wheat flour covered with chocolate cream.

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8. Names of tree

In this book, there are two kinds of tree found. There are Oak and palm, as can be seen in the table below:


tree 08 Oaks, p.71 Ek, p.9

45c Palm, p.101 Palma, p.39

Total 2 data

Example 1:

SL: " Or "Great Oaks from Little Acorns Grow." Or "Neighbours, Everybody

Needs Good Neighbours."

TL: “Atau, 'Pohon Ek(08) Besar Berasal dari Biji yang Kecil." Atau, "Tetangga,

Setiap Orang Membutuhkan Tetangga yang Baik."


Oak is a large tree with tough and hard wood and common in many parts of the world. This kind of tree only grows in western land, which has suitable land and temperatures for this kind of tree.

Example 2:

SL: Katrina and Caroline sat under a palm tree, listening to a man playing a

guitar, fanning themselves with their exercise books.

TL: Katrina(45a) dan Caroline(45b) duduk di bawah pohon palma(45c),

mendengarkan seorang pria bermain gitar(45d) sambil mengipas – ngipas

dengan buku latihan mereka.

(data no.45c SL.101/TL.39)

A PALM IS SORT OF TREE GROWING IN WARM CLIMATES, WITH

NO BRANCHES AND A MASS OF LARGE WIDE LEAVES AT THE TOP.

9. NAMES OF CLOTH

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THE DATA THAT ARE INCLUDED INTO THIS TYPES ONLY ONE

DATUM.

Types of words

loaned

No. of data SL TL

cloth 64a Jacket, p.125 Jaket, p.63

Total 1 data

Example:

SL: Carefully putting it into his jacket pocket, Carl went over the strange,

magical events of the day, wondering whether he would ever see his

paranormal friend again. He smiled at the thought of her.

TL: Sambil memasukkan gaun itu dengan hati-hati ke saku jaket (64a)nya,

Carl(64b) mernbayangkan kembali kejadian-kejadian aneh bin ajaib yang

berlangsung hari itu. la bertanya-tanya apakah ia akan pernah bertemu

sahabatnya si pekerja paranormal(64c) lagi. Ia tersenyum ketika meng-

ingatnya.


Jacket is one of types of clothes found in this book. Jacket is a kind of cloth for covering our body from cold weather.

10. Names of mountain

Only one datum included in to this category. Here is the datum:


mountain 30b Everest, p.85 Everest, p.23

Total 1 data

Example:

SL : Jack put up his hand. "Mount Everest," he said.

TL : Jack(30a) mengangkat tangan. "Gunung Everest(30b)," katanya.


Mount Everest is the highest mountain in the world. It is located in Europe.

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11. Names of ocean

There are two oceans names in this data.


ocean 35b Atlantic, p.87 Atlantik, p.25

36b Caribbean, p.87 Karibia, p.25

Total 2 data

Example:

SL : "And Jack's is in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean."

TL : "Dan punya Jack(35a) di tengah-tengah Samudra Atlantik(35b)."


Atlantic is one of the widest oceans in the world. It has a great body of water that surrounds the land masses of the earth.

12. Names of subject study

There is only one type of subject study found in the data, as can be seen in the

following table:

Types of words

loaned

No. of data SL TL

subject study 18b Geopraphee,p.76 Geografuuiii,p.16

Total 1 data

Geography is a science of earth’s surface, physical features, divisions, climate, countries, population, etc. It learns everything on the earth’s surface.

13. Types of weather


weather 37a Tropical,p.90 Tropis,p.28

Total 1 data

Tropical is a kind of situation where the weather is warm, because it is placed between two equator’s line.

14. Names of thing or instrument

The data below are the names of objects stuff in the data. There are 9 data which belong to this category. The example of this data can be seen as follows:

lix

Example 1:

SL : "Yes," said Ms Wiz, putting the telephone on to boil. "Being magical is no

bowl of cherries, that's for sure.'

TL : ‘Ya," ujar Ms Wiz (02a), meletakkan telepon (02b) di tempatnya dan

menunggunya mendidih. "Memiliki kekuatan gaib bukan berarti kita bisa

terus bersenang senang, itu jelas."


Telephone is a way of transmitting the human voice by electric current, through wires supported by poles or radio. Another type of instruments can be seen in the table below:


Things / instruments 02b Telephone,p.67 Telepon,p.5

12 Piano,p.71 Piano,p.12

44b Guitar,p.100 Gitar,p.39

44c Calypso,p.100 Kalipso,p.39

46b Skateboard,p.101 Skateboard,p.39

54e Keyboard,p.108 Keyboard,p.46

58d Computer,p.111 Komputer,p.49

59c Radio,p.112 Radio,p.50

60b Pencil,p.114 Pensil,p.52

62g Television,p.119 Televisi,p.58

Total 10 data

Example 2:

SL : Jack had found a skateboard ramp nearby and was showing the local

children some tricks.

TL : Jack(46a) menemukan lereng skateboard (46b) di dekat situ dan sedang

menunjukkan kebolehannya di depan beberapa anak penduduk.

(data no.36b SL. 101/TL.39)

Skateboard is narrow board for standing, about 50 cm long, mounted front and back on two pairs of roller-skate wheels, used in sport over a smooth surface.

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15. Others (phrase/words)

These data below are included into kinds of phrases or words. Many loaned words are formed in phrase or words rather than a sentence. Here are the data:


Phrase/words 06 Crisis,p.70 Krisis,p.8

10b Minutes,p.71 Menit,p.10

21 Seriouse,p.81 Serius,p.19

22 Sir,p.81 Sir,p.19

25 Normal,p83 Normal,p.21

39 Miss,p.95 Miss,p.33

41 Panic,p.97 Panik,p.35

47a Favourite,p.103 Favorit,p.41

54c Recipes,p.108 Resep,p.46

58c Situation,p.111 Situasi,p.49

Total 10 data

Example:

SL: "We have a bit of a crisis here," said the School Inspector.

TL: "Kami sedang menghadapi krisis di sini," kata Penilik Sekolah.


Crisis is a difficult condition or difficult situation to solve. It is a condition where someone is on difficult time, and she or he has to do something to reach the state when definite decision must be taken.

B. Techniques of loaning the words

After reading and analyzing the data, the writer found three different techniques of loaning the words employed by the translator in the translation of Ms Wiz Banned storybook. They are: translation using loan word without any modification, translation using loan word plus explanation, and naturalization. For further explanation can be seen as follows:

1. Translation using loan word without any modification

This translation technique will give the same result as the source words both in meaning and style. The data that are included into this classification do not experience any modification, i.e. the English words are maintained in the

lxi

translation, such as names of person, and names of places, as can be seen in following examples:

Example 1:

SL : Sometimes being a Paranormal Operative can be really hard work.

TL : Kadang-kadang, menjadi pekerja paranormal merupakan pekerjaan yang

sangat berat

(data no. 01 SL.67/TL.5))

As seen, the translator takes the SL word ‘paranormal’ into target text

without any modification.

Example 2 :

SL : She was in her' flat and had a tough day ahead of her, doing her homework,

learning new spells and revising the old ones..

TL : Saat itu Ms Wiz berada di flatnya dan sedang menghadapi hari yang berat.

Ia harus mengerjakan pr-nya, yaitu mempelajari mantra-mantra baru dan

memperbaiki mantra-mantra lama.

(data no. 03 SL.67/TL.5)

The above example shows that ‘flat’ is kept in the translation without any modification. Actually, the word ‘flat’ will be more acceptable if the word is translated into ‘rusun’ (rumah susun). However, ‘flat’ and ‘rusun’ are having different meaning, but having similar purpose.

Example 3:

SL : Jack had found a skateboard ramp nearby and was showing the local

children some tricks.

TL : Jack menemukan lereng skateboard di dekat situ dan sedang menunjukkan

kebolehannya di depan beberapa anak penduduk.

(data no.46 SL.101/Tl.39)

From the example above, the translator translates ‘skateboard’ by loaning the

word from the source language, and keeps it in the target text. In fact, the translation

will be more acceptable if it is translated into ‘papan luncur’.

lxii

All the data in this category can be seen in the following table.

Types of

words loaned

N

o. of

data

SL TL T

otal

1. Name of

profession

0

1

Parnormal,

p.67

Paranormal

,p.5

1

(

16,67%)

2. Names of

persons

0

2a

Ms

Wiz,p.67

Ma

Wiz,p.5 2

1

(

100%)

0

4b

Herbert,p.6

7

Herbert,p.7

0

7b

Mr

Gilbert,p.71

Mr

Gilbert,p.9

0

9

Katrina,p.7

1

Katrin,p.10

1

0a

Podge,p.71 Podge,p.10

1

1a

Miss

Peters,p.72

Miss

Peters,p.10

1

3a

Miss

Gomaz,p.74

Miss

Gomaz,p.12

1

3b

Mrs

Hicks,p.74

Mrs

Hicks,p.12

1

3c

Mr

Williams,p.74

Mr

Williams,p.12

1

4a

Caroline,p.

75

Caroline,p.

13

1

5a

Miss

Wyzbrovicz,p.75

Miss

Wyzbrovicz,p.14

1

8a

Mr

Warlock,p.76

Mr

Warlock,p.16

lxiii

1

9

Miss N

Chanter,p.78

Miss N

Chanter,p.16

2

0

Jack,p.80 Jack,p.18

2

4a

Nicola

Chanter,p.82

Nicola

Chanter,p.20

2

6

Carl,p.84 Carl,p.21

2

7b

Lizzie,p.84 Lizzie,p.22

3

8

Jamie,p.94 Jamie,p.33

4

0a

Mary,p.95 Mary,p.34

5

7b

Mr

Broom,p.109

Mr

Broom,p.47

6

2i

Little

Musha,p.119

Little

Musha,p.58

3. Names of

places

2

9b

Oslo,p.85 Oslo,p.22 5

(

55.56%)3

4b

Milton

Keynes,p.87

Milton

Keynes,p.25

3

6a

Sombrero,

p.87

Sombrero,

p.25

4

9a

Ongar,p.10

7

Ongar,p.45

5

7c

Seychelles,

p.107

Seychelles,

p.47

4. Names of

building

0

3

Flat,p.67 Flat,p.5 4

(

66.67%)0

5

St

Barnabas,p.70

St

Barnabas,p.8

lxiv

5

0

PO

HEADQUARTERp,107

PO

HEADQUARTERp,45

6

3b

Museum,p.

123

Museum,p.

61

5. Name of

mountain

3

0b

Everest,p.8

5

Everest,p.2

3

1

(

100%)

6. Names of things

/instruments

1

2

Piano,p.71 Piano,p.12 4

(

44.44%)4

6b

Skateboard

,p.101

Skateborad

,p.39

5

4e

Keyboard,

p.108

Keyboard,

p.46

5

9c

Radio,p.11

2

Radio,p.50

7. Others/

Phrase

2

2

Sir,p.81 Sir,p.19 3

(

30%)2

5

Normal,p.8

3

Normal,p.2

1

3

9

Miss,p.95 Miss,p.33

Total 39 (52%) data

As seen, 39 data or amounts 52 % from the total data are included into this strategy. There are seven types of words loaned used this technique to translate the words. All of the person names or characters in this book are translated with this technique.

lxv

2. Translation using loan word plus explanation

Data that are included into this technique have some additions or explanations in the translation. The addition can be formed of words or phrase. There are three data included to this strategy. The meaning of the source text is given by the translator to give an addition for the loaned words, as in the following example:

Example 1:

SL : "Here we are," said Ms Wiz, jumping off her chair. "The headquarters of the

Paranormal Operatives."

TL : "Kita sudah sampai," kata Ms Wiz(51a) melompat dari kursinya. "Markas

Besar p-o Paranormal Operatives(51b) atau Pekerja Paranormal."


As seen, the TL loans the words from SL. She adds an addition after the loaned words. The addition in the translation makes the loan words are easier to understand by the target readers. The translator adds some information of the source text by giving the meaning of the loan words.

Example 2:

SL : “Wake up, Carl. You're just in time for the limbo competition."

TL : "Bangun, Carl(61a). Kau masih sempat ikut kompetisi limbo(61b) -tarian

khas penduduk Hindia Barat."


From the example above, she translates ‘limbo competition’ by adding -

tarian khas penduduk Hindia Barat" after the loaned words as the explanation. The

explanation that she adds will make the translation more acceptable.

There are three data included into this technique, they are:

Types of

words loaned

N

o. of

data

SL TL T

otal

1. Name of

profession

5

1b

Paranorma

l Operatives,p.107

Paranormal

Operatives atau

Pekerja

1

(

16.67%)

lxvi

Paranormal, p.46

2. Name of

building

5

2a

Post

Office,p.108

Post

office… kantor

pos,p.46

1

(

16.67%)

3. Type of dance 6

1b

Limbo

competition,p.117

Kompetisi limbo

– tarian khas

penduduk Hindia

Barat

1

(

50%)

Total 3 (4%) data

3. Naturalization

Naturalization is a strategy used by the translator to translate source languages and make them have appropriate grammar and pronunciation in the target culture. The words are adapted first from the pronunciation and then to the normal morphology of the target language, as example below:

Example 1:

SL : "Venice," he said. "Because all the streets are canals." He gave himself a

dart. "Well done, Mr Warlock," he said

TL : "Venesia(32a)," katanya. "Karena semua jalan di sana berupa

kanal(32b)." la memberi kan sebuah anak panah kepada dirinya sendiri.

"Bagus, Mr Warlock(32c)," pujinya.

(data no.32a / 32b SL.85/TL.23)

As seen, the naturalization happened in the words ‘Venice’ and ‘canals’. The word ‘Venice’ is absorbed into Indonesian as ‘Venesia’. This phenomena can also be found in datum no. 32b, that is the change of consonant c- in ‘canal’ into k- in ‘kanal’.

Example 2:

SL : "On a small island called. Sombrero," she said. "It's in the Caribbean

Ocean."

TL : Di pulau kecil bernama Sombrero(36a)," jawabnya. "Letaknya di Laut

Karibia(36b)."


lxvii

As seen, ‘Caribbean’ has been translated into ‘karibia’. The naturalization is found in consonant of c- in ‘Caribbean’. The consonant is changed into k- in ‘karibia’. The naturalization in the translation makes the words more acceptable since the word will be more easily understood.

The data that are included into this technique can be seen in the below:

Types of

words loaned

N

o. of

data

SL TL T

otal

1. Names of

professions

1

6

Assistants,

p.76

Asisten,p.1

4

4

(

66.67%)4

2

Police,p.98 Polisis,p.3

6

5

4b

Secretary,p

.108

Sekretaris,

p.46

5

5

Receptioni

st,p.109

Resepsioni

s,p.47

2. Type of

song

1

7b

Rappin,p.7

7

Rap,p.16 1

(

50%)

3. Type of

dance

1

7a

Tappin,p.7

7

Tap,p.16 1

(

50%)

4. Names of

places

2

8

Norway,p.

85

Norwegia,

p.22

4

(

44.44%)3

1

European,p

.85

Eropa,p.23

3

2a

Venice,p.8

5

Venesia,p.

23

3

2b

Canals,p.8

5

Kanal,p.23

5. Names of

foods

1

0c

Biscuits,p.

71

Biskuit,p.1

0

2

(

lxviii

1

0d

Chocolate,

p.71

Cokelat,p.1

0

100%)

6. Name of

building

5

3a

Post,p.108 Pos,p.46 1

(

16.67%)

7. Names of

trees

0

8

Oaks,p.71 Ek,p.9 2

(

100%)4

5c

Palm,p.101 Palma,p.39

8. Name of

cloth

6

4a

Jacket,p.12

5

Jaket,p.63 1

(

100%)

9. Names of

oceans

3

5b

Atlantic,p.

87

Atlantik,p.

25

2

(

100%)3

6b

Caribbean,

p.87

Karibia,p.2

5

10. Subject

study

1

8b

Geographe

e,p.76

Geografuii,

p.16

1

(

100%)

11. Type of

weather

3

7a

Tropical,p.

90

Tropis,p.28 1

(

100%)

12.Things/

instruments

0

2b

Telephone,

p.67

Telepon,p.

5

6

(

66.67%)4

4b

Guitar,p.10

0

Gitar,p.39

4

4c

Calypso,p.

100

Kalipso,p.3

9

5

8d

Computer,

p.111

Komputer,

p.49

6

0b

Pencil,p.11

4

Pensil,p.52

lxix

6

0g

Television,

p.119

Televisi,p.

58

13. Others (phrase/

words)

0

6

Crisis,p.70 Krisis,p.8 7

(

70%)1

0b

Minutes,p.

71

Menit,p.10

2

1

Serious,p.8

1

Serius,p.19

4

1

Panic,p.97 Panik,p.35

5

4c

Recipes,p.

108

Resep,p.46

4

7a

Favourite,p

.103

Favorit,p.4

1

5

8c

Situation,p.

111

Situasi,p.4

9

Total 33 (44%) data

There are 33 or amounts 44% from the total data included into this type. Thirteen names or types use this strategy to translate the loaned words.

C. Readability

Based on the readability level, the data can be divided into three

classifications. They are classification A, B and C, classification A is very readable

loan words with scores ranging from 3.7 to 4, classification B is readable loan words

with scores ranging from 2.7 to 3.6. The last classification, classification C is

unreadable loan words with scores ranging from 1.7 to 2.6. The explanation of each

classification can be seen follows:

1. Classification A : Very Readable

All data included into this classification are very readable with ranged score 3.7 to 4. The data which belong to this classification means that the data are very easy to read. There are no difficult words which are fousnd in the data. There are 39 data or 52 % from the total data included into this classification. Some of the data will be explained as follow:

lxx

Example 1:

TL : Acara itu memberi Katrina(09) kesempatan untuk menyelesaikan pr yang

mestinya dikerjakannya malam sebelumnya.


For the target readers, this sentence is very readable. According to R1, it is very readable since the translation is easy to understand, and there is no difficult words found.

Example 2:

TL : la duduk di depan piano(12) dan dengan senyum nekat mulai menyanyi,

"Menari, menari, di mana pun kau berada."


According to the readers, the data above is very easy to read and there is no

difficult word found. All respondents could catch the whole meaning of the sentences

without any difficulties.

All of the data number belonging to this classification can be seen in the

following part:

01 02b 06 09 10b 10c 10d 12 16 18b 21

22 25 28 29b 31 32a 32b 35b 36a 36b

37a 41 42 44b 44c 45c 47a 53a 54b 54c 55

58c 58d 59c 60b 62g 63b 64a

2. Classification B : Readable

From the data analysis, 25 data are included into this classification or 33.33%

from the total data. All data have score ranging from 2.7 to 3.6. Some of the data will

be explained below:

Example 1:

lxxi

TL : "Kelihatannya orangnya nggak asyik," Caroline(14a) berbisik pada

Katrina.(14b)


R5 regards the translation as readable. He says that the sentence is not too long and the words are easy to understand. It means that the loan words are also easy to understand.

Example 2:

TL : "Yaaa...!" teman-teman sekelasnya berteriak setuju. "Benar-benar tidak adil, Miss!"


The translation above is readable according to the readers. The loan word, which is used in the translation above is common words in the target language. Thus they can comprehend the text easily. Even though there is an English addressed form maintained in the second example, it does not influence the readability of the text. The score for this data is 3.4. That is why data no.39 is included into this classification.

Here are the data numbers belonging to this classification:

02a 03 04b 07b 11a 13a 13b 13c 14a 17a17b 18a 20 24a 26 27b 34b 38 39 40a46b 49a 54e 57b 61b

3. Classification C : Unreadable

The data with score ranging from 1.7 to 2.6 are included into this classification. There are 11 data included into this category. It is about 14.67% from the total data classified into this classification. Here are several data that belong to this classification:

Example 1:

TL : "Saya selalu mengira, PO singkatan Post Office(52a)... Kantor Pos," kata Carl(52b).


Rater 8 regards this data as unreadable. She says that thee whole sentence is difficult to comprehend, because of the “PO singkatan Post Office. …KantorPos”

Example 2:

TL : “Namaku Miss Wyzbrovicz(15a). Aku pengganti Mr Gilbert(15b)”


The translation above is considered as unreadable. It has some difficult words

that makes the sentence hard to be understood by the readers. As seen, there are two

lxxii

foreign names kept in the translation that make the sentence difficult to read, as ‘Miss

Wyzbrovicz’(15a) and Mr Gilbert (15b) in the example 2. They are uncommon names

for the Indonesian readers. Rater 3 says that the word ‘Miss Wyzbrovicz’ is difficult

to pronounce, thus, here, she has to spell the word.


following part:

05 08 10a 15a 19 30b 50 51b 52a 57c

62i

D. Acceptability

This subchapter presents the acceptability level analysis of the translation of

sentences that contain loan words in Ms Wiz Banned storybook. Based on the data

analysis, the data will be classified into three classifications. They are: classification

A, B and C. Classification A is very acceptable, classification B is acceptable, and

classification C is unacceptable. Each classification will be explained below:

1. Classification A : Very Acceptable

The data that belong to this classification have score ranging from 3.7 to 4. It

means that the structure of the sentence is commonly used and appropriate with the

norm of Indonesian culture. The data included into this category are 40 data or

53.33% from the total data. The examples of this classification are as follows:

Example 1:

SL :"We have a bit of a crisis here," said the School Inspector.

TL :"Kami sedang menghadapi krisis di sini," kata Penilik Sekolah.


The example above, according to the raters, are natural, because there is no strange word or unnatural word found. It means that the loan word “krisis” is acceptable.

lxxiii

Example 2:

SL :"On a small island called. Sombrero," she said. "It's in the Caribbean

Ocean."

TL :"Di pulau kecil bernama Sombrero(36a)," jawabnya. "Letaknya di Laut

Karibia(36b)."

(data no.36a/b SL.87/TL.25)

According to Rater 1, the loan words above have been naturalized into Indonesian language, thus, she thinks that they sound natural. The translation above sounds natural for the readers, even though there are some loan words existed in the translation.

lxxiv


following part:

01 02b 04c 06 09 10a 10b 10c 10d 12

14a 18b 21 25 27b 28 29b 30b 32a 34b

35b 36a 36b 37a 41 42 44b 47a 49a 53a

54b 54e 57c 58c 58d 59c 60b 62g 63b 64a

2. Classification B : Acceptable

This classification has score ranging from 2.7 to 3.6. There are 24 data or

32% from the total data that belong to this classification. Here, the sentence’s pattern

is commonly used and the structure is appropriate with the norms of Indonesian

language, even though many loaned words are exited in the translation. Some of data

will be explained below:

Example 1:

SL : At that moment, Miss Peters leapt to her feet and said quickly, "Now, children, until Mr Gilbert feels better, we'll sing our favourite song, 'Lord of the Dance'."

TL : Pada saat itu, Miss Peters(11a) melompat bangkit dan berkata cepat, "Nah,

anak-anak, sampai Mr Gilbert(11b) merasa lebih sehat, kita akan

menyanyikan lagu kesukaan kita, Si Jago Menari."


From the examples above, the translation is good one, viewed from the

message and diction. There are four respondents who give score 3 for this datum.

They say that the foreign names in the translation do not make the translation looks

strange. The ranged score of this data is 2.8.

Example 2:

lxxv

SL : Katrina and Caroline sat under a palm tree, listening to a man playing a

guitar, fanning themselves with their exercise books.

TL : Katrina(45a) dan Caroline(45b) duduk di bawah pohon palma(45c),

mendengarkan seorang pria bermain gitar(45d) sambil mengipas ngipas

dengan buku latihan mereka

(data no.45c SL.101/TL.39)

As seen, according to the Rater 2, example above has an appropriate translation, since there is no strange word that makes the translation unnatural. Meanwhile, Rater 5 says that ‘palm’ in datum no.45 will be more acceptable if it is translated into ‘palem’ and not ‘palma’. The translation of ‘palm’ based on Inggris-Indonesia dictionary is ‘pohon palem’.


following part:

02a 03 05 07b 11a 15a 16 18a 19 2024a 26 31 32b 38 40a 44c 45c 46b 51b54c 55 57b 61b

3. Classification C : Unacceptable

Unacceptable translation means the translations text use uncommon or

unfamiliar words that make the translations sound unnatural. The ranged score for

this classification is 1.7to 2.6. There are 11 data or 14.67% included into this

classification. Several data will be explained as follows:

Example 1:

SL : " Or "Great Oaks from Little Acorns Grow." Or "Neighbours, Everybody

Needs Good Neighbours

TL : “Atau, 'Pohon Ek(08) Besar Berasal dari Biji yang Kecil." Atau, "Tetangga,

Setiap Orang Membutuhkan Tetangga yang Baik."


The sentence above is unacceptable for the readers, since the sentence contain

unfamiliar word. The word ‘Pohon Ek Besar’ is unfamiliar for the target language.

lxxvi

R2 and R3 say that the loaned word is unacceptable and it sounds strange for them,

since they are unfamiliar with ‘pohon ek’ in their social term. In the target language,

there is no ‘Pohon Ek’, thus they can not catch the meaning of the word even the

word ‘Great Oaks’ has been naturalized become ‘Pohon Ek Besar’. Rater 2 says that

‘great oak’ should be translated into kind of tree that more familiar in the target

language culture, thus they could get the essence of the message of the source

language easily.

Example 2:

SL : "It's morning assembly and your feet's a-tappin' As you hear your view

Head Teacher a-rappin'

TL : "Ini apel pagi dan kakimu menari tap(17a), Saat kau mendengar kepala

sekolah barumu" menyanyi rap(17b).


‘Tap’ is a strange word for them, even it has been naturalized to make the

word more familiar, they still cannot accept the word. Rater 2 assess this datum as

unacceptable translation, since the translation contains uncommon word. He said the

word ‘tap’ should be added with some explanation or information to make the word

clearer. Thus, the readers will accept the translation. All of the data number

belonging to this classification can be seen in the following part:

08 13a 13b 13c 17a 17b 22 39 50 52a

62i.

The distribution of the techniques of loaning the words and the level of

readability and acceptability can be seen in the following table:

No. Techniques of

loaning the

Readability

level

Total Percentage Acceptability

level

Total Percentage

lxxvii

words

1. Translation

using loan

word without

any

modification

(39 data)

Very Readable

Readable

Unreadable

9

22

8

23.08%

56.41%

20.51%

Very Acceptable

Acceptable

Unacceptable

17

15

7

43.59%

38.46%

17.95%

2. Translation

using loan

word plus

explanation

(3 data)

Readable

Unreadable

1

2

33.33%

66.67%

Acceptable

Unacceptable

2

1

66.67%

33.33%

3. Naturalization

(33 data)

Very

Readable

Readable

Unreadable

30

2

1

90.91%

6.06%

3.03%

Very

Acceptable

Acceptable

Unacceptable

23

7

3

69.70%

21.21%

9.09%

The summary of the data analysis is presented with the table above. It

contains the readability level and the acceptability level of the techniques of loaning

the words. The explanation about the table can be seen as follows:

From the data, there are three types of techniques of loaning the words used

by the translator deals with loaned words. They are translation using loan word

without any modification, translation using loan word plus explanation, and

naturalization.

lxxviii

Translation using loan word without any modification covers 39 data, which is 9 data or 23.08% of the total data regarded as very readable for the readers. Among the data, 22 data or 56.41 % are included into readable level, and 8 data or 20.51% are included into unreadable level. From 39 data used this strategy, 17 data or 43.59% are considered as very acceptable, and 15 data or 38.46% are in acceptable level. There is only 7 data or 17.95% are regarded as unacceptable translation.

The next technique is translation using loan word plus explanation. There are

only 3 data included into this technique. Two data are considered to be unreadable or

66.67% and 1 datum or 33.33% is considered as readable. In term of acceptability, 2

data or 66.67% are considered to be acceptable and 1 datum or 33.33% is considered

to be unacceptable.

In naturalization, 33 data are included into this type. From the total data, there

is 90.91% or 30 data considered as very readable translation, and 2 or 6.06% data are

regarded as readable translation. For unreadable level, there is only a datum or 3.03%

included into this level. Among the data, 23 data or 69.70% are regarded as very

acceptable translation and 7 data or 21.21% as acceptable translation. Only 3 data or

9.09% from the total data that are regarded as unacceptable translation.

lxxix

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion

After the data analysis is completed, the researcher draws some conclusions

based on the problem statements in the previous chapter. The conclusions are as

follows:

1. The analysis on the types of loan word shows that there are 15 types of loan

words found in the Indonesian version of Ms Wiz Banned. The researcher

found fifteen types of loaned words. They are 6 names of professions, 1 name

of songs, 2 names of dancing, 21 names of person, 9 names of place, 6 names

of building, 2 names of food, 2 names of tree, 1 names of cloth, 1 names of

mountain, 2 names of ocean, 1 names of subject study, 1 name of weather, 9

names of thing and 9 other phrases. The total loaned words found in the

translation Ms Wiz Banned storybook are 75 words.

2. Based on the analysis on the technique of loaning the words, there are 3

techniques found. They are: translation using loan word without any

modification (39 data or 52% of total data with 7 different types of loan

words). Translation using loan word plus explanation (3 data or 4% of total

data with 3 types of loan words), and naturalization (33 data or 44% of total

data with 13 different types of loan words).

3. The analysis on the readability of loan word shows that most of the loan

words found in the Ms Wiz Banned translation can be said as very readable

for the readers, since the target readers mostly can understand and

comprehend the story without any difficulties. However, the data can be

classified into 3 categories, very readable translation (39 data or 52% of total

lxxx

data), readable translation (25 data or 33.33% of total data), and unreadable

translation (11 data or 14.67%)

4. The acceptability analysis shows that there are 40 data or 53.33% of total data

belonging to very acceptable translation, 24 data or 32% of total data

belonging to acceptable translation, and 11 data or 14.67% of total data

belonging to unacceptable translation.

B. Suggestion

Here the researcher wants to give some suggestions as follows:

1. The translators

When the translators want to maintain the loan words in their translation, they

have to pay attention to the diction of the equivalence of the words, since

each word has its own characteristic. For the next translation, hopefully the

use of the loan words or loan expressions in the translation, especially for

children as the target readers is reduced. When the translators deal with the

loan words in their translation, the loan words should have additions or

explanations to make the words are easier to understand, thus the target

readers will not be confused with the loan words. Moreover, it is much better

if there are some additions or explanations on the way to read the loan words.

2. Other researchers

For other researchers, who will have other researches about the loan words of

a translation have to be able to discuss the readability and acceptability level

completely. For further research, other researchers have to pay attention to

the assessments quality in getting the data and the raters to the subject being

analyzed, to make better researches.

lxxxi

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Badudu, J.S. 1985. Cakrawala Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: PT. Gramedia.

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