real time charitable giving

8/3/2019 Real Time Charitable Giving

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Real Time Charitable Giving

Why mobile phone users texted millions of dollars in aidto Haiti earthquake relief and how they got their friendsto do the same

Aaron Smith, Pew Internet Project, Senior Research Specialist

January 12, 2012

Pew Research Centers Internet & American Life Project1615 L St., NW Suite 700, Washington, D.C. 20036, 202-419-4500 | pewinternet.org

Supported by the John S. and James L. Knight Foundat

pewinternet.org/mobilegiving
http://pewinternet.org/mobilegivinghttp://pewinternet.org/mobilegiving


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KeyFindings

TechnologyisincreasinglyrelevanttoAmericansmonetarycontributionstothecausesand

organizationstheysupport.PreviousresearchfromthePewResearchCentersInternet&AmericanLife

ProjecthasfoundthatoneinfiveUSadults(20%)havemadeacharitablecontributiononline,andthat

oneinten(9%)havemadeacharitablecontributionusingthetextmessagingfeatureontheirmobilephone.MobilegivingplayedanespeciallyprominentroleduringtheaftermathoftheJanuary2010Haiti

earthquake,asindividualdonorscontributedanestimated$43milliontotheassistanceand

reconstructioneffortsusingthetextmessagingfeatureontheircellphones.

Thisnewmodeofengagementoffersopportunitiestophilanthropiesandcharitablegroupsforreaching

newdonorsundernewcircumstancesasmessagesspreadvirallythroughfriendnetworks.Atthesame

time,itposesnewchallenges,includingtheuncertaintyinfund-raisinggroupsaboutwhetherthesenew

donorswillremainengagedoncetheymaketheirdonation.Inanefforttomorefullyunderstandthe

worldofmobilegiving,thePewInternetProject,inpartnershipwiththeBerkmanCenterforInternet&

SocietyatHarvardUniversityandthemGiveFoundation,andsupportedbytheJohnS.andJamesL.KnightFoundation,conductedthefirstin-depthstudyofmobiledonors.Thisreportonthosewhogave

totheTextforHaiticampaignisbasedontelephonesurveyswith863individualswhocontributed

moneytotheHaitiearthquakeeffortsusingthetextmessagingfeatureontheircellphones,andwho

consentedtofurthercommunicationsatthetelephonenumbertheyusedtomaketheirdonation.The

marginofsamplingerroris3percentagepointsbasedonHaititextdonorswhoconsentedtothese

additionalcommunications.

Amongthekeyfindingsofthisresearch:

Theabilitytosendsmalldonationsusingmobilephonesfacilitatesimpulsegivinginresponseto

movingimagesorevents

ForasizeablemajorityoftheHaititextdonorssurveyed,theircontributiontoearthquakereliefwasa

quickdecisioninresponsetoimagestheysawontelevision,andinvolvedminimalbackgroundresearch.

Thevastmajorityofthesedonors(89%)heardabouttheTexttoHaitieffortontelevision,andhalf(50%)

madetheircontributionimmediatelyuponlearningaboutthecampaign.Anadditional23%donatedon

thesamedaytheyheardaboutit.Inadditiontoconductinglittleresearchbeforemakingadonation,

mosthavenotpaidcloseattentiontotheongoingreconstructioneffortsinHaiti43%havebeen

followingtheseeffortsnottoocloselyand15%havebeenfollowingthemnotatall.

Moregenerally,three-quartersoftheHaititextdonorsinthissamplesaythattheirtextmessage

contributionsusuallyresultfromspur-of-the-momentdecisionsthatdonotinvolvealotofadditional

research,while21%saythattheyusuallyresearchtheirtextcontributionsbeforehand.Onlinedonations

tendtoinvolvemoredeliberation,ashalfofthesedonorssaythattheytypicallydoalotofresearch

beforedonatingmoneyonline.


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ThetypicalHaititextdonorinoursurveywasafirst-timemobilegiverwhomadeasinglecontribution

toearthquakereliefusinghisorhermobilephone

Three-quarters(74%)ofHaititextdonorsinthissurveywerefirsttimemobilegivers,meaningthattheir

contributiontoearthquakereliefwasthefirsttimetheyhadusedthetextmessagingfunctionontheir

phonetomakeacharitablecontribution.Overall,80%ofthemobilegiversinoursurveydonatedtotheearthquakerecoveryeffortsusingonlytheircellphonesandnotusinganyothermethodssuchas

onlinecontributionsorin-persondonations.Aboutathirdofthemmademorethanonecontributionfor

Haitireliefusingtheirmobilephone.

AmajorityoftheHaititextdonorsinoursamplehavecontributedtomorerecentdisasterrecovery

effortsusingtheirphones

Morethanhalfofthedonorssurveyedhavemadetextmessagecontributionstootherdisasterrelief

effortssincetheirHaitidonation.Twoinfiveofthesedonors(40%)textedadonationtogroupshelping

peoplelivinginJapanfollowingtheMarch2011earthquakeandtsunami,27%textedadonationto

groupshelpingpeoplelivingintheUSGulfregionfollowingthe2010BPoilspill,and18%texteda

donationtogroupshelpingvictimsofthe2011tornadoesintheUnitedStates.Takentogether,56%of

Haitimobilegiversinoursamplemadeacontributiontoatleastoneoftheseevents.

Charitablegivinginthemobileagebythesedonorsisasocialnetworkingactivity,butmorethrough

in-personconversationsthanthroughonlinetools

Justunderhalf(43%)oftheHaititextdonorswesurveyed,encouragedtheirfriendsorfamilymembers

tomakeasimilarcontributionusingtheirmobilephones.Overall,mostoftheseeffortswere

successful76%oftheseencouragerssaythattheirfriendsorfamilymembersdidindeedmakea

contributiontoearthquakereliefusingtheirphonesandnon-whitesandyoungdonorswereparticularlylikelytospreadthewordamongtheirfriendnetworks.

Althoughtechnologyhelpedfacilitatetheirinitialdonation,thedonorswesurveyedweremorelikelyto

spreadthewordabouttheircontributionthroughface-to-faceconversationsthanthroughonline

means.Ofthosewhoencouragedafriendorfamilymembertocontribute,75%didsobytalkingwith

othersinperson,and38%didsoviavoicecall.Bycomparison,34%encouragedotherstocontributeby

sendingatextmessage,21%didsobypostingonasocialnetworkingsiteand10%didsoviaemail.

Thesemobilegiversarewillingtomakedonationsinanumberofwaysbutprefernottodosoby

makingaphonecall

Althoughdonatingtoorganizationsorcausesusingtextmessagingoffersadvantagesintermsofspeed

andconvenience,themobilegiverswesurveyedaredividedwhenitcomestotheirpreferredtoolfor

makingcharitablecontributions.Overall,textmessaging(favoredby25%oftheseHaititextdonors)and

onlinewebforms(favoredby24%)aremostpreferred,followedcloselybymail(favoredby22%)andin-

persondonations(favoredby19%).Voicecallingstandsoutfromthepackastheleastpreferredoption:

just6%oftheHaitimobilegiversweinterviewedprefermakingdonationsoverthephone.


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TheHaititextdonorsinthissurveyaresimilartoAmericansasawholewhenitcomestoparticipation

insocialorcivicgroupsandengagementwithnews,butdifferwhenitcomestotechnologyownership

Inthissurveywelookedatseveraldimensionsofthelivesofthesegivers.Theystandapartfromother

Americansinthattheyhavemoretechnologyintheirlives,buttheircivicprofileandtheirengagement

withnewsmirrorsthegeneralpopulation.Theyarenotnecessarilymajordonorsingeneral,thoughalmostallgiveatleastsomethingtoothercharities.

WhencomparedwithAmericansasawhole,theHaititextgiverswesurveyedarenomoreorless

involvedwithcharitableornon-profitgroupstheyareslightlymorelikelythanaveragetobelongtoa

communitygrouporneighborhoodassociation,buthavesimilarlevelsofinvolvementwitharangeof

othergroupssuchascharitableorvolunteerorganizations,politicalparties,andenvironmentgroups.

Theyalsofollowlocal,nationalandinternationalnewsalmostexactlyascloselyasthenationalaverage.

However,thesedonorsaredifferentwhenitcomestotheirtechnologyhabits,andaresignificantly

morelikelythanUSadultsasawholeto:

Ownane-reader(24%doso,comparedwith9%ofallUSadults),laptopcomputer(82%vs.

57%)ortabletcomputer(23%vs.10%).

UseTwitter(23%oftheHaitidonorswesurveyedwhogoonlineareTwitterusers,compared

with12%ofallonlineadults)orsocialnetworkingsites(83%vs.64%).

Usetheirphonesforactivitiessuchasaccessingtheinternet(74%doso,comparedwith44%of

alladultcellowners),takingpictures(96%vs.73%),recordingvideo(67%vs.34%)orusing

email(70%vs.38%).

Mobilegiversalsodifferinuniquewayswhencomparedwithothertypesofcharitablegiversin

particular,theyareyoungerandmoreraciallyandethnicallydiversewhencomparedwiththosewhocontributethroughmoretraditionalmeans.


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Acknowledgements

AboutthePewInternet&AmericanLifeProject

ThePewInternet&AmericanLifeProjectisaninitiativeofthePewResearchCenter,anonprofitfact

tankthatprovidesinformationontheissues,attitudes,andtrendsshapingAmericaandtheworld.The

PewInternetProjectexplorestheimpactoftheinternetonchildren,families,communities,thework

place,schools,healthcareandcivic/politicallife.TheProjectisnonpartisanandtakesnopositionon

policyissues.SupportfortheProjectisprovidedbyThePewCharitableTrusts.Moreinformationis

availableatwww.pewinternet.orgor@pewinternet.

AbouttheBerkmanCenterforInternet&Society

TheBerkmanCenterforInternet&SocietyatHarvardUniversityisaresearchprogramfoundedto

explorecyberspace,shareinitsstudy,andhelppioneeritsdevelopment.Foundedin1997,througha

generousgiftfromJackN.andLillianR.Berkman,theCenterishometoanever-growingcommunityof

faculty,fellows,staff,andaffiliatesworkingonprojectsthatspanthebroadrangeofintersections

betweencyberspace,technology,andsociety.Formoreinformation,visit http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/

or@berkmancenter.

AbouttheJohnS.andJamesL.KnightFoundation

KnightFoundationsupportstransformationalideasthatpromotequalityjournalism,advancemedia

innovation,engagecommunitiesandfosterthearts.Thefoundationbelievesthatdemocracythrives

whenpeopleandcommunitiesareinformedandengaged.Formore,visitKnightFoundation.orgor

@knightfdn.

AboutthemGiveFoundationThemGiveFoundationfosterssocialadvancementbyenablinganenvironmentformobiletechnologyto

createefficiencies,accountability,andcommunicationtoextendthereachofthephilanthropic

community.FormedinOctober2009,ThemGiveFoundation(TMF)isa501c3publiccharityregistered

orabletosolicitcontributionsinallstatesworkingtoenhancethemobilegivingecosystem.TMFseeks

tofurthercultivatethecurrentstateofmobilegivingtoincreaseefficiency,accessandintegrationof

mobilegiving.Formoreinformation,visithttp://www.mgivefoundation.org/or@mGiveFoundation.


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Introductionandimportantinformationaboutthissample

OnJanuary12,2010amagnitude7.0earthquakestruckthenationofHaitinearthecapitalofPort-au-

Prince.Uptothreemillionpeoplewerekilled,injuredordisplaced.Thestorywasthemostheavily

coverednewseventinthetwoweeksafteritsoccurrenceandwasthedominanttopicinsocialmedia

conversationsatthetime.1

Itbecameoneofthemost-followednewsstoriesoftheyearintheUnitedStates

2andledtoamassiveassistanceeffortonthepartofcharities,NGOs,governmentorganizations

andindividuals.

Attheindividuallevel,oneofthemorenotableaspectsoftheresponsewasthewidespreaduseofthe

textmessagingfeatureonmobilephonestocontributetothedisasterrecoveryefforts.Thosedonations

wereencouragedbytheU.S.StateDepartmentandallowedcellphoneuserstomakeanautomatic

contributionof$10totherecoveryeffortsbyusingthetextmessagingfunctionontheircellphones(for

example,userscouldtextthewordHAITItotheshortcode90999tocontributetotheRedCross).In

themonthsfollowingtheearthquake,Americanscontributedmorethan$43millionviathisprogram.3

InanefforttounderstandthesemobilegiversthePewResearchCentersInternet&AmericanLife

Project,inpartnershipwithHarvardUniversitysBerkmanCenterforInternetandSocietyandthemGive

Foundation,andsupportedbytheJohnS.andJamesL.KnightFoundation,conductedasurveyof

individualswhosentacontributiontoHaitiearthquakereliefusingthetextmessagingfeatureontheir

mobilephones.Thesurveywasaimedatexploringwhothesemobilegiversare,thetechnologiesthey

own,theirinvolvementwithcharitableorganizationsandcauses,whatothertypesofmobile

contributionstheyhaveundertaken,andhowtheyperceivemobilegivingincomparisontoothertypes

ofcharitablecontributions.

InformationaboutthissurveyandoursampleofHaititextdonors

Thissurveybeganwithatotalof565,211phonenumbersthatwereprovidedbythemGiveFoundation

forthepurposeofthisstudy.(mGiveprovidesbackendtechnologythatallowsorganizationstoraise

moneyviatextmessaging).EachphonenumberwasusedtomakeatextmessagecontributiontoHaiti

earthquakerelief,andeachdonorinoursampleagreedtoanopt-instatementatthetimeofhisorher

donationconsentingtoreceivefurthercontactsorcommunicationsatthatnumber.Thosewhoopted

outofsuchcommunicationsatthetimeoftheirdonationwerenoteligibleforthisstudy.Since

approximately4.3millioncontributionsweremadeviatextmessagetotheHaitirecoveryefforts,4the

groupfromwhichoursamplewasdrawnconstitutesroughly13%ofallsuchcontributions.Formore

informationonhowthesenumberswereobtained,seetheMethodologysectionattheendofthis

report.1Seehttp://www.journalism.org/index_report/social_media_aid_haiti_relief_effortand

http://www.journalism.org/index_report/twitter_and_youtube_continue_focus_haiti_while_blogs_move2Seehttp://www.people-press.org/2010/12/21/top-stories-of-2010-haiti-earthquake-gulf-oil-spill/

3SuzanneChoney,MobileGivingforChilepalescomparedtoHaiti,MSNBC.March12,2010.Availableat:

http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/35822836/ns/technology_and_science-wireless/t/mobile-giving-chile-pales-

compared-haiti/4$43millionintotalcontributionsat$10percontributionequalsroughly4.3millionindividualdonations


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BetweenSeptember19andOctober13,2011atotalof1,003surveyswerecompletedusingthisinitial

sampleof565,211phonenumbers.Inordertoparticipate,respondentswererequiredtobe18yearsof

ageandolder,andtohaveownedtheircurrentphonenumbersinceatleastJanuary2010.5Ofthese

1,003completedinterviews,137respondentsindicatedthattheydidnotremembermakingatext

donationtoHaitirelief.6Thesenon-donorswereremovedfromthefinalanalysis,leavingatotalof863

casesinwhichtherespondentindicatedthatheorshehadindeedmadeacontributiontoHaiti

earthquakereliefusingthetextmessagingfeatureontheircellphone.

Thereisalargercontextforthisanalysis.PewInternetsrepresentativesurveysoftheentirepopulation

showthat84%ofalladultshavecellphonesasofAugust2011,andthat76%ofthesecellownersare

texters.InJune2010andJanuary2012,weaskedabouttextdonationsingeneralpopulationsurveys

andfoundineachinstancethat9%ofallUSadultshadmadeacharitabledonationviatextmessage.

WhenthissampleofHaititextdonorsiscomparedtothenationalpopulationsampleofthosewhohad

textedadonationtoanycausebasedonthesetwosurveys,weseethefollowing:

TheHaititextdonorsinoursamplearemoreheavilyfemalethanthenationalpopulationoftextdonors.Two-thirds(64%)ofthedonorsinoursamplearefemale,comparedwith50%ofthe

textdonorsinournationalpopulationsurvey.

TheHaititextdonorsinoursamplehavehigherlevelseducationalattainment.Comparedwith

nationalaverageforalltextdonors,theHaitidonorsinoursamplearemorelikelytohavea

collegedegreeandarelesslikelytohavenotattendedcollegeatall.Thosewhohaveattended

collegebutnotreceivedadegreeareequallyprevalentinbothgroups.

OursampleofHaitidonorscontainsahigherproportionofwhitesandalowerpopulationof

Latinosthanarefoundinthetextdonorpopulationatlarge.African-Americanscomprisean

equalshareofbothgroups.

Theageandincomedistributionofthissampleisgenerallysimilartotheoverallpopulationoftext

givers.

5Thisrestrictionwasputinplacetoensurethatthephonenumberinquestionhadnotbeenreassignedtoanother

usersincetheoriginalcontributionwasmade.6Whilewedidnotprobeforadditionaldetailsinthesecases,itmaybethattherespondentdidnotremember

contributingorthatanotherperson(suchasafamilymember)actuallyusedthephonetomakethedonation.


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DemographiccompositionofHaitimobilegiversamplecomparedtonationalaverageforalltextdonors

Asterisksindicatestatisticallysignificantdifferencesbetweengroups

HaitiTextDonor

Sample(n=863)

AllTextDonors

(n=150)Gender

Male 36% 50%*

Female 64* 50

Age

18-29 30 28

30-49 43 42

50-64 22 23

65+ 5 4

Race/Ethnicity

White,non-Hispanic 63* 51

Black,non-Hispanic 18 17

Hispanic(English-speakingonly) 10 21*

Education

Highschoolgradorless 16 31*

Somecollege 29 26

Collegegraduate 52* 42

AnnualHouseholdIncome

Lessthan$30,000 18 21

$30,000-$74,999 39 42

$75,000ormore 33 28

Source:PewResearchCentersInternet&AmericanLifeProject,BerkmanCenterforInternet&SocietyandmGiveFoundationSeptember9,2011October13,2011surveyof863cellphoneownerswhotextedadonationtoHaitiearthquakerelief.NationalaveragedatatakenfromacombinedanalysisofPewInternetJune2010andJanuary2012OmnibusSurveys.


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Haititextdonorsandtheirexperiencesgivingtoearthquakerelief

MostHaititextdonorsinthissamplewerefirst-timemobilegiverswhocontributedtoearthquake

reliefonlyviatextmessage

MostoftheHaititextdonorswesurveyedwereintroducedtotextgivingbytheHaitidisasterthree

quarters(74%)saythattheirdonationtoHaitiearthquakereliefwasthefirsttimetheyhadusedtheir

phonestextmessagingfunctiontomakeadonationtoanevent,causeororganization.Oneinfive

(22%)hadtextedadonationofsomekindpriortotheircontributiontoHaitiearthquakerelief,and5%

arenotsurewhethertheyhaddonesobefore.Youngadultsandlowerincomerespondentswereabit

morelikelythanaveragetosaythatthiswasthefirsttimetheyhadmadeatextmessagecontribution.

Overall,two-thirdsofHaititextdonorsinoursurvey(67%)madeasingletextmessagedonationto

earthquakerelief.Anadditional23%donatedtothecausetwiceusingtheircellphone,andoneinten

(9%)didsothreeormoretimes.AfricanAmericanandLatinotextdonorsaremorelikelythanwhite

donorstohavemademultiplecontributionsusingtheirmobilephones(41%ofblackand40%ofLatino

textdonorsdidso,comparedwith28%ofwhites).Otherwisemostofthedonorswesurveyedmadea

similarnumberofcontributionsusingtheirmobilephone.Notably,first-timedonorsintheHaitigroup

werenomoreorlesslikelytomakemultiplecontributionsthanthosewhohadtextedadonationtoa

causepreviously.

Alongwithbeingmostlyfirst-timetextdonors,asizeablemajorityofmobilegiversinoursurvey

contributedtoearthquakereliefusingonlytheircellphone.Eightinten(80%)didnotdonatetoHaiti

reliefinanyotherway,whileoneinfive(19%)inadditiontotheirtextcontributiondonatedsome

otherwaysuchasonline,inperson,orviaregularmail.Combiningthosewhomademultipledonations

usingtheircellphoneandthosewhomadeatextdonationplussomeotherkindofcontribution,atotal

of42%oftheHaititextdonorssurveyedmademorethanonecontributiontoHaitiearthquakerelief.

Morethanhalfofthesemobiledonorsmadetextcontributionstootherdisasterrecoveryefforts

followingtheHaitiearthquake

AmajorityofHaititextdonorssurveyed(56%)contributedtootherdisasterrecoveryeffortsusingthe

textmessagingfeatureontheircellphonesfollowingtheirdonationtoHaitiearthquakerelief.This

includesthosewho:

TextedadonationtogroupshelpingpeoplelivinginJapanfollowingtheMarch2011earthquake

andtsunami(40%ofthosesurveyeddidthis).

TextedadonationtogroupshelpingpeoplelivingintheUSGulfregionfollowingthe2010BPoil

spill(27%).

Textedadonationtogroupshelpingvictimsofthe2011tornadoesintheUnitedStates(18%).

Haititextdonorswhowentontotextcontributionstoothereventsarenotdemographicallydistinct

fromthosewhodidnot.However,thoseindividualswhomademultiplecontributionstoHaitirelief,or


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whohadtextedacontributiontoanothercausepriortotheHaiticampaign,weremorelikelyto

contributeviatextmessagetolaterdisasterreliefefforts.

ThosewhomademultipletextdonationstoHaitirelief,andthosewhomadeatextdonationpriortoHaiti,aremorelikelytohavecontributed

tootherdisasterrecoveryefforts%withineachgroupwhotextedadonationto

Source:PewResearchCentersInternet&AmericanLifeProject,BerkmanCenterforInternet&SocietyandmGiveFoundationSeptember9,2011October13,2011surveyof863cellphoneownerswhotextedadonationtoHaitiearthquakerelief.Marginoferroris+/-3percentagepointsbasedonHaititextdonorswhoconsentedtofurthercontactsontheirmobilephone.

Inadditiontothespecificdisasterrecoveryeffortsaskedaboutinthesurvey,29%oftheseHaititext

donorsvolunteeredthattheyhadtextedadonationtosomeotherorganizationorcausebesidesthose

listedabove.Someofthemorecommonresponsesincluded:

Groupsthatprovidearangeofservices,suchtheRedCrossorUnitedWay(7%ofHaititext

donorsinthissamplementionedmakingacontributionviatextmessagetothistypeof

organization).

OtherdisasterreliefeffortssuchasthoseforHurricaneKatrinaorthe2004IndianOcean

earthquakeandtsunami(6%).

DiseaseresearchorganizationssuchastheAmericanCancerSociety,StandUpToCancerorSt.

JudeChildrensResearchHospital(4%).

AnimalwelfareorganizationssuchasTheHumaneSocietyorPETA(2%).

40%

27%

18%

57%

36%

25%

50%

41%

27%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

Japanearthquakeand

tsunami

BPoilspill 2011UStornadoes

AllHaitextdonors(n=863) Texted2+mestoHairelief(n=273) TextdonorpriortoHai(n=186)


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PublicmediaorNPR,militaryorveteransgroups,faminereliefeffortsandenvironmental

causes(eachofwhichwerementionedbylessthan1%ofsurveyrespondents).

MostHaititextdonorsinthissamplesaythattheircontributiontoHaitirelief(andtextgivingmore

generally)wasaquickdecisioninvolvingminimalresearch

WhenaskedhowlongtheywaitedbetweenfirsthearingaboutthetextdonationcampaignforHaitiand

actuallydonating,halfoftheHaitimobiledonorssurveyed(50%)saythattheydonatedimmediately

uponhearingabouttheeffort.Anadditional23%didnotdonateimmediately,butdiddosowithina

daymeaningthatthree-quartersofthesedonorsmadeacontributiononthesamedaytheyfirstheard

aboutthecampaign.Oneinfive(20%)waitedbetweenonedayandoneweekbeforemakinga

contribution,whileasmallnumber(5%)waitedaweekormoretodonate.

MostHaititextdonorsinthissamplecontributedwithinonedayofhearingaboutthetextdonationcampaign

HowlongHaititextdonorsinthissamplewaitedbetweenfirsthearingaboutthecampaignandmakingtheircontributionviacellphone

Source:PewResearchCentersInternet&AmericanLifeProject,BerkmanCenterforInternet&SocietyandmGiveFoundationSeptember9,2011October13,2011surveyof863cell

phoneownerswhotextedadonationtoHaitiearthquakerelief.Marginoferroris+/-3percentagepointsbasedonHaititextdonorswhoconsentedtofurthercontactsontheirmobilephone.

Evenforthoseindividualswhowaitedforaperiodoftimebeforedonating,theirdecisiontodonatewas

generallynottheproductofadditionalin-depthresearch.Thosedonorswhodidnotcontribute

immediately,wereaskedwhethertheydidanyadditionalresearchabouttheorganizationtheywere

Donated

immediately50%

Waitedoneday

orless

23%

Waitedmore

thanadaybut

lessthanone

week

20%

Waitedone

weekormore

5%

Don'tknow

2%


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donatingtoorhowtheirmoneywouldbespentand70%saidthattheydidnotdothisresearch.Thirty

percent(30%)ofthosewhowaitedtodonatesaythattheydidconductadditionalresearch.Butsince

halfofallHaititextdonorssurveyedcontributedimmediately,thatmeansthatjust14%ofalldonorsin

oursampleresearchedwheretheirmoneywouldbegoingbeforetextingtheircontribution.

ThistendencytowardsimpulsegivingviatextmessageextendsnotjusttotheircontributiontoHaitirelief,buttotheirviewsofmobilegivingmoregenerally.Inoursurveyweaskedthesedonorswhether

theironlineandtextmessagecontributionstovariousorganizationsareusuallyaspur-of-the-moment

decision,orwhethertheyusuallydoalotofresearchbeforemakingtheircontribution.Foronline

donations,responsesweresplitevenly45%saythatthesecontributionsareusuallyspur-of-the-

moment,while50%saythattheytendtoresearchtheirdecisionbeforehand.Fortextdonationsonthe

otherhand,quickdecisionsarethenormfully76%saythatthesecontributionsusuallyinvolve

minimalresearch.

Comparedwithonlinedonations,textdonationsaretypicallythe

productoflessdetailedresearchWhenyoumakeanonline/textdonation,isitusually

Source:PewResearchCentersInternet&AmericanLifeProject,BerkmanCenterforInternet&

SocietyandmGiveFoundationSeptember9,2011October13,2011surveyof863cellphoneownerswhotextedadonationtoHaitiearthquakerelief.OnlinedonationfiguresarebasedonHaititextdonorswhohavemadeacharitabledonationonline(n=498).Marginoferroris+/-3percentagepointsbasedonHaititextdonorswhoconsentedtofurthercontactsontheirmobilephone.

45%

76%

50%

21%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Onlinedonaons Textdonaons

Usuallyaspur-of-the-momentdecision Usuallydoalotofresearchbeforedonang


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Theoverwhelmingmajorityofdonorsinthissamplefoundoutaboutthetext-for-Haiticampaignon

television

InformationabouthowtotextadonationtotheHaitireliefeffortsappearedinnumerousvenues,but

televisionisoverwhelminglythemainplacethatthesedonorsrecallseeingthisinformation.When

askedwheretheyrememberseeinginformationaboutthecampaign,nineinten(89%)mentiontelevisionbycomparison,just4%mentiontheinternet,3%mentionanonlinenewsstoryorblogpost,

and2%eachmentiontheradio,textmessagesorpostsonsocialnetworkingsites.

HowHaititextdonorsinthissamplespreadthewordabouttheircontribution

Justunderhalf(43%)oftheHaititextdonorssurveyedindicatethattheyencouragedfriendsorfamily

memberstomakeasimilarcontributionusingtheirmobilephones(56%didnotdothis).

Demographically,youngadultandnon-whitedonorsweremorelikelythanotherstoencouragefriends

orfamilymemberstomakeatextdonationjustoverhalfofblack(53%),Latino(55%)and18-29year

old(54%)textdonorsinthissampledidso.

Whenaskedhowtheywentaboutencouragingotherstocontribute,byfarthemostcommonresponse

wasthroughface-to-faceconversations75%ofthosewhoencouragedotherstomakeacontribution,

didsoviain-persondiscussion.Roughlyonethirdencouragedotherstodonatebymakingaphonecall

orsendingatextmessage,whileoneinfiveencouragedotherstodonatebypostingabouttheir

experiencesonasocialnetworkingsitesuchasFacebookorTwitter.Emailwastheleastcommon

approach:just10%ofthosewhoencouragedotherstodonate,didsobysendinganemail.

HowHaititextdonorsinthissampleencouragedtheirfriendsandfamilytocontribute

%withineachgroupwhoencouragedotherstomakeatextdonationtoHaitireliefby

Thosewhoencouraged

otherstodonate(43%of

textdonorsdidthis)

AllHaititext

donors

Talkingwithothersface-to-

face75% 33%

Callingothersonthephone 38 17

Sendingatextmessage 34 15

Postingabouttheir

experienceonasocial

networkingsite

21 10

Sendinganemail 10 4



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Overall,theserequestswerelargelysuccessful76%oftheseencouragerssaythattheirfriendsor

familymembersdidinfactmakeadonationviatextmessage.Veryfew(6%)saythatnoneoftheir

friendsorfamilymembersmadeadonation,and18%arenotsureifthishappenedornot.Bycontrast,

just33%ofthosewhodidnotencourageotherstomakeatextdonationareawareofafriendorfamily

memberwhocontributedtothecampaign,althoughalargenumberoftheseindividuals(40%)arenot

sureifthishappenedornot.

MostoftheHaititextdonorssurveyedhavenotcloselyfollowedthepost-earthquakereconstruction

efforts

Aftermakingtheircontributiontoearthquakerelief,relativelyfewHaititextdonorsinthissamplehave

continuedtomonitortheongoingreconstructionefforts.Just3%ofthesedonorshavebeenfollowing

post-earthquakeeventsveryclosely,whileatotalofsixintensaythattheyhavebeenfollowingthese

eventseithernottooclosely(43%)ornotatall(15%).

MostHaititextdonorssurveyedhavepaidrelativelyminimalattentiontotheongoingreconstructioneffortsHowcloselyhaveyoufollowedeventsinHaitifollowingtheearthquake,suchastheongoingreconstructionefforts?

Source:PewResearchCentersInternet&AmericanLifeProject,BerkmanCenterforInternet&

SocietyandmGiveFoundationSeptember9,2011October13,2011surveyof863cellphoneownerswhotextedadonationtoHaitiearthquakerelief.Marginoferroris+/-3percentagepointsbasedonHaititextdonorswhoconsentedtofurthercontactsontheirmobilephone.

Althoughtherespondentsinoursamplehadagreedtoreceiveadditionalfollow-upcommunications

fromtheorganizationtheydonatedto,mostdidnotrecallreceivinganyadditionalcontacts80%say

thattheyhavenotreceivedanysuchfollow-upcommunications,comparedwith17%whohave.

Veryclosely

3%

Somewhatclosely

38%Nottooclosely

43%

Notatall

15%


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15

ProfileoftheHaititextdonorsinthissample

Incertainkeyrespectstheiruseandownershipoftechnology,forexampletheseHaititextdonors

differdramaticallyfromthepopulationasawhole.However,inotherrespectssuchastheirattention

tonewseventsortheirparticipationingroupstheyarelittledifferentfromotherAmericans.

Haititextdonorsinoursurveyareavidtechnologyusers

TheHaititextdonorssurveyedstandoutfromtheadultpopulationasawholeintheirownershipand

useoftechnology.Comparedwiththenationalaverage,thesedonorsaresignificantlymorelikelytouse

theinternet;ownatabletcomputer,e-readerorlaptop;usetheirmobilephonesforanumberof

activities,suchasaccessingtheinternetorusingsocialmedia;andgoonlinetomakeacharitable

donationoraccessasocialmediasite.

TheHaititextdonorsinoursamplehavehighlevelsoftechnologyownershipcomparedwiththenationalaverage

Nationalaveragefiguresbasedonadults18andolder

HaitiText

Donors

National

Average

%ineachgroupwho

Usetheinternet 97% 78%

Ownalaptopcomputer 82 57

Ownane-reader 24 9

Ownatabletcomputer 23 10

%ofinternetusersineachgroupwho

Usesocialnetworkingsites 83% 64%

Makeadonationtoacharityonline 59 25

UseTwitter 23 12

%ofcellownersineachgroupwhousetheirphoneto

Takeapicture 96% 73%

Accesstheinternet 74 44

Sendorreceiveemail 70 38

Recordavideo 67 34

Useasocialnetworkingsite 59 29

UseTwitter 16 6

Source:PewResearchCentersInternet&AmericanLifeProject,BerkmanCenterforInternet&SocietyandmGiveFoundationSeptember9,2011October13,2011surveyof863cellphoneownerswhotextedadonationtoHaitiearthquakerelief.Marginoferroris+/-3percentagepointsbasedonHaititextdonorswhoconsentedtofurthercontactsontheirmobilephone.DataoncellphoneusagetakenfromPewInternetApril26May22,2011TrackingSurvey.DataondeviceownershipandonlineactivitiestakenfromPewInternetJuly25August26,2011TrackingSurvey.


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TheHaititextdonorsinoursurveyareaboutasactiveinsocialorcivicgroupsasotherAmericans

Althoughtheirtechnologyprofiledifferssubstantiallyfromtherestofthepopulation,theseHaitimobile

giversarenearlyidenticaltootherAmericanswhenitcomestogroupinvolvement.Thesurveyasked

thesedonorswhethertheyarecurrentlyactiveinninedifferenttypesofcivicorsocialgroups,andthree

quarters(73%)indicatethattheyareactiveinatleastone.Lookingatthedifferenttypesofgroupsto

whichtheybelong,theseHaititextgiversareslightlymorelikelythanAmericansasawholetobeactive

inacommunityorneighborhoodgroup,andslightlylesslikelytobeactiveinasportsorrecreation

leaguebutotherwiselookalmostidenticaltothenationalaverageintheirgroupparticipation.

TheseHaititextgiversaresimilartootherAmericanswhenitcomestocivic/socialgroupparticipation

%ofHaititextdonorsinoursurveywhoarecurrentlyactiveinthefollowinggroups

HaitiTextDonors

NationalAverage

Church,synagogue,mosqueorother

placeofworship7

41% 40%

Charitableorvolunteerorganization,

suchasHabitatforHumanityorthe

HumaneSociety

26 22

Communitygrouporneighborhood

association24* 19

Sportsorrecreationleague 20 24*

Politicalpartyororganization 16 15

Parentgroupororganization,suchasthe

PTAorlocalparentsupportgroup15 13

Performanceorartsgroup,suchasa

choir,dancegrouporcraftguild11 10

Youthgroup,suchastheScouts,YMCA

or4-H10 9

Environmentalgroup 9 7

Source:PewResearchCentersInternet&AmericanLifeProject,BerkmanCenterforInternet&SocietyandmGiveFoundationSeptember9,2011October13,2011surveyof863cellphoneownerswhotextedadonationtoHaitiearthquakerelief.Marginoferroris+/-3percentagepointsbasedonHaititextdonorswhoconsentedto

furthercontactsontheirmobilephone.NationalaveragedatatakenfromPewInternetNovember23December21,2010SocialSideoftheInternetTrackingSurvey.

7Wedidnotaskdirectlyaboutattendanceatreligiousservices;ratherweaskedrespondentsiftheyarecurrently

activeinachurch,synagogue,mosqueorotherplaceofworship(41%saidyestothisquestion).ThePew

ResearchCenterforthePeopleandthePresshasfoundinnationalsurveysthat37%ofUSadultsattendreligious

servicesonaweeklybasis(seehttp://www.people-press.org/question-

search/?qid=1796515&pid=51&ccid=51#top ).


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Haititextdonorsinthissamplecommunicatewiththeirgroupsinanumberofways,althoughemail

andface-to-facecontactaretheirpreferredmethods

TheHaititextdonorssurveyedreportusinganumberofchannelstocommunicatewithothermembers

ofthegroupstowhichtheybelong,withemailandface-to-facemeetingsbeingthemostcommonand

Twittertheleastcommon.Thetypical(median)groupmemberhasusedfourdifferentchannelsto

communicatewithothergroupmembersinthepreceding12months.

Haititextdonorsinthissamplecommunicatewiththeirgroupsusinganumberofchannels%ofHaititextdonorsinoursurveywhohavecommunicatedwiththegrouptheyareMOSTinvolvedwithinthepast12monthsusing(totalsmaysumtomorethan100%duetomultipleresponses)


Notonlyareemailandface-to-facemeetingsthemostprevalentformsofgroupcommunication,they

alsoleadthealternativesasthemostpreferredmethodforcommunicatingwithothergroupmembers.

Whenaskedhowtheyprefertocommunicatewithothergroupmembers,35%oftheseHaitimobile

giversciteface-to-facecontactwhile31%citeemail.Socialnetworkingsitesarethenextmost

commonlymentionedcommunicationmethod,citedby9%ofHaititextdonorsinthissurveywhoare

activeinanygroups.

74%66%

56%49%

45% 44%36%

4%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%


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18

Haititextdonorsinthissamplepreferemailandface-to-facemeetingswhencommunicatingwiththeirgroupsHowHaititextdonorsinthissamplePREFERtocommunicatewithothersinthegroupwithwhichtheyareMOSTinvolved

Source:PewResearchCentersInternet&AmericanLifeProject,BerkmanCenterforInternet&SocietyandmGiveFoundationSeptember9,2011October13,2011surveyof863cellphoneownerswhotextedadonationtoHaitiearthquakerelief.Marginoferroris+/-3percentagepointsbasedonHaititextdonorswhoconsentedtofurthercontactsontheir

mobilephone.

Face-to-faceandemailcontactarethemostpreferredmodesofgroupcommunicationamongevery

majordemographicsubgroup.However,thereissomeminorvariationaroundraceandethnicity,as

blackHaitidonorsinoursurveyareroughlytwiceaslikelyaswhitestoprefercommunicationvia

telephone(13%vs.6%)andtextmessage(11%vs.6%).Whitedonorsinoursurveyaremorelikelyto

preferemailcontact(37%vs.21%),andarealsoslightlymorelikelytopreferusingawebsitewhenthey

needtocommunicatewithothergroupmembers.Additionally,collegegraduatespreferemail

communication(39%)byaslightmarginoverface-to-facemeetings(34%)whentheyneedtointeract

withtheirgroups.

Email

31%

Facetoface

meengs

35%

Telephone7%

Group'swebsite

5%

Printleeror

newsleer

5%

Textmessaging

7%

Socialnetworksites

9%

Don'tknow

1%


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19

MostoftheHaitimobiledonorsinoursurveywhobelongtoagrouphavecontributedmoneytothat

group,andtheirgeneralgivinghabitsaresimilartothepopulationasawhole

Nearlyallofthe73%ofHaititextdonorsinthissurveywhobelongtoagroupororganization,have

madeamonetarycontributiontotheirgroup(s)inthepastalthoughtheyaremorelikelytodonateto

somegroupscomparedwithothers.Attheupperendofthespectrum,roughlynineintenoftheHaititextdonorsinthissamplewhobelongtoagroupaffiliatedwiththeirplaceofworship,acharitableor

volunteerorganization,anenvironmentalgrouporaparentgroupororganizationhavemadea

monetarycontributionofsomekindtothosegroups.Conversely,aroundtwo-thirdsofthesedonors

whobelongtoaperformance/artsgroup,orasports/recreationleague,havemadeacontributionto

thesegroups.

ThegroupstowhichtheseHaititextdonorsmakemonetarycontributionsBasedonHaititextdonorsinthissamplewhoareactiveineachgroup

%ofactivememberswhohavemadeadonation

Church,mosque,synagogueorotherplaceofworship

(n=350)95%

Charitableorvolunteerorganization(n=222) 93

Environmentalgroup(n=74) 91

Parentgroupororganization(n=128) 89

Youthgroup(n=90) 83

Communityorneighborhoodgroup(n=205) 77

Politicalpartyororganization(n=134) 76

Performanceorartsgroup(n=94) 68Sportsorrecreationleague(n=172) 56

Source:PewResearchCentersInternet&AmericanLifeProject,BerkmanCenterforInternet

&SocietyandmGiveFoundationSeptember9,2011October13,2011surveyof863cell

phoneownerswhotextedadonationtoHaitiearthquakerelief.Marginoferroris+/-3

percentagepointsbasedonHaititextdonorswhoconsentedtofurthercontactsontheir

mobilephone.

Alongwithaskingwhethertheyhaveeverdonatedtothespecificgroupsinwhichtheyareactive,the

surveyalsoaskedHaititextdonorsinthissamplehowmuchtheyhavecontributedoveralltocharitable

orvolunteerorganizationsintheprevious12monthsregardlessofwhethertheyareactuallya

memberofthoseorganizations.8Thelargestgroup(comprising26%oftheHaititextdonorssurveyed)

donated$50orlessoverthepasttwelvemonths,andtwothirdsofthesedonorshavecontributed$250

orlesstocharitablecausesinthelastyear.However,thisquestiongarneredawiderangeofresponses

asnearlyoneinfive(17%)donatedmorethan$500tocharitableornon-profitorganizationsoverthat

8Respondentswereaskedtoexcludedonationstotheirchurchorplaceofworshipinansweringthisquestion


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20

timeperiodandoneinten(9%)donatedmorethan$1,000.Thesefigureslargelymirrorcharitable

givinghabitswithinthepopulationasawhole.Usingaslightlydifferentquestionwordingina2008

survey,wefoundthatroughlysixintencharitablegiversintheoverallpopulationhadcontributed$250

orlessintheprecedingtwelvemonths,whileroughlyoneinfivehadcontributedmorethan$500.

TotalyearlygivingbyHaititextdonorsinthissampleHowmuchtheHaititextdonorssurveyedhavecontributedtocharitableornon-profitorganizationsinthepast12months,notincludingtheirchurchorplaceofworship

$50orless 26%

$51to$100 19

$101to$250 20

$251to$500 13

$501to$1,000 8

$1,001to$2,500 4

Morethan$2,500 5

Havenotdonatedinlast12months 2

Source:PewResearchCentersInternet&AmericanLifeProject,BerkmanCenterfor

Internet&SocietyandmGiveFoundationSeptember9,2011October13,2011surveyof

863cellphoneownerswhotextedadonationtoHaitiearthquakerelief.Marginoferroris

+/-3percentagepointsbasedonHaititextdonorswhoconsentedtofurthercontactson

theirmobilephone.

AlthoughtheHaititextdonorsinoursurveylooksimilartothenationalaverageintheiroverall

charitablegivinghabits,theyaswellastextdonorsmoregenerallydifferinimportantwaysfromtheoveralluniverseofcharitablegivers.Comparedwiththosewhohavemadeanysortofcharitable

donationintheprevioustwelvemonths:

Mobilegiversareyoungerthantheoverallpopulationofcharitablegivers.Inour2008national

survey,wefoundthat14%ofthosewhohadmadeanykindofcharitabledonationinthe

precedingtwelvemonthswerebetweentheagesof18and29,while16%were65orolder.By

contrast,bothtextgiversasawholeandtheHaitidonorsinthissamplearemuchyounger

roughly30%ofbothgroupsarebetweentheagesof18and29,whilejust5%oftheseHaiti

donorsand4%ofalltextdonorsare65orolder.Putanotherway,youngadultsareroughly

twiceasprominentamongtextgiversastheyareamongcharitablegiversasawhole. Mobilegiversaremoreraciallyandethnicallydiversethantheoverallpopulationofcharitable

givers.Whitescomprisethree-quarters(75%)ofallcharitablegivers,butmakeuptwo-thirds

(63%)ofthissampleofHaitidonorsandjusthalf(51%)ofalltextdonors.AfricanAmericans

compriseanespeciallylargeproportionofthemobilegivinguniversetheyrepresent8%ofall

charitabledonorsbasedonour2008nationalsurvey,butcomprise17%ofthosewhohave

textedadonationofanykindand18%oftheHaitidonorsinthissample.


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21

TheseHaitidonorsequallyprefertomakecontributionsviaemail,in-person,onlineorbytext

messagebutdonotcarefordonatingmoneyoverthephone

Whenaskedhowtheygenerallyprefertocontributemoneytocausesororganizations,thesemobile

donorsprovidearangeofresponseswithnoonemethodstandingoutastheclearfavorite.Onlineweb

formsandtextmessagingarepreferredonlyslightlytoin-personandpostalmaildonations,althoughdonatingviaphonecalltrailsallotheroptionsbyasignificantmargin;just6%ofHaititextdonorsinthis

sampleprefertodonateoverthephone.

HowHaititextdonorsinoursurveyprefertomakecharitablecontributions%whomostprefertodonatemoneytothecausesororganizationstheyareinterestedinvia


Comparedwiththenationalaverage,Haititextdonorsinthissamplearenotespeciallyfocusedon

newsevents

TheHaititextdonorssurveyedarenotespeciallyfixatedoninternationalnewscomparedwiththe

populationasawhole.Whenaskedwhichstatementbestdescribesthemwhenitcomesto

internationalnewsconsumption,56%oftheseHaitidonorssaythattheyfollowinternationalnews

closelymostofthetimeregardlessofwhethersomethingimportantishappening,while43%indicate

thattheyusuallyonlyfollowinternationalnewswhensomethingimportanthappenseachoftheseis

Textmessage

25%

Onlineweb

form

24%

Postalmail

22%

Inperson

19%

Phonecall

6%

Depends

2%

Don'tknow/

Refuse

2%


22/25

22

nearlyidenticaltooverallpopulationresponsesfrompreviousPewInternetsurveys.Moreover,these

Haititextdonorsfollowinternationaleventslesscloselythantheyfolloweithernationalorlocalnews,

althoughhereaswelltheyaresimilartoAmericansasawhole.

Haititextdonorsinthissampledonotfollownewseventsany

morecloselythanthepopulationasawhole%whofollowdifferenttypesofnewsmostofthetime,whetherornotsomethingimportantishappening

Source:PewResearchCentersInternet&AmericanLifeProject,BerkmanCenterforInternet&SocietyandmGiveFoundationSeptember9,2011October13,2011surveyof863cell

phoneownerswhotextedadonationtoHaitiearthquakerelief.NationalaveragedatatakenfromPewInternetJanuary12-25,2011LocalNewsSurvey.Marginoferroris+/-3percentagepointsbasedonHaititextdonorswhoconsentedtofurthercontactsontheirmobilephone.

Neighborhoodcharacteristics

Whenaskedhowmuchimpactpeoplelikethemselvescanhaveinmakingtheircommunityabetter

placetolive,roughlyonethirdoftheHaititextdonorssurveyed(37%)feelthattheycanhaveabig

impact,andclosetohalf(46%)feelthattheycanhaveamoderateimpact.Justoveroneinten(14%)

feelthattheycanhaveonlyasmallimpact,and3%feelthattheyhavenoimpactatallonmaking

theircommunityabetterplace.Overall,thesefiguresarecomparabletothenationalaverageforallUS

adultsasestablishedinpreviousPewInternetsurveys.

Intermsofwheretheylive,theHaititextdonorsinthissamplearerelativelyrecentarrivalstotheir

currentneighborhoodsincomparisontothenationalaverage.Roughlyhalf(49%)havelivedintheir

currentneighborhoodforfiveyearsorless,comparedwith35%ofallUSadultswhosaidthesameina

recentPewInternetsurvey.However,despitebeingmorerecentarrivalstotheircurrentneighborhood

thesetextdonorsarenotdramaticallylesslikelytoknowtheirneighbors.Twenty-twopercentofthese

56%

70% 68%

56%

68%72%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Internaonalnews Naonalnews Localnews

Haitextdonors Naonalaverage


23/25

23

donorsknowthenamesofalltheirneighborsand54%knowsomeofthem,bothofwhicharecloseto

ratesfortheadultpopulationasawhole(28%and48%,respectively).


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24

Methodology

Summary

TheMobileGivingSurveyobtainedtelephoneinterviewswithasampleof1,003adultswhowerelisted

inmakingdonationsviatextmessagesontheircellphoneandhadconsentedtofurther

communicationsontheircellphoneatthetimeoftheirinitialcontribution.Thesurveywasconducted

byPrincetonSurveyResearchAssociatesInternational.TheinterviewswereconductedinEnglishby

PrincetonDataSourcefromSept.19-Oct.13,2011.Themarginofsamplingerrorforthecompletesetof

datais3.1percentagepoints.

Detailsonthedesign,executionandanalysisofthesurveyarediscussedbelow.

SampleDesign

TheuniverseforthisstudyiscellphoneuserswhocontributedmoneytoHaitiearthquakereliefviatext

messagesthatwereroutedthroughthemGive.comserversaftertheearthquakeinJanuary2010,andwhoconsentedtofurthercontactsatthephonenumberusedtomaketheircontribution.

Theuniversecontained565,211cellularphonenumbers.Thenumberswererandomizedandthen

groupedintoreplicates.Replicateswerereleasedinorderuntilthetargetednumberofcompleteswas

achieved.Atotalof41,606numbersweredialed.

ContactProcedures

InterviewswereconductedfromSept.19-Oct.13,2011.Asmanyas5attemptsweremadetocontact

everysampledtelephonenumber.Samplewasreleasedforinterviewinginreplicates,whichare

representativesubsamplesofthelargersample.Usingreplicatestocontrolthereleaseofsampleensuresthatcompletecallproceduresarefollowedfortheentiresample.Callswerestaggeredover

timesofdayanddaysoftheweektomaximizethechanceofmakingcontactwithpotential

respondents.Interviewingwasspreadasevenlyaspossibleacrossthedaysinfield.Eachtelephone

numberwascalledatleastonetimeduringthedayinanattempttocompleteaninterview.

Foreachcall,interviewersverifiedthatthatrespondentwasanadult18yearsorolder.Afterconfirming

thattherespondenthasbeenusingthephonenumbersinceatleastJanuary2010,interviewersthen

askedthepersononthephoneiftheywouldbewillingtoparticipateina15minutesurvey.

ResponseRate

Table1reportsthedispositionofallsampledtelephonenumberseverdialedfromtheoriginal

telephonenumbersamples.Theresponserateestimatesthefractionofalleligiblerespondentsinthe

samplethatwereultimatelyinterviewed.AtPSRAIitiscalculatedbytakingtheproductofthree

componentrates:


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25

Contactratetheproportionofworkingnumberswherearequestforinterviewwasmade

Cooperationratetheproportionofcontactednumberswhereaconsentforinterviewwasat

leastinitiallyobtained,versusthoserefused

Completionratetheproportionofinitiallycooperatingandeligibleinterviewsthatwere

completed

Thustheresponserateforthesamplewas7percent.

Table 1: Sample Disposition

41,606 Total Numbers Dialed

254 Non-residential

5 Computer/Fax

4,574 Other not working

207 Additional projected not working

36,566 Working numbers

87.9% Working Rate

69 No Answer / Busy

22,193 Voice Mail

13 Other Non-Contact

14,291 Contacted numbers

39.1% Contact Rate

2,769 Callback

9,054 Refusal

2,468 Cooperating numbers

17.3% Cooperation Rate

98 Language Barrier

1,354 Child's cell phone / Screened-out / Ineligible S2

1,016 Eligible numbers

41.2% Eligibility Rate

13 Break-off

1,003 Completes

98.7% Completion Rate

6.7% Response Rate

real time charitable giving

Documents