Romanticism

What is Romanticism?• Began in Germany and England• Entered Europe in 19th century• Deeply connected with politics and was the

voice of changes that Europe went through

Origins of Romanticism• Folklore and popular art• Nationalism• Shakespeare• Gothic romance• Medievalism• Emotions• Religion• Individualism• Nature• Victorianism

Impressionism

• Originated in France in the last quarter of 18th century as a reaction against traditional art and its strict rules

• Concentrated on the impression produced by a scene or object

• A lot of colours• Little details

Impressionism

• More of a state of mind than a technique• ‘Sunrise’ by Claude Monet

Sunrise, by Claude Monet

Subjects of impressionism• Scenes from everyday life• Nature• People• Paris• Still life

Impressionist technique

• Colour• Brush work• Locale • Composition

19th century France

• Begin with French Revolution and ended with outbreak of WWI

• By the end of 19th century, sense of national identity increased

Social Climate of 19th century France

• 2nd most populated country in Europe in early 19th century, but experienced a drop in population in second half of 19th century

• Immigration

Social climate of 19th century France

• Education: – literacy rate increased drastically. – Education improved.

• Religion: – less stress in the importance of religion

Political climate in 19th century France

• Urbanization and industrialization• In brief: – 1804-1814: First French Empire under Napoleon– 1814-1830: Restoration under Louis XVIII and Charles X– 1830-1848: July Monarchy under Louis Philippe

d’Orleans – 1848-1852: Second Republic– 1852-1871: Second Empire under Napoleon III– 1871-1940: first decades of the Third Republic

1804-1814: First French Empire under Napoleon

• Napoleon named First Consul for life

• Empire was authoritarian and freedom restricted

• Control over religion• Invasion of other countries• Napoleon abducted as emperor

and Louis XVIII installed as King of France

1814-1830: Restoration under Louis XVIII and Charles X

• Louis XVIII ended more than 2 decades of war, peace treaty imposed

• Charles X of France more conservative.

• People unhappy and forced Charles X of France to flee.

• Louis-Philippe took over as King of the French, not King of France Louis XVIII

1830-1848: July Monarchy under Louis Philippe d’Orleans

• Liberal monarchy• Importance given to

middle class people instead of the wealthy and noble

1848-1852: Second Republic

• New constitution adopted• Executive power given to

President of the Republic• Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte

as president

1852-1871: Second Empire under Napoleon III

• Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte suddenly seized power from the government and declared himself Napoleon III

• On the surface, France faced economical success but Napoleon’s regime was threatened to be brought down

1871-1940: first decades of the Third Republic

• Accidental and unloved republic• Politically unstable• Period of imperial expansion and scientific and

artistic achievement. • McMahon, a republican, assigned as

President. Monarchist unhappy.

1871-1940: first decades of the Third Republic

• Scandals: Boulanger Affair, the Panama Scandal, the Dreyfus Affair, struggle between church and state.

• However, also known as the Belle Epoque (Beautiful period)– Paris became center of Fashion and culture– Impressionist school of painting– Music and writing– Scientific and technological achievements

19th Century Europe• Feminist ideas and social

movements emerged.• Feminist ideas fueled by social,

intellectual, political, economic and cultural transformation in Europe

• Romanticism also helped in the feminist movement

• Revolution of 1840 created opportunities

19th century Europe

• Democratic government• More people could vote (First, working class

men, then gradually, women)• Ideas of equality, cooperation, democracy and

shared prosperity

Eugene Delacroix

• Ferdinand-Victor-Eugene Delacroix

• Born on April 26, 1789 in Charenton St.Maurice, France

• Passed away on 13 August, 1863 in Paris

Eugene Delacroix• One of the greatest and most influential

French painters• Romanticism art style• Use of colours influenced impressionist

painters• Used rough but swinging brush strokes,

experimented with light and colours, neglected proper use of perspective

• More than 850 paintings, and more than 2000 drawings, murals and other works. Illustrated books.

• Subjects: Classical battles

Eugene Delacroix

The Women of Algiers Borders Christ on Lake Genesareth

The Battle of Taillebourg

Louis d’Orleans showing his mistress

Liberty Leading the People

Liberty Leading the People• July Revolution of 1830, when Charles X of

France was toppled• Delacroix’s best known work• In brief: women’s image used to represent

divine purity but in social context, women treated with little personal liberty. Delacroix vision of ‘liberty’ connect 2 different worlds. Shows his romantic spirit.

Liberty Leading the People• 3 methods used to examine Delacroix’s work

and how it relates to the social-political climate of the 19th century France/ Europe. By:– Erwin Panofsky– Heinrich Wolffin– Arnold Hauser

Erwin PanofskyPre-iconographical

• What we see in the painting• Large canvas with group of armed individuals• Female figure• Young boy waving hands equipped with guns• Armed men with rifles, pistols and sabers• Individual trying to rise up• Silhouettes of buildings in fuzzy landscape• Notre Dame Church

Erwin PanofskyIconographical Analysis

• Pyramid composition draws attention to the female

• Liberty- Sculpture Nike of Samothrace• Liberty- represents women who fought

alongside men during July Revolt

Erwin PanofskyIconographical Analysis

• Young boy- new generation who fought against ruling authorities

• Left of painting- French society, different social class fighting alongside one another

Erwin PanofskyIconographical Analysis

• Man with top hat- revolutionary middle class• Crawling character- French Republic trying to rise

again• Dead man- sacrifices have to be made

Erwin PanofskyIconographical Analysis

• Dead soldiers on the right- fall of King Charles X

Erwin PanofskyIconographical Interpretation

• Emphasize of the female character

• Reflection of troubles of the civil disorder

Heinrich WolffinUse of colour

• Various dark tone, but red, white and blue prevails.

• France lives on

Arnold Hauser’sInterpretation

• Perception of historical truth regulated though social conditions

• Socio-political situation in France, painting represents social discontent

• Each character a specific social issue

Arnold Hauser’sInterpretation

• Man in top hat- lack of unity and hesitation• Young boy- young, bored with insufficiency of

changing governments. Poor and homeless.• Left of painting- people ready to reconstitute

republican values

Joseph Mallord William Turner

J.M.W Turner

• Famous English romantic landscape and marine artist.

• Works gradually show less form and more effects of light and color.

• More and more interested in natural and atmospheric elements.

Dido building Carthage, 1815 Rain, Speed and Steam, 1844

What was the 19th century UK/Europe like?

• 1801 – 1900• Victorian era

• Ongoing industrial revolution/2nd phase of industrial revolution: resulted mainly in

Population boom Economic boom

Water color series, 1820s

Plymouth over Mount Batten 1819, Watercolor

Battle of Trafalgar, 1822

Battle of Trafalgar1822, oil on canvas

Battle of Trafalgar, 1806

The Battle of Trafalgar, as Seen from the Mizen Starboard Shrouds of the Victory1806, oil on canvas

The Fighting Temeraine, 1838

The Fighting Temeraire tugged to her last Berth to be Broken up1838, oil on canvas

The Slave Ship, 1840

Slavers Throwing Overboard the Dead and Dying-Typho[o]n Coming on 1840, oil on canvas

Peace – Burial at sea, 1842

Peace-Burial at Sea 1841, oil on canvas

Rain, Steam and Speed, 1844

Rain, Steam, Speed 1844, Oil on Canvas

Realism and the Painting of Modern Life

How realism came about?• Royal Academy supported age-old belief that art should be: -morally uplifting -refined -inspired by the Classical tradition -good reflection of culture -beauty

• Trying to keep young 19th century artists’ eyes on the past became an issue.

• World changing rapidly artists wanted work to be about their environment, about themselves, their perceptions of life

Realism and the Painting of Modern Life

• They believed modern era deserved to have modern art

• During Industrial Revolution in late 18th century, basic necessities were modernised. Modern life was about social mixing, social mobility, and generally faster pace.

• With such progress, paintings and sculptures about Classical gods and biblical stories cannot relate to a population keeping up with this progress.

• Therefore, Social Realism developed to go against idealism and the exaggerated ego of Romanticism.

Realism and the Painting of Modern Life

• Effects of Industrial Revolution became apparent gap widened between rich and poor.

• With a sense of social consciousness, Social Realists pledged to “fight the beautiful art”.

• They focused on ugly realities of life and sympathized with working-class people (esp. poor).

• They recorded and painted what they saw (“as it existed”).

Realism and the Painting of Modern Life

What exactly is Realism?• Realism movement in French art is an artistic movement. • Flourished from about 1840 until the late 19th century. • Sought to convey truthful and objective vision of current

life.

• Usually depicts social and racial injustice, economic hardship, through unvarnished pictures of life's struggles.

Realism and the Painting of Modern Life

Neo-classicism & Romanticism VS. Realism

Realism and the Painting of Modern Life

Gustave Courbet

• Gustave Courbet, set himself up as the leader for a new art: Realism.

• He believed that if he could not see something, he should not paint it.

• He decided that his art should have a social consciousness

to awaken self-involved Parisian to social concerns.

Realism and the Painting of Modern Life

• To achieve honest and straightforward depiction of life, he avoided idealized academic technique and employed a deliberately simple style, which seemed crude to many critics.

• He created controversy by addressing social issues in his work, and painting subjects which considered vulgar (e.g. bourgeoisie, peasants, working conditions of poor).

• He believed that only possible source for a living art is the artist's own experience.

Realism and the Painting of Modern Life

Courbet returns art to those who know about life, not those who have been trained or educated to comment upon it. He relegates it to where it started out hundreds of years ago. Discuss this in relation to ‘Realism’.

• During French revolution, gap between rich and poor widened. • Art at that time depicts wealth and superiority of the past, thus

seemed as though art was made for the rich. • Romanticism, which was optimistic about mankind could not relate

to middle-class and poor. • Art at that time only relates to the rich (upper class) and seemed to

specifically be created for them.

Realism and the Painting of Modern Life

• Through Realism, Courbet wanted Art to portray the real things and depicts current situation of society, NOT idealised characters or scenes.

• He wanted to return art to people who actually experience it and know about life.

• He wanted Art to be not just for the rich but also for the poor.

• He created art that the poor could understand and relate to and at the same time create a social awareness in the society.

Realism and the Painting of Modern Life

• Thus, through Realism, Courbet offered a stark vision of poverty and despair.

His art did not focus on beauty but ugly side of the real situation at that time.

• He made Art the way it used to be hundreds of years ago, when everyone can appreciate and relate to it.

The Painting That Changed Everything

18th to 19th Century France• Industrial revolution• Gap between classes widens• ¾ Frenchmen lived by farming• Art was dominated by renaissance• Idealized Paintings• High art executed in the grand manner• Art serves the rich and powerful

The Upper Class

The Upper Class

• Rich and powerful• Art only affordable to them• See themselves as leaders of France• Believes it’s the golden age of Europe• Chose to ignore the problems of lower class

The Lower Class

The Lower Class

• Lowly skilled• Large numbers of child labor• Underpaid• Unappreciated• Generations of poverty

The Salon

• Official exhibition in Paris• Greatest annual art event (1748~1890)• The Nobel prize of art

The Salon

• Artist, Art Critics, Upper class

The Salon

The Salon

• 1850 public shocked by a series of artworks

The Stonebreakers

AVANT-GARDE REALISM

The Stonebreakers

• Unflattering realism• Revolutionary in art• Confrontational in contents• Indictment of the prevailing economic/

political system• Birth of Realism in art

Realism

• Defiance from the status quo of art• Heralded a general move away from the 'ideal'

towards the ordinary• depict real-life situations stripped of

aesthetics and universal truths

Public responses

• Courbet was called the murderer of art• Works deemed ugly• Rejected for exhibitions• Denunciations from critics• “Engine of revolution”

Burial Ornans

Giving

The Artist Studio

1856

• Courbet visited Germany• Welcomed by the artistic community• Undisputed leader of the new generation of

French realist movement

Realism rise in recognition• Public starts to tolerate realism• Inspired artist of Impressionisms, literature,

and performing arts

Realism rise in recognition• Works of realism and Impressionism was

allowed for display once again• Realism took over romanticism art and idealist• Beginning of an new era in art history

Fate of The Stonebreakers• Destroyed during world war 2 near Dresden,

bombed by Allied forces in Feb 1945• Though the painting is destroyed, the

influence carries on till today• Root of modernism

“True realism consists in revealing the surprising things which habit keeps covered and prevents us from seeing.”

Jean Cocteau

“Art is a lie that makes us realize truth.”Pablo Picasso

End

Photos

Delacroixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix

Delacroix

http://www.artunframed.com/delacroix.htm

Dido building carthage:http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/upload/img/turner-dido-building-carthage-NG498-fm.jpg

Flag of France

http://graafix.blogspot.com/2011/05/wallpapers-flag-of-france.html

Frightened Horsehttp://www.prints.co.nz/page/fine-art/PROD/1225

Gustave Courbet

http://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/hist255-s01/boheme/courbet.htm

Photos

Delacroixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix

Delacroix

http://www.artunframed.com/delacroix.htm

Dido building carthage:http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/upload/img/turner-dido-building-carthage-NG498-fm.jpg

Flag of France

http://graafix.blogspot.com/2011/05/wallpapers-flag-of-france.html

Frightened Horsehttp://www.prints.co.nz/page/fine-art/PROD/1225

Gustave Courbet

http://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/hist255-s01/boheme/courbet.htm

Impresionistic arthttp://www.galleryartcenter.com/art/Impresionistic_art.html

Impressionist paintings

http://www.theartwolf.com/articles/50-impressionist-paintings.htm

Impressionist seascapehttp://www.bridgat.com/files/18th_Century_American_Impressionist_Seascape.jpg

Impression, sunrise

http://blogs.cornell.edu/stap_kj83/

Impression-sunrisehttp://modernart2011.blogspot.com/2011/02/impression-sunrise.html

John Constable, View on the Stour near Dedham 1822

http://toffsworld.com/lifestyle/art-information/romanticism-constable/

Liberty leading the peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Liberty_Leading_the_People.jpg

Louis XVIII and Napoleon

http://blog.catherinedelors.com/louis-xviii-and-napoleon-the-king-and-the-emperor/

Napoleon

http://www.french-at-a-touch.com/French_History/napoleon_i_1804-1814.htm

Peace – Burial at sea :

http://www.tate.org.uk/servlet/ViewWork?cgroupid=999999996&workid=14784&searchid=10534&tabview=image

Plymouth over Mount Batten:

http://media.artfinder.com/works/r/vanda/6/6/7/78766_full_570x374.jpg

Self portrait (Turner):http://www.artble.com/imgs/e/d/0/45775/joseph_mallord_william_turner.jpg

Sunrise

http://www.cs.ucf.edu/~MidLink/Impress.html

Snow effect by Camille Pissarrohttp://site.artsheaven.com/blog/2011/08/famous-impressionist-artists-of-the-19th-century/

The battle of Trafalgar 1806 :http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Turner,_The_Battle_of_Trafalgar_(1806).jpg

The battle of Trafalgar 1822:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Turner,_The_Battle_of_Trafalgar_(1822).jpg

The fighting temeraine:http://www.victorianweb.org/painting/turner/paintings/temeraire.html

The Stone Breakershttp://www.usc.edu/schools/annenberg/asc/projects/comm544/library/images/162.html

The Stone Breakers

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Stone_Breakers

The Stone Breakershttp://streamsandforests.wordpress.com/2010/06/15/the-stone-breakers/

The Stone Breakers – Gustave Courbet

http://kdigital.tumblr.com/post/357145975/the-stonebreakers-gustave-courbet

The women of Algiers

http://judaica-art.com/art-masterpieces-by-artist/euga-ne-delacroix/eugene-delacroix-the-women-of-algiers-fine-art-oil-painting-gallery/prod_1907.html

19th century france

http://www.littlesisters.org/history.html

Research - Websites

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>, Consulted July 10, 2010

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28, 2005

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Second-Republic-and-Second-Empire >, consulted October 31, 2011

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2007

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