reasons for increased scrutiny of animal agriculture increasing population that is more aware...
TRANSCRIPT
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Reasons for increased scrutiny of animal agriculture
• Increasing population that is more aware
• Increasing per capita consumption– Processed foods– Meat
• Larger facilities
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Consequences
• More potential for environmental problems– More waste in one place
• More opportunity for utilization and management– Economies of scale– Scale of operation
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Environmental concerns
• Non-point source pollutants– Definition
– Categories• Sediment*
• Nutrients*
• Pesticides
• Salts
• Metals
• Bacteria*
• Sulfates
Yellow denotes that agriculture is a source
* Denotes that animal ag is a source
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Nutrients
• N
• P
• Organic Matter
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N and water quality
• Groundwater concern
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Ammonia
Ammonia
fertilizer
Ammonification
(Denitrification)
Assimilation
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N and water quality
• Methemoglobinemia – “Blue baby syndrome”
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P and water quality
• Surface water concern
• Eutrophication of surface water– Natural aging process; nutrient enrichment;
high plant and algae growth; organic matter accumulation
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Eutrophication
• Definition – high productivity
• Symptoms– Frequent algal blooms; reduced variety of
algae; blue-green predominant species; shift in fish populations (pelagic rather than benthic), anoxia or near anoxia
• Limiting nutrients – N but usually P– 0.3 – 3.0 mg/L total P
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Eutrophication
• Sources– Rainfall (N and P)– Runoff (N and P)– Sewage and decomposition (N and P)– Atmospheric fixation (N)– Waterfowl (N and P)– Groundwater (N)
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Eutrophication
• Consequences– Algae decomposition products – affect taste,
odor, color– Weeds – clogging treatment filters– Increased color and turbidity– Anoxia – release of H2S, redox sensitive
minerals– Aesthetics
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Organic matter concerns
• Primarily, surface water– Fishkills
• DNR statistics
– Hypoxia• stats
– Pfisteria• Human effects
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Impairments to Iowa's water sources(1998)
Impairment
Silt
Nu
trie
nts
Flo
w a
lt.
Fe
ca
l C
olifo
rm
Org
an
ic e
nr.
Alg
ae
Tu
rbid
ity
Pe
sti
cid
es
Nit
rate
s
Oth
erN
um
be
r o
f w
ate
r s
ou
rce
s
0
20
40
60
80
100
157 water sources in Iowa were classified as impaired
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Issues associated with grazing
– Sedimentation and turbidity• Overgrazing of riparian vegetation
– Stream channelization• Overgrazing of riparian vegetation
– Nutrient impairment and algae growth• Pasture runoff
– Bacterial contamination• Pasture runoff
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Annual Sediment, P, and N loading of Rock Creek Lakefrom tributaries with different proportions of
pastureland (Downing et al., 2000)
Pasture, % of total land
Se
dim
en
t, M
T/h
a
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Sediment Total P Total N
Watershed 1 2 3
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0 P a
nd
N, k
g/h
a
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
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Air Quality Regulations and Activity
• 1997 Clean Air Act Amendments– National Ambient Air Quality Standards
(NAAQS)• Primary pollutant standards
• Secondary pollutant standards
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NAAQS 6 criteria pollutants
• CO• Pb
• SO2
• O3
• Particulate matter– PM10
– also PM2.5
• NO2
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Particulate Matter
• Primary pollutant– respiratory health– livestock sources include feed dust,
secondary formation (fugitive)
• Secondary pollutant– visibility (haze)– livestock sources include feedlot dust, road
and tillage dust (fugitive)
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Feedlot dust control - timedirrigation
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Fugitive dust
• EPA estimates that 50% of PM2.5 emissions arise from fugitive dust sources
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Ammonia + nitric acid or sulfuric acid
Ammonium Nitrate or Ammonium sulfate
From fields, feedlots, manure storage, housing
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5%4%
3%
2%
86%
On-Road and Non-Road Engines andVehicles - 5%
All Other - 4%
Chemical & AlliedProduct Mfg. - 3%
Waste Disposal &Recycling - 2%
Misc. (includeslivestock andfertilizer) - 86%
Sources of ammonia
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National Ambient Air Quality Standards (1997)
• Ozone– new standard- 0.8 ppm avg over 8 hr vs. 0.12
ppm avg over 1 hr– results primarily from nitrogen oxides and
VOCs– regulation of fuels and motor vehicles will
have some impact on agriculture– reducing concentrations should result in
improved yield
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Other air quality areas• Secondary pollutants
– Odor
– Greenhouse gases (CH4, CO2, N2O)• Equivalency of different gases
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Greenhouse Gases
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Iowa Greenhouse Gas Action Plan
• Control emissions from animal agriculture
• Balance the production of GHG with carbon sequestration capacity
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Iowa Greenhouse Gas Action Plan
• 1 hog generates the same GHG equivalents as 2.5 humans
• Must cover all CAFO manure storages
• Need to curtail N2O emissions from CAFOs
• New approaches to reducing methane
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Odor
• 200+ compounds
• Interaction of compounds
• Health effects???
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Nuisance pollutants
• Noise
• Flies
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Safety
• Depletion of oxygen
• Poisonous gases
• Explosions
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Other issues
• Disease transmission
• Insects and rodents
• Visual aesthetics
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Air Quality Concerns
• From the neighbor’s perspective, shift more towards human health concerns rather than nuisance
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Iowa Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations Air
Quality Study• Released February 8, 2002
• Responded to 5 questions from the IDNR regarding human health impacts from AFOs– Recommended exposure levels for emissions
of concern
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RecommendationsH2S
• H2S - not exceed 70 parts per billion (ppb) for a 1-hour time-weighted average (TWA) period, measured at the CAFO property line.
• The concentration at a residence or public use area shall not exceed 15 ppb.
• Each CAFO should be provided up to seven days each calendar year when they are allowed to exceed the concentration for hydrogen sulfide
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RecommendationsNH3
• NH3 - not to exceed 500 ppb for a 1-hour TWA period, measured at the CAFO property line
• The concentration at a residence or public use area shall not exceed 150 ppb
• Each CAFO should have up to seven days each calendar year when they are allowed to exceed the concentration for ammonia.
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RecommendationsOdor
• No consensus reached on odor. Therefore two opinions provided.– 7:1 dilutions at the residence; 15:1 at the
property line– No data to support recommendations of odor
concentration in relation to human health
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Iowa SF2293
• Rules completed by the end of August 2002
• Anticipated regulations for NH3 and H2S will be developed
• Unique – health-based therefore, measures will be at the residence
• IDNR to conduct an 18-month monitoring study (regulation)
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Current status of SF2293
• Maximum 1-hr average H2S concentration not to exceed 15 ppb at the separated distance
• Maximum 1-hr average NH3 concentration not to exceed 150 ppb at the separated distance
• No odor standard
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Odor Regulations
• Missouri– Requires development of odor control plans– 5.4:1 odor threshold limit at the property line
• Enforcement is currently on hold
• Minnesota– H2S, as an odor indicator
• 30 ppb, 30-min average, twice in five d• 50 ppb, 30-min average, twice annually
– Currently considering a health-based, residence standard
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Odor Regulations
• Colorado– 15:1 dilution threshold standard for non-
swine uses– Housed commercial swine feeding operations
• 7:1 at the property line
• 2:1 at the residence
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Additional Activity
• California– In response to non-attainment of PM10 and
ozone standards• VOC and PM10 emission reductions of 30% and
47%, respectively, by 2006• 50% NH3 emission reduction from dairy by 2006
• Idaho– Very early stages of implementing VOC
standards for CAFOs that are health-based
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• Bioaerosols • Endotoxin
• Pathogens • Antibiotic resistance• Endocrine disruptors• Mortality management
• http://www.state.ia.us/government/dnr/organiza/epd/wastewtr/feedlot/faq.htm
Emerging Environmental Issues
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Emerging issues are not nutrient issues
• May require a non-traditional solutions– Will need non-traditional expertise to
address
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Antibiotic resistance
• Zahn et al., 2001 (JAS 79(Suppl 1):783)• Aerial transfer of tylosin and TRB from swine finishers
– 3 mechanically-ventilated facilities– 20 g*ton-1
• 8.1 ± 5.3 ng*L-1 tylosin exhausted• TRB represented 80% of culturable bacteria
• Under year-round average ventilation rates, exhausted tylosin concentration represents 30% of tylosin fed
• Better methods of administration of sub-therapeutic concentrations????
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Estrogens in the Environment
• 17B-estradiol and xenoestrogens are the most offending
• Finlay-Moore et al., 2000. JEQ 29(5):1604• No grazing effects on estradiol or testosterone
concentration in runoff• Amendment with broiler litter increased runoff
concentrations of estradiol and testosterone 15-fold
• Reproductive management solutions????