reapower: use of desalination brine for power production ......power production through reverse...

REAPower: Use of Desalination Brine for

Power Production through Reverse Electrodialysis

Michele Tedesco*

A. Cipollina, A. Tamburini, G. Micale, J. Helsen, M. Papapetrou

International Conference WIN4Life

Tinos Island (Greece) – 19th-21st September 2013

Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica,

Gestionale, Informatica, Meccanica (DICGIM) www.reapower.eu

* [email protected]

http://www.reapower.eu/

mailto:[email protected]

1. the REAPower Project

3. Perspectives

2. Achievements

The REAPower Project

• Project title: Reverse Electrodialysis Alternative Power Production

• Call identifier: FP7-ENERGY-2010-FET (Future Emerging Technologies for Energy Applications)

• Starting date: 1 October 2010

• Closing date: 30 September 2014

Main facts:

2 International Conference WIN4Life - Tinos Island (Greece), 19th -21st September 2013



3. Perspectives

2. Achievements

The REAPower Project Consortium




3. Perspectives

2. Achievements

CATHODE

ANODE

e-

e-

ELECTRODE RINSE

C D C

+ + - -

I, J+

The Reverse Electrodialysis technology

International Conference WIN4Life - Tinos Island (Greece), 19th -21st September 2013 4



3. Perspectives

2. Achievements

The REAPower Project

International Conference WIN4Life - Tinos Island (Greece), 19th -21st September 2013

R&D strategy

5

Development of new Ion Exchange Membranes for highly

concentrated solutions

Selection of best conditions for redox couple/stack design

Wide experimental investigation on lab-scale stack

Development/validation of a predictive modelling tool

Economic analysis and process sustainability on large scale

The idea

to produce energy from salinity gradients generated by

sea/brackish water and ultra-concentrated brines



3. Perspectives

2. Achievements

Increased permselectivity

Reduced membrane resistance

Permselectivity has achieved

values of 65% for AEM and up to

90% for CEM when in contact

with almost saturated brine

Membrane specific resistance

reduced to 1.5-2.5 Ω∙cm2 aiming at

a 3-5 folds reduction in the next

months

Improvements in membranes development


2. Achievements


3. Perspectives

2. Achievements

Redox couples selection

New stack design

Two different stack geometries

already designed, constructed and

tested

Currently available for the consortium

Investigated redox couples under

different conditions:

FeCl3/FeCl2

K3Fe(CN)6/K4Fe(CN)6

Fe(III)-EDTA/Fe(II)-EDTA

Electrochemical aspects and stack design


2. Achievements


3. Perspectives

2. Achievements

Experimental conditions already investigated:

fluid velocity (0.1 – 4 cm/s) feed temperature (20 – 40 °C) number of cell pairs (5 – 50) concentration of redox couple (0.1 – 0.3 M of K3Fe(CN)6/K4Fe(CN)6) salt concentration of both solutions.

Experimental investigation on a lab-scale unit


Brine IN

CELLS

STACK

Potentiostat/

Galvanostat

Brine IN

tank

Seawater IN

tank

Seawater OUT

tank

Brine OUT

tank

Electrode Rinse

Solution

tank

Seawater IN

ERS IN ERS OUT

Seawater OUT

Brine OUT

2. Achievements


3. Perspectives

2. Achievements

Max power density (net): Power density – Hydraulic

losses -5.0

-4.0

-3.0

-2.0

-1.0

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

0 1 2 3 4 5

Max

Pd [

W/m

2 c

ell

pai

r]

fluid velocity [cm/s]


9

Effect of fluid velocity on power output


Stack equipped with 50 cell pairs, Fujifilm membranes, Deukum 270 µm spacers .Brine solution: 5 M NaCl, seawater: 0.5 M NaCl. T=20°C. Electrode rinse solution: 0.1 M K3Fe(CN)6 / K4Fe(CN)6 ·3H2O + 2.5 M NaCl.

Max power density (gross)

2. Achievements


3. Perspectives

2. Achievements



Effect of the concentration of the concentrated solution (1 ÷ 5 M)

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

0 40 80 120

Po

we

r d

en

sity

[W

/m2

cell

pai

r]

current density [A/m2]

5 M

4 M

2,86 M

1,96 M

1 Mincreasing

Cconcentrate

Cdil=0.55 M

Power density vs. current density

-1.0

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

0 1 2 3 4 5

Max

Pd

[W

/m2 c

ell

pai

r]

Concentration of the conc. solution [M]

Maximum power density vs. Cconc

increasing

Cconcentrate Gross Pd

10

Stack equipped with 50 cell pairs, Fujifilm membranes, Deukum 270 µm spacers . Seawater: 0.55 M NaCl. T=20°C. Fluid velocity: 1 cm/s. Electrode rinse solution: 0.1 M K3Fe(CN)6 / K4Fe(CN)6 ·3H2O + 2.5 M NaCl.

2. Achievements


3. Perspectives

2. Achievements

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Max

Pd

[W

/m2 c

ell

pai

r]

Concentration of the diluted solution [M]



Effect of the concentration of the diluted solution (0.1 ÷ 1 M)

Cconc=5 M decreasing

Cdilute

Power density vs. current density

Max Pd= 4.5 W/m2

decreasing

Cdilute

Maximum power density vs. Cdilute

Gross Pd

11

Stack equipped with 50 cell pairs, Fujifilm membranes, Deukum 270 µm spacers . Brine: 5 M NaCl. T=20°C. Fluid velocity: 1 cm/s. Electrode rinse solution: 0.1 M K3Fe(CN)6 / K4Fe(CN)6 ·3H2O + 2.5 M NaCl.

2. Achievements


3. Perspectives

2. Achievements

50 cell pairs; Deukum spacers [thickness 270 µm] - Brine 5 M; Electrode rinse solution [( K3Fe(CN)6 0,1 M, K4Fe(CN)6 ·3H2O 0,3M; NaCl 2,5M), flow rate 30l/h].



MAX power output conditions:

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

0 50 100 150

Pd

en

sity

[W

/m2]

i [A/m2]

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

0 50 100 150P

den

sity

[W

/m2]

i [A/m2]

Thick membranes (120 μm) (provided by Fujifilm)

Power density between 15 and 20 W/m2 can be expected with larger number of cell pairs, i.e. reducing the effect

of blank resistance

Thin membranes (20-30mm) (provided by Fumatech)

4cm/s, T = 40°C & brackish water diluate (0.1M)

12

2. Achievements


3. Perspectives

2. Achievements

Computational Fluid Dynamics of SGP-RE stack

Lower scale info

Process model implementation

Multi scale model implementation

Experimental tests on SGP-RE stacks

validation Multi scale model

validation

Model predictions on process performances &

optimisation

CFD modelling and process simulation

13

Multi-Scale Modelling approach:


2. Achievements


3. Perspectives

2. Achievements

CFD Modelling: prediction of pressure drops

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

ΔP

/l [b

ar/

m]

Q [ml/min]

Blue water exp Blue brine expBlue water CFD Blue brine CFDDeukum water exp Deukum brine expDeukum water CFD Deukum brine CFD

Model validation with experimental results

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35

ΔP

/l [b

ar/

m]

Velocity along the flow direction [m/s]

Empty 400 μm

Empty 200 μm

Empty 100 μm

Overlapped

Woven

Woven 200 μm

DelStar Naltex Config. A

DelStar Naltex Config. B

Sefar Nitex

Blue

Deukum

Porous


Simulations with different commercial spacers

2. Achievements


3. Perspectives

2. Achievements

CFD Modelling: prediction of polarisation phenomena


Polarisation Coefficients:

salt concentration map in the bulk

salt concentration map at membrane-solution interface

15

2. Achievements


3. Perspectives

2. Achievements

CFD Modelling: prediction of polarisation phenomena

Polarization factor for Deukum spacer-filled channels


Effect of current density and fluid velocity on polarization coefficients. CFD Model predictions of a 270 µm polyamide woven spacer (Deukum GmbH, Germany).

0.94

0.95

0.96

0.96

0.97

0.97

0.97

0.9

8

0.98

0.98

0.98

0.9

9

0.99

0.99

11

1

current density, i (A/m2)

feed f

low

velo

city,

v (

cm

/s)

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2

SEAWATER

(500 mol/m3)

0.99

5

0.99

6

0.99

6

0.99

7

0.99

7

0.99

7

0.9

98

0.99

8

0.99

8

0.9

99

0.9

99

0.9

99

11

1

current density, i (A/m2)

feed f

low

velo

city,

v (

cm

/s)

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2

BRINE

(5000 mol/m3)

16

2. Achievements


3. Perspectives

2. Achievements

AEM CEM AEMCEM AEMCEM

Electrode Rinse Solution


CEM

BRINE IN

SEAWATER IN

BRINE OUT

External load

SEAWATER OUT

C

A

T

H

O

D

E

(+)

A

N

O

D

E

(-)

Development/validation of process simulator

Cl- Na+

osmosis CEM AEM CEM

ds db

L

CAT

+

AN

-

JCl-

JNa+ JNa+

SEAWATER

IN

BRINE

IN

SEAWATER

OUT

BRINE

OUT

CEM AEM CEM

ds db

L

CAT

+

AN

-

JCl-

JNa+ JNa+

SEAWATER

IN

BRINE

IN

SEAWATER

OUT

BRINE

OUT

Na+

Cl- Na+ Cl-

electro- osmosis

BRINE SEAWATER

DEPLETED BRINE

CONCENTRATED SEAWATER


Low-hierarchy model (cell pair):

• thermodynamic properties of solutions

• electric variables

• salt transport (counter/co-ions)

• solvent transport (osmosis/electro-osmosis)

• polarization phenomena

• mass balance

17

Source: M. Tedesco et al., Desalination and Water Treatment, vol. 49, pp. 404-424, 2012

2. Achievements


3. Perspectives

2. Achievements

Process Modelling Approach




CEM

BRINE IN

SEAWATER IN

BRINE OUT

External load

SEAWATER OUT

C

A

T

H

O

D

E

(+)

A

N

O

D

E

(-)

Cl- Na+

osmosis

Na+

Cl- Na+ Cl-

electro- osmosis

BRINE SEAWATER

DEPLETED BRINE

CONCENTRATED SEAWATER

CEM AEM CEM

ds db

L

CAT

+

AN

-

JCl-

JNa+ JNa+

SEAWATER

IN

BRINE

IN

SEAWATER

OUT

BRINE

OUT

CEM AEM CEM

ds db

L

CAT

+

AN

-

JCl-

JNa+ JNa+

SEAWATER

IN

BRINE

IN

SEAWATER

OUT

BRINE

OUT




CEM

BRINE IN

SEAWATER IN

BRINE OUT

External load

SEAWATER OUT

C

A

T

H

O

D

E

(+)

A

N

O

D

E

(-)




CEM

BRINE IN

SEAWATER IN

BRINE OUT

External load

SEAWATER OUT

C

A

T

H

O

D

E

(+)

A

N

O

D

E

(-)

Source: M. Tedesco et al., Desalination and Water Treatment, vol. 49, pp. 404-424, 2012


2. Achievements


3. Perspectives

2. Achievements

Process Modelling Approach




CEM

BRINE IN

SEAWATER IN

BRINE OUT

External load

SEAWATER OUT

C

A

T

H

O

D

E

(+)

A

N

O

D

E

(-)

High-hierarchy model (stack):

• parasitic currents through

manifolds

• stack resistance

• stack voltage

• Pressure drops

• power density (gross/net)


2. Achievements


3. Perspectives

2. Achievements

Process Modelling validation


Model calibration with variable feed concentration

Experimental (points) and simulated (lines) data for a 50-cells stack equipped with Fujifilm membranes, Deukum 270 μm spacers; feed flow velocity: 1 cm/s; T=20°C. Blank resistance: 0.4 Ω.

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5

Po

wer

den

sity

, Pd

(W/m

2ce

ll p

air)

External current, Iext (A)

0.1 M0.3 M0.5 M0.7 M0.9 M1.0 M

CHIGH=5 Mv = 1 cm/s

CLOW

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5P

ow

er d

ensi

ty, P

d(W

/m2

cell

pai

r)

External current, Iext (A)

5 M

4 M

2.86 M

1.96 M

1 M

CLOW=0.55 Mv = 1 cm/s

CHIGH

20

2. Achievements


3. Perspectives

2. Achievements

Prediction of dependences

21

Influence of feed T & concentration


0.5

0.5

1

1

1

1.5

1.5

1.5

2

2

2

2

2

2.52.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

33

3

3

3

3.53.5

3.5

3.5

4

44.03

Max Power density (W/m2 cell pair)

HIGH concentration (mol/l)

LO

W c

oncentr

ation (

mol/l)

0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

0.55

50 cell pairs

v = 1 cm/s

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

Max

Po

wer

den

sity

, Pd

,max

(W/m

2ce

ll p

air)

diluate concentration, CLOW (mol/l)

T=20°CT=30°CT=40°C

N = 50 cellsCHIGH = 4.8 Mv = 1 cm/s

T

BEST conditions: brackish water (0.05 – 0.1 M)

+ brine (4.5 – 5 M)

Simulations of a 50-cells stack equipped with Fujifilm membranes, Deukum spacers; fluid velocity inside channels: 1 cm/s; T=20°C. Blank resistance: 0.4 Ω.

seawater brine

rive

r w

ater

se

awat

er

Max Pd= 5.3 W/m2 (+31%)

3. Perspectives


3. Perspectives

2. Achievements

The REAPower prototype installation site

22

The singular framework of Trapani saltworks


Prototype installation site

3. Perspectives


3. Perspectives

2. Achievements

Direct access to both saturated brine and seawater from open channels

Installation place within an old, restructured WINDMILL

The REAPower prototype installation site

23

The “Ettore-Infersa” saltworks


3. Perspectives


3. Perspectives

2. Achievements

Site features

• Seawater availability: unlimited;

• Brine availability: 10-15 m3/h (much larger with feed-recycle);

• Brine concentration: variable between 250 and 320 gr/lt.

Provisional Prototype features

• Total cell pair surface: from 4 to 125m2 (2 stacks will be tested);

• Expected power density: > 5 W/m2;

• Expected power output: from 20 to 600W

Prototype installation: plant specifications


3. Perspectives


3. Perspectives

2. Achievements

The REAPower website

www.reapower.eu


http://www.reapower.eu/

Thank you for your attention

Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica,

Gestionale, Informatica, Meccanica (DICGIM)

[email protected]

EUROMED 2014 PALERMO, October 2014

reapower: use of desalination brine for power production ......power production through reverse...

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